Solid Mechanics - II

Semester 3

BSc Mechanical Engineering

UET Peshawar, Pakistan
 Lecture 1
10 September 2018
 Intended Learning Outcomes
• Explain the Introduction, Aim and Objective of
Mechanics of Materials
• Summarize the Stress and Strain in Axial Loading
• Compare Centric & Eccentric Loading
• Label the Stress – Strain Diagram
• Recall the Stress on an Oblique Plane and
Maximum Stresses
• Define the Factor of Safety
• Interpret the Method of Problem Solution

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 What is Mechanics?
• Mechanics is the branch of science which describes
and predicts the conditions of rest or motion of
bodies under the action of forces.

• Categories of Mechanics:
- Rigid bodies
- Statics
- Dynamics
- Deformable bodies
- Fluids

• Mechanics is the foundation of most engineering sciences

and is an indispensable prerequisite to their study.

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Objective of Mechanics of Materials
• The main objective of the study of the Mechanics
of Materials is to provide the future Engineer with
the means of analyzing and designing various
machines and load bearing structures.

• Both the analysis and design of a given structure

involve the determination of stresses and
deformations.

• Therefore, it is necessary to learn the subject of

Mechanics of Materials.

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Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A

• The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., cannot be found from statics
alone.
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Centric & Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.

• A uniform distribution of stress is only

possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.

• If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,

then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
moment.

• The stress distribution in eccentrically loaded

members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
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Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave 
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
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 Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A
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Bearing Stress in Connections
• Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.

• The resultant of the force

distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.

• Corresponding average force

intensity is called the bearing
stress,
P P
b  
A td

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Stress on an Oblique Plane Under Axial Loading
• Axial forces on a two-force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.

• Either axial or transverse forces may

produce both normal and shear stresses
with respect to a plane other than one
cut perpendicular to the member axis.

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Stress on an Oblique Plane Under Axial Loading
• Pass a section through the member forming
an angle q with the normal plane.

• From equilibrium conditions, the

distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.

• Resolve P into components normal and

tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cos q V  P sin q

• The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are
F P cosq P
   cos2 q
Aq A0 A0
cosq
V P sin q P
   sin q cosq
Aq A0 A0
cosq
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Stress on an Oblique Plane: Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P P
 cos2 q   sin q cosq
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
P
m    0
A0

• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,
P P
m  sin 45 cos 45  
A0 2 A0

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 Normal Strain: Axial Loading

2P P P
P
   normal stress   
A 2A A A


 normal strain  2 
L   
L 2L L
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Statically Indeterminate
• Structures for which internal forces and reactions
cannot be determined from statics alone are said
to be statically indeterminate.

• A structure will be statically indeterminate

whenever it is held by more supports than are
required to maintain its equilibrium.

• Redundant reactions are replaced with

unknown loads which along with the other
loads must produce compatible deformations.

• Deformations due to actual loads and redundant

reactions are determined separately and then added
or superposed.
  L R  0

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Stress-Strain Test

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

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Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity

• Strength is affected by alloying,

heat treating, and manufacturing
process but stiffness (Modulus of
Elasticity) is not.

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Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior

• If the strain disappears when the

stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically.

• The largest stress for which this

occurs is called the elastic limit.

• When the strain does not return

to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.

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 Factor of Safety
Structural members or machines Factor of safety considerations:
must be designed such that the • uncertainty in material properties
working stresses are less than the • uncertainty of loadings
ultimate strength of the material. • uncertainty of analyses
• number of loading cycles
FS  Factor of safety
• types of failure
u ultimate stress
FS   • maintenance requirements and
 all allowable stress
deterioration effects
• importance of member to integrity of
whole structure
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function

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Deformation of Members Under Axial Loading
• From Hooke’s Law:
 P
  E  
E AE
• From the definition of strain:


L
• Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL

AE
• With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
PL
  i i
i Ai Ei

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 Method of Problem Solution
• Problem Statement:
Includes given data, specification of
what is to be determined, and a figure
showing all quantities involved.
• Free-Body Diagrams:
Create separate diagrams for each of
the bodies involved with a clear
indication of all forces acting on
each body.
• Fundamental Principles:
The fundamental principles are
applied to express the conditions of
rest or motion of each body. The
rules of algebra are applied to solve
the equations for the unknown
quantities.
• Solution Check:
- Test for errors in reasoning by
verifying that the units of the
computed results are correct,
- test for errors in computation by
substituting given data and computed
results into previously unused
equations based on the principles,
- always apply experience and physical
intuition to assess whether results seem
“reasonable”
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 Practice Problem

Determine the deformation HINTS:

of the steel rod shown in the • Divide the rod into components at
figure under the given loads. the load application points.

• Apply a free-body analysis on each

component to determine the
internal force.

• Evaluate the total of the component

deflections.

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 THANKS
Questions (if any)