AS Biology Cell Structure Classified Questions Paper 2

A LEVEL Biology
1. Cell Structure
Classified by Adeel Ahmad

9700/22/M/J/12 4
2 Fig. 2.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a plasma cell. Plasma cells are For
antibody-secreting cells that are formed from B-lymphocytes. Examiner’s
Use
C
Fig. 2.1
(a) Complete Table 2.1 to:

• name in full, structures A, B and C
• outline how each structure functions to contribute to the specific role of the
plasma cell.
Table 2.1
structure name of structure function of structure within plasma cell
[6]
Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

© UCLES 2012 9700/22/M/J/12 Paper 2 - 1
9700/21/O/N/12 2
1 Fig. 1.1 is a drawing made from an electron micrograph of a mammalian liver cell.
glycogen granules
F G
D A
B
C
Fig. 1.1
(a) Complete the table by naming the structures B to G and stating one function of each.
The first one (A) has been completed for you.
name of organelle function
A cell surface membrane controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
[6]

© UCLES 2012 9700/21/O/N/12 Paper 2 - 2
2
9700/22/O/N/12 Answer all the questions. For

Examiner’s
Use
1 Fig. 1.1 is a labelled diagram of a leaf palisade mesophyll cell, as seen with a high quality
light microscope.
plasmodesma cytoplasm
tonoplast
vacuole mitochondrion
nucleus
golgi body
cell wall
chloroplast
Fig. 1.1
An electron micrograph of the same leaf mesophyll cell at the same magnification would
show more detail than is shown in Fig. 1.1.
(a) Explain why, at the same magnification, an electron micrograph is able to provide more
detail than a light micrograph.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Describe three additional features that could be seen on an electron micrograph of the
leaf mesophyll cell that are not seen in Fig. 1.1.
1. ......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
3. ......................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2012 9700/22/O/N/12 Paper 2 - 3
3
(c) The length of the labelled chloroplast in Fig. 1.1 is 5.0 μm. Calculate the magnification of For
the cell shown in Fig. 1.1. Examiner’s
Use
Show your working.
magnification × ................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2012 9700/22/O/N/12 Paper 2 - 4
2

Examiner’s
Use
1 Fig. 1.1 shows electron micrographs of some eukaryotic cell organelles.
A B
C D
Fig. 1.1

© UCLES 2012 9700/23/O/N/12 Paper 2 - 5
3
For each of the organelles A, B, C and D, shown in Fig. 1.1, state the name and function of For
each. Examiner’s
Use
A name ...................................................................................................................................
function .................................................................................................................................
B name ...................................................................................................................................
function .................................................................................................................................
C name ...................................................................................................................................
function .................................................................................................................................
D name ...................................................................................................................................
function ............................................................................................................................. [8]
[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2012 9700/23/O/N/12 Paper 2 - 6
2
9700/21/M/J/13 Answer all the questions. For

Examiner’s
1 Capillaries are known as exchange vessels. Substances are exchanged between blood and Use
tissue fluid as the blood flows through the capillaries.
Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of a section through a capillary with two red blood cells.
magnification × 5700
B
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Name the cells labelled A and the structure labelled B.
A ...............................................................................................................................
B .......................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Calculate the actual distance X – Y on Fig. 1.1.
Show your working and give your answer to the nearest micrometre (μm).
answer ........................................... μm [2]

© UCLES 2013 9700/21/M/J/13 Paper 2 - 7
3
(b) Fig. 1.2 is a transmission electron micrograph of a dividing cancer cell. For
Examiner’s
Use
magnification x 3000
Fig. 1.2
(i) Calculate the actual width of the cell shown in Fig. 1.2 at X-Y.
answer .......................................... μm [2]
(ii) The cancer cell shown in Fig. 1.2 has more mitochondria and rough endoplasmic
reticula (RER) compared to the non-cancerous cell from which it originated.
Suggest why this is so.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2013 9700/22/M/J/13 Paper 2 - 8
9700/23/M/J/13 2
1 Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of a transverse section of palisade mesophyll tissue in the
leaf of the flowering plant, Zinnia elegans.
X
Y
Fig. 1.1
(a) Name the features labelled A, B and C.
A ......................................................................................................................................
B ......................................................................................................................................
C ......................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) Calculate the width of the vacuole across the line X-Y.
answer .......................................... μm [2]

© UCLES 2013 9700/23/M/J/13 Paper 2 - 9
10
9700/21/O/N/13
4 Cholesterol is synthesised in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in liver cells by a For
series of enzyme-catalysed reactions. Examiner’s
Use
Within the SER, molecules of cholesterol and triglycerides are surrounded by proteins and
phospholipids to form lipoproteins. These lipoprotein particles enter the Golgi apparatus
where they are packaged into vesicles and pass to the blood.
Fig. 4.1 is an electron micrograph of part of a liver cell showing lipoprotein particles within
the Golgi apparatus.
membrane-
bound duct lipoprotein
particle
Fig. 4.1
(a) Name structure T in Fig. 4.1 and state its role in liver cells.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2013 9700/21/O/N/13 Paper 2 - 10
11
(b) (i) Suggest why cholesterol is packaged into lipoproteins before release from liver For
cells into the blood. Examiner’s
Use
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain why cells of the body need to be supplied with cholesterol.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Cholesterol is also packaged into vesicles by the SER and then secreted from the cell
into small fluid-filled spaces between the liver cells. These spaces form ducts that drain
into the gall bladder to form bile.
Suggest how cholesterol is secreted into ducts, such as the duct in Fig. 4.1.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) State one function of the Golgi apparatus other than the packaging of substances into
vesicles for transport.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2013 9700/21/O/N/13 Paper 2 - 11
2

Examiner’s
Use
1 Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of a transverse section through a vein.
X Y
magnification × 35
Fig. 1.1
(a) Calculate the actual diameter of the vein marked by the line X–Y.
Show your working and give your answer in millimetres (mm).
answer ........................................... mm [2]

© UCLES 2013 9700/22/O/N/13 Paper 2 - 12
10
4 Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that is the cause of many different infectious diseases. For
Examiner’s
(a) Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of S. aureus. Use
1 +m
Fig. 4.1
(i) Cell structures, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula (ER), Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes and chloroplasts are found only in eukaryotic cells. These are not
present in Fig. 4.1.
With reference to Fig. 4.1, describe other features that support the fact that
S. aureus is a prokaryote.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) State the main difference in the composition of the plant cell wall compared to the
bacterial cell wall.
plant cell wall ............................................................................................................
bacterial cell wall .................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2013 9700/22/O/N/13 Paper 2 - 13
6
9700/23/O/N/13
3 Fig. 3.1 is a photomicrograph of two animal cells, A and B, at different stages of the mitotic
cell cycle.
cell A cell B
Fig. 3.1
(b) The magnification of Fig. 3.1 is × 5000.
Calculate the diameter of the nucleus of cell B between lines P and Q.
answer .......................................... μm [2]
(c) State the advantages of light microscopy, rather than electron microscopy, for studies of
the cell cycle.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2013 9700/23/O/N/13 Paper 2 - 14
2
9700/21/M/J/14
1 Vibrio cholerae is a prokaryotic organism.
Fig. 1.1 shows the structure of a cell of V. cholerae.
capsule A B C D
E
F
G
3.0 +m
Fig. 1.1
(a) Calculate the magnification of Fig. 1.1.

Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number.
magnification × ..................... [2]
(b) Locate the structures in Fig. 1.1 that apply to each of the features shown in Table 1.1.
Complete Table 1.1 by writing the appropriate letter and the name of the structure.
You must only give one letter in each case. You may use each letter once, more than once or
not at all. The first answer has been completed for you.
Table 1.1
feature identity name
provides motility F flagellum
stores genetic information
partially permeable
composed of murein (peptidoglycan)
site of translation
[4]

© UCLES 2014 9700/21/M/J/14 Paper 2 - 15
3
(c) State three structural features that are present in a mesophyll cell in a leaf that are not
present in a prokaryotic cell such as that of V. cholerae.
1. ..............................................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................................
3. ..............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(d) Describe how V. cholerae is transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) It is important to know how pathogens are transmitted in order to develop effective control
methods.
Explain how this knowledge is used to control the spread of V. cholerae in the human
population.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 14]

© UCLES 2014 9700/21/M/J/14 Paper 2 - 16
9700/22/M/J/14 4
2 Fig. 2.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of cells from a spinach leaf.
Fig. 2.1
(a) Name the organelles A, B and C.
A ...............................................................................................................................................
B ...............................................................................................................................................
C ...............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) List two cell structures that could be present in animal cells that are not present in plant leaf
cells.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[1]

© UCLES 2014 9700/22/M/J/14 Paper 2 - 17
2
9700/21/O/N/14 Answer all the questions
1 Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of cells from the lining of the small intestine.
goblet cell
cell B
nucleus C
magnification ×6000
Fig. 1.1
(a) Identify the structures labelled A and state their role for the cell.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2014 9700/21/O/N/14 Paper 2 - 18
3
(b) There are many mitochondria in cell B.
Suggest why cell B contains a large number of mitochondria.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Calculate the actual length of the nucleus C.
Show your working and express your answer to the nearest 0.1 micrometre.
answer ..................................................... μm [2]
(d) There are many goblet cells within the epithelium lining the trachea and the bronchi in the gas
exchange system.
Describe the role of goblet cells in the gas exchange system.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(e) State two ways in which the cells lining the alveoli in the lungs differ from cell B shown in
Fig. 1.1.
1. ..............................................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2014 9700/21/O/N/14 Paper 2 - 19
9700/22/O/N/14 15
6 (c) Fig. 6.1 shows A. tumefaciens on the surface of cells of a tobacco plant, Nicotiana
plumbaginifolia.
The cells X and Y are newly formed cells.
magnification ×11500
Fig. 6.1
Calculate the actual length of cell X in micrometres.
Show your working.
answer .................................................. μm [2]
[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2014 9700/22/O/N/14 Paper 2 - 20
7
9700/22/M/J/15
Fig. 3.2 shows red blood cells within a capillary. The capillary shown in Fig. 3.2 allows the rapid
exchange of substances between the blood, tissue fluid and body cells.
lumen of capillary
Y
Fig. 3.2
(c) The actual diameter of the lumen of the capillary at the point X–Y in Fig. 3.2 is 9.5 μm.
Calculate the magnification of the image shown in Fig. 3.2. Show your working.
magnification × .......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2015 9700/22/M/J/15 Paper 2 - 21
6
9700/23/M/J/15
3 Fig. 3.1 is an electron micrograph of a type of B-lymphocyte called a plasma cell.
Plasma cells secrete antibody molecules.
rough endoplasmic
reticulum
A B
Fig. 3.1
(a) Suggest why plasma cells contain a large quantity of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The diameter A – B of the plasma cell in Fig. 3.1 is 15 μm.
Calculate the magnification of Fig. 3.1.
Show your working.
magnification × .......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2015 9700/23/M/J/15 Paper 2 - 22
10
5 Fig. 5.1 is a light micrograph of some unicellular photosynthetic organisms called Chlamydomonas.
Fig. 5.1
(a) Chlamydomonas moves through water.
Explain why the light microscope rather than the electron microscope is used to observe the
movement of Chlamydomonas.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) State two properties of water which make it possible for organisms such as
Chlamydomonas to live in water.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2015 9700/23/M/J/15 Paper 2 - 23
2
9700/21/O/N/15 Answer all the questions
1 Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of a mitochondrion.
0.7 +m
Fig. 1.1
(a) State the function of mitochondria.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Name structure A.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Calculate the magnification of the image in Fig. 1.1.
Show your working.
magnification × ........................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2015 9700/21/O/N/15 Paper 2 - 24
3
(d) Explain why the light microscope could not be used to produce the image in Fig. 1.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) Scientists think that mitochondria were once prokaryotes. The evidence for this is that
mitochondria have features in common with prokaryotes.
State two features that mitochondria have in common with prokaryotes.
1. ..............................................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2015 9700/21/O/N/15 Paper 2 - 25
2
9700/22/O/N/15
1 A student compared an image of a plant cell with an image of an animal cell. Both images were at
the same magnification.
Parts (a) to (c) are four correct comparative statements about these images.
(a) Both cells contain large numbers of an organelle, bound by a double membrane. The inner
membrane of these organelles is folded. These organelles all have a similar structure but do
not always appear to have the same shape.
(i) State the name of the organelles described.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest one reason why the organelles described do not always seem to have the same
shape.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Both cells contain cell structures that are approximately 25 nm in diameter and are not bound
by a membrane.
(i) State the name of the cell structures described.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Draw a circle around the measurement that has the same value as 25 nm.
0.00025 μm 0.0025 μm 0.025 μm 0. 25 μm 2.5 μm
[1]
(c) There are strands of cytoplasm passing through channels in the cell wall of the plant cell.
These are not visible in the animal cell.
(i) State the name of the cell structures described.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain one advantage to the plant cell of having these structures.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2015 9700/22/O/N/15 Paper 2 - 26
3
(d) Fig. 1.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of part of an epithelial cell from the small
intestine of a mammal.
Fig. 1.1
Name the cell structures labelled X in Fig. 1.1 and state their function.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2015 9700/22/O/N/15 Paper 2 - 27
3
9700/02/SP/16
(c) The centriole labelled in Fig. 1.1 is composed of microtubules.
(i) Suggest why a student would not be able to see a microtubule using a good quality light
microscope.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2014 9700/02/SP/16 Paper 2 - 28
9700/22/F/M/16 3
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a root tip cell in interphase.
X Y
Fig. 2.1
(a) The actual diameter of the nucleus between X and Y is 9.0 µm.
Calculate the magnification of the plant cell shown in Fig. 2.1.
Write down the formula for magnification and use it to make your calculation. Show your
working.
formula
magnification × .......................................................... [3]
(b) Describe the structure of a nucleus.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2016 9700/22/F/M/16 Paper 2 - 29
9
4 Morbillivirus, which causes measles, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) share these
common features:
• outer envelope surrounding the protein coat
• RNA as the genetic material
• infect cells of the immune system.
(c) The structure of Morbillivirus is shown in Fig. 4.1.
Haemagglutinin (H) and fusion protein (F) are glycoproteins embedded in the viral envelope.
haemagglutinin (H)
fusion protein (F) viral polymerase
nucleoprotein
(protein coat and
nucleic acid)
viral envelope
Fig. 4.1
Morbillivirus only infects cells that have a membrane glycoprotein known as signalling
lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM).
When Morbillivirus infects a cell, H acts before F. After the virus binds to the host cell, only the
nucleoprotein with the viral polymerase enters the host cell and the virus is replicated.
New viral particles leave the host cell by budding from the cell surface membrane of the cell.
This forms the main part of their envelope.
With reference to Fig. 4.1 and the information provided on pages 9 and 10,
(i) outline the structural features of the viral envelope of Morbillivirus
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2016 9700/22/F/M/16 Paper 2 - 30
2
9700/21/M/J/16
2 Macrophages synthesise intracellular enzymes.
Fig. 2.1 is a summary diagram of events that occur in a macrophage.
bacteria
$
-
%
+ &
'
*
) (
Fig. 2.1
(a) (ii) Name the stages of protein synthesis that occur at E and at F.
E ........................................................................................................................................
F ....................................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Name organelles B, G, H and J.
B ........................................................................................................................................
G .......................................................................................................................................
H ........................................................................................................................................
J ....................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2016 9700/21/M/J/16 Paper 2 - 31
9700/22/M/J/16 10
4 (e) As blood passes through the small intestine, small soluble products of digestion such as
glucose are absorbed into the capillaries to be transported to the liver.
Fig. 4.2 is a transmission electron micrograph of intestinal epithelial cells.
JXWOXPHQ FDSLOODU\
GLUHFWLRQRIPRYHPHQWRIJOXFRVHGXULQJDEVRUSWLRQ
Fig 4.2
(i) Write the name of cell structures F and G in the boxes provided on Fig. 4.2. [2]

© UCLES 2016 9700/22/M/J/16 Paper 2 - 32
15
6 (c) Table 6.1 shows three functions of cell structures that are involved in the synthesis of glycogen
synthase.
Complete Table 6.1 by naming the cell structure that carries out the function listed.
Table 6.1
function name of cell structure
assembles ribosomes for polypeptide

synthesis
synthesises ATP to provide a supply of

energy for transcription of GYS1
folds and modifies synthesised polypeptide

to produce functioning glycogen synthase
[3]

© UCLES 2016 9700/22/M/J/16 Paper 2 - 33
2
9700/21/O/N/16 Answer all the questions.
1 Fig. 1.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of part of an animal cell.
cell surface
membrane
pair of
centrioles
Fig. 1.1
(a) Name the structures A, B and C.
A ................................................................................................................................................
B ................................................................................................................................................
C ............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Name one structure, visible in Fig. 1.1, that would also be present in a prokaryotic cell.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]

© UCLES 2016 9700/21/O/N/16 Paper 2 - 34
3
9700/22/O/N/16 Answer all the questions.
1 Match the description for each of statements A to E to a correct cell structure.
A Double membrane-bound organelle, absent in animal cells, that produces ATP.
...................................................................................................................................................
B Partially permeable membrane surrounding the large permanent vacuole of plant cells.
...................................................................................................................................................
C Formed from microtubules during mitosis.
...................................................................................................................................................
D Has peptidoglycan as one of its major components.
...................................................................................................................................................
E Site of assembly of 80S ribosomes.
...................................................................................................................................................
[5]
[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2016 9700/22/O/N/16 Paper 2 - 35
12
4 Fig. 4.1 is a cross-section of a human renal artery, a vessel that supplies blood to the kidney.
elastic layer X
tunica media
Y
Fig. 4.1
(c) The actual diameter of the lumen of the renal artery at the point X–Y in Fig. 4.1 is 5.2 mm.
Calculate the magnification of the image shown in Fig. 4.1. Write down the formula you will
use to make your calculation and show your working.
formula
magnification × .................................[3]

© UCLES 2016 9700/22/O/N/16 Paper 2 - 36
3
9700/22/F/M/17
2 The infectious disease cholera is caused by a bacterium.
(a) Fig. 2.1 shows a transmission electron micrograph of this bacterium.
×30 000
Fig. 2.1
(ii) The bacterium in Fig. 2.1 is an example of a prokaryotic cell.
Each of the descriptions A to C describes a cell structure found in prokaryotic cells and
in plant cells.
For each of the descriptions A to C:
• name the cell structure described

• state one difference in this structure between a prokaryotic cell and a plant cell.
A the site of polypeptide synthesis
cell structure ��
difference ��
��
B the genetic material of the cell
difference ��
��
C the structure that provides a rigid shape to the cell and prevents osmotic lysis
difference ��
��
[6]

© UCLES 2017 9700/22/F/M/17 Paper 2 - 37
2
9700/21/M/J/17 Answer all the questions.
1 (a) Each of the statements A to D describes a structure found in eukaryotic cells.
Identify the structure that is described in each statement.
A An organelle that contains 70S ribosomes.
...........................................................................................................................................
B A thread-like structure composed of DNA and histone proteins.
...........................................................................................................................................
C The organelle that modifies and packages proteins for secretion.
...........................................................................................................................................
D The structure that synthesises rRNA and combines it with proteins.
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) Prokaryotes and plant cells have cell walls.
Outline the composition of the cell wall of a prokaryote and the composition of the cell wall of
a plant cell to show how they differ.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2017 9700/21/M/J/17 Paper 2 - 38
2
9700/22/M/J/17 Answer all the questions.
1 (a) In multicellular organisms, the structure of different cell types is adapted to their function.
Within these cells there are a number of different organelles, each with a particular function.
Table 1.1 contains information about the structure and function of five different types of cell.
The table also includes, for each type of cell, one example of a cell organelle that is essential
for the function to be carried out.
Complete Table 1.1.
Table 1.1
example of organelle
type of cell function of cell
required to carry out function
palisade mesophyll chloroplast
Leydig synthesis of steroid hormones
production of secretory vesicles

Golgi body
for release of antibody
active uptake of mineral ions

root hair cell
from the soil
pancreas acinar synthesis of enzymes
[5]

© UCLES 2017 9700/22/M/J/17 Paper 2 - 39
3
(b) A tissue is a collection of one or more types of cell, specialised to carry out a particular
function.
An organ can be considered a structural unit within an organism that:

• consists of more than one type of tissue
• performs a particular function.
The aorta is the main artery of the body.
Explain, with reference to its structure and function, whether the aorta may be described as a
tissue or an organ.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2017 9700/22/M/J/17 Paper 2 - 40
7
3 Fig. 3.1 is a transmission electron micrograph showing the developing Plasmodium cells inside a
protective structure known as an oocyst. In this stage of the life cycle the oocysts are found in the
mosquito gut. When mature, the Plasmodium cells are released and travel to the salivary glands
of the mosquito.
20 μm
Fig. 3.1
(c) The magnification used in Fig. 3.1 can also be obtained using a light microscope.
Suggest why an electron microscope was used to obtain this image instead of a light
microscope.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Use the scale bar to calculate the magnification of the image shown in Fig. 3.1.
Write down the formula and use it to make your calculation. Show your working.
formula
magnification × ...........................................................[3]

© UCLES 2017 9700/22/M/J/17 Paper 2 - 41
9700/23/M/J/17 4
2 Fig. 2.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a cell from a leaf.
10 μm
Fig. 2.1
(a) Use the scale bar to calculate the magnification of the image in Fig. 2.1.
Write down the formula that you will use and show your working.
formula
magnification × ...........................................................[3]

© UCLES 2017 9700/23/M/J/17 Paper 2 - 42
5
(b) Name structure X and state one function of this structure.
name .........................................................................................................................................
function .....................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Name two structures, visible in the cell in Fig. 2.1, that contain DNA.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Plant cells can be infected with viruses.
Fig. 2.2 shows the key features of a plant virus.
15 nm
Fig. 2.2
Identify the structures labelled A and B in Fig. 2.2.
A ...............................................................................................................................................
B ...........................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2017 9700/23/M/J/17 Paper 2 - 43
2
9700/21/O/N/17 Answer all questions.
1 Fig. 1.1 is a photomicrograph of plant cells showing stages in cell division.
Fig. 1.1
(b) Suggest the advantages of using a light microscope, rather than an electron microscope, to
study cell division.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2017 9700/21/O/N/17 Paper 2 - 44
6
3 (ii) Some scientists believe that bacteriophages could be used to treat people who are
infected with cholera.
Suggest the properties of the bacteriophages that would make this possible.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2017 9700/21/O/N/17 Paper 2 - 45
11
5 Fig. 5.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of part of a cell.
2 μm
Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) Name the organelle labelled X.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Put a tick (3) in the box beside the type, or types, of cell that contain this organelle.
animal cell
plant cell
bacterial cell
[1]
(b) Use the scale bar to calculate the magnification of Fig. 5.1.
Write down the formula and use it to make your calculation. Show your working.
formula
magnification ◊ ......................[3]
(c) The organelle in Fig. 5.1 is made from structures surrounded by a single membrane.
Name two organelles that are surrounded by double membranes.
...............................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2017 9700/21/O/N/17 Paper 2 - 46
5
9700/22/O/N/17
2 (c) Name and describe the cell structure in which the synthesis of triglycerides and other lipids
takes place.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
3 Cells can break down an old or damaged organelle, such as a mitochondrion, by enclosing the
organelle in a membrane formed from the endoplasmic reticulum. This forms a vacuole. Vesicles
containing hydrolytic enzymes fuse with the vacuole and the organelle is then digested.
(c) Name the vesicles in the cell that contain hydrolytic enzymes.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]

© UCLES 2017 9700/22/O/N/17 Paper 2 - 47
2
9700/23/O/N/17 Answer all questions.
1 Fig. 1.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a part of an animal cell.
X
A
magnification ×16 000
Fig. 1.1
(a) Calculate the actual width of the organelle labelled A, as shown by line X–Y.
State the formula that you will use and show your working.
Give your answer in µm and to one decimal place.
formula
............................. µm [3]
(b) (i) Name the organelle A and state its role in cells.
name .................................................................................................................................
role ....................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2017 9700/23/O/N/17 Paper 2 - 48
3
(ii) Name the cell structure labelled B and state one reason for your answer.
name .................................................................................................................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2017 9700/23/O/N/17 Paper 2 - 49
2
9700/22/F/M/18
1 Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of part of a eukaryotic cell.
X Y
mitochondrion
×47 000
Fig. 1.1
(a) State how it is possible to deduce that Fig. 1.1 is a transmission electron micrograph and not
a scanning electron micrograph.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Both the Golgi body and the rough endoplasmic reticulum are part of the internal network of
membranes in cells.
Outline structural features shown in Fig. 1.1 that identify G as the Golgi body and not the
rough endoplasmic reticulum.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Calculate the actual diameter, X–Y, of the mitochondrion labelled in Fig. 1.1.
Write down the formula that you will use to make your calculation. Give your answer to the
nearest whole nanometre (nm).
formula
actual diameter ................................... nm

[2]

© UCLES 2018 9700/22/F/M/18 Paper 2 - 50
2
9700/21/M/J/18
1 Fig. 1.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a cell from the root of thale cress, Arabidopsis
thaliana.
A B
1.0 μm
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) The structures labelled A and B on Fig. 1.1 are sections of two mitochondria.
Suggest why A and B are different shapes.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The structure labelled D on Fig. 1.1 is a mitochondrion about to divide.

Explain the importance of the division of mitochondria for the cell shown in Fig. 1.1 and
for cells in the root tips of thale cress.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2018 9700/21/M/J/18 Paper 2 - 51
3
(b) Within a cell, substances move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The area labelled C
in Fig. 1.1 shows an area where this communication occurs.
Make a large, labelled drawing of area C to show where this communication occurs.
[2]
(c) Outline the functions of the nucleus in non-dividing cells, such as the cell in Fig. 1.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2018 9700/21/M/J/18 Paper 2 - 52
2
9700/22/M/J/18
1 Fig. 1.1 is a drawing of a photomicrograph of a spongy mesophyll cell from a leaf.
X Y
Fig. 1.1
(a) On Fig. 1.1, add a label line and the correct letter for each of the three cell structures listed.
• nucleolus = N
• tonoplast = T
• chloroplast = C
[3]
(b) The drawing in Fig. 1.1 is 2000 times larger than the actual size of the cell.
Describe the steps you would follow to determine the actual diameter of the cell in
micrometres (µm), at X—Y.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The drawing in Fig. 1.1 was made using the high power objective lens of a light microscope.
Some of the structures in Fig. 1.1 confirm that the cell is eukaryotic.
An electron micrograph of the same cell would reveal additional cell structures that are found
in eukaryotes and not in prokaryotes.
List two examples of these additional cell structures.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2018 9700/22/M/J/18 Paper 2 - 53
3
9700/23/M/J/18
2 Adipose tissue, which is composed of cells known as adipocytes, stores large quantities of
triglycerides and functions as an energy storage tissue.
Fig. 2.1 is a photomicrograph of adipose tissue.
Fig. 2.1
(a) Adipocytes can be very large in size compared to other body cells. This is due to a large lipid
droplet within the cell.
The largest adipocyte in Fig. 2.1 has a mean diameter of 35 µm. A person with good eyesight
can see cells of 0.05 mm or greater diameter without a magnifying glass or any other optical
aid.
State whether the person can see this adipocyte without any optical aid. Show your working
to justify your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Only some of the organelles within the adipocyte can be seen using a high quality light
microscope set at the highest magnification.
Organelles such as rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and

ribosomes are only visible using an electron microscope.
Explain why these organelles are not visible using a light microscope.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2018 9700/23/M/J/18 Paper 2 - 54
17
(b) Although many infectious diseases are caused by prokaryotic organisms, there are some that
are caused by eukaryotic organisms.
Complete Table 6.1 to show some differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic
cell.
Table 6.1
prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell
no true nucleus, genetic material not true nucleus, genetic material enclosed by
enclosed a double membrane known as a
..................................................................
........................................................ DNA linear DNA
70S ribosomes only 70S and ................ ribosomes
no double membrane-bound organelles double membrane-bound organelles

such as
..................................................
cell wall contains where cell wall is present, generally

contains mainly cellulose or chitin
..............................................................
[2]
[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2018 9700/23/M/J/18 Paper 2 - 55
8
9700/21/O/N/18
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 is a transmission electron micrograph showing two adjacent cells in a leaf.
cell wall
Fig. 3.1
(i) Cellulose is the main polysaccharide in cell walls of plants.
Describe the structure of cellulose.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State one feature visible in Fig. 3.1, other than the cell wall, that identifies the cells as
plant cells.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2018 9700/21/O/N/18 Paper 2 - 56
10
4 Fig. 4.1 is a photomicrograph of a cross-section of a tubular structure in the kidney made from
epithelial cells.
cell A
Fig. 4.1
(a) The actual length of epithelial cell A along the line P–Q is 35 µm.
Calculate the magnification of the image shown in Fig. 4.1. Write down the formula and use it
to make your calculation. Show your working.
formula
magnification × .......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2018 9700/21/O/N/18 Paper 2 - 57
12
5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows the structure of a prokaryotic cell.
capsule
cell surface membrane
DNA
cytoplasm
ribosome
cell wall
flagellum
Fig. 5.1
Fig. 5.1 has not been fully labelled to confirm that the cell is prokaryotic.
State what other information could be added to two of the labels to confirm that this cell is
prokaryotic and not eukaryotic.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2018 9700/21/O/N/18 Paper 2 - 58
8
9700/22/O/N/18
4 Viruses share common structural features. Some viruses, such as human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), also have an outer envelope as part of their structure.
(a) Outline the key structural features of viruses.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
HIV can remain in a dormant state within infected immune system cells for many years. A person
diagnosed as HIV‑positive (HIV+) has the virus but does not have symptoms of HIV/AIDS.
The chances of an HIV+ person developing HIV/AIDS can be greatly reduced with a drug treatment
programme known as anti‑retroviral therapy (ART).
(b) In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) published recommendations for the treatment
of pregnant women living with HIV. This includes both HIV+ women and women who have
developed HIV/AIDS.
The publication recommended that all pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV
should be provided with ART.
Fig. 4.1 shows the number of pregnant women living with HIV, and the number of these
receiving ART, between 2005 and 2013, in low and middle income countries.

© UCLES 2018 9700/22/O/N/18 Paper 2 - 59
16
6 As a red blood cell matures, cell organelles are lost from the cell. This provides more space for the
haemoglobin molecules that have been synthesised.
(a) The red blood cell has a short lifespan due to the loss of the nucleus and other organelles.
State one function performed by each of the organelles listed, before they are lost from the
developing red blood cell.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
...................................................................................................................................................
Golgi body
...................................................................................................................................................
centrioles
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2018 9700/22/O/N/18 Paper 2 - 60
2
9700/23/O/N/18
1 (a) Aphids are small insects which feed directly on phloem sap.
The salivary glands of aphids have secretory cells that make and release a variety of proteins
that assist in feeding.
Fig. 1.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a small area of a salivary gland cell of an
aphid.
mitochondrion
Golgi bodies
Fig. 1.1
Describe the role of Golgi bodies in secretory cells, such as the salivary gland cells of aphids.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2018 9700/23/O/N/18 Paper 2 - 61
3
(b) (i) Explain why secretory cells have large numbers of mitochondria.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Mitochondria are partly controlled by the nucleus, but can also function independently.
Suggest the features of mitochondria that allow them to function independently of the
nucleus.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Aphids are important vectors of plant viral diseases.
(i) Describe the structure of a typical virus.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Suggest how viruses are able to pass from one plant cell to the next without crossing
membranes.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2018 9700/23/O/N/18 [Turn
Paper 2 -over
62
16
9700/22/F/M/19
(d) A virus named Pandoravirus salinus was discovered in 2013 by French scientists.
The virus was so large that the scientists initially thought that P. salinus was a bacterium.
P. salinus was confirmed to be a virus after further research.
(i) List three key features of viruses.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) The dimensions of viruses are usually stated in nanometres (nm).
As P. salinus is so big, it has been described as 1 µm long and 0.5 µm wide.
Convert the width of P. salinus to nanometres.
width = .................................................... nm [1]
[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2019 9700/22/F/M/19 Paper 2 - 63
3
9700/21/M/J/19
(b) Fig. 1.2 is a transmission electron micrograph of a hybridoma cell.
Fig. 1.2
(i) The hybridoma cell in Fig. 1.2 synthesises and secretes molecules of a monoclonal
antibody.
State the roles of the structures labelled X and Y in the production of antibody molecules
in the hybridoma cell.
X ........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Y ........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2019 9700/21/M/J/19 [Turn
Paper 2 -over
64
9
9700/22/M/J/19
4 The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the causative organism of the infectious disease cholera.
V. cholerae has structural features typical of all bacterial cells. It also has a flagellum for movement.
(a) Fig. 4.1 is an outline drawing of V. cholerae.
Complete Fig. 4.1 by drawing and labelling the structures found in V. cholerae.
flagellum
Fig. 4.1
[4]

© UCLES 2019 9700/22/M/J/19 [Turn
Paper 2 -over
65
4
9700/23/M/J/19
2 Fig. 2.1 is a photomicrograph showing a transverse section through a bronchus and the
surrounding lung tissue.
P Q
magnification x40
Fig. 2.1
(a) Calculate the actual diameter of the lumen of the bronchus using the line P–Q.
Write down the formula used to make your calculation.
Show your working and give your answer to the nearest micrometre (µm).
formula
actual diameter = ................................................... µm [2]

© UCLES 2019 9700/23/M/J/19 Paper 2 - 66
8
3 Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The pathogen causes
disease by disrupting the activity of the epithelial cells in the human intestine.
(a) Complete Table 3.1 to compare the structure of V. cholerae and an epithelial cell from the
human intestine.
Use a tick (3) to indicate the presence of the structure.
Use a cross (7) to indicate the absence of the structure.
The first row has been completed for you.
Table 3.1
epithelial cell from the

cell structure V. cholerae
human intestine
cell wall 3 7
cell surface membrane
ribosomes
large permanent vacuole
organelles surrounded by
a double membrane
[4]

© UCLES 2019 9700/23/M/J/19 Paper 2 - 67

AS Biology Cell Structure Classified Questions Paper 2

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

AS Biology Cell Structure Classified Questions Paper 2

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

A LEVEL Biology

Classified by Adeel Ahmad

(a) Complete Table 2.1 to:

structure name of structure function of structure within plasma cell

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

name of organelle function

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

9700/22/O/N/12 Answer all the questions. For

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

Show your working.

magnification × ................................................. [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

9700/23/O/N/12 Answer all the questions. For

1 Fig. 1.1 shows electron micrographs of some eukaryotic cell organelles.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

function ............................................................................................................................. [8]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

9700/21/M/J/13 Answer all the questions. For

tissue fluid as the blood flows through the capillaries.

(ii) Calculate the actual distance X – Y on Fig. 1.1.

answer ........................................... μm [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

answer .......................................... μm [2]

Suggest why this is so.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

(a) Name the features labelled A, B and C.

answer .......................................... μm [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

9700/22/O/N/13 Answer all the questions. For

1 Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of a transverse section through a vein.

Show your working and give your answer in millimetres (mm).

answer ........................................... mm [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

plant cell wall ............................................................................................................

bacterial cell wall .................................................................................................. [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

(b) The magnification of Fig. 3.1 is × 5000.

Calculate the diameter of the nucleus of cell B between lines P and Q.

answer .......................................... μm [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

Fig. 1.1 shows the structure of a cell of V. cholerae.

(a) Calculate the magnification of Fig. 1.1.

magnification × ..................... [2]

feature identity name

provides motility F flagellum

stores genetic information

composed of murein (peptidoglycan)

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

2 Fig. 2.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of cells from a spinach leaf.

(a) Name the organelles A, B and C.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

9700/21/O/N/14 Answer all the questions

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

(b) There are many mitochondria in cell B.

Suggest why cell B contains a large number of mitochondria.

(c) Calculate the actual length of the nucleus C.

answer ..................................................... μm [2]

Describe the role of goblet cells in the gas exchange system.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 1. Cell Structure

The cells X and Y are newly formed cells.