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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
PRINCIPLES
OF HEATING
VENTILATING
AND
AIR CONDITIONING
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is
not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Ronald H. Howell, PhD, PE, Fellow ASHRAE, retired as professor and chair of mechanical engineering at the Univer-
sity of South Florida and is also professor emeritus of the University of Missouri-Rolla. For 45 years he taught courses
in refrigeration, heating and air conditioning, thermal analysis, and related areas. He has been the principal or co-prin-
cipal investigator of 12 ASHRAE-funded research projects. His industrial and consulting engineering experience ranges
from ventilation and condensation problems to the development and implementation of a complete air curtain test
program.
William J. Coad, PE, Fellow ASHRAE, was ASHRAE president in 2001-2002. He has been with McClure Engineering
Associates, St. Louis, Mo., for 45 years and is currently a consulting principal. He is also president of Coad Engineering
Enterprises. He has served as a consultant to the Missouri state government and was a lecturer in mechanical engineering
for 12 years and an affiliate professor in the graduate program for 17 years at Washington University, St. Louis. He is
the author of Energy Engineering and Management for Building Systems (Van Nostrand Reinhold).
Harry J. Sauer, Jr., PhD, PE,Fellow ASHRAE, was a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the Univer-
sity of Missouri-Rolla. He taught courses in air conditioning, refrigeration, environmental quality analysis and control,
and related areas. His research ranged from experimental boiling/condensing heat transfer and energy recovery equip-
ment for HVAC systems to computer simulations of building energy use and actual monitoring of residential energy use.
He served as an advisor to the Missouri state government and has conducted energy auditor training programs for the
US Department of Energy. Dr. Sauer passed away in June 2008.
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is
not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
PRINCIPLES
HEATINGOF
VENTILATING
AND
AIR CONDITIONING
6th Edition
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
ISBN 978-1-933742-70-0
ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims
any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The
appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or
guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the
information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in
this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.
No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who
may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit, nor may any part of this publication
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any means—electronic, photocopying, record-
ing, or other—without permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted at
www.ashrae.org/permissions.
ASHRAE STAFF
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS PUBLISHING SERVICES
Notes to Instructors
This manual contains solutions to most of the problems in the textbook, Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air
Conditioning , which
of tables, figures, or equations the2009
is based oninthe 2009ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals
Handbook that may not be found in. Principles
Some of these problemsVentilating,
of Heating, require the and
use
Air Conditioning.
The solutions in this manual are generally presented in abbreviated form, with some intermediate computations omitted.
Answers and solutions are included for the majority of the problems. The remaining problems are either those requiring
discussion or those whose solutions depend on arbitrary assumptions or data selected by the instructor.
R.H. Howell
W.J. Coad
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is
not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is
not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
CONTENTS
Solutions to
Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Chapter 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Chapter 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Chapter 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Chapter 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Chapter 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Chapter 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is
not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Solutions to
Chapter 1
BACKGROUND
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is
not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 1—Background⏐3
2
Floor area = (140 ) ( 220 ) = 30,800 ft
3
Volume = ( 140) ( 220 ) ( 12 ) = 370,000 ft
2
From Table 1.1: 250 ft ⁄ ton and 3.0 Btu/h ⋅ ft 3
2
30, 800 ft
∴Cooling: -----------------------------
= 123 tons
250 ft 2 ⁄ ton
3 3
Heating: ( 370,000 ft ) ( 3.0 Btu/ h ⋅ ft ) = 1,110,000 Btu/hr or 1110 Mbh
2
From Table 1.1: 700 ft ⁄ ton and 3.0 Btu ⁄h ⋅ ft 3
( 28 ) ( 78 ) = 3.12 tons or 3.12
Cooling: ---------------------- × 12,000 = 37,400 Btu/h
( 700 )
3
] ( 3.0 Btu/h ⋅ ft 3 )
Heating: [ ( 28) ( 78 ) ( 8 ) ft
= 52,400 Btu ⁄ h
40 × 150
Cooling unit: ----------------------------
= 17 tons
3
350 ft ⁄ ton
3
Heating unit: ( 40) ( 150 ) ( 10 ) ( 3 Btu/ h ⋅ ft ) = 180,000 Btu/h
2
Air movement: 17 ton s × 400 cfm/ton = 6900 cfm or [1.2 cfm/ft × 40 × 150 = 7200 cfm]
Costs: Cooling system ($1500/ton) × 17 to ns = $25,500
Heating system ($2.50/cfm) × 6900 [ 7200 ] cfm = $17,250 [$18,000]
Fans/ducting ( $7.50) × 6900 [7200] cfm = $51,750 [$54,000]
Total = $94,500 [$97,500]
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is
not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
4⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
2
From Table 1.2: 30.5 kWh / ft ⋅ yr
Energy = ( 40 × 150) ( 30.5 ) = 183,000 kWh
Cost = $0.08 ( 183,000 ) = $14,640
Solutions to
Chapter 2
THERMODYNAMICS
AND PSYCHROMETRICS
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 2—Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics⏐7
PV = mR T
mR T 2 ( 2 ) ( 53.3 ) ( 560 ) = 2.073 ft 3
V 2 = --------------
= -------------------------------------
P2 ( 200 ) ( 144 )
2
∫
W = = P d=v ∫
P= dv
1
P ( v2 – v 1 ) =( 200 ) ( 144 ) ( 2.073 – 0.5 ) 45,300 ft ⋅ lb f
constant
the pressure
pressure? to are
What a final
thetemperature of 72°C.volume,
changes in specific What is
enthalpy, entropy, and internal energy?
ν 2 – ν 1 = ⎛⎝ -----
1
- – 0.0189⎞
⎠ = 0.0049 m
3
⁄ kg; h 2 – h 1 = 453 – 420.44 = 32.6 kJ/kg
42
s 2 – s 1 = 1.81 – 1.71 = 0.10 kJ/kg ⋅ k; u 2 – u 1 = 427.5 – 400.2 = 27.3 kJ/kg
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
8⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
200
ν 1 = 20.09 ft 3 ⁄ lbm ⇒ m1 = -------------
= 9.955 lb m
20.09
V2
m 2 = ------ and mi hi = m 2 u 2 – m1 u 1 by trial and error
ν2
200
Try T 2 = 550°F u 2 = 1195 m 2 = --------
- = 33.9 lb m
5.9
?
( 33.9 – 9.955 ) ( 1228 ) = ( 33.9 ) ( 1195 ) – ( 9.955 ) ( 1082 )
29400 ≈ 29700 ∴ m i = 33.9 – 9.955 = 23.95 lb m
Q = mh fg = ( 50 kg ) ( 2256.28 ) k J ⁄ kg = 112,800 kJ
V
· ⎛ 3
3 m ⁄s ⎞
Q = mc p Δt = --- c p Δt = ⎟ ( 4.18 kJ ⁄ kg ⋅ K ) ( 30 – 2 ) K
⎜ -----------------------------------------
ν ⎝ 0.001004 m 3 ⁄ kg⎠
Q = 350,000 kW
Q = m Δh = ⎛ ----------------------
⎞
3
or
⎝ 0.001004⎠ ( 125.72 – 8.39 ) = 351,000 kW
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 2—Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics⏐9
⎛ ν2 ⎞ ⎛ ν2 ⎞
m ⎜ u 1 + P1 ν 1 + -----
2 + gz 1⎟⎠ – ⎜⎝ u 2 + P 2 ν 2 + -----
1
2 + gz 2⎟⎠ + Q – W = 0
1
⎝
( 138 ) ( 0.001 ) – ( 1380 ) ( 0.001 ) – ( 3 ) ( 9.806 ) – W = 0
W = – 30.66 J ( Note 1 J (Joule) = 1 N ⋅ m )
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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10⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
ν1
RT 1
= ---------
( 53.3 ) ( 373 ) = 9.21 ft 3 ⁄ lb
= -----------------------------
P1 ( 15 ) ( 144 ) m
P1
ν2 = ν 1 ⎛⎝ ------
⎞ = ( 9.21 ) ⎛ --------
⎠
15 ⎞
⎝ -⎠ = 1.38 ft
3
⁄ lbm
P2 100
P1 ν1
P ν = constant ⇒ p = ------------
ν
2
ν= Pν ν2
w = ∫ Pdν = P ν ∫ d------ ln ⎛ -----
⎞
1 1
ν1
1 1 ⎝ ν 1⎠
3
V = 3 ft
3
t = – 240°F νf = 0.02613 ft ⁄ lbm
⇒
m = 44.5 lb m = 220°R 3
νg = 0.0750 ft ⁄ lbm
3
ν = V ⁄ m = 3 ⁄ 44.5 = 0.0674 ft ⁄ lbm
ν = νf + χ ( νg – νf )
ν – ν f ( 0.0674 – 0.02613 )
x = ----------------
= ----------------------------------------------
= 0.8445
ν g – ν f ( 0.0750 – 0.02613 )
mv = mx = ( 44.5 ) ( 0.8445 ) = 37.58 lb m vapor
m L = m ( 1 – x ) = ( 44.5 ) ( 1 – 0.8445 ) = 6.92 lb m liquid
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 2—Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics⏐11
2 2
⎛ v 1⎞ ⎛ V 2⎞ 2
π D = 0.0755 m 2
m ⎜ h1 + -----
⎟ – ⎜ h2 + ------
⎟ –w = 0 A = ----------
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 4
·
m ( h1 – h2 ) – w = 0 V1 = V 0.85 = 11.26 m/s
--- = ----------------
A 0.0755
V 2 = V 1 since small ΔT and ΔP
m Cp ( t1 – t2 ) – w = 0 ·
P 1 V 1 = m· 1 RT 1
( 1.25 ) ( 0.746 )- = 0.91 K
t 1 – t 2 = ---------------------------------
( 101.3 ) ( 1000 ) ( 0.85 ) = 1.02 kg/s
m· = ---------------------------------------------------
( 1.02 ) ( 1.005 ) ( 287 ) ( 294 )
V1 1.5 V2 3
b. m = ------
= = -------------
=2.674 kg ------
; V 2 = ( 2.674 ) ( 0.188 ) = 0.503 m
ν 1 0.561 ν2
dv P 2 V2 – P 1 V 1 R (T2 – T1 )
c. W = =
P dv=∫ v
∫
c ----- =-------------------------------
n 1–n
= --------------------------
1–n
–106.3 kJ
dv v2 v2
W against ai r = ∫ Pd
= v mR
v∫= mR T ln -----
= T -----
v1
P 1 v 1 ln -----
v1
= ( 100 ) ( 1000 ) ( 50 ) ln ( 0.25 ) = – 6930kJ
W to
( 50 ) ( 9.8 ) ( 40 ) = 14670 kJ
= mg Δz = ( 3 ⁄ 4 ) ---------------------------
elevate ( 0.001002 )
W total fr om pu mp = 6930 + 14670 = 21,600 kJ
rocket engine
the pump at theatrate
as liquid 15 of 100
psia lbmthe
and /s. discharge
The oxygen enters
pressure
is 500 psia. The density of liquid oxygen is 66.7 lb m/ft3.
Determine the minimum size motor (in horsepower) to
drive this pump.
w· = m· ∫ ν dP = m· ν· ( P 2 – P1 )
RT 2 ( 53.3 ) ( 1051.2 ) 3
ν 2 = ---------
b. = 19.469 ft ⁄ lbm
= -------------------------------------
P2 ( 20 ) ( 144 )
c. Δu = c u ΔT = ( 0.171 ) ( 1015.2 – 1960 ) = – 161.6 Btu/lb m
d. ΔH = cp ΔT = ( 0.240 ) ( 1015.2 – 1960 ) = – 266.8 Btu/lb m
e. δq – δ w = δ u = –161.6 Btu/lb m
k–1
-----------
P2 k 140 ⎞ 0.286
T 1 ⎛ ------
a. T 2 = = ⎞ 1088 ⎛=-----------
=- 563 K 290°C
⎝ P 1⎠ ⎝ 1400 ⎠
b. P 2 ν 2 = RT 2 , R ai r = 0.0287 N ⋅ m ⁄ g ⋅ K
Pv·
m· = -------
( 14.7 ) ( 144 ) ( 1200 ) = 88.2 lb /min
= ----------------------------------------------
RT ( 53.3 ) ( 540 ) m
k–1 1.4 – 1
----------- ----------------
P2 k 15.7⎞ 1.4
T 2 = T 1 ⎛ ------
⎞ = 540 ⎛ ---------- = 550.25°R
⎝ P 1⎠ ⎝ 14.7⎠
RT 2 ( 53.3 ) ( 550.25 ) 3
HP Id ea l ( 5.12 ) = 10.3 hp
HP actual = -------------------------------------
= -------------------------------
( η fa n ) ( ηmotor ) ( 0.64 ) ( 0.78 )
·
P1 V 1 ( 101.4 ) ( 1000 ) ( 0.566 ) = 0.655 kg/s
m = ------------
= ------------------------------------------------------
RT 1 ( 287 ) ( 305.2 )
k–1 1.4 – 1
----------- ----------------
P2 k 102 ⎞ 1.4
T2 = T 1 ⎛ ------
⎞ = ( 305.2 ) ⎛⎝ ------------- = 305.7 K
⎝ P 1⎠ 101.4 ⎠
ν2
RT 2
= ---------
( 287 ) ( 305.7 ) = 0.860 m 3 ⁄ kg
= --------------------------------
P2 ( 102 ) ( 1000 )
· m ν2 ( 0.655 ) ( 0.860 ) = 0.606 m/s (small, neglect kinetic energy)
V = ----------
= -------------------------------------
2 A2 ( 0.93 )
W = m ( h=1=– h 2 ) mc p ΔT ( 0.655
= ) ( 0.718 ) ( 305.2 – 305.7 ) 0.24 kW
= Q again F . W . = m F . W . C p ΔT ; ⎛Q ⎞ = C p ΔT
a. Q loss st ea m ⎝ ----
m⎠ FW
⎛Q ⎞
---- = ( 1.0 ) ( 90 ) = 90 Btu ⁄ lb m
⎝m ⎠ F.W. F .W.
= m FW ⎛ ----
Q⎞
b. ( m Δh ) st ea m Assume 1.0 lb m feed water
⎝ m⎠ F . W .
m FW ( Q ⁄ m ) FW ( 1.0 ) ( 90 ) = 0.0932 lb
m st ea m = ------------------------------------
= -----------------------
Δh ( 965.3 ) m steam
2 2
⎛ V1 ⎞ ⎛ V2 ⎞
a. ⎜ h 1 + ------------
⎟ – ⎜ h 2 + ------------
⎟ =0
⎝ 2 gc J ⎠ ⎝ 2 gc J⎠
2 2
V1
C p + ( T 1 – T 2 ) + ------------
V2 ( 450 ⁄ 60 ) 2
= ( 0.24 ) ( 90 – 58 ) + -------------------------------------
= ------------
2 gc J 2 gc J ( 2 ) ( 32.2 ) ( 778 )
V 2 = 620 fps = 37,200 fpm
Not cooling since temperature will increa se as fluid slows down.
b. m ( h 1 – h 2 ) – W = 0
mC p ( T 1 – T 2 ) – W = 0 ; ( 1.6 ) ( 3600 ) ( 0.24 ) ( 90 – T 2 ) = 11.5 ( 2545 )
t 2 = 68.8°F
· 3
P 1 = 10 psi t 1 = 80°F V 1 = 0.8 ft /min
P2 = 9 psi Sat. vapor @ 2
·
U1
V1
= ------
( 0.8 ) = 146.8 ft/min
= ------------------------
A ( 0.00545 )
ν 2⎞
U 2 = U 1 ⎛ ----- ⎛ 42.367 ⎞ = 387,024 ft/min
⎝ v 1 ⎠ = 146.8 ⎝ -------------------
0.01607⎠
U1A
m = ----------
( 146.8 ) ( 0.00545 ) = 49.78 lb /min
= -------------------------------------------
ν1 ( 0.01607 ) m
@ x = 1.0 t = 5°F
h = 103.745, s = 0.22470
W·
= m ( h1
·
– h4 ) = 200 ( 120 – 103.7 ) = 3260 Btu/h
· 3260
W = -----------
- = 1.28 Hp [Minimum for mechanical vapor compression cycle.]
2545
1 1
COP = -------------------------
= ------------------------------
- = 4.4286
TR ⁄ TA – 1 570 ⁄ 465 – 1
· 11,000
W = ----------------
= 2483.9 Btu/h = 0.976 Hp [Minimum for reversed Carnot cycle]
4.4286
1 1
CO Ph (max ) = -------------------------
= ------------------------------
- = 9.48
1 – TL ⁄ Th 1 – 263 ⁄ 298
QR 200
W mi n = ---------------------
= ----------
= 21.1 kW
CO Pma x 9.48
1
25 psi, 40°F ⇒ ρ = 0.449 lb/ft 3 ; v = -------------
3
= 2.23 ft /lb
0.449
2
V π d ---------------
( 20 )
5 ⁄ 60 = A --- = -----------------
v 4 ( 144 ) ( 2.23 )
2
d = 1.70 ⇒ d = 1.30 in.
h 1 – h 2 = h 4 – h 3 ⇒ ( 40.5 ) – ( 38 ) = h 4 – ( 106.6 )
h 4 = 109.1 Btu/lbm ⎫
⎬t4 = 44°F
P 4 = 36.8 psi ⎭
° SH = 44 – 25 = 19°
qL 12000
b. m· = -----------------
= -----------------------------------
= = - 176.7 2.94 lb m /min ton
h1 – h 4 105.9 – 37.978
qL 12000
b. m· = -----------------
= = - = 186.9 lb m ⁄ h ⋅ ton
----------------------------------- 3.12 lb m /min ton
h1 – h4 103.45 – 39.27
3
v ≅ 1.0 ft ⁄ lbm q L = 110 – 44.9 = 65.1 Btu/lbm
2
π 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 -⎞
V· ideal = ( 800 ) ⎛ ---------
compressor:
⎝ 4 ⎠ ( 4 ) ⎝ -----------
1728⎠
3
= 13.09 ft ⁄ lbm
· 3
Vactual = 4 ( 13.09 ) ( 0.70 ) = 36.65 ft ⁄ min
·
m qL [ ( 36.65 ) ( 60 ) ] ( 65.1 ) ≈ 12 tons
capacity = --------------
- = --------------------------------------------------
12000 ( 0.80 ) ( 12000 )
2.40 A mechanical refrigeration system with R-134a is a capacity of 15 kW, determine:
operating under such conditions that the evaporator pres- a. the refrigerating effect per kilogram of refrigerant
sure is 160 kPa and the liquid approaching the refrigerant circulated
control valve is at a temperature of 41°C. If the system has
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is
not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 2—Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics⏐21
h 1 = 409 s 1 = 1.76
h 2 = 434 h 3 = h 4 = 237.7
a) t2 i = 55°C
50
b) m = ---------------------------------
= 0.292 kg/s
( 409 – 237.7 )
c) P = 0.292 ( 434 – 409 ) = 7.30 kW
50
d) CO Pc = -------
= 6.85
7.3
1 3
h 1 = 252, =s 1 10.4,
= = v1 ------- 0.303 m ⁄ kg
3.3
1
h 2 i = 700, =v 2=i -------
= 0.123 t 2 i 95°C
8.1
h 2 a = 525 + ⎛ ------------------------
700 – 525⎞ 1
------- 0.123
⎝ 0.82= ⎠ ==738, v 2 a 8.1
d) t 2 a ≈ 110°C
2
2 π ( 0.092 )
= 94 – 6.1 ⎛ ----------
1.35⎞
η av ⎝ 0.43⎠ = 74.85% ( 0.74 ) ( 28 ) = 0.0275 m 3 ⁄ s
PD = ---------------------------
4
a)
( 0.7485 ) ( 0.0275 ) = 0.0675 kg/s
m = -------------------------------------------
0.303
b) Q e = m ( h 1 – h 4 ) = 0.0675 [ 525 – ( – 620.7 ) ] = 77.4 kW
c) W = m ( h 2 – h 1 ) = ( 0.0675 ) [ 738 – 525 ] = 14.4 kW
Qe 77.5
e) CO P = ------= ----------
= 5.4
W 14.4
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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Chapter 2—Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics⏐23
h 1 = h g @ –4°C = 494
h 2 = 650
h 3 = h 4 = –621.4
b)
Qe
CO P = =------
=
h1 – h 4 ( 1115.4 )
-----------------
=----------------------------
7.15
W h2 – h 1 ( 650 – 494 )
State P t x h m
1. 10
mm 90 0.50 –70 9.85
2. 50
mm 150 0 1128 0.197
3. 50
mm 150 0.51 –41 9.65
4. 50
mm 101 0 68.96 0.197
5. 10
mm 52 0 1084.5 0.197
12000
m 2 = m 4 = m 5 = --------------------------------------------
60 ( 1084.5 – 68.0 )
= 0.197
⎛ 0.50 ⎞ mi =
m3 =
⎝ ----------
0.51⎠
0.98 m 1
State P t x h
1. 8.2mm 75°F 0.47 –73
2. 33.9mm 170°F 0 1138
3. 33.9mm 170°F 0.62 –38
4. -- 88°F 0 56.04
5. 8.2mm 47°F 0 1081.74
m1 x1 = m2 x2 + ( m1 – m2 ) x3
m 1 ( 0.47 ) = ( m 1 – 1.0 ) ( 0.62 )
m 1 = 4.16, m 3 = 3.16
Q e = ( 1 ) [ ( 1081.74 ) – ( 56.04 ) ] = 1025.7 Btu/lb
p, t, x, h,
Point psia °F lb NH3/lb mix Btu/lb
1 25 80 0.39 –48
2 200 260 0.26 165
pw 0.2
a) φ = --------
= ----------------
= = 0.394 39.4%
p ws 0.5073
pw
= ( 0.62198 ) ⎛ ----------------------
0.2 ⎞
b) w = 0.62198 ---------------
p – pw ⎝ 14.7 – 12⎠ = 0.0086 lb m /lbair
c) t d = t sa t @ 0.2 PSI = 53.15°F
d)
Pw V ( 0.2 ) ( 144 ) ( 1920 ) = 1.19 lb
m w = -----------------------
= -----------------------------------------------------
( R ⁄ m w ) T ( 1545 ⁄ 18 ) ( 80 + 460 ) m
d) v = ----------
Ra
PaT = -------------------------------------------------
( 14.7( 53.3 ) ()144 ) = 13.72 ft 3 /lbm
) ( 535
– 0.258
w s = 0.62198 ⎛ --------------------------
0.43 ⎞
e)
⎝ 14.7 – 0.43-⎠ = 0.0187
w 0.0111
μ = ------
= ----------------
= 0.593 ( pw = φ ps = ( 0.6 ) ( 0.43 ) = 0.258 )
ws 0.0187
a) t wb = 65.2°F
b) h = 30.2 Btu/lb m
c) w = 0.0112 lb m /lb air
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28⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
2.53 Using the ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart, complete the following table.
Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb, Dew Point, HumidityW, Enthalpyh, φ, Specific Volume
Relative Humidity v,
°F °F °F lb/lbair Btu/lbair % ft3 /lbair
85 60 41 0.0054 26.1 22 13.85
75 60 50 0.0076 26.4 42 13.65
74.5 65 59.8 0.011 30 60 13.75
89.5 70 61 0.01143 34 38 14.1
99 85.5 82 0.0238 50 58 14.6
2.54 Using the ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart complete the following table:
Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb, Dew Point, Humidity Ratio, Relative Humidity, Enthalpy, Specific Volume,
°F °F °F lbv /lba % Btu/lbair ft3 /lbair
80 63.5 53.7 0.0088 40 28.8 13.8
70 55 43 0.0058 38 23.1 13.47
100 78 70 0.016 39 42 14.47
97 77 68 0.0157 40 40 14.3
79 65 57 0.01 46 30 13.8
86 60 40 0.0052 20 26.4 13.86
40 29 11 0.001 20 10.3 12.6
74 65 60 0.011 60 30 13.7
85 70 62 0.012 47 33.8 14.0
80 80 80 0.0224 100 43.8 14.1
Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb, Dew Point, Humidity Ratio,Relative Humidity, Enthalpy, Specific Volume,
°C °C °C kg/kg % kJ/kg m3 /kg
26.5 17.3 12.2 0.0087 41 49 0.86
21 13 7.6 0.006 40 36.7 0.84
38 25.4 21 0.0155 38 78.2 0.905
41.7 29.2 25.2 0.0207 40 95 0.92
22.2 17 14.2 0.01 60 48 0.85
32 16 4 0.005 18 44.5 0.87
4 –2 –10 0.001 20 6.5 0.78
39.8 23.4 16 0.0115 26 70 0.904
30 21 17 0.012 45 61 0.875
27 27 27 0.0227 100 85.5 0.88
Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb, Dew Point, Humidity Ratio, Relative Humidity, Enthalpy, Specific Volume,
°C °C °C kg/kg % kJ/kg m3 /kg
32 24 20.7 0.0155 52 72.2 0.886
40 26.3 21.2 0.0160 34 81 0.91
38.8 24.2 18 0.0130 30 72.5 0.902
33.8 28.1 26.4 0.022 66 90.5 0.9
7 7 7 0.0063 100 23 0.801
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Chapter 2—Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics⏐29
P ws = ( 0.622 ) ⎛ --------------------------------
⎝ 14.7 – 0.4748-⎞⎠ = 0.02077
W * = 0.622 ------------------ 0.4748
P – P ws
( 1093 – 0.556 t * ) W * – 0.24 ( t – t * ) ( t∗ = 78, W∗ = 0.02077)
W = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1093 – 0.44 t – t *
W = 0.018 lb m /lb air
( P ) ( W ) = -----------------------------------------
( 14.7 ) ( 0.0179 ) = 0.4119 psia
P w = ------------------------
0.622 + W ( 0.622 + 0.0179 )
Pw 0.4119
φ = ---------
= ----------------
= 0.59 or 59%
P ws 0.6989
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Solutions to
Chapter 3
BASIC HVAC SYSTEM
CALCULATIONS
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Chapter 3—Basic HVAC System Calculations⏐33
3.1 One of the many methods used for drying air is to cool
the air below the dew point so that condensation or freez-
ing of the moisture takes place. To what temperature must
atmospheric air be cooled in order to have a humidity
ratio of 0.000017 lb/lb (0.000017 kg/kg)? To what
temperature must this air be cooled if its pressure is
10 atm?
W = 0.62198 ⎛ -----------------
Pw ⎞ W
⎝ P – Pw ⎠ ⇒ Pw = -------------------
0.62198
( P – Pw )
0.000017
( 14.7 – Pw )
Pw = ----------------------
0.62198
Pw = 0.000402 – 0.0000273 Pw
–4
Pw = 4.02 × 10 PSI ⇒ t sa t = – 63°F [Table 3, Chap 1 HF]
0.000017
10 ATM = 147 PSI ⇒ Pw ( 147 – Pw )
= ----------------------
0.62198
–3
Pw = 4.02 × 10 PSI ⇒ t sa t = –27°F
3
V = ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 2.4 ) = 57.6 m ; P = 100 kPa ; Pw = 1.4 kPa
Pw ( 0.622 ) ( 1.4 ) = 0.0088 kg ⁄ kg
a) W = 0.622 -----------------
= -------------------------------
P – Pw ( 100 – 1.4 ) air
= ⎛ --------------
x ⎞
W 2 == W 1 0.622
⎝ 50 – x⎠ = 0.00778 → x 0.618 psia
φ3 = Pw 3 ⁄ Pw
= s3 =⇒
100 = Pw s3 = Pw 3 0.618 → t3 86°F
m· 3 = 3.16 lb m ⁄ min
b) Q° = m
° [(h – h
a a a ) + ( W2 hw 2 – W 1 h w1 ) + ( W 1 – W 2 ) h w3 ]
2 1
t 1 = 20°F t 2 = 70°F
φ1 = 60% φ 2 = 50%
W2 = 0.0078 lb m ⁄ lb air
a) φ1 = 49%
b) t i * = 41°F
c) W = 0.0054 lb m ⁄ lb air
d) h i = 20.3 Btu ⁄ lb m,
e) h e = 25.2 Btu ⁄ lb m
f) q = 4.9 Btu ⁄ lb
g) φf = 25%
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36⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
t 2 = 101°F
t * = 65F P = 16 psia
h = 29.8 h g = 1152.1
W = 0.0052 h f = 184.5
·
ma 1 h 1 + m· s h s = m· a h 3 m· s = m· a ( W 3 – W 1 )
2 2
m· a ( h 3 – h 1 ) = m· s ( h s ) = m· a ( W 3 – W 1 ) ( h s )
2 2
*
( 1093 + 0.556 t * ) W s – 0.24( t – t * )
W = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1093 + 0.444 t – t *
( 1093 + ( 0.556 ) ( 66 ) ) ( 0.01368 ) – ( 0.24 ) ( 80 – 66 ) = 0.01044
W = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1093 + ( 0.444 ) ( 80 ) – 66
W 0.01044
μ = -------
= -------------------
= 0.467
Ws 0.01368
h = 0.240 t + W ( 1061 + 0.444 t )
= ( 0.24 ) ( 80 ) + ( 0.01044 ) ( 1061 + ( 0.444 ) ( 80 ) ) = 30.65 Btu ⁄ lb
Ra T
( 1 + 1.6078 W ) = (-----------------------------
v = ----------
53.3 ) ( 540 )
( 1 + ( 1.6078 ) ( 0.01044 ) )
P ( 14.7 ) ( 144 )
3
v = 13.832 ft ⁄ lbm
W 1 = 0.622 ⎛ ----------------------
3.4 ⎞
⎝ 150 – 3.4⎠ = 0.0144
W 2 = 0.622 ⎛ ----------------------------
1.228 ⎞
⎝ 125 – 1.228⎠ = 0.0062
m a ha 1 + m a W 1 h w – m a ha 2 – m a W 2 h w – m a ( W 1 – W 2 ) h f + Q = 0
1 2 3
m a [ ( ha 1 – ha 2 ) + W 1 hg 1 – W 2 hg 2 – ( W 1 – W 2 ) h f ]+Q = 0
3
Isentreopic S1 = S2
w 1 = 0.622 ⎛ ----------------------------
2.584 ⎞
⎝ 300 – 2.584⎠ = 0.0054
Pg 2
W 1 = W 2if no condensate. ⇒0.0054 = 0.622 ⎛ ---------------------
⎞
⎝ P 2 – Pg 2⎠
P 2 = 116.18 Pg 2
k–1
-----------
P 2⎞ k 116.18 Pg 2⎞ 0.286
S2 = S 1 ; T 2 = T 1 ⎛ ------ = 313.2 ⎛ --------------------------
⎝ P 1⎠ ⎝ 300 ⎠
Trial and Error → Try T2 = 17.2°C = 290.4 K ; Pg 2 = 1.984
?
290.4 =
( 116.18 ) ( 1.984 )⎞ 0.286
313.2 ⎛ ----------------------------------------
= 290.5
⎝ 300 ⎠
P2 = ( 116.18 ) ( 1.984 ) = 230.5kPa
2 2 2
V1
⎛⎜ h 1 + -------- V2 ⎞
⎞⎟ – ⎛⎜ h + -------- V2
⎟ = = 1.0035 ( 313.2 – 290.4 )
0 ; --------------------
⎝ 2 g c⎠ ⎝ 2 2 g c⎠ 2 ( 1000 )
V 2 = 214 m/s
⎧ v = R---------
aT ⎫
⎪ a P ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ Ra T ⎪
⎪ v s = ------------------
⎪
⎪ P – P ws ⎪
v = va + μ ( vs – va ) ⎨ ⎬
⎪ W
μ = ------
- ⎪
v = (1 – μ)v + μv ⎪ W ⎪
a s s
⎛ 1 – ------
W⎞ ⎛ W ⎞ (v ) ⎪ P ⎪
=
⎝ W-s⎠ va + ⎝ ------- ⎪ w = 0.622 ----------------
⎪
W s⎠ s ⎩ P – Pw ⎭
P w ⎞ ⎛ P – P w⎞ R a T Ra T Ra T P w ⎞ ⎛ P – P ws ⎞ P – P ws
1 – ⎛ ---------------- 1 – ⎛ ----------------
W W
=
⎝ P – P w⎠ ⎝ ----------------
P ws ⎠ P
---------
+ ------
- ------------------
= ------------------
W s P – P ws P – P ws ⎝ P – Pw⎠ ⎝ ------------------
P ws ⎠
------------------
P
+ ------
Ws
-
R a T P – P ws Pw
= ------------------ ⎞ ⎛ P – P ws ⎞ ( P – P ) + ⎛ ----------------
– ⎛ -------------
------------------
Pw
⎞ ⎛ P – P ws⎞
P – P ws P ⎝ P ws P⎠ ⎝ ------------------
P – Pw ⎠ ws ⎝ P – P w⎠ ⎝ ------------------
Pws ⎠
2
R a T ( P – Pws ) ( P ws ) ( P – P w ) – P w ( P – P ws ) + P w ( P – P ws ) P
= ------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P – P ws P ( P ws ) ( P – P w )
R a T PP ws ( P – Pws ) Ra T
= ------------------
-------------------------------------
= ----------------
P – P ws PP ws ( P – Pw ) P – Pw
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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Chapter 3—Basic HVAC System Calculations⏐39
1. 2. 3.
t = 80F t = 51F h ≈ 25
φ = 60% φ = 90% ( h f @ 57°F )
71000 CFM v = 13.2
v = 13.9 h = 23.5
h = 33.7 W = 0.009
W = 0.0132
·
V ( 71000 ) ( 60 ) = 306475 lbm ⁄ h
m· a = --- = -------------------------------
v 13.9 air
) m· a [ ( h 1 – h 2 ) – ( W 1 – W 2 ) h 3 ] = –Q
–Q = ( 306475 ) [ ( 33.7 – 23.5 ) – ( 0.0132 – 0.009 ) 25 ]
Q = – 3,093,900 Btu/h = 257.8 tons
b) m· w = m· a ( W 1 – W 2 ) = ( 306,475 ) ( 0.0132 – 0.009 ) = 1287 lb/h
c) Q = m· c ( t – t ) = ( 306,475 ) ( 0.244 ) ( 80 – 57 )
s a p 1 2
by graphical solution
φ mi x = 52%
t dp = 55.5°F
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40⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
Pw 2 Pw = φ Pg = ( 0.6 ) ( 0.596 )
W 1 = W 2 = 0.62198 --------------------
P – Pw 2 = 0.3576
(----------------------------------------------
0.62198 ) ( 0.3576 )
W = ( 14.696 – 0.3576 ) = 0.0155 lb/lb
1. 2.
t = 84F t = 53F
t * = 70F saturated
v = 13.97 h = 22
h = 34 h f = 21.1
W = 0.01266 W = 0.00857
m· a [ – ( h 1 – h 2 ) – ( W 1 – W 2 ) h f ] = Q
2
Q =
(----------------------------
4000 ) ( 60 )
[ ( 34 – 22 ) – ( 0.01266 – 0.00857 ) ( 21.1 ) ]
( 13.97 )
= 204700 Btu/h = 17.1 tons
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Chapter 3—Basic HVAC System Calculations⏐41
3.19 Air at 40°F dry bulb and 35°F wet bulb is mixed with
air at 100°F dry bulb and 77°F wet bulb in the ratio of 2
lb of cool air to 1 lb of warm air. Compute the resultant
humidity ratio and enthalpy of the mixed air.
t 1 = 40F t 2 = 100F
* *
t1 = 35F t 2 = 77F
m· 1 = 2 m· m· 2 = m·
W 1 = 0.0031 W 2 = 0.0148
h 1 = 13.1 h 2 = 40.5
m· 1 h 1 + m· 2 h 2 = m· h 3 →
2 m· h 1 + m· h 2 2 ( 13.1 ) + 40.5
h 3 = ------------------------------
= -----------------------------------
= 22.23 Btu/lb
3 m· 3
· W + m· W = m· W →
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 m· W 1 + m· W 2 2 ( 0.0031 ) + ( 0.0148 )
w3 = ----------------------------------
= ----------------------------------------------------
= 0.0070 lb/lb air
3 m· 3
m· o h o + m· R h R = ( m· o + m· R ) h mi x
h mi x =
(-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1000 ) ( 41.4 ) + ( 5000 ) ( 28.5 )
= 30.65 Btu/lb
6000
m· o W o + m· R W R = ( m· o + m· R ) W mi x
( 1000 ) ( 0.018 ) + ( 5000 ) ( 0.0096 ) = 0.011 lb/lb
w mi x = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6000 air
*
From Psych. Chart → t mi x = 78.3°F ; t mi x = 65.8°F
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42⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
e. dew-point temperature
From Psych. Chart as graphical solution
a) tdB = 81.5°F
b) W = 0.0112 lb/lb
c) φ = 48.0%
d) h = 32.0 Btu/lb
e) t DP = 60.5°F
Pw 2 = Pg 2 = 3.169 kPa
0.622 ( 3.169 )
W 2 = ---------------------------------
= 0.0204
( 100 – 3.169 )
a ma 1 – 2 + w1 w – w2 w + 2– 1 f =
1 2 2
c p ( T 2 – T 1 ) + W 2 ( hg 2 – h f )
2
W 1 = --------------------------------------------------------------------
hg 1 – h f
2
Pw 2.86
φ 1
= -------- = 0.67 ⇒ 67%
= -------------
Pg 4.246
1
Pw =
1
φ Pg1 = 0.7 ( 5.628 ) = 3.94 kPa
P v m RT 3.94 T
w 2 = -----------------
------------ w 2 ; P w = P g = ----------------
2
P w1 v m w RT 1 2 2 308.2
= 0.0128 T 2
Trial and Error
Try T 2 = 25°C : 4.246 ≠ 0.0128 (298 ) = 3.81
T 2 = 30°C : 3.169 ≠ 0.0128 (303 ) = 3.88
By Interpolation T 2 = 28.2°C
0.622 ( 3.94 )
W 2 = W 1 = ------------------------------
= 0.0255 kg/kg
( 100 – 3.94 )
Pa V
m a = ----------
( 100 – 3.94 ) ( 0.5 ) = 0.543 kg
= -------------------------------------------
Ra T ( 0.287 ) ( 308.2 )
Q = m ( u2 – u1 ) = m a c v ( T 2 – T1 ) + ma W2 u g – ma W 1 u g
2 1
Δ h- = Qs + Σ m· w h w ( 100000 ) + 35 ( 1100 )
------- -------------------------------
= ----------------------------------------------------
Δw Σ m· w 35
= 3957 Btu/lb m
From Psychrometric Chart
φ su pp ly = 90%
t dp = 36°F
m· a h 1 + Q s + m· w h w = m· a h 2
Qs + m w h w ( 100000 ) + ( 35 ) ( 1100 ) = 11260 lb/hr
m· a = ---------------------------
= ---------------------------------------------------------
h2 – h 1 ( 26.6 – 14.3 )
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44⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
·
V a = 3000 cfm
·
Δ h Qs + mw h w ( 116000 ) + 83 ( 1157 )
Δ w- = ---------------------------
------- m· w = ----------------------------------------------------
83
= 2555 Btu/lbm
·
V1 3000
m· a = ------
= -----------
- = 236.2 lb/min
1 v1 12.7
83
m· a = m a + m w = 236.2 + -----
- = 237.6 lb/min
2 1 1 60
116000
Qs = m· c p Δ T ⇒ Δ t = ------------------------------------------------
= 34°F
( 0.240 ) ( 257.6 ) ( 60 )
t 2 = 40 + 34 = 74°F
From Psych. Chart
t wb = 64°F
a) Q s = m· a c p ( t R – t s )
350,000
m· a = -----------------------------------------
= 143,443 lb/h
( 0.244 ) ( 77 – 67 )
m· w 1,000,000
b) W s = W R – -------
= 0.0109 – -----------------------------------------
= 0.0099 lb/lb
ma ( 7000 ) ( 143,443 )
φ = 70% ; t dp = 57°F
c)
( 1,000,000 ) ( 1100 ) ≈ h
Q L = m· w h w = ---------------------------- = 157,100 Btu/h
( 7000 ) g 90°F (people)
d) ( SHR ) ( 350,000 )
= --------------------------------------------------
= 0.69
( 350,000 ) + 157,000
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Chapter 3—Basic HVAC System Calculations⏐45
Qs 200,000
a) m· a = ----------------
= -----------------------------------------
= 81,967 lb/h
cp ( Δ t ) ( 0.244 ) ( 75 – 65 )
b) h v ≅ h g @ 85-95°F = 1100 Btu/lb
m· w ( 200,000 ) = 0.0088 lb/lb
W s = W R – -------
= 0.011 – --------------------------------------
m· a ( 1100 ) ( 81,967 )
From Psych. Chart → t = 65°F ; t * = 58°F
c)
( 200,000 )
SHR = --------------------------------------------------
= 0.50
( 200,000 + 200,000 )
20,000
SHR = -------------------
= 0.2
100,000
Not possible to meet conditions with supply
since SHR doesn' t pass through both room
and supply conditions. If used room becomes
warmer and/or less humid.
3.29 A flow rate of 30,000 lb/h of conditioned air at 60°F b. If a mixture of 50% return air and 50% outdoor air at
and 85% RH is added to a space that has a sensible load 98°F dry bulb and 77°F wet bulb enters the air condi-
of 120,000 Btu/h and a latent load of 30,000 Btu/h. tioner, what is the refrigeration load?
a. What are the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures in the
space?
a) Q s = m· c p ( t R – t s ) Q L = m· ( wR – w s ) ( 1100 )
120,000 = ( 30,000 ) ( 0.24 ) ( t R – 60 ) 30,000 = ( 30,000 ) ( w R – 0.0094 ) ( 1100 )
t R = 76.6°F W R = 0.01031 ⇒ hR = 29.7Btu/lb
t wb = 64.5°F
m· a h a + m· R h R – ( m· a + m· R ) h m
( 40.4 ) + ( 29.7 ) = 35.05 Btu/lb
h m = -------------------------------------
2 m
≈0
m· a ( h m – h s ) – m· a ( wm – ws ) h f + Q = 0 h s = 24.7 Btu/lb m
60°F
Qs
b) from Load line-------------------
= 0.78
Qs + QL
Q s – 0.78 Q s 20,000
Q L = -----------------------------
= ----------------
– 20,000 = 5640
0.78 0.78
QL 5640
-------
= ----------------
= 0.282
Qs 20,000
c) Room: m R h 3 + QT = mR h R
20000 + 5640
m R = ---------------------------------
= 5455 lb m /h
( 28.2 – 23.5 )
d) 2 to 3: ( m R – m 1 ) h 2 + ( m 1 ) h R = ( m R ) h 3
h 2 – h3 20.3 – 23.5
m 1 = -----------------
m = --------------------------
- m = 0.405 m R
h2 – hR R 20.3 – 28.2 R
m 1 = 40.5% of m R
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48⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
mw1 mw 2
W 1 = W 2 ⇒ ---------- ⇒ mw 1 = mw 2
= ----------
ma 1 ma 2
ps 0.298 pg
p s v = m w R w T ⇒ -----
1 = ------------- 2
= 0.000547 = -------
T1 545 T2
Trial and error produces t 2 = 63.2°F ; p g = 0.287 psia
2
T3
W 1 = 0.622 ⎛ ------------------------------
0.298 ⎞
p a ----- 14.4 ⎛ -------------
508.2⎞
pa
⎝ 14.7 –=0.298⎠ 0.0129 == lb/lb
3 1T
1
⎝ 545 ⎠ = 13.42 psia
W 3 = 0.622 ⎛ -------------
0.167⎞
⎝ 13.42⎠ = 0.00774 lb/lb
pa v1 (=14.4 ) ( 144 ) ( 15 ) 1.070
1
m a == ------------
----------------------------------------
= lb m cond 0.00552 lb m
T1 ( 53.3 ) ( 545 )
3.34 Air flowing at 1000 cfm and at 14.7 psia, 90°F, and
60% RH passes over a coil with a mean surface temper-
ature of 40°F. A spray on the coil assures that the leaving
air is saturated at the coil temperature. What is the
required cooling capacity of the coil?
V1 1000
m· a = ------
= ----------------
= 70.08 lb/min
v1 14.268
· ·
Q = m a [ ( ha 2 – ha 1 ) + ( W 2 hw 2 – W 1 hw 1 ) + ( W 1 – W 2 ) h ws ]
= ( 70.08 ) ( 60 ) [ [ 0.24 ( 40 – 90 ) ] – [ 0.0183 ( 1100 ) – 0.0052 ( 1074 ) ] + [ ( 0.0052 – 0.0183 ) ( 8.04 ) ] ]
= 111,840 Btu/h = 9.3 tons
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Chapter 3—Basic HVAC System Calculations⏐49
pw ⎞
W = 0.622 ⎛ ---------------
⎝ p – pw⎠ = 0.2 ⇒ p w = 0.435 psi
From Chapter 1 p w = 0.949 psi , W s = 0.0432
s
pw 0.435
φ = -------
= -------------
= 45.8%
pw 0.949
s
@ p w = 0.435 t dp = 75.3°F
W 0.02
μ = -------
= ----------------
= 0.463
Ws 0.0432
3.36 Air enters a space at 20°F and 80% RH. Within the
space, sensible heat is added at the rate of 45,000 Btu/h
and latent heat is added at the rate of 20,000 Btu/h. The
conditions to be maintained inside the space are 50°F and
75% RH. What must the air exhaust rate (lb/h) from the
space be to maintain a 50°F temperature? What must the
air exhaust rate (lb/h) from the space be to maintain a 75%
RH? Discuss the difference.
a) Qs = Gs [ cp ( t0 – t1 ) ]
45,000
G s = ------------------------
= 6250 lb/h
0.245 ( 30 )
b) Q L = G L ( Δ W ) ( 1060 )
20,000
G L = ------------------------------
= 4740 lb/hr
1060 ( 0.004 )
c) Supply conditions cannot maintain design for given Q s and Q L
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50⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
t = 85
t * = 70
( 1093 – 0.556 t * ) W s – 0.24 ( t – t * )
a) W = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
= 0.0177 lb/lb
1093 + 0.444 t – t *
* pw ( 0.739 ) ( 0.491 ) = 0.0212 psia
W s = 0.622 ---------------
= --------------------------------------------
p – pw
* 11 – 0.739 ( 0.491 )
pw
b) W = 0.622 ------------------
= 0.0177
= ⇒ pw
= 0.1915 psi 0.39 i n. Hg
11 – p w
From Table 2-1: t dp = 52°F
pw 0.39
c) φ = --------
= -------------
= 32%
p ws 1.213
·
V 2000
b) m· = --- = -----------
- = 155 lb/min
v 12.9
c) ma ( w1 ) + mw = ma w 2 ⇒ mw = ma ( Δ W )
m w = 155 ( 0.0208 – 0.0038 ) = 2.65 lb/min
3.42 The average person gives off sensible heat at the rate
of 250 Btu/h and perspires and respires about 0.27 lb/h of
moisture. Estimate the sensible and latent load for a room
with 25 people in it (the lights give off 9000 Btu/h). If the
room conditions are to be 78°F and 50% RH, what flow
rate of air would be required if the supply air came in at
63°F? What would be the supply air relative humidity?
Q s = m· c p Δ t Q L = m· h fg ( W R – W s )
15250 7430 = 69.5 ( 60 ) ( 1100 ) ( 0.0102 – W s )
m· = -----------------------------
= 69.5 lb/min
( 0.244 ) ( 15 ) w s = 0.00850 lb/lb @ 63°F
φ = RH = 70%
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52⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
desired humidity,
of the adiabatic and thenisreheated.
saturator The temperature
to be maintained out
at 60°F dry
bulb. Determine the following:
a. temperature of air entering the space to be heated, °F
b. heat supplied to preheat coil, Btu/h
c. heat supplied to reheat coil, Btu/h
d. amount of water required for humidification, gpm
Qs = 200,000
t3 = 60°F
W3 = w4 = 0.0093
t2 = 91.8°F
200,000
a) Q s = 1.1 ( CFM )Δ t ⇒ t 4 = ------------------------
+ 75 = 101°F
1.1 ( 7000 )
b) Q PH = 1.1 ( CFM ) ( t 2 – t1 ) = ( 1.1 ) ( 7000 ) ( 91.8 – 20 ) = 552,900 Btu/hr
c) Q RH = 1.1 ( CFM ) ( Δ t ) = ( 1.1 ) ( 7000 ) ( 101 – 60 ) = 315,700 Btu/h
m w = ma Δ W = ⎛ -------------
7000 ⎞ ⎛ 0.0093 – 0.002152⎞
d)
⎝ 13.33⎠ ⎝ --------------------------------------------
8.33
- = 0.45 gal/min
⎠
Point
Dry Bulb φ, Enthalpy h, W, ma,
scfm ac f m vact
t, °F % Btu/lb lb/lb lb/h
W s = W r – -------
m w = 0.0123 – --------------------------------
50,000 ⁄ 1100 = 0.0113
ma 45540
200,000
= 45,540 lb/h ⇒ 10120 cfm
m a = -----------------------------------------
( 0.244 ) ( 78 – 60 )
10120 ( 3.5 )
d) wf = ---------------------------
= 10.1 HP
0.55 ( 6350 )
10.1 ( 2545 )
h f = 34 + ---------------------------
= = 34.6=; W f 0.0130 ; t f 84.6
45540
e) q = 45540 [ 34.6 – 26.7 – ( 0.0130 – 0.0113 ) 28 ] = 357,600 Btuh = 29.8 tons
45540 ( 0.244 ) ( 84.6 – 60 )
f) × 100 = 76.4%
% sensible = -------------------------------------------------------------
357,600
2528 [ 1.10 ( 95 – 78 ) + 4840 ( 0.015 – 0.0123 ) ]
g) × 100 = 22.5%
% due to OA = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
357,600
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Solutions to
Chapter 4
DESIGN CONDITIONS
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Chapter 4—Design Conditions⏐57
4.8 For the person in Problem 4.7 (5 ft, 5 in., 120 lb),
compute the body surface area (ft2).
0.425 0.725
Eq. (4-1): A D = 0.108 m l
W = 120 lb l = 65 in.
0.425
A = 0.108 ( 120 ) ( 65 ) 0.725 = 17.1 ft
2
t ai r + MRT
t o ≈ 75 ° F ≅ ---------------------------
( St d . 55: t o = at a + ( 1 – a ) t r )
2
a = 0.5
t ai r = 2 ( 75 ) – 64 = 86 ° F = 30 ° C
N
St d . 55: t r = ∑ Fρ –i t i ; ∑ Ai = 2070
i =1
700 Btu/h
Activity level = ------------------------
= 2 met
2
19.5 ft
89 + 69
Assuming light cl othing (0.75 clo): Fig. 4-3; t a = 89 ° F; = 79 ° F
t o = ------------------
2
Correcting for activity level: t a = 79 – 5.4 ( 1 + 0.75 ) ( 2 – 1.2 ) = 71 ° F
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58⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
ta ≅ 28 ° C
MRT ≈ 22 ° C
4.23 For Atlanta, Georgia, specify the normal indoor
design conditions listed below for
a. Winter: Dry bulb = ____°C; W = _______ kg/kg
b. Summer: Dry bulb = ____°C; W = _______ kg/kg
a. Winter: Dry bulb = 22°C; W = 0.004 kg/kg
Solutions to
Chapter 5
LOAD ESTIMATING
FUNDAMENTALS
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Chapter 5—Load Estimating Fundamentals⏐63
NOTE: For the problems in this chapter the answers may vary depending on which tables are used for the R and k
values as well as the assumptions in the selection of the tabulated listings.
P v = 0.000482 V 2
2
at Standard ρ Pv = ( 0.000482 ) ( 25 ) = 0.302 in. H 2 O
Cs = 0.6 [ Fig. 5-5 at 0° ]
ΔP in = 0.6 ( 0.302 ) = 0.18 in. H 2 O
5.3 A double door has a 1/8 in. crack on all sides except
between the two doors, which has a 1/4 in. crack. What
would be the leakage rate for the building of Problem 5.1?
3
Volume = 75 × 100 × 10 = 75 ,000 ft
@ in W i = 0.0046
NV
CFM = -------
( 0.75 ) ( 75 ,000 ) = 937.5
- = -------------------------------------
60 60
olume
V 20= ( ) ( 40 ) ( 9 ) = 7200 ft 3
SCFM =
( 7200 ) ( 3 ⁄ 4 ) = 90
NV = --------------------------------
60
a. Q s = 1.1 CFM ( Δt ) = 1.1 ( 90 ) ( 70 ) = 6930 Btu/h
QL = 4840 ( 90 ) ( 0.0055 – 0.001 ) = 1960 Btu/h
Q t = 6390 + 1960 = 8890 Btu/h
2 3
Shop: 2900 ft , 29 ,000 ft CFM su pp ly = 3600 = V pz
s
a. INFILTRATION
Office: 1/2ach × 60 ⁄
7000 = 58 cfm (more if traffic)
Shop: 1 1/2ach × 00,
290 ⁄ 60 = 725 cfm
b. VENTILATION ( St d . 62.1-2004 ) V bz = R p R z + R a A z
Office: Rp = 5 R a = 0.06 V bz = 5 × 4 + 0.06 ( 700 ) = 62 cfm
Shop: R P = 10 R a = 0.18 V bz = 10 × 22 + 0.18 ( 2900 ) = 742 cfm
Assuming ceiling supply (floor return): E z = 1.0 Voz = V bz ⁄ E z
V oz = 62; V oz = 742
office sh op
V ou 804
V ou = Σ = 62 + 742 = 804 cfm; V ot = --------
= --------
- = 893 cfm
EV 0.9
c. q s = 1.10 × CFM × Δt
qs = 1.10 × 58 × ( 75 – 0 ) = 4785 Btu/h
office
qL = 0 no humidifier
sho p
2
a. Use 5 cfm/person +0.06 cfm/ft
∴ OA = 5 × 1 + 0.06 ( 12 × 12 ) = 5 + 8.6 = 13.6 cfm
2 2
b. Use 7.5 cfm/person & 15 p/1000 ft + 0.12 cfm/ft
20 ,000
∴ OA = 7.5 × ----------------
× 15 + 0.12 ( 20 ,000 ) = 4650 cfm
1000
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66⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
R
Wi n t e r Sum m e r
Outsideair 0.17 0.25
Facebrick,4in. 0.44 0.44
Cement, 1/2 in. 0.10 0.10
Hollowclaytile,8in. 1.85 1.85
Airspace,15/8in. 0.95 0.95
Metallatheandplaster,3/4in. 0.47 0.47
Inside
air 0.68 0.68
Σ=R 4.66 4.74
U = 1/ΣR – 0. 215 0.211 Btu/h/ft2 ·°F
R
Atticair 4.55
Airgap(top) 4.55
Air gap (bottom) 0.92
Acousticalt ile 1.89
Roomair 0.92
U = 1/ΣR = 0.078 Btu/h/ft2 ·°F
ΣR = 12.83
R
Outsideair 0.17
Facebrick,4in. 0.44
Commonbrick,4in. 0.80
Gypsum (sand) plaster, 1/2 in. 0.09
Inside
air 0.68 U = 1/ΣR = 0.459 Btu/h/ft2 ·°F
ΣR= 2.18
R
Outsideair 0.17
Facebrick,4in. 0.44
Cement mortar,1/2 in. 0.10
Stone, 8 in. (1/R=0 .08) 0.64 (assume lightweight aggregate)
Gypsum plaster, 3/4 in. 0.47
Inside
air 0.68
U = 1/ΣR = 0.40 Btu/h/ft2 ·°F
ΣR= 2.50
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Chapter 5—Load Estimating Fundamentals⏐67
1 1 1 1
----=
U ∑R = ----+ ---- + -----
hi C h o
1 1 1 1 2
---------- + ---- + ------------- C = 1.63 ( W/(m ⋅ K )
= ----------
1.31 8.29 C 34.08
R
Outsideair 0.17
Siding 0.81 NeglectingStuds
Feltpaper 0.06
Sheathing 2.06
Airspace 0.97
Lathe and plaster 0.10 U = 1/4.85 = 0.206 Btu/h·ft2 ·°F
Insideair 0.68
ΣR= 4.35
2
U av = 0.072 Btu/h· ft ·°F
2 2 2
R o = 0.030 (m ⋅ K) ⁄ W R i = 0.120 (m ⋅ K) ⁄ W R co n = ( 0.25 ) ( 0.55 ) = 0.138 (m ⋅ K) ⁄ W
1 1 2 2
= 3.47 W ⁄ (m ⋅ K )
U = --------------------------------------------------------
= 3.47 W ⁄ (m ⋅ °C )
∑ R 0.03 + 0.12 + 0.138
Q = U ( A ) ( Δt ) = 3.47 ( 14.9 ) [ 15.6 – ( –15 ) ] = 1540 W
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68⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
Insulating b oard
in. sh eathing 2.06
Airspace,3/4 1.01
Fiberglass,3in. 11.0
Plywood,11/4in. 0.31 U = 1/ΣR = 0.064 Btu/h·ft 2 ·°F
Inside
air 0.68
ΣR = 15.59
2
R = ( 0.121 m ) [ 0.76 (m· K)/W ] = 0.092 (m ⋅ K) ⁄ W
or
2
R = ( 4.75 ) ( 0.11 ) = 0.52 h· ft ·°F/Btu
R
Outside air (R1) 0.17 U = 1/ΣR = 1/8.61 = 0.116
Face brick (R2) 0.44
Fiberglass, (R3) 7.00 Ti = 75°F, To = –10°F
Gypsum board (R4) 0.32
Inside air (R5) 0.68 q = UAΔT = (0.116)(85) = 9.87 Btu/h·ft2
RT = ΣR= 8.61
T 1 = –10 ° F
R1
( ΔT ) = – 10 + 0.17
T 2 = T 1 + ------ ( 85 ) = – 8.3 ° F
----------
R T 8.61
R2
( ΔT ) = – 8.3 + 0.44
T 3 = T 2 + ------ ( 85 ) = –3.9 ° F
----------
RT 8.61
R3 7.0
( ΔT ) = – 3.9 + ----------
T 4 = T 3 + ------ ( 85 ) = 65.2 ° F
RT 8.61
R4
( ΔT ) = – 65.2 + 0.32
T 5 = T 4 + ------ ( 85 ) = 68.3 ° F
----------
RT 8.61
T 6 = 75 ° F
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Chapter 5—Load Estimating Fundamentals⏐69
0.714
q walls with ( 5.01 ) = 1.70 kW
= -------------
2.1
fi be rg la ss
R
Roomair 0.61
Lathe and plaster 0.13
Rockwool 11.0
Atticair 0.61
U = 1/ΣR = 0.0.81 Btu/h·ft 2 ·°F
ΣR = 12.35
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70⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
0.17
( 80 ) = – 3.1 ° F
T 1 = – 5 + ----------
7.17
0.5
( 80 ) = 0.6 ° F
T 2 = – 5 + ----------
7.17
5.82
( 80 ) = 59.9 ° F
T 5 = – 5 + ----------
7.17
6.50
( 80 ) = 68.2 ° F
T 7 = – 5 + ----------
7.17
2
U = 0.139 Btu/h· ft ·°F
5.29 Calculate the heat loss through a roof of 100 ft2 area
where the inside air temperature is to be 70°F, outside air
10°F, and the composition from outside to inside: 3/8 in.
built-up roofing, 1 in. cellular glass insulation, 4 in. con-
crete slab, and 3/4 in. acoustical tile.
R
Outsideair 0.17 A = 100 ft 2
Built-up roofing, 3/8 in. 0.33
Cellular glass insulation, 1 in. 2.50 to = 10°F
Concrete,4in. 0.32
Acoustical tile, 3/4 in. 1.89 ti = 70°F
Inside
air 0.61
U = 1/ΣR = 0.172
ΣR= 5.82
2
U gl as s = 5.91 W/ (m ⋅ K ) {Table 5-15 } or 1.04 Btu/h· ft 2 ·°F
q = UA (tΔ ) = ( 5.91 ) ( 9.29 ) [ 21.2 – ( –12.2 ) ] = 1833 W
q = 1.04 ( 100 ) ( 70 – 10 ) = 6240 Bth/h
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Chapter 5—Load Estimating Fundamentals⏐71
h i ( 75 – t s ) = U ( 75 – 40 ) ; 1.46 ( 75 – t s ) = 1.04 ( 75 – 40 )
t s = 50.1 ° F = dew point; dry bulb = 75 ° F ∴φ = 40% max.
h i ( 75 – t s ) = U ( 75 – 40 ) ; 1.46 ( 75 – t s ) = 0.59 ( 75 – 40 )
t s = 60.9 ° F = dew point; dry bulb = 75 ° F ⇒ φ = 61% max.
Outsideair 0.17
Facebrick 0.44
Sheathing x/0.44 0.17 + 0.44 + x ⁄ 0.44 32 – ( – 15 )
Airspace 0.94 --------------------------------------------------
= --------------------------
3.0 + x ⁄ 0.44 70 – ( – 15 )
Plaster 0.45
Plasterboard 0.32 x = 1.0 in.
Insideair 0.68
ΣR = 3 + x/0.44
R fi lm Δt fi lm
R total = ---------------
Δt total
-------------
t i = 70 ° F 40% RH
dew point = 44.5 ° F t o = 20 ° F
R
Insideair 0.61 0.61 + 2.50 70 – 44.5
---------------------------------------------------------
= ----------------------
Wooddeck 2.5 0.61 + 2.5 + 0.17 + R in s 70 – 20
Outsideair 0.17
Insulation Rins R in s = 2.48
a. Ri Rs
Outsideair 0.25 0.25 Ui = 0.259; Us = 0.107
Facebrick 0.44 0.44
Sheathing, 3/4 in. 0.93 0.93 Uav = 0.15(0.129) + 0.85(0.259)
Studs — 5.23 =0.24Btu/h·ft 2 ·°F (1.36 W/m 2 ·K)
Air { 0.68
0.68
—
b. C e i l i ng Roof
Atticair 0.92 Outsideair 0.25 Ro,c = 2.29 + 2.38/(2717/1980) = 4.024
Plasterboard 0.45 Shingles 0.44
Insideair 0.92 Plywood 0.93 Uo,c = 1/4.024 = 0.25 Btu//h·ft2 ·°F
AtticAir 0.76
ΣR= 2.29 ΣR= 2.38
U = 0.437 u = 0.420
R
Outsideair 0.25
Aluminum,1/8in. –0
Polyurethane (2 × 6. 25) 12.50
Plywood,1/4in. 0.31
Insideair 0.68
ΣR = 13.74
1 2
b. Uw = ------
- = 0.0728 Btu/h· ft ·°F
Rw
2
c. q = 0.0728 ( 105 – 72 ) = 2.40 Btu/h· ft
batt between
Determine thethe 2 byU-factor.
winter 4 studs, and 1/2 in. plasterboard.
R
Outsideair 0.17
Facebrick 0.44
Insulating board sheathing 2.06
Airspace 1.01
Fiber
batt 7.0
Plasterboard 0.45
Inside
air 0.68
U = 1/ΣR = 0.085 Btu/h·ft 2 ·°F
ΣR = 11.81
2
1 3 ⁄ 8 in. wood dome: U = 0.46 Btu/h· ft ·°F
2
Sliding patio door: U = 0.76 Btu/h· ft ·°F
U = --------
1 - = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
∑ R 0.17 + 0.44 + +1.1 + 0.72 + 2.50
+ 0.31 0.68
2
U = 0.169 Btu/h· ft ·°F [0.960 W ⁄ (m 2 ·K ) ]
1 1
a. U i = ---------- - = 0.0706 Btu/h ft2 °F
= ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
∑ Ri 0.25 + +0.79 + + +1.14 11.0 0.31 0.68
1 1 2
Us = ∑ 0.25 + +
----------- 0.79
+ + +1.14 4.35 0.31 0.68 = 0.133 Btu/h ft °F
R s = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.5
( 100 ) = 9.5%
S = -------
16
b. U w = 0.27; R w = 3.703; R s = 3.703 – 0.17 + 0.25 = 3.784
U s = 0.264
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Chapter 5—Load Estimating Fundamentals⏐75
1 1
Roof: U roof = ------------------
= ----------------------------------------------------------------
= 0.463
∑ Rroof 0.17 + 0.44 + 0.934 + 0.62
1 1
Ceiling: U ceiling = ------------------------
= ----------------------------------------------------------------
= 0.0487
∑ Rceiling 0.61 + 19.02 + 0.32 + 0.61
1 1 2.16 2
R t = ------
+ ----------
= 20.54 + ----------
= 22.20; U o ,c = 0.045 Btu/h· ft ·°F
U c nU R 1.3
2
A wallproper = ( 70 × 8 ) – 60 – 55 – 21 = 424 ft U wall = 0.064
Wall R
Outsideair 0.03 Window: (Assume A1 frame operable)
Facebrick 0.078 U = 4.93 W/(m2 ·K)
Concrete, 250 mm 0.138 Awall = (0.86)(20 × 3) = 51.6 m 2
Plaster, 12 mm 0.08 Awindow = (0.14)(20 × 3) = 8.4 m 2
Insideair 0.12
ΣR = 0.446; U = 2.24 W/(m2 ·K)
Solutions to
Chapter 6
RESIDENTIAL COOLING
AND HEATING
LOAD CALCULATIONS
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Chapter 6—Residential Cooling and Heating Load C alculations⏐79
1 1
R = ----------
+ ---------------------------------------
= 2.38 + 0.52 = 2.90
0.42 ( 159 ⁄ 133 ) ( 1.6 )
1 1
= 0.345 W/(m 3 ·K) q
U = --- = ------- UA= T Δ
R 2.9
q = ( 0.345 ) ( 133 ) ( 41 ) = 1880 W ( 6420 Btu/h )
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80⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
Wa l l C e il ing R oof
Ri Rs Ri Rs R
Outsideair 0.17 0.17 Atticair 0.61 0.61 Outsideair 0.17
Facebrick,4in. 0.44 0.44 Insulation 19.0 6.25 Shingles 0.44
Plywood sheathing,3/4in. 1.08 1.08 Acoustical tile,1/2in. 1.19 1.19 Plywood 1.08
Insulation,21/2in. 6.7 – Insideair 0.61 0.61 AtticAir 0.62
Airspace 1.01 – ER 21.41 8.16 ER 2.31
Studs – 4.35
Plasterboard 0.45 0.45
Ui = Us = UR =
Inside
air 0.68 0.68
0.047, 0.122 0.433
ER 10.53 7.17 S = 10%
1
U av g = ( 0.15 ) ( 0.139 ) + ( 0.85 ) ( 0.095 ) = 0.10 U C / R = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U C / R = 0.0525
w 1 ⁄ 0.054 + ( 2622 ⁄ 2195 ) ( 0.433 )
With storm window, treat as double glazingWwindow = 0.55. Assume wood frame.
line, determine
a. Outside design temperature, °F
b. Appropriate temperature difference, °F
c. Appropriate overall coefficient U, Btu/h· ft2 ·°F
d. Ceiling heat loss q, Btu/h
a. 99.6%value t o = – 4 ° F, Chicago CO
b. 72 ° Finside – ( –4 ° F ) outside = 76 ° F
1
c. U c = --------------------------------------------------------
= 0.049
0.61 + 19 + 0.34 + 0.61
1
U R = -------------------------------------------------------------
= 0.43
0.17 + 0.44 + 1.08 + 0.62
1 1 1 1
R t = ------
+ ----------
= -------------
+ ----------------------------
= 21.8
U c nU R 0.049 ( 1.3 ) ( 0.43 )
1
U T = ----------
= 0.046
21.8
d. q = U T A Δt = ( 0.046 ) ( 1960 ) ( 76 ) = 6852 Btu/h
t a ≅ 44 ° F
A ≅ 22 ° F
ti = 72 ° F t o = 4.1 ° F W i = 0.0042 W o = 0.00097 t g = 44 – 22 = 22 ° F
Surface A U Δt = q
W1 windows(6) 90 0.51 67.9 3114
W2 windows 55 0.50 67.9 1872
W3 windows(2) 30 0.51 67.9 1038
W4 windows(2) 18 0.51 67.9 621
D1 door(West) 20 0.26 67.9 349
D1 door(South) 20 0.26 67.9 349
D2 door 40 0.81 67.9 2202
Wall(N,W,E) 1091 0.067 67.9 4963
Wall(S) 204 0.068 67.9 890
Ceiling/Roof 1960 0.067 67.9 8916
24366Btu/h
Basement wall: Δt = 72 – 22 = 50 ° F
U av = 0.157 Btu/h· ft 2 ·°F (Table 6-16)
q = ( 0.157 ) [ ( 2 ) ( 70 + 28 ) ( 8 ) ] ( 50 ) = 12 ,300 Btu/h
Basement floor: U f = 0.026 (Table 6-17)
q = ( 0.026 ) ( 70 × 28 ) ( 50 ) = 2550 Btu/h
Infiltration: (Fig. 5-7) ACH ≅ 0.5
q s = [ 0.5 ( 70 × 28 × 8 ) ⁄ 60 ] ( 1.10 ) ( 72 – 4.1 ) = 9758 Btu/h
q L = [ 0.5 ( 70 × 28 × 8 ) ⁄ 60 ] ( 4840 ) ( 0.0042 – 0.00097 ) = 2036 Btu/h
q T = 24,366 + 12 ,300
+ +2550
+ 9758 2036 = 51, 010 Btu/h
q = UAΔt
Wall: q = ( 0.39)(520 – 192– 21)(70 – 40) = 3592
Door: q= (0.64)(21)(70–40) = 403
Window: q= (1.06)(192)(70–40) = 6105
10,100 Btu/h
6.11 Calculate, for design purposes, the heat losses from
a room of a building as shown in the diagram, if the
outside ambient is 0 °F. [Ans: 62,820 Btu/h (18.4 kW)]
a.
b.
(a) appropriate temperature difference
overall coefficient U
Δt
c. ceiling heat loss.
·
A c U c t c + t o ( 1200 Ac Vc + A R U R )
( Eq. 4-6 )
t a = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
·
A c ( U c + 1200 Vc ) + A R U R
( 203 ) ( 0.3 ) ( 22 ) + ( –13 ) [ ( 1200 ) ( 203 ) ( 0.059 ) + ( 244 ) ( 2.7 ) ]
= --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
203 ( 0.3 + 1200 ( 0.059 ) ) + ( 244 ) ( 2.7 )
t a = – 12.9 ° C ; q = ( 0.3 ) ( 203 ) ( 22 + 12.9 ) = 2125 W ( 7250 Btu/h )
1
If uninsulated: U o ,c = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
= 0.275
( 1 ⁄ 0.3 ) + [ ( 203 ) ⁄ ( 244 ) ( 2.7 ) ]
q = ( 0.275 ) ( 203 ) ( 22 + 13 ) = 1954 W ( 6670 Btu/h )
Ceiling: ti = 72 ° F
1 1
U c = --------------------------------------------
= ----------
= 0.649 t o = 14.2 ° F
0.61 + 0.32 + 0.61 1.54
Roof:
1 1
U R = -------------------------------------------------------------
= ---------- = 0.543
0.17 + 0.44 + 0.62 + 0.61 1.84
( 2300 ) ( 0.649 ) ( 72 ) + ( 14.2 ) ( 1.08 ) ( 325 ) + ( 2950 ) ( 0.543 )
= 33.1 ° F
t a = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( 2300 ) ( 0.649 ) + ( 1.08 ) ( 325 ) + ( 2950 ) ( 0.543 )
Walls R Ceiling/Roof R
Outsideair 0.17 Outside air 0.17
Facebrick,4in. 0.44 Built-uproofing 0.33
Plywood sheathing,3/4 in. 0.93 Lightweight concrete, 3in. ~ 0.42
Cellular glass insulation, 4 in. 12.12 Rubber insulation, 2 in. 9.10
Plasterboard, 1/2
in. 0.45 Air 0.61
Inside
air 0.68 Air 0.61
ΣR = 14.79 Acousticaltiles,1/2in. 1.25
Uw = 0.0676 Inside
air 0.61
ΣR = 13.10
Uc = 0.0763
1 30 × 100 × 10 ⎞
Doors: U d = 0.46 Infiltration:@ 1/2 ACH --- ⎛⎝---------------------------------
⎠ = 250 CFM
2 60
Design Values: t i = 72 ° F ; φ i = 30% rh ; W i = 0.005
to = 3 ° F; φ o = 100% rh ; W o = 0.00092
Heat Losses:
Walls: Q =( 0.0676)(1262)(69) = 5,880Btu/h
Roof: Q =( 0.0763)(3000)(69) = 15,790 Btu/h
Doors: Q =( 0.46)(168)(69) = 5,330Btu/h
Windows: Q =( 0.69)(1170)(69) = 55,700Btu/h
Floor: Q =( 0.84)(260)(69) = 15,070Btu/h
Infiltration: Qs =( 1.10)(250)(69) = 18,975Btu/h
QL = (4840)(250)(0.005 – 0.00092) = 4,940 Btu/h
Total Loss = 121,700 Btu/h
Solutions to
Chapter 7
NONRESIDENTIAL
COOLING AND HEATING
LOAD CALCULATIONS
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Chapter 7—Nonresidential Cooling and Heat ing Load Calculations⏐93
P = S H cot Ω Ω = 50 °
South, Sept.:
West, Sept.: Ω = 37 °
a. P so ut h = 7 × cot 50 ° = 7 ( 0.839 ) = 5.9 ft
P west = 7 × cot 37 ° = 7 ( 1.327 ) = 9.3 ft
b. West
c. 9.3 = SH ( 0.839 ) ⇒ S H = 11.1 ft, shadow to ground
9.3 ⎛ -----
3 ⎞
d.
⎝ 12- ⎠ + 9.5 = 11.8 ft above ground
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94⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
Mullion: M = P tan γ
Tansom: T = P tan β⁄ cos γ
40 ° N latitude, July 21, 1 P . M ., south
γ ( ψ = 0 ° from south ) = φ = 37 ° ; β = 66 °
17 17
M = -----
- tan 37 = 1.1ft - tan 66 ⁄ cos37
T = ----- = 4 ft
12 12
Area in Sun = (width – M ) ( height – T )
A s = [ 3 – ( 1.1 – 0.83 ) ] [ 4 – ( 4 – 0.83 ) ] = 2.27 ft 2
Total glass area = 3 ×4 = 12 ft 2
2
E d = CY E DN ; Y = 0.55 + 0.437 cos θ + 0.313 cos θ
Y = 0.725
E d = ( 0.138 ) ( 0.725 ) ( 283 ) = 28 Btu/h·ft 2
31
= Btu/h· ft 2 ·°F
Table 7-18
(a ) Hooded: q s = 47, 800 Btu/h
(b) Nonhooded: NOT RECOMMENDED
1 1
U = --------------------------------------------------
- = -------------------------------------------------------------
= 0.70
1 1 0.61 + 0.31 + 0.51 + 0.61
----+ R co n + R tile + ----
hi hi
q = ( U ) ( A ) ( Δt ) = ( 0.7 ) ( 1 ) ( 100 – 70 ) = 21 Btu/h·ft 2
Total volume of spaces: [(25 × 50) + (25 × 25) + (10 × 25)]9 = 19,100 ft 3
3200 ( 60 )
a. Supply air changes/h = -----------------------
= 10 ach (high)
19 ,000
158 + 118 + 78
b. (Problem 7.11) × 100 = 11%
% OA = ------------------------------------
3200
c. For proper air distribution, a “t ypical” number of 6 ach is sometimes used. If so,
supply air, cfm = 6 × 19,100 ft3/60 min/h = 1910 cfm
158 + 118 + 78
× 100 = 15%
% OA = ------------------------------------
1910
130
b. - ( 235 ) = 3320 W
q L = 25 --------
230
q L ( Btu/h ) 3320 ( 3.413 )
c. Moisture added = --------------------------- = 10.3 lb/h ( 0.00128 kg/s )
= ------------------------------
1100 Btu/h 1100
d. Occupancy (Table 5-9 for metal shop)
e. (20
5 × 25 ) + 0.9 ( 27.4 × 9.1 )
to22 ° C
= 349 L/s
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98⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
ti = 72°F, to = –13.4°F
a. R
Outsideair 0.17
Facebrick 0.44
Air gap, 3/4 in. ~ 1.0
Cinder block, 8 in. 1.72
Insulation,1 in. 4.0
Claytile,4in. 1.11
Insideair 0.68
ΣR = 9.12
1
= 0.110 Btu/h· ft 2 ·°F
U = ---------
∑R
q = ( 0.11 ) ( 115 ) ( 10 ) ( 72 + 13.4 ) = 10 ,800 Btu/h
b. q = ( 0.60 ) ( 115 ) ( 10 ) ( 1.12 ) ( 85.4 ) + ( 0.40 ) ( 115 ) ( 10 ) ( 0.11 ) ( 85.4 )
U gl as s
q = 70, 300 Btu/h
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Solutions to
Chapter 8
ENERGY
ESTIMATING METHODS
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Chapter 8—Energy Estimating Methods⏐101
CD = 0.77; V = 1
32.8 ⎛ ( 4848 ) ( 24 ) ⎞
( 0.77 ) = 49 ,800 kW h
( 72 – 13 ) ⎜⎝ ( 1.0 ) ( 1 ) ⎟⎠
a. E = ----------------------
----------------------------
⎛ -----
8 16
- ( 72 ) ⎞ – 42.5
( t i – t o ) with ⎝ 24- ( 65 ) + -----
24 ⎠
c. % with Setback ( 100 ) = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------- = 92% or 8% Savings
( t i – t o ) without ( 72 – 42.8 )
Cleveland:
ti = 72°F; to = 1°F; January 1159 DD
E = 448 gal
8 16
With Setback: - ( 68 ) + -----
ti ,a v = ----- - ( 72 ) = 70.67 ° F
24 24
( 72 – 27.6 ) – ( 70.67 – 27.6 )
( 100 ) = 3.0%
% Savings = --------------------------------------------------------------------
( 72 – 27.6 )
Fuel Savings = (448 ) ( 0.03 ) = 13.4 gal ( 50 L )
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102⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
back
10 P.Mfrom
. and 22.2
6 A.Mto
. in18.3°C
$/yr (72 to 65°F) between
Kansas City:
HL = 32.8 kW (112,000 Btu/h); to = –1°F; ti = 72°F
DD = 5161 CD = 0.77
e. kWh
systemofhaving
electricCOP
energy if used for air-conditioning
seasonal = 3.4
f. Total airflow rate in L/s if a warm air system is used
g. Total steam flow in kg/s if a steam system is used
Tulsa, OK:
DD = 3680 ; to = 9°F; ti = 72°F
( H L ) ( DD ) ( 24 ) ( 20 ) ( 3413 ) ( 3680 ) ( 24 )
a. - ( C D ) = --------------------------------------------------------
E = ------------------------------------ ( 0.77 ) = 7.37 ×107 Btu (21 590 kWh )
( Δt ) ( η ) (V ) ( 72 – 9 )
7.37 ×107
b. = 658 gal ( 2500 L )
F = -------------------------------------
( 140 ,000 ) ( 0.8 )
7.37 ×107 6
c. F = ---------------------------------------------------
( 1050 Btu/ft 3 ) ( 0.80 ) = 8770 ft 3 ( 2.48 ×10 L )
7.37 ×107
d. = 2160 0 kW ⋅ h
F = -------------------------
( 3413 ) ( 1 )
Q c ⎛ ( CDD ) ( 24 )⎞ ( 9.4 ) ( 1949 ) ( 24 )
Δt ⎜⎝ COP ⎟⎠
e. E c = ----------------------------------
= ----------------------------------------
= 6800 kWh
( 97 – 78 ) ( 3.4 ) Typical
· ·
f. Q s = ( 1.2 ) ( V ) ( tsu pp ly – t return ) ; 20
000
, = ( 1.2 ) (V ) + ( 54.4 – 22.2 )
·
V = 518 L/s
g. Q s = m· ( h fg ) ; 20 kJ/s = m· ( 232.8 kJ/kg ) ; m· = 0.0086 kg/s
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104⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
Cleveland:
HDD = 6154; CDD = 613; SEER = 7.3
Average Winter Temperature = 37.2°F; CD = 0.77
8.7 A residence in St. Joseph, Missouri, has a design c. Cubic feet of natural gas/yr
heating load of 68,000 Btu/h when design indoor and d. kWh
outdoor temperatures are 75°F and 3°F, respectively. The e. Total airflow rate in cfm if a warm air system is used
furnace is off from June through September. Determine f. Total steam flow in lb/h if a steam system is used
the fuel and energy requirements for heating in: g. Total water flow rate in gpm if a hydronic system is
a. Btu used
b. Gallons of No. 2 fuel oil/yr h. Total electric power in kW if electric heating is used
q 68 ,000
a. ( DD ) ( 24 ) CD = -------------------
ER = -------------------- ( 5435 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 94 ,900 ,000 Btu /yr
( ti – to )d ( 75 – 3 )
94 ,900 ,000
b. gal, Fuel Oil = ----------------------------------------
= 966 gal/yr
( 140 ,000 ) ( 0.70 )
94 ,900 ,000
c. ft 3 , Natural Gas = --------------------------------
= 120 ,800 ft 3 /yr
( 1050 ) ( 0.75 )
94 ,900 ,000
c. kWh,E lectricity = --------------------------------
= 29 ,300 kWh/yr
( 3413 ) ( 0.95 )
68 ,000
e. ( cfm )ai r = -----------------------------------------
= 1120 cfm
( 1.10 ) ( 130 – 75 )
68 ,000
f. ( lb/h ) st ea m = ----------------
= 68 lb/h
1000
68 ,000
g. ( gpm ) water = ------------------------------------------
= 6.8 gal/min
( 1 ) ( 20 ) ( 60 ) ( 8.3 )
68 ,000
h. ≅ 20 kW
kW = ----------------
3413
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Chapter 8—Energy Estimating Methods⏐105
heating
gal value of 140,000 Btu/gal and costing $2.50/
Springfield:
DD = 4570; CD = 0.77
2 ,160 ,000
a. ( 4570 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 2.81 ×109 Btu
ER = ------------------------
( 75 – 10 )
2.81 ×109
b. Fuel Cost ≈ ----------------------------------------
( 2.50 ) = $71, 800/y r
( 140 ,000 ) ( 0.70 )
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106⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
b. Compare
to that forthe heating energy
a condensing gas cost for with
furnace the heat pump
natural gas
costing $1.20 per therm.
Jacksonville:
Winter: 32°F; HDD = 1327
Summer: 93/77°F; CDD = 2596
qL e. Q s = ( 1.10 ) ( cfm ) ( Δt )
a. ( DD ) ( 24 ) ( CD )
ER = --------------------
( ti – to )d 74 ,000
cfm = --------------------------------------
= 1160 cfm
78 ,000 ( 1.1 ) ( 130 – 72 )
( 5070 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 103.5 ×106 Btu
= -------------------
kWh = 159, 03kWh → See table below.
( 72 – 5 ) f.
35 ,000 ( 1080 ) ( 24 )
103.5 106
( 100 ,000×) ( 0.75 )
b. F = ----------------------------------------
= 985 gal g. kWh = ----------------------------------------------------
( 90 – 78 ) ( 8.5 ) ( 1000 ) = 8900 kWh
( 35 ,000 ⁄ 1.3 )
103.5 ×106 h. cfm = -------------------------------------
= 1220 cfm
c. F = ----------------------------------------
= 1175 therms ( 1.1 ) ( 78 – 5.8 )
( 100 ,000 ) ( 0.88 ) (assumed 30% latent)
103.5 ×106
d. F = --------------------------------
= 30 ,900 kWh
( 3413 ) ( 0.98 )
Problem 8-11 Calculation of Annua l Heatin g Energ y Consu mption
C l im at e H o u se H eP
aut mp S u pp l e m e n t al
d
A B CD E F GHIJ Ke Lf Mg Nh
74,000/(72 – 5) × 0.77
Heat Pump
= 850 (0.85) Cycling Heat Seasonal Supple- Total
Weather Heat Integrated Capacity Adjusted Rated Pump Heat Pump mental Electric
Temp. Temp. Data Loss Heating Adjust- Heat Pump Electric Operating Supplied Elec. Con- Space Heating Energy
Bin, Diff. Bin, Rate, Capacity, ment Capacity, Input, Time Heating, sumption, Load, Required, Consump-
°F tbal − tbin hours 1000 Btu/h 1000 Btu/h × Factora 1000 Btu/hb kW Fractionc 106 Btud kWhe 106 Btuf kWhg tionh
62 3 726 2.55 44 0
6
.
0
0.765 33.7 4.5 0.08 261
57 8 639 6.80 43 6
1
.
0
0.790 34.0 4.4 0.20 562
7
52 13 611 11.05 41 2
.
0 0.818 33.5 4.3 0.33 867
47 18 599 15.30 39 9
3
.
0
0.848 34.8 4.1 0.44 1081
42 23 627 19.55 36 4
5
.
0
0.885 31.9 4.0 0.61 1530
37 28 698 23.80 33 2
7
.
0
0.930 30.7 3.9 0.78 2123
32 33 711 28.05 30 3
9
.
0
0.983 29.5 3.7 0.95 2499
27 38 460 32.30 27 1 1.0 27 3.6 1 12.42 1656 14.86 715
22 43 249 36.55 24 1 1.0 24 3.5 1 5.98 872 9.10 914
17 48 131 40.80 22 1 1.0 22 3.3 1 2.88 432 5.34 721
12 53 68 45.05 19 1 1.0 19 3.2 1 1.29 218 3.06 519
7 58 44 49.30 17 1 1.0 17 3.1 1 0.75 136 2.17 416
2 63 18 53.55 15 1 1.0 15 2.9 1 0.27 52 0.96 202
–3 68 8 57.80 13 1 1.0 13 2.8 1 0.10 22 0.46 105
TOTALS: 12,311 3592 15,903
a
Cycling Capacity Adjustment Factor = 1 − Cd (1 − x), where Cd = degradation coefficient (default = 0.25 d
Col J = (Col I × Col G × Col C)/1000
unless part load factor is known) andx = building heat loss per unit capacity at temperature bin. Cycling e
Col K = Col I × Col H × Col C
capacity = 1 at the balance point and below. f
Col L = Col C × Col D/1000
b
Col G = Col E × Col F g
Col M = (Col L – Col J) × 106/3413
c h
Operating Time Factor equals smaller of 1 or Col D/Col G Col N = Col K + Col M
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108⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
Oklahoma City:
Winter: 10°F
Summer: 96°F
HDD = 3695; CD = 0.77
245 ,000
a. ( 3695 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 2.69 ×108 Btu
ER = ----------------------
( 72 – 10 )
8
b. Cf = -------------------------------------
,000×)10
( 902.69 ( 0.75 ) ( $2.50 ) = $9,963
2.69 ×108
c. ( 0.067 ) = $5280
C f = -----------------------------
( 3413 ) ( 1.0 )
d. t i ,a v = [ ( 6 ) ( 16 ) ( 72 ) + ( 168 – ( 6 ) ( 16 ) ( 55 ) ] ⁄ 168 = 64.7 ° F
64.7 – 48.3
% Savings 1= – --------------------------
- = 0.31 or 31%
72 – 48.3
162 ,000 ( 1876 ) ( 24 )
e. C e = ---------------------- × 0.07 = $2467
--------------------------------
( 96 – 78 ) ( 11.5 ) ( 1000 )
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Chapter 8—Energy Estimating Methods⏐109
8.13 A small commercial building in Indianapolis, Indi- b. Annual cooling cost with a conventional vapor com-
ana, has design heating and cooling loads of 98,000 Btu/ pression air-cooled unit, using your choice of
h and 48,000 Btu/h, respectively. Internal heat gains method.
throughout the winter are relatively steady at 4.5 kW. Select a heat pump system for the building from the
Electricity costs 7.1¢/kWh. Estimate: XYZ Corporation models. Determine the
a. Annual heating cost if baseboard electric resistance
a. Annual heating cost and
units are used.
b. Annual cooling cost.
Indianapolis:
Winter: –3°F; Average: 39.6°F; DD = 5577; CD = 0.77
98 ,000
a. ( 5577 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 135 ×106 Btu
ER = ---------------------------
[ 72 – ( –3 ) ]
135 ×106
( 0.071 ) = $2970
Cost = --------------------------------
( 3413 ) ( 0.95 )
b. Cooling Unit: Assume SEER = 11 Btu/Wh
48 ,000
( 974 ) ( 24 ) = 112 ×106 Btu
CDD = ----------------------
( 88 – 78 )
112 ×106
( 0.07 ) = $714
Cost = ----------------------------
( 11 ) ( 1000 )
( 4.5 ) ( 3413 )
Balance Point: = 60 ° F
t ba l = 72 – ------------------------------------------------
98 ,000 ⁄ [ 72 – ( – 3 ) ]
Heat Pump: Model A-048; SEER =10.5 Watts
; 5270
=
a. Energy Input 132
= 20, + 5976 = 19 ,196 kWh → See table below.
Cost = 19196 (0.071) = $1363
112 ×106
b. CDD Method: ( 0.071 ) = $757
--------------------------------
( 10.5 ) ( 1000 )
Problem 8-13 Calculation of Annua l Heatin g Energ y Consu mption
C lim at e H o us e HeP
a tu m p S up p l e m e n t a l
A B CD E F GH I Jd Ke Lf Mg Nh
98,000/[72 – (–3)] =
Heat Pump
1306 (1.3) Cycling Heat Seasonal Supple- Total
Temp. Weather Heat Integrated Capacity Adjusted Rated Pump Heat Pump mental Electric
Temp. Diff. Data Loss Heating Adjust- Heat Pump Electric Operating Supplied Elec. Con- Space Heating Energy
Bin, 60 Bin, Rate, Capacity, ment Capacity, Input, Time Heating, sumption, Load, Required, Consump-
°F tbal − tbin hours 1000 Btu/h 1000 Btu/h Factora 1000 Btu/hb kW Fractionc 106 Btud kWhe 106 Btuf kWhg tionh
62 —
57 3 585 3.9 59.2 0.766 45.3 4.99 0.09 263
52 8 586 10.4 55.4 0.797 44.2 4.81 0.24 676
47 13 579 16.9 51.0 0.833 42.5 4.60 0.40 1065
42 18 605 23.4 48.0 0.872 41.9 4.46 0.56 1511
37 23 712 29.9 44.4 0.918 40.8 4.28 0.73 2225
32 28 791 36.4 40.8 0.973 39.7 4.10 0.92 2984
27 33 551 42.9 37.3 1 37.3 3.93 1 20.55 2165 23.64 905
22 38 293 49.4 33.8 1 33.8 3.76 1 9.90 1102 14.47 1339
17 43 152 55.9 30.0 1 30.0 3.58 1 4.56 544 8.50 1154
12 48 97 62.4 27.3 1 27.3 3.45 1 2.65 335 6.05 996
7 53 60 68.9 24.2 1 24.2 3.31 1 1.45 199 4.13 785
2 58 35 75.4 21.2 1 21.2 3.18 1 0.74 111 2.64 557
–3 63 13 81.9 18.4 1 18.4 3.06 1 0.24 40 1.06 240
TOTALS: 13,220 5976 19,196
a
Cycling Capacity Adjustment Factor = 1 − Cd (1 − x), where Cd = degradation coefficient (default = 0.25 d
Col J = (Col I × Col G × Col C)/1000
unless part load factor is known) and x = building heat loss per unit capacity at temperature bin. Cycling e
Col K = Col I × Col H × Col C
capacity = 1 at the balance point and below. f
Col L = Col C × Col D/1000
b
Col G = Col E × Col F g
Col M = (Col L – Col J) × 106/3413
c h
Operating Time Factor equals smaller of 1 or Col D/Col G Col N = Col K + Col M
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110⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
is 7.4¢/kWh.
Charlotte:
Winter: to = 18°F
Summer: to = 91°F
CDD = 1596
HL 94 ,500
-------
= ----------------------
= 1480 Q in t = ( 3.3 ) ( 2200 ) ( 3.413 ) = 24 ,780
Δt ( 72 – 18 )
⎛ 24 ,780⎞
⎟ = 55 ° F
t balance = 72 – ⎜ ----------------
⎝ 1480 ⎠
Select Model 060JA
Heat Pump: Total Watts = 6250
EER 10.5 S =
Winter: 7187 kWh × 0.074 = $532
Summer:
57 ,400 ( 1596 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.074 ) = $1192
----------------------
--------------------------------
( 91 – 78 ) ( 10.5 ) ( 1000 )
Solutions to
Chapter 9
DUCT AND PIPE SIZING
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Chapter 9—Duct and Pipe Sizing ⏐113
c. 40 to 60 ft/min
24.4 ° C = 76 ° F
Δt = ( tx – 76 ) – 0.07 ( V x – 30 ) for t x = 76 ° F and Δt = 0
V x = 30 fpm ( 0.15 m/s )
b.
ΔP = 0.2
-------------- ( 100 ) = 0.33 in. H 2 O ⁄ 100 ft
-------
100 ft 60
From Fig. 9-2 V = 1650 cfm ⇒ 1300 cfm
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114⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
9.7 Given the duct system shown below, plot pv, Δps, and
Δpt for the flow through the system.
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Chapter 9—Duct and Pipe Sizing ⏐115
a. H loss = H 1 – H 2
= P1 – P2 + HV – H V
1 2
A 1 = 1 ft 2 A 2 = 2 ft 2
Q
Q = AV V = ----
A
1000
V 1 = -----------
- = 1000 fpm
1
2
V1 ⎛ A1 ⎞
2
⎛ V1 ⎞2 ⎛ 1 ⎞2
⎜1 – ------
H L = ------- ⎟ = ⎜ -----------
- ⎟ 1 – ---- = 0.0156 in. w.g.
2 g ⎝ A2 ⎠ ⎝ 4005 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
From Fig. 9-2 Loss = 0.25 in. H 2O/100 ft (150 ft) = 0.375 in. H2O
H 12
Elbow #1 ----
- = -----
- = 1.0 From Table 9-4
W 12
⇒ CD = 0.21
V 13
----
- = -----
- = 1.08
W 12
H 12
Elbow #2 ----
- = -----
- = 1.0
W 12
⇒ C D = ( 0.05 ) ( 0.6 ) = 0.03
V 24
----
- = -----
- = 2.0
W 12
⎛ 0.45 in. H2 O⎞
ΔP loss = ( 10 + 20 + 30 ) ⎜ -------------------------------
⎟ + ( 0.21 + 0.03 ) ( 0.249 )
⎝ 100 ft ⎠
.27 0.059 =0 + = 0.33 in. w.g.
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Chapter 9—Duct and Pipe Sizing ⏐117
V
Section d → 2 elbows ----= 1.0 CD = 0.22 Table 9-4
D
Vd 2550
Straight Section ------
= ------------
= 0.666 C D = 0.04
Vu 3825
ΔPloss = 0.037 + 2 ( 0.22 ) ( 0.407 ) + ( 50 + 40 + 10 ) ( 0.02 ) ( 0.407 ) = 1.03 in. H 2 O
Vb
Section b → Diverted Flow fitting ------
= 0.33 C D = 1.1
Vu
ΔP fi tt in g = ( 1.1 ) ( 0.415 ) = 1.01 in. H 2 O Table 9-4
500
Assume Branch 1 × 1 ft V b = ------------
= 500 fpm
1×1
a. Pv = R ( P v – Pv ) = 0.8 ( 0.0277 – 0.0351 ) = – 0.006 ≈ 0 in. H 2 O
1 2
VL 500
c. ------
= --------
- = 0.75 C = 0.28 Table 9-4
V1 667
ΔP branch = ( 0.28 ) ( 0.0277 ) = 0.008 in. H 2 O ≅ 0 in.H 2O
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118⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
H 12
Elbows Radius Ratio = 1.5 ------= -----
- = 0.86
W 14
= 0.18 ⎛⎜ -----------
1130⎞2
Run D Table 9-4 C = 0.18 ΔP loss -⎟ = 0.014 in. H O
2
⎝ 4005⎠
H 12
Run G Radius Ratio = 1.5 -----
- = -----
- = 1 Table 9-4 C = 0.09
W 12
2
⎛ 1010⎞
ΔPloss = 0.09 ⎜ -----------
-⎟ = 0.005 in. H O
2
⎝ 4005⎠
V
b 1010
Divided Flow Fitting ------
= -----------
- = 0.776 Table 9-3 C = 1.0
V 1300
u
1300⎞ 2
ΔPloss = 1.0 ⎛ -----------
⎝ 4005-⎠ = 0.105 in. H 2 O
Through loss ≅0
Total Pressure Drop ( No Outlet Grille) = 0.211 in. H O
2
Damper in A-E and A-F or reduce size appropriately.
20
Q total = 300 cfm 300 cfm at 1000 fpm → ΔP = 0.24 --------
- = 0.046 in.
100
20
100 cfm branch 100 cfm at 1000 fpm → ΔP = 0.46 --------
- = 0.092 in.
100
ΔP through ≅ 0.10 ΔP loss st rai ght = 0.138 in.
9.18
a. Estimate the total pressure loss between points (1)
and (2) and between (1) and (3) in the following
take-off.
when:
V1 = 8.12 m/s Q1 = 1510 L/s
V2 = 6.1 m/s Q2 = 1227 L/s
V3 = 3.05 m/s Q3 = 283 L/s
The duct is rectangular, of commercial fabrication,
and has mastic tape joints.
b. Estimate the static pressure at (3) if the static pres-
sure at (1) is 1.0 in. of water.
b. – P T 1 – P T 3 = 0.086 in. H 2 O
P S + P V – P S – P V = 0.086 ; P S = 1.0 + 0.16 – 0.023 – 0.086
1 1 3 3 3
P S = 1.05 in. H2 O
3
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Chapter 9—Duct and Pipe Sizing ⏐121
9.19 Solve the following problems: b. If the static pressure at (3) is 0.350 in. of water, what
a. What is the expected approximate frictional pressure friction drop will be required of a damper at 68°F?
from (1) to (2) in the below length of duct. Assume c. What size duct would be required (for ducts C and
round ducts, clean sheet metal, and air at standard D) if the damper is eliminated? What is the velocity
temperature and pressure. in the line? Assume a temperature of 68°F. Assume
that the static pressure at (3) is still 0.35 in. of water
Elbow Radius = 36 in.
and that the R/D of the elbow is 2. Also assume that
Grille Loss = 0.1 in w.g. at 600 fpm
the grille loss is linear with velocity.
D uc t cf m Vel o c i t y, f pm Le ng t h, ft
A 2000 1000 40
B 1000 600 —
C 1000 600 30
D 1000 600 30
V ⎞2
ΔP = 0.13 ⎛ -----------
⎝ 4003-⎠
2 2
⎛ W2 ⎞ ⎛2.3 ⎞
⎟ = 3.4 ⎜-------
H 2 = H 1 ⎜ ------- ⎟ = 5.6 ft
⎝ W1 ⎠ ⎝1.8 ⎠
S up p l yS i d e S i z e ,i n . R e t u rnS i d e S i ze ,i n .
I-II at 14,400Btu/h (14.4gpm) 11/2 V-VI 4gpm 1
II-III at 54,000Btu/h( 5.4gpm) 1 VI-VII 5.4gpm 1
III-IV at 32,000Btu/h (3.2gpm) 1 XI-XII 3gpm 1
Conv.A at 22,000Btu/h( 2.2gpm) 3/4 XII-XIII 6.6gpm 11/4
Conv.B at 18,000Btu/h( 1.8gpm) 3/4 XIII-VII 9.0gpm 11/4
Conv.C at 14,000Btu/h( 1.4gpm) 5/8 VII-I 14.4gpm 11/2
V-VIII at 90,000Btu/h( 9 gpm) 1 1/4
VIII-IX at 54,000 Btu/h( 5.4 gpm) 1
IX-X at 30,000Btu/h( 3gpm) 1
Assume run containing Conv. E is
Conv. D at 36,000 Btu/h( 3.6 gpm) 1
longest run. This should be verified
Conv.E at 14,000 Btu/h( 1.4gpm) 5/8 later.
Conv. F at 16,000 Btu/h( 1.6 gpm) 5/8
Conv. G at 24,000 Btu/h (2.4 gpm) 3/4
The head loss for this straight pipe in this run from Fig. 2
I-II (280)(2) = 560 milli-inch (4.67 ft/100 ft)
II-VIII (280)(16) = 4480 milli-inch (37.3 ft/100 ft) From Table 4 and Fig. 2 friction loss for elbow
is 35 ft/100 ft.
VIII-IX (280)(7) = 1960 milli-inch (16.3 ft/100 ft)
IX-X (100)(11) = 1100 milli-inch(9 .2 ft/100 ft) From Fig. 4, Fig. 2 the friction loss for Tees is
X-Conv. (200)(3)= 600 milli-inch (5 ft/100 ft) 158 ft/100 ft.
Conv.-X (200)(12) = 2400 milli-inch (20 ft/100 ft)
XI-XII (100)(11) = 1100 milli-inch (9.2 ft/100 ft) Total friction loss for this run = 4.17 ft
XII-XIII (150)(10) = 1500 milli-inch (12.5 ft/100 ft)
XIII-VII (250)(14) = 4750 milli-inch (39.6 ft/100 ft) Pump must supply at least this head at 14.7
VII-I (280)(25) = 7000 milli-inch (58.3 ft/100 ft) gpm.
Total = 212.1 ft/100 ft See Notes in Example for this design.
Convector Losses = 11.9 ft/100 ft
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124⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
S u pp l yS i d e P i peS i z e ,i n . R e t u rnS i d e P i p eS i z e ,i n .
I-II at 48,000Btu/h (4.8gpm) 1 V-VI 1.33gpm 5/8
II-III at 18,000Btu/h( 1.8gpm) 3/4 VI-VII 1.8gpm 3/4
III-IV at 10,670Btu/h( 1.1gpm) 5/8 XI-XII 1.0gpm 5/8
Conv.A at 7340Btu/h( 0.7gpm) 1/2 XII-XIII 2.2gpm 3/4
Conv.B at 6000Btu/h( 0.6gpm) 1/2 XIII-VII 3.0gpm 1
Conv.C at 4670Btu/h (0.5gpm) 1/2 VII-I 4.8gpm 1
V-VIII at 30,000Btu/h( 3.0gpm) 1
VIII-IX at 18,000 Btu/h( 1.8 gpm) 3/4
IX-X at 10,000Btu/h( 1.0gpm) 5/8
Conv.D at 12,000 Btu/h( 1.2 gpm) 5/8 Assume Conv. E is longest run. Verify
Conv.E at 4670Btu/h( 0.5gpm) 1/2 after various calculations.
Conv.F at 5340Btu/h( 0.5gpm) 1/2
Conv.G at 8000Btu/h( 0.8gpm) 1/2
9.25 Size the system shown for iron pipe. The water
leaves the boiler at 200°F and has a 20°F temperature
drop. The convectors have a loss given by the equation:
Loss (milli-inches) = 0.3 (Btu/h output). Note: 1 milli-
inch = 0.001 in. of water.
Assume a 3 ft rise is needed to get to the convectors
and then a 3 ft drop to return to the boiler. What head must
be developed by the pump and what flow rate (gpm) is
required?
(See
mentals) chapter 22, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook—Funda-
A B
gpm = 5.25 gpm; Loop A = 2.8 gpm; 2.5 ft/100 ft; 3/4 in. tube
44
Pipe loss = 2.5 × --------
- = 1.22 ft
100
Elbows 2 × ( 1.8 ) ( 2.5 ) = 0.09 ft
Convectors ( 0.3 ) ( 2.29 ) = 0.69 ft
15,000 lb/h Pinitial = 150 psig (Fig. 13D, chapter 22, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals)
6 psi/100 ft – Schedule 40 Select 3 1/2 in. pipe
Velocity at 150 psig = 10,000 fpm
2
a. ⎛ n-----
2⎞ h 2 2.38
= -----
= ----------
; h 2 = 0.855 ( 1200 ) = 1028 rpm
⎝ n1⎠ h 1 3.25
Q 2 = ( 6500 ) ( 0.855 ) = 5570 cfm
3
b. kW 2 = ( 6.10 ) ( 0.855 ) = 3.82 kW
9.33 A fan delivers 1500 cfm (708 L/s) of dry air at 65°F
(18.3°C) against a static pressure of 0.20 in. of water
(50 Pa) and requires 0.10 BHP. Find the volume circu-
lated, the static pressure, and the BHP required to deliver
the same weight of air when the air temperature is
increased to 165°F (73.9°C). ( Note: Atmospheric pres-
sure is constant.)
1500 cfm, 65 ° F, P s = 0.20 in. H 2 O, 0.10 bph for air temperature of 165° F
ρ2 T2 460 + 65
-----= -----= ------------------------
= 0.81 CFM 2 = CFM 1 = 1500 cfm
ρ1 T1 460 + 165
ρ
P S = P S ⎛ -----
2⎞
= 0.20 ( 0.84 ) = 0.168 in. H 2 O
2 1 ⎝ ρ1 ⎠
ρ
H P = H P ⎛ -----
2⎞
= 0.10 ( 0.84 ) = 0.084 BHP
2 1 ⎝ ρ1 ⎠
For the same mass flow rate through the air heater, the fan law gives:
BHP 1 ρ2 ⎛ ρ-----
2⎞
--------------
= ----- BHP 2 =
BHP 2 ρ1 ⎝ ρ 1 ⎠ BHP 1
if ρ 1 is cold, ρ 2 is warm
then BHP2 > BHP 1 – Place fan before heater.
9.35 A 40 in. by 24 in. rectangular duct conv eying 12,000 cfm of standard air divides into 3 branches (see
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Chapter 9—Duct and Pipe Sizing ⏐129
the
(b)?speed in part (a) must the fan run to satisfy part
ΔP = 0.04 ⎛⎝ 2000
2
-⎞ = 0.0225 in. w.g.;
----------- ΔP ΔP- + 0.0225
= 0.15 in. H 2 O = ( 100 + 6 ) --------
4000⎠ 100
ΔP ⁄ 100 ft = 0.12 in. w.g. ( Chap. 21, 2009 HBF )
Assume W = duct width = 24 in. for 600 cfm and D eg = 33.6
V = 1400 fpm Size = 24 in. × 24 in.
Branch B ΔP = 0.15 in.w.g. = (6 +150 ) ΔP ′ ⁄ 100
ΔP ′ = 0.096 in. w.g./100 ft
with W = 24 in. V = 1350 fpm Size = 24 in. × 19.5 in.
Branch C ΔP = 0.15 in.w.g. = 35( +6 ) ΔP ′ ⁄ 100 + 0.0225
ΔP ′ = 0.31 in. H 2 O for 2000 cfm, D eg = 11 in.
Using fan lows, the required speed for 150°F with 12,000 cfm is rpm2 = rpm1 × 1 × 1.
π 2 π 32-⎞ 2 = 5.6 ft 2 ;
A = --- D = --- ⎛ -----
Q 20 ,000
V = ----= ----------------
= 3570 fpm
4 4 ⎝ 12⎠ A 5.6
2
12 ρ u V
⎛ cfm ⎞ 2 ⎛ 20 ,000 ⎞
h v = ------------------
2=g ρw 4005 A- ⎠ = ⎝ -----------------------------
=⎝ --------------- ( 4005 ) ( 5.6 ) ⎠ 0.8 in. w.g.
h t = h=s + h v= 4.8 + 0.8 ( 5.6
= in. w.g.) ( 0.0361 ) 0.202 psi
( 144 )
AHP = ( 0.202 ) ----------------
( 20 ,000 ) = 17.6 hp
33 ,000
17.6
a. BHP = ----------
= 25.2 hp
0.70
3200 ⎞ 2
BHP 2 = ( 25.2 ) ⎛ -----------
b.
⎝ 2400- ⎠ = 59.7 hp
d. W = –m ∫ ν dp = –mν dp ∼ CFM ⋅ ΔP
2
ΔP ⎛ f ----
L ⎞ V ∼ ⎛ CFM ⎞2
=
⎝ D + Co⎠ ------ ------------
2 ⎝ A ⎠
2
W ∼ CFM ( CFM ) ∼ ( CFM ) 3
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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Chapter 9—Duct and Pipe Sizing ⏐131
n Q 2400 2400
ηs = -------------
3⁄4
= 1540
= ----------------------------
H ( 360 )3 ⁄ 4
Use a centrifugal pump.
( 180 ) ( 144 )
H d = ----------------------------
+ 22 = 437 ft; H S = +40 ft
62.4
Q = 1400 ⎛ ------------
231 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 3
- = 3.11 ft ⁄ s
⎝ 1728 ⎠ ⎝ -----
60 ⎠
( 3.11 ) ( 144 ) ( 3.11 ) ( 144 )
V d = -----------------------------
= 133 fps; V s = -----------------------------
= 35.2 fps
3.355 12.73
2 2
( 3.11 ) ( 60 ) ( 62.4 ) ( 654 ) Vd – Vs
H p = --------------------------------------------------------
= 385 hp H vd – H vs = ------------------
= 257 ft
( 33 ,000 ) ( 0.60 ) 2 gc
kW = ( 385 ) ( 0.746 ) = 287 kW H t = 437 – 40 + 257 = 654 ft
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132⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
1 1 3
ρ = ------------
= ----------------
= 60.9 lb/ft
ν 165 ° 0.0164
–3
Qρ h m· h ( 9250=) ( 82 ,300 ) ( 10 )
BHP = =-----------
= ------- -----------------------------------------------------------
0.05 hp
η η ( 60 ) ( 12 ) ( 0.65 ) ( 33 ,000 )
a.
2
h = 0.001 ( 300 ) = 90 ft H O
( 300 ) ( 231 ⁄ 1728 ) ( 61.01 ) ( 90 -)
BHP = -------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
( 33 ,000 ) ( 0.80 )
BHP 8.35
= hp
b. P v = 4.74 psi P b = 14.741 psi P s = 10 psi
( 10 ) ( 144 ) = 23.6 ft H O
H s = -------------------------
( 61.01 ) 2
η2 η2 400
c. Q 1 = 300 Q 2 = Q 1 ------ ------
= --------
- = 1.33
η1 η1 300
Q 2 = 400
d. backward; yes
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Solutions to
Chapter 10
LIFE-CYCLE COSTS
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 10—Life-Cycle Costs⏐135
n
( 1 + i ) – 1 =R CAF (
S = R --------------------------- )
i
10
( 1 + 0.11 ) – 1
S = 1000 --------------------------------------
0.11
S = $16,722
n
( 1 + i ) – 1 = R ⎛ ------------
1 ⎞
P = R ---------------------------
i( + i )
n ⎝ CR F⎠
20
( 1 + 0.08 ) – 1
$100,000 = R ---------------------------------------------
( 0.08 ) ( 1 + 0.08 ) 20
R = $10,185
20
( 1 + 0.08 ) – 1
$3000 = R ----------------------------------------
20
0.08 ( 1 + 0.08 )
R = $306
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136⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
10.8 The costs of two small heat pump units A and B are
$1000 and $1200 and the annual operating costs are $110
and $100, respectively. The interest rate is 8% and the
amortization is selected as 20 years. Compare the systems
on the basis of present worth.
C os t s S y s t e mA S y s t e mB
Owning Cost
Initial Cost × CRF
$1000×0.10185 $101.85
$1200×0.10185 $122.22
OperatingCost $110 $100
Uniform Annual O&OCost $211.85 $222.22
System A is least costly to operate.
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Chapter 10—Life-Cycle Costs⏐137
C hi lle r A C hil le r B
Average Chiller Efficiency 0.73 kW/ton 0.63 kW/ton
InitialCost $221,500 $240,500
InstallationCost $19,000 $19,000
ElectricityCost 6¢/kWh 5.9¢/kWh
MaintenanceCosts $9,500 $10,000
EstimatedLife 20years 20years
A B
Solutions to
Chapter 11
AIR-CONDITIONING
SYSTEM CONCEPTS
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Chapter 11—Air-Conditioning System Concepts⏐141
q s = q T ( SHR )
= 20 ( 12000 ) ( 0.9 )
q s = 216000 Btu/h
q s = 1.1 ( CF M ) ( t r – ts )
qs 216000
CF M = ------------------
= ------------------
1.1 ( Δ t ) 1.1 ( 20 )
3
CF M = 9820 ft ⁄ min
Loaddynamics Flexibility
Performance requirements Operations requirements
Availability of equipment Service ability
Capacity Maintainability
Spatial requirements Availability of service
First cost Availability of replacement components
Energy Consumption Environmental requirements of space
Operating cost Environmental requirements of community
Simplicity Reliability
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142⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
11.6 If outdoor air at 95°F dry bulb and 78°F wet bulb is
cooled to 75°F dry bulb without any dehumidification,
90% RH
q s = CF M ( 1.1 ) ( Δ t )
q s ≈ CF M
and kWh ≈ CF M
kWh ≈ q s
∴Δ ( kWh ) = kWh (% reduction in load)
= 588100 ( 0.25 ) = 147000 kWh
system
Fanvariables:
efficiency 70%
Pump efficiency 80%
Air Δt 20°F
Water Δt 40°F
CF M ( Δ P t )
Hp ai r = ---------------------------
6350 η f
q = 1.1 ( CF M ) ( Δ t ai r )
q
CF M = ------------------------
1.1 ( Δ t ai r )
q ( Δ Pt ) q( Δ) –5
Hp ai r = ----------------------------------------------- = 4.09 × 10 q
= ------------------------------------------------
6350 ( 1.1 ) ( Δ tai r )η f 6350 ( 1.1 ) ( 20 ) ( 0.7 )
GP M ( Δ H )
Hp w = ---------------------------
3960 ( η p )
q = GPM ( 500 ) ( Δ t w )
GP M = 8 ⁄ ( 500 ) ( Δ t w )
q( ΔH) q ( 40 ) –7
Hp w = ---------------------------------------------- = 6.31 × 10 q
- = --------------------------------------------------
3960 ( 500 )Δ t w ( η p ) 3960 ( 500 ) ( 40 ) ( 0.8 )
–5
Hp ai r 4.09 × 10 q
--------------
= -------------------------------
= 65
Hp w –7
6.31 × 10 q
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144⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
1
a) TR = --------------------------
( f ⁄ fn )2 – 1
N- = 900
f = ----- --------
- = 15 Hz
60 60
1 g
f n = ---------
2π y
1 386
f n = --------------
- = 3.13 Hz
2π 1
1
TR = ---------------------------
= 0.046
15 ⎞ 2
⎛ ----------
–1
⎝ 3.13⎠
1
b) TR = --------------------------
( f ⁄ fn )2 – 1
( f ⁄ f n ) 2 TR – TR = 1
2 TR + 1 0.5 + 1
( f ⁄ fn ) = ----------------
= ----------------
= 3
TR 0.5
f = 3 fn
f = 3 ( 3.13 ) = 5.42
N mi n
f = -----------
60
N mi n = 60 f = 60 ( 5.42 )
N mi n = 325 rpm
a. 135°F (57°C)
b. 105°F (41°C)
c. 58°F (14°C)
d. 55°F (13°C)
e. 190°F (88°C)
f. 170°F (77°C)
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Chapter 11—Air-Conditioning System Concepts⏐145
A Outsidedesign
B Inside designconditions
conditions
C Air entering apparatus (mixed air)
D Air entering room (supply air)
a. Complete the table provided. P oi n t Dry Bu l b We t B u l b h W
d) M da h c – M da ( W c – W D ) h f 60°F – M da h D + q = 0
51230 [ 31.75 – ( 0.01125 – 0.0091 ) 28 – 24.3 ] = – q
q = –378600 Btuh = 31.5 tons
e) O.A. Load: q s = M OA C p ( t A – t B ) = 0.25 ( 51230 ) ( 0.244 ) ( 95 – 76 ) = 59376 Btu/h
q L = M OA ( W A – W B ) 1054 = 0.25 ( 51230 ) ( 0.015 – 0.010 ) ( 1054 ) = 67495 Btu/h
126872 Btu/h
f) 250000 + 126872 = 376872 ≈ 378600 YES
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146⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
q L = 20000 Btuh
q s = 60000 Btuh
t r = 70°F
t OA = 40°F
r: tr = 70°F,
= θr =40%; W=r 0.0062; h r 23.7
OA: 40°Fdb, 20% RH; W OA = 0.001; h OA = 10.7
90% recirc.; 10% outside air
m: 0.1 ( 0.001 ) + 0.9 ( 0.0062 ) = W m = 0.0057
m: 0.1 ( 10.7 ) + 0.9 ( 23.7 ) = h m = 22.4 ; t m = 67°F
t wb , m = 53.7°F = t x
x: t = 53.7°F, θ = 100%, W x = 0.0088
75°Fdb
65°F, 40% RH, h 2 = 21.4, W 2 = 0.0053, v = 13.335
65°Fwb
h 1 = 30 ( 800 ) ( 60 ) = 3600 lb/h
M da = -------------------------
13.335
w 1 = 0.0109
11.16 In an air-conditioning unit 6000 cfm at 80°F dry a. Cooling capacity of the air-conditioning unit, tons
bulb, 60% RH, and standard atmospheric pressure, enter b. Rate of water removal from the unit, lb/h
the unit. The leaving condition of the air is 57°F dry bulb c. Sensible heat load on the conditioner, Btu/h
and 90% RH. Calculate d. Latent heat load on the conditioner, Btu/h
e. Dew point of the air leaving the conditioner, °F
M da = ------------------------
6000 × 60 = 26100 lb/h
13.8
a) M da h 1 – M da h 2 – M da ( W 1 – W 2 ) h 3 + q c = 0
26100 [ 33.8 – 23.4 – ( 0.0132 – 0.009 ) 25 ] = –q c
q c = – 268700 Btu/h = 22.4 tons
b) M c = M da ( W 1 – W 2 ) = 26100 ( 0.0132 – 0.009 ) = 109.6 lb/h
c) q s = M da C p ( t 1 – t2 ) = 26100 ( 0.244 ) ( 80 – 57 ) = 146470 Btu/h
= 12.2 tons
d) q L = M c ( 1076 ) = 109.6 ( 1076 ) = 117930 Btu/h = 9.8 tons
e) Dew Point = 54°F
11.17 A space in an industrial building has a winter a. Temperature of the air entering the preheater
sensible heat loss of 200,000 Btu/h and a negligible latent b. Temperature of the air entering the space to be heated
heat load (latent losses to outside are made up by latent c. Heat supplied to preheat coil, Btu/h
gains within the space). The space is to be maintained at
75°F and 50% RH. Due to the nature of the process, 100% d.
e. Heat supplied
Quantity to reheat
of make-up coil,added
water Btu/hto adiabatic satura-
outdoor air is required for ventilation. The outdoor air tor, gpm
conditions can be taken as saturated air at 20°F. The f. Temperature of the spray water
amount of ventilation air required is 7000 cfm and the air g. Show the processes and label points on the psychro-
is to be preheated, humidified with an adiabatic saturator, metric diagram
and then reheated. The temperature out of the adiabatic
saturator is to be maintained at 60°F dry bulb. Calculate:
r: 75°Fdb, 50% RH; W r = 0.0093, r = 28.2
OA: 20°Fdb, 100% RH; W OA = 0.002152, h OA = 7.106
Leaving adiabatic saturator: t = 60°Fdb, W = 0.0093
∴wb = 57°F
Leaving preheater: W = 0.002152, WB = 57°F
∴t = 91°Fdb
a) Entering preheater, t = 20°Fdb
b) q s = 200000 = 1.1 cfm ( t s – t r ) = 1.1 ( 7000 ) ( t s – 75 )
t s = 101.5°F
c) q ≅ 1.1 (7000 ) ( 91 – 20 ) = 536760 Btu/h (preheat)
d) q ≅ 1.1 (7000 ) ( 101.5 – 60 ) = 313740 Btu/h (reheat)
e)
700
( 0.0093 – 0.0022 ) ⁄ ⎛⎝ 8.33 -------
gpm = ----------
lb ⎞
= 0.44 gpm
13.5 gal⎠
f) 57°F
g)
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148⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
70000
a) SHR = ------------------------------------
= 0.70
70000 + 30000
Using protractor on Psych. chart: t = 49°F db, W = 0.0074 at 100% RH
b) q s = M da ( 0.244 ) ( 77 – 49 ) = 70000; M da = 10246 lb/h
c) r: 77°F db, 50% RH; W r = 0.010, h r = 29.4
OA: 97°F db, 60% RH; W OA = 0.023, h OA = 48.7
m: W m = 0.5 ( 0.01 ) + 0.5 ( 0.023 ) ; h m = 0.5 ( 29.4 ) + 0.5 ( 48.7 )
W m = 0.0165 ; h m = 39.05
s: 49°F db, 100% RH; W s = 0.0074, h s = 19.8
M da [ h m – h s – ( W m – W s ) h f 49° ] = –q
q = – 10246 [ 39.05 – 19.8 – ( 0.0165 – 0.0074 ) 17 ]
= – 195650 Btu/h = –57.3 kW
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Chapter 11—Air-Conditioning System Concepts⏐149
a) Article 12.8.1
b) Article 12.3.1
c) Article 12.5
d) Article 12.4
e) Article 12.3.2
f) Article 12.7.2
1150000
CFM s = ---------------------------------
= 19000 scfm
1.1 ( 130 – 75 )
11.23 To provide comfort conditions for a general office Summer: Sensible space heat gain is 101,200 Btu/h
building, 38 ft by 80 ft by 8 ft, an air-treating unit consist- at design conditions. Latent load is due entirely to the
ing of cooling coil, heating coil, and humidifier is occupancy. The minimum supply air temperature from
provided for this space with the flow diagram as shown. the cooling coil is 58°F.
Ninety people are normally employed doing light a. Determine the fan size (scfm) needed to provide
work while seated. The building is in Kansas City, sufficient air
Missouri. Fan operation is constant all year long. b. Size the heating unit needed, Btu/h
Winter: Sensible space heat loss is 189,000 Bt u/h at c. Size the cooling coil needed, Btu/h
design conditions, latent load is negligible. Maximum d. Size the humidifier, gal/h
supply air temperature is 155°F.
Ms 90 ( 255 ) ⁄ 1100
r: T r = 78°F,
= W =r W s + ------- 0.0104
= + ------------------------------------
0.0114
Ma 60
46000 × ----------
13.3
m: 1350 ( 0.013 ) + 3250 ( 0.0114 ) = 4600 W m ;W m = 0.0119
1350 ( 96 ) + 3250 ( 78 ) = 4600 T m ;T m = 83.3°F h m = 33.2
Ma [ hm – h s – ( W m – Ws ) h f ] + Q c = 0
4600
( 60 ) [ 33.2 – 25.2 – ( 0.0119 – 0.0104 ) 26 ] = – Qc
------------
13.3
Q c = –165200 Btu/h A/C size
4600 60 1
d) - × ----------
M c = ----------- ( 0.0042 – 0.0033 ) = 2.24 or 2 -------------
Humidifier
13.3 8.33 4 gph
* Note: different outside design conditions may be selected.
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Chapter 11—Air-Conditioning System Concepts⏐151
11.24 A view of the air-conditioning system for a build- 1. Supply airflow, lb/h
ing in Denver, Colorado (elevation = 5000 ft; barometric 2. Supply airflow, cfm
pressure = 12.23 psi), is given. Outside air at the rate of
3. Relative humidity at return, %
2500 cfm is required for ventilation. Other conditions at
summer design are 4. Size of cooling unit, Btu/h
Space Loads 5. Latent component of (4)
Sensible = 410,000 Btu/h 6. Sensible component of (4)
Latent = 220,000 Btu/h
7. Sensible cooling load due to outside air, Btu/h
Outside Air: 91°F, 30% RH
410000
1. Q s = m a cp ( t r – t s ) ⇒ m a = ------------------------------------
= 73060 lb/h
0.244 ( 78 – 55 )
73060
2. × 13.33 = 16230 cfm
v· = m a v = --------------- @ s: P w = P w, s = 0.2141
60
0.2141
-----------------------------
-
W s = 0.622 12.28 – 2.41 = 0.0110
h s = 0.24 ( 58 ) + 0.011 ( 1061 + 0.444 – 59 ) = 25.23
Q L ⁄ 1100 220000 ⁄ 1100
3. W r = W s + =-----------------------
0.0110
= 0.01874 lb v ⁄ lb a ; P w, s
+ ---------------------------------
= - 0.47511 psia
Ma 73060
Pw Pw 0.26432
w = 0.622=----------------
= 0.01374 ⇒ P=w 0.26432 psia ;
=0.622 --------------------------
= φ × 110 55.6%
-------------------
P – Pw 12.23 – P w 0.47511
h r = 0.240 ( 78 ) + 0.01374 ( 1061 + 0.444 × 78 ) = 33.74
4. m O = 2500 × 60=⁄ 13.33 11250
= lb/h ;= P w = 0.72113 ; P w 0.30 ( 0.72113 ) 0.21634
1 s0 10
0.21634
WO = 0.622 ---------------------------------------
== 0.0112 ;h o = ( 91 ) + 0.0112 ( 1061 + 0.444 × 91 )
0.240 34.18
12.23 – 0.21634
hm = [ ( 11250 ) ( 34.18 ) + ( 73060 – 11250 ) ( 33.74 ) ] ⁄ 73060 = 33.80 Btu/lb a
W m = [ ( 11250 ) ( 0.0112 ) + ( 73060 – 11250 ) ( 0.01374 ) ] ⁄ 73060 = 0.1335 lb v ⁄ lb a
ma [ h m – hs – ( Wm – Ws ) h c ] + Qc = 0
73060 [ 33.80 – 25.23 – ( 0.01335 – 0.0110 ) ( 23.07 ) ] = –Q c = 622200 Btu/h
5. Q L ≅ 4840 × CFM × Δ W = 4840 × 16230 × ( 0.01335 – 0.0110 ) = 184600 Btu/h
c
7. Qs
o
≅ 1.10 × 2500 × ( 91 – 78 ) = 35750 Btu/h
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Solutions to
Chapter 12
SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS
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Chapter 12—System Configurations⏐155
12.5
a. Why do some VAV systems also use dual-duct or
reheat features?
b. In your own words, describe the operating sequence
of the zone or terminal control of
1. A VAV system
2. A VAV reheat system
3. A dual-duct VAV system
a) 1) The dual duct or reheat provides false loading, which keeps the airflow high enough
to assure adequate ventilation and air circulation rate.
2) A VAV system alone cannot handle a heating load.
b) 1) VAV system: As the space cooling load decreases, the space thermostat closes a supply air
damper, reducing the flow of conditioned air to the space. Most systems have a lower limit
setting to assume adequate ventilation and air circulation, below which there is no room
temperature control.
2) VAV reheat system: Similar to (1) above except that when the load falls below the minimum
airflow setting, the reheat valve opens and reheats the minimum volume flow air to prevent
overcooling and maintain room temperature control at all times.
3) Dual-duct VAV system: Similar to (1) above except that when the load falls below the
minimum airflow setting, the warm duct damper starts modulating open mixing warm air
with the conditioned air in increasing amounts to prevent overcooling and
maintaining temperature control at all times.
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156⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
The outdoor air make-up air-conditoning unit (primary air unit [12.6.1])
provides a constant volume of outdoor ventilating air and is used in conjunction
with VAV systems. It also simplifies the design of the system for the space with
no outside air entering the space conditioning unit there is danger of freezing,
no ventilation control dampers, no return air fan, and the cooling coil usually
operates dry, reducing the likelihood of microbial growth in the system.
No. Because when the room thermostat turns the fan coil unit off, untreated
ventilation air can enter the sapce, causing discomfort and sometimes freeze damage
or microbial growth. Also, the quantitiy of ventilation air is not controllable because
of varying pressure differentials resulting from chimney effects and wind variations.
Size the following system components: Unit Design Unit Coil Max Unit
2
Size cfm Face Area*, ft Wt., lb
a. Cooling coil, Btu/h and ft 2 of face area
3 1,660 2.34–3.32
b. Chiller unit, Btu/h
6 2,930 4.31–5.86
c. Heating coil, Btu/h and ft 2 of face area 8 3,770 5.49–7.54
d. Boiler, Btu/h 10 4,820 7.01–9.64
e. Humidifier, gph 12 6,150 9.46–12.3
≤ 3,600
14 7,110 10.2–14.2
Select an appropriate air handler from the following
17 8,400 12.3–16.8
data.
21 10,390 15.0–20.8
Winter 25 12,190 17.8–24.4
30 14,505 21.2–29.0
Dry Bulb, Enthalpyh, W, ma,
Point
°F
,% φ
Btu/lb lb/lb lb/h
SCFM
35 17,050 26.72 – 34.10
550×15=8250 *
40 19,650 30.78 – 39.30 ≤ 4,500
OA 3 100 1.699 .00092 37200
50 24,715 34.22 – 49.43
r 72 30 22.7 .005 8400 1850 66 32,815 48.13 – 65.63
≤ 6,000
10100 80 39,375 56.88 – 78.75
m 16 94 5.57 .0017 45600 (all modules)
100 50,180 73.44 – 100.4
s 130 5.3 36.8 .005 45600 10100
* Actual face area varies with unit coil type.
Pw 0.119
W = =0.005 0.622 -----------------------
== ; P =0.119 ; P= 2.2256 ; φ × 100
---------------- 5.3
s 14.7 – P w w w, s 2.2256
h s = 0.240 ( 130 ) + 0.005 [ 1061 + 0.444 ( 130 ) ] = 36.79
Q s = 645000
= 0.244 M a ( = = ) ; Ma
130 – 72 45600 lb/h 10100 cfm
37200 ( 1.699 ) + 8400 ( 22.7 )
h m = -------------------------------------------------------------------
= 5.57
45600
37200 ( 0.00092 ) + 8400 ( 0.005 ) Pw
w m = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
== = 0.00167 0.622 -----------------------
;P 0.039
45600 14.7 – P w w
37200 ( 3 ) + 8400 ( 72 ) 0.039
t m = ----------------------------------------------------
== 15.7°F;
= P= w, s 0.042 ; φ -------------
100 94%
45600 0.042
45600 [ 36.8 – 5.57 – ( 0.0017 – 0.005 ) ( 60 – 32 ) ] + Q h = 0 ; Q h = 1428000 Btu/h Problem 12.12
M h = ( 45600 ( 0.005 – 0.0017 ) ) ⁄ 8.33 = 18 gph continued on
next page.
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158⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
A = 19300 = 32 ft 2
--------------- Unit Size 40
600
cooled
a 2°F to saturation atrise
temperature 50°F by thethe
across cooling
fan. coil.
Air There is
flow is
controlled by a humidistat in the return air duct. The ther-
mostat controls the temperature leaving the reheater.
Size the reheater (kW) and the cooling coil (Btu/h).
From a manufacturer’s catalog, select an appropriate elec-
tric resistance reheater coil. From a manufacturer's cata-
log, select an appropriate chilled water cooling coil.
12.15 A small commercial building located in St. Louis, Zone 2 (an interior space)
Missouri is to be conditioned using a variable air volume Winter inside temperature = 78°F
(VAV) system with reheat, as shown in the following Winter design heat loss = 40,000 Btu/h (a gain)
sketch. At this stage of the process, preliminary sizing of Summer inside temperature = 78°F
the central cooling unit, of the reheaters, and of the fan Summer design heat gains = 220,000 Btu/h (sensible)
(scfm) is to take place. There are four zones (separately and 71,000 Btu/h (latent)
thermostated spaces) in the building. Supply air from the Zone 3 (an interior space)
cooling coil is maintained at 55°F during the summer and Winter inside temperature = 78°F
58°F during the winter. Relative humidity off the coil is Winter design heat loss = 115,000 Btu/h (a gain)
approximately 90% in both cases. Minimum outside air Summer inside temperature = 78°F
of 4000
how). Thescfm
VAV is boxes
maintained
are notattoallbetimes (justbeyond
cut back don’t ask
50% Summer design
and 42,000 heat(latent)
Btu/h gains = 140,000 Btu/h (sensible)
of rated flow. The design conditions and calculated Zone 4
design load for each zone are as follow: Winter inside temperature = 72°F
Zone 1 Winter design heat loss = −180,000 Btu/h (a loss)
Winter inside temperature = 72°F Summer inside temperature = 78°F
Winter design heat loss = −55,000 Btu/h (a loss) Summer design heat gains = 210,000 Btu/h (sensible)
Summer inside temperature = 78°F and 52,500 Btu/h (latent)
Summer design heat gains = 124,000 Btu/h (sensible)
and 31,000 Btu/h (latent)
1. Determine required airflow rates [ Q s = 1.10 × CFM s × Δ t ]
124000
CFM 1 = ---------------------------------
= 4901
1.10 ( 78 – 55 )
220000
CFM 2 = ---------------------------------
= 8696
1.10 ( 78 – 55 )
140000 115000
CFM 3 = ---------------------------------
= 5534 [check CFM 3 = ---------------------------------
= 5288]
1.10 ( 78 – 55 ) 1.10 ( 78 – 58 )
210000
CFM 4 = ---------------------------------
= 8300
1.10 ( 78 – 55 )
FAN → 27431 S CFM ⇒ 123750 lb/h
2. Summer (55°F, 90%)
Σmw ( 31000 + 71000 + 42000 + 51500 ) ⁄ 1100 = 0.0097
W r = W s + -----------
= 0.0083 + ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ma 123750
t r = 78°F ⇒ φr = 48% [Plenty low, could reset t s to higher value]
t m = [ 4000 ( 94 ) + ( 27431 – 4000 ) ( 78 ) ] ⁄ 27431 = 80.3
W m = [ 4000 ( 0.0144 ) + ( 27431 – 4000 ) ( 0.0097 ) ] ⁄ 27431 = 0.0104
Q cc = 27431 [ 1.10 ( 80.3 – 55 ) + 4840 ( 0.0104 – 0.0083 ) ] = 27431 [ 27.83 + 10.16 ] = 1042000 Btu/h
Cooling coil → 1042 Mbh
* Note:Other outdoor design conditions could be selected.
3. Winter reheater discharge temperature
55000
( t m )1 = 72 + -----------------------------------------
1.10 ( 4901 × 0.5 ) = 92.4°F
– 40000
( tm )2 = 78 + -----------------------------------------
= 69.6°F
1.10 ( 8696 × 0.5 )
– 115000
( tm )3 = 40.2°F < 58 ∴ no reheating
= 78 + -----------------------------------------
1.10 ( 5534 × 0.5 )
180000
( tm ) 4
= 72 + -----------------------------------------
= 111.4°F
1.10 ( 8300 × 0.5 )
REHEATERS
( Qm ) 1 = 1.10 ( 4901 × 0.5 ) ( 92.4 – 58 ) = 93000 Btu/h
( Qm ) 2 = 1.10 ( 8696 × 0.5 ) ( 69.6 – 58 ) = 55700 Btu/h
( Qm ) 3 = 0 none needed
( Qm ) 4 = 1.10 ( 8300 × 0.5 ) ( 111.4 – 58 ) = 244000 Btu/h
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Chapter 12—System Configurations⏐161
USE
116000 215000
CFM 1 s = ---------------------------------
= 5270 CFM 1 w = ------------------------------------
= 3370 CFM = 5270
1.10 ( 78 – 58 ) 1.10 ( 130 – 72 )
290000 110000
CFM 2 s = ---------------------------------
= 13180 CFM 2 w = ---------------------------------
= 5000 CFM = 13180
1.10 ( 78 – 58 ) 1.10 ( 72 – 58 )
190000 171000
CFM 3 s = ---------------------------------
= 8640 CFM 3 w = ------------------------------------
= 2620 CFM = 8640
1.10 ( 78 – 58 ) 1.10 ( 130 – 72 )
Fan CFM = 27090
27090
M a = --------------
13.33- 60 = 122000 l b/h
27090 ( 2 ) ( 0.0361 ) 144 ( 60 )
W = -----------------------------------------------------------------
= 13.1 Hp
778 ( 0.65 ) 2545
Summer t o = 94 ;to= W o 0.0144
= =;to=tr 78 ;to t s =58, φ s 100% (max) ⇒ Ws 0.0104
( 43000 + 59000 + 39000 ) ⁄ 1100 = 0.0115 and 78° ⇒ φ ≅ 55% ok
W r = 0.0104 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
122000 r
Winter zone 1 1.10CFMh 1 ( 130 – 72 ) = 215000 + 1.10 ( 5270 – CFM h 1 ) ( 72 – 58 ) ; CFM h 1 = 3739
zone 2 1.10CFM h 2 ( 130 – 72 ) = 1.10 ( 13180 – CFM h 2 ) ( 72 – 58 ) – 110000 ; CFM h 2 = 1174
zone 3 1.10CFM h 3 ( 130 – 72 ) = 171000 + 1.10 ( 8640 – CFM h 3 ) ( 72 – 58 ) ; CFM h 3 = 3839
CFM h = 8752
6000 ( 3 ) + 21090 ( 72 )
tm = ----------------------------------------------------
= = = ; tf
56.7 56.7 + 1.1 57.8°F
27090
OA: 95°Fdb, 76°Fwb, 2000 cfm; W = 0.015=, h = 39.4, v= 14.3 ; m· 8392 lb/h
r: =, h = 30.0, =v
78°Fdb, 50% RH, 6000 cfm; W = 0.0102 13.8 ; m· 26087 lb/h
s: = , h = 20.6, =v
52°Fdb, 90% RH, W = 0.00745 13.07 ; m· 34479 lb/h
m: 8392 ( 0.015 ) + 26087 ( 0.0102 ) = 34479 W m ; W m = 0.0114 lb/h
h m = 32.3, t m = 82°F
a) m da [ h m – h s – ( W m – W s ) h f ] = qc
c
(----------------------------
4000 ) ( 60 )
= 17391 lb/h
13.8
(----------------------------
2000 ) ( 60 )
= 8696 lb/h
13.8
12.19 For the building and reheat system shown below, Latent design loads (moisture produced)
determine Space 1: 38 lb/h
a. Fan rating, scfm Space 2: 26 lb/h
b. Return air relative humidity at summer design
Year-round: 10% by mass outside air required for
conditions, % ventilation.
c. Size cooling coil, Btu/h
Conditions of cooling coil: 58°F, 90% RH.
d. Size reheat coils, Btu/h and scfm for each
Winter: Outside 6°F, W = 0.001; indoor 72°F,
no humidity control.
Sensible design heating loads
Space 1: 162,000 Btu/h
Space 2: 143,000 Btu/h
Summer: Outdoor 95°F dry bulb, 78°F wet bulb;
indoor 78°F.
Sensible design cooling loads
Space 1: 64,500 Btu/h
Space 2: 55,000 Btu/h
64500 55000
SCFM 1 = ---------------------------------
= 2932 SCFM 2 = ---------------------------------
= 2500
1.10 ( 78 – 58 ) 1.10 ( 78 – 58 )
a. Fan SCFM = 2932 +2500 = 5432 cfm ( = 24444 lb/h )
b. 24444 ( 0.0093 ) + 38 + 26 = 24444 W r ; W r = 0.0119 ; φ r, s ≅ 58%, hr, s = 31.8
av av
Solutions to
Chapter 13
HYDRONIC HEATING AND
COOLING SYSTEM DESIGN
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Chapter 13—Hydronic Heating and Cooling System Design⏐167
of
a. 100 tonsisofthe
What cooling.
water circulation rate (GPM) required if
the temperature range of the water is 12°F.
b. If the head loss in the system is 60 feet, and the pump
is 80% efficient, what is the pump horsepower?
Motor size?
c. If the motor is 90% efficient and it operates for one-
third of the total hours in the year, what is the annual
energy consumption of the pump?
a) q = GPM ( 500 ) ( Δ t )
GPM = q ⁄ 500 ( Δ t )
GPM = 100 ( 12000 ) ⁄ ( 500 × 12 ) = 200 gpm
GPM ( Δ H ) 200 ( 60 )
b) Hp = --------------------------
= ------------------------
= 3.79 hp
3960 η r 3960 ( 0.8 )
Motor Hp = 5 Hp
13.3 Calculate the size of the expansion tank for a hot Supply water temperature 210°F
water heating system of 1,200,000 Btu/h heating capacity Ambient temperature 60°F
if the tank is a closed tank with an air/water interface and Fill pressure (at tank) 30 psig
the following system parameters are known: Max. operating pressure (at tank) 35 psig
System water volume 6,000 gallons
Steel piping system material
3
v 2 = v f @ 2 10°F = 0.01670 ft ⁄ lb
3
v = v @ 60°F = 0.01604 ft ⁄ lb
1 f
–6
α = 6.5 × 10 in./in.°F
Δ t = 210 – 60 = 150°F
Pa = 14.7 psia
P 1 = 30 + 14.7 = 44.7 psia
P 2 = 35 + 14.7 = 49.7 psia
[ ( v2 ⁄ v 1 ) – 1 ] – 3 αΔ t
V t = V s ----------------------------------------------------
(from Equation 13.12)
Pa ⁄ P 1 – Pa ⁄ P2
–6
[ 0.01670 ⁄ 0.01604 – 1 ] – 3 × 6.5 × 10 × ( 150 )
V t = 6000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( 14.7 ⁄ 44.7 ) – ( 14.7 ⁄ 49.7 )
V t = 6930 gallons
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168⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
[ ( v2 ⁄ v 1 ) – 1 ] – 3 αΔ t
From Equation 13.14 V t = V s ----------------------------------------------------
1 – P1 ⁄ P2
–6
[ ( 0.01670 ⁄ 0.01604 ) – 1 ] – 3 × 6.5 × 10 × 150
V t = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 – 44.7 ⁄ 49.7
V t = 2280 gallons
Q ΔH Q ΔH
0 0 400 31.21
50 .49 450 39.50
100 1.95 500 48.77
150 4.39 550 59.01
From Equation 13.16
200 7.80 600 70.22
Q = Cs ΔH 250 12.19 650 82.01
Q 640 gpm 300 17.56 700 95.58
C s = ------------
= ----------
= 71.6 ----------
ΔH 80 ft 350 23.90 750 108.72
2
ΔH = ( Q ⁄ 71.6 ) 800 124.84
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Chapter 13—Hydronic Heating and Cooling System Design⏐169
13.6 In a chilled-water system, the pump is located in a est point in the system which will reduce to 5 psig when
basement equipment room with the expansion tank the water temperature reduces to 45°F.
connected to the pump suction. The pump is the lowest a. What operating pressures ( p1, p2) should the expan-
point in the system and the highest point is a pipe in the sion tank be designed for?
penthouse, which is 115 feet above the pump. The b. What pump head is required?
dynamic head losses in the system are c. With the pump off and a cold (45°F) system, what is
Piping and fittings 30 ft the pressure at the pump suction? The pump dis-
Chiller 20ft charge?
Control valve 10 ft d. With the pump on and a cold (45°F) system, what is
the pressure at the pump suction? The pump dis-
Cooling coil 10 ft charge?
When the system is filled (at 95°F ambient tempera-
ture) it is desired to have a pressure of 10 psig at the high-
P i = 10 psig @ 95°F
P f = 5 psig @ 45°F
3
P 2 = P t @ 95°F w = 62.05 lb/ft
3
P 1 = P t @ 45°F w = 62.42 lb/ft
62.05 ( 115 )
P 2 = 10 + w ( 115 ) = 10 + ---------------------------
144
P2 = 59.5 psig ≈ 60 psig
62.42 ( 115 )
P 1 = 5 + ---------------------------
= 54.85 ps ig ≈ 55 ps ig
144
b) H = ΣH = 30 + 20 + 10 + 10 = 70 ft
c) Assume pressure at pump inlet equals the tank pressure.
(Pump off)
P x = P x = P 1 = 55 psig
2 1
d) P x = P 1 = 55 psig
1
P x = P x + wH = P x + 62.4 ⎛ --------
70 ⎞
2 1 1 ⎝ 144-⎠
P x = 55 + 30.3 85 psig
2
Both vary the flow (gpm) through the controlled load as they modulate. However, from the
system perspective, the three-way valve provides a constant flow variable Δt in the system
as it modulates and the two-way valve provides a variable flow as it modulates.
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170⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
GPM = C v ΔP
C v = GPM ⁄ ΔP
q = GPM ( 500 ) ( Δ t )
8 360000
GPM = -------------------
= --------------------
= 60 gpm
500 ( Δ t ) 500 ( 12 )
C v = 60 ⁄ Δ5 = 26.83
ΔP ( β – 3 α )Δ t
= ------------------------------------------------
5 ⁄ 4 (D ⁄ ( EΔr ) ) + α
solving for 1 in. steel pipe
Solutions to
Chapter 14
UNITARY AND ROOM
AIR CONDITIONERS
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Chapter 14—Unitary and Room Air Conditioners⏐173
6,000 3 =3 + ( ) ( 3413 )
q re j = 46,239Btu/h
q re j = m· ( 0.241 ) ( 115 – 95 )
46,239
m· = -------------------------------------------------------
( 60 ) ( 0.241 ) ( 115 – 95 )
m· = 319.77 lb/min
CFM = m ×v
v = 14.37 ft 3 /lb ( at 95°F db and 78°F wb )
CF M = ( 319.77 ) ( 14.37
CF M = 4595.12 ft 3 /min)
a.)
Ai = CF M i / v
= 4595.12/800
A i = 5.74 ft 2
CF M o = m· 2
= ( 319.77 ) ( 14.88 )
CF M o = 4758.18 ft 3 /min
A o = CF M o / v
= 4758.18/800
A o = 5.95ft 2
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174⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
a.)
To
CO Pa = ---------------
T – To
T o = 40 + 460 = 500 ° R
T = 105 + 460 = 565 ° R
500
CO P a = -----------------------
-
565 – 500
CO Pa = 7.69 (water-cooled)
b.)
T o = 40 + 460 = 500 ° R
T = 105 + 460 = 575 ° R
500
CO Pa = ------------------------
575 – 500
CO Pa = 6.67 (air-cooled)
Short Solution:
( 1 ) CO Pa ( air-cooled)
kW/J on = ----------------------------------------------------
-
CO Pa ( water-cooled)
6.67
= ----------
7.69
kW/J on = 0.867kW/J on
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Chapter 14—Unitary and Room Air Conditioners⏐175
( 44,881 ) ( 7.48 ) -
GP m = ---------------------------------------------
( 1 ) ( 10 ) ( 60 ) ( 62.4 )
GP m = 8.97 gal/min
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Solutions to
Chapter 15
PANEL HEATING
AND COOLING SYSTEMS
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Chapter 15—Panel Heating and Cooling Systems⏐179
15.1 A room has a net outside wall area of 300 ft2 that has
a surface temperature of 55°F; 50 ft 2 of glass with a
surface temperature of 30°F; 560 ft 2 of ceiling with a
surface temperature of 70°F; and 560 ft2 with a surface
temperature of 70°F. Estimate the average unheated
surface temperature or the area-weighted mean radiant
temperature.
80.6 =
(------------------------------------------------------------
1500 – 320 ) 67 + 320 ( t )
1500
t = 131°F
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180⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
t p = 131 ° F, AUST = 67 ° F
tp – t a = 131 – 75 = 56°F
2 Figure 1, chapter 6,
Q R = 63 Btu/h ⋅ ft
2008 Systems and
2 Equipment Handbook
Q = 63 ( 320 ft )
R
QR = 20160 Btu/h
Q C = 20 Btu/h ⋅ ft
2 Figure 3, chapter 6,
2008 Systems and
2
Q C = 20 ( 320 ft ) Equipment Handbook
= 6400 Btu/h
Q T = Q C + Q R = 20160 + 6400
Q T = 26560 Btu/h
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Solutions to
Chapter 16
HEAT PUMP,
COGENERATION, AND
HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS
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Chapter 16—Heat Pump, Cogeneration, and Heat Recovery Systems ⏐183
TH 530°R
CO Ph, Carnot = -------------------
= -------------------------------------
= 9.64
T H – TL 530°R – 475°R
Qh 100000 Btu/h
a. W Carnot = --------------------------------
= ---------------------------------
CO Ph, Carnot 9.64
Btu
= 10373 --------
= 3.0 kW
h
Qh 100000 Btu/h
W = ------------
= ---------------------------------
b. CO P 3
= 33333 Bt u/h = 9.8 k W
pump, it is toofmaintain
temperature 2°F and70°F in winter
a heating load with an outside
of 52,000 Btu/h.air
Select a heat pump from the table in Problem 8.13,
sized for cooling. What size resistance heater is required
at the winter design condition?
From the table in Problem 8.13, a cooling load of 36000 Btu/h at 95°F outdoor
requires an A036 heat pump. At 2°F outdoor, this heat pump has an output of
15100 Btu/h. The heating load is 52000 Btu/h.
Supplemental heat = 52000 Btu/h – 15100 Btu/h
= 36900 Btu/h = 10.8 kW
16.3 A 100,000 ft2 building design has a design electrical must be made up by a boiler. Any shortfall in cooling by
load of 5 W/ft 2. A reciprocating natural gas engine cogen- the absorber with recovered heat must be made up by the
eration plant is to serve the building. The engine-genera- boiler as input to the absorber.
tor is sized for the electrical load, with salvaged heat Compare design operating costs with hourly design
being used for heating and for driving a single-effect operating costs using conventional equipment (purchased
absorption chiller. The design heating load is 3,000,000 electricity for the building and for cooling with an electric
Btu/h. The design cooling load is 250 tons; the absorber chiller at 1.0 kW/ton, purchased gas for a boiler for heat-
requires 20,000 Btu/ton⋅h input. ing). Use $1.00 per therm, boiler efficiency of 80% for
Calculate hourly design operating costs for heating fuel cost, $0.10/kWh for purchased electricity cost.
and cooling. Any shortfall in heating from recovered heat
⎛ 5------
W⎞ 2
Engine-generator output =
⎝ ft 2⎠ ( 100000 ft ) = 500000 W
= 500 kW
= 1706500 Btu/h
which is 33% of the fuel input
Btu
Fuel input = 1706500 Btu/hr ⁄ 0.33 = 5171000 --------
input
h
Salvaged heat = 70% (30% + 30%) = 42% of input
Btu
= 2172000 --------
h
Design heating = 3000000 Bt u/h
Conventional Plant
⎛ 500kWh⎞ ( $0.10/kWh )
Electricity
⎝ -----------
h ⎠
= $50.00/h
⎛ 3000000 Btu ⎞
--------
⎜ h ⎟
Heating ⎟ ( $1.00/therm )
⎜ ------------------------------ = $30.00/h
⎜ 10 5 -------------
Btu ⎟
-
⎝ therm ⎠
$80.00/h
Cogeneration Plant
Engine
input $51.71/h
⎛ 3535000 Btu ⎞
--------
⎜ h ⎟
Supplemental fuel input ⎟ ( $1.00/therm )
⎜ ------------------------------ = $35.35/h
⎜ 10 5 --------------
Btu ⎟
⎝ therm ⎠
$87.06/h
Conventional Plant
⎛500 kWh ⎞ ( $0.10/kWh )
Buildingelectricity
⎝ -----------
h ⎠
= $50.00/h
Solutions to
Chapter 17
AIR-PROCESSING
EQUIPMENT
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Chapter 17—Air-Processing Equipment⏐187
[ h 1 – h2 – ( w 1 – w 2 ) h 3 ] = qc
41.4 – 26.5 – ( 0.0168 – 0.0107 ) 24 = q c
q c = 14.75 Btu/lb
q s ≅ h c – h 2 = 34.6 – 26.5 = 8.1 or q s ≈ 0.244 ( 95 – 62 ) = 8.05 Btu/lb
q L ≅ h 1 – h c = 41.4 – 34.6 = 6.8 or q L ≈ ( 0.0168 – 0.0107 ) 1076 = 6.6 Btu/lb
h f = 28 water @ 60°F
= 123037 [ ( 41.9 – 33.2 ) – (0.0128 –0.005 ) 28 ]
1043500
= –1043500 Btuh = m s h fg ⇒ m s = --------------------
-
1000
m s = 1043 lb/h
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Chapter 17—Air-Processing Equipment⏐189
17.6 Outdoor air (8000 cfm) at 10°F dry bulb and 50%
RH enters the central apparatus of a split heating system.
It is tempered to 55°F dry bulb. Then, it flows through a
spray humidifier where the leaving sump water is main-
tained at 50°F. The spray humidifier has a performance
factor of 0.80. After leaving the humidifier, the air flows
through a steam heating coil and is heated to 70°F dry
bulb.
a. What is the final relative humidity and humidity ratio
b. of the airsteam
Assume as it leaves theand
at 2 psig heating
90%coil?
quality is supplied
to the tempering coil, the sump water heat exchanger,
and the heating coil. How many pounds of steam per
hour should be supplied to each?
60
Tempering Coil: 676.8 ( 14 – 3 ) = 7445 Btu/min × -----------
- = 430 lb/h
1038
60
Sump: 676.8 (17 – 14 ) = 2030 Btu/min × ------------
= 117.4 lb/h
1038
60
Heat Coil: 676.8 (23.6 – 17 ) = 4462 × -----------
- = 257.9 lb/h
1038
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190⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
h1 = 3 h 2 = 14
w 1 = 0.00064 w 2 = 0.00064
55 – t 3
E = 0.8 = ----------------------
;t = 37.5
55 – 37.5 sa t
t 3 = 41°F
w 3 ==w 4 0.00386
= ; t 4 = 70°F; RH 4 25%
(b) Tempering Coils:to 430 lb/h from Problem 17.8
60
Heating Coil: 676.8 ( 21.2 – 14 ) = 4873 Btu/min × -----------
- = 267 lb/h
1038
Pv
1. 105°F db, 75% RH; φ = -----; P v = 0.75 ( 1.1021 ) = 0.8266
Ps
Pv
w 1 = 0.622 ----------------------
= 0.0371 lb/lb
14.7 – P v
17.10 A building space is to be maintained at 70°F and b. the capacity of the heating coil, Btu/h, if
35% RH when outdoor design temperature is 10°F. 1.to the humidifier is a spray washer using recirculated
Design heat losses from the space are 250,000 Btu/h, spray water with makeup water provided at 60°F
sensible, and 45,000 Btu/h, latent. Ventilation requires 2.to the humidifier is a steam humidifier using dry,
that 1500 cfm of outdoor air be used. Supply air is to be saturated steam at 17.2 psia
at 120°F. Determine: c. the capacity of the humidifier, lb/h.
a. the amount of supply air required, lb/h, and cfm The conditioning equipment and nomenclature are
shown in the following sketch.
250000 250000
CF M s = ------------------------------------
= 4545= cfm = ma ---------------------------------------
20492 lb/h
1.10 ( 120 – 70 ) 0.244 ( 120 – 70 )
1500 ( 3.803 ) + 3045 ( 22.8 ) 1500 ( 0.001315 ) + 3045 ( 0.0054 )
h 1 = ----------------------------------------------------------------
== 0.0040 ; t 1 ≅ 51°F
16.5 ; w 1 = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4545 4545
mw 45000 ⁄ 1100
ws = wr + -------
= 0.0054 + -------------------------------
= 0.0074 ; ts = 120 ; h s = 37.1
ma 20492
h 2 + ( w 3 – w 2 ) h h – h3 = 0
(b)1. h 2 = 37.1 – ( 0.0074 – 0.00405 ) ( 28 ) = 37.0
t 2 = 135.2°F
(b)2. h 2 = 37.1 – ( 0.0074 – 0.00405 ) ( 1153.4 ) = 33.2
t 2 = 119°F
(b)1. Q = m ( h2 – h 1 ) = 20492 ( 37 – 16.5 ) = 420000 Btuh
(b)2. Q = m ( h 2 – h 1 ) = 20492 ( 33.2 – 16.5 ) = 342000 Btuh
(c) H = m ( w 3 – w2 ) = 20492 ( 0.0074 – 0.00405 ) = 68.6 lb/h
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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192⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
17.13 The HVAC system for a hospital operating room mine: (a) the necessary size of heating unit (Btu/h) both
which requires 100% outside air is shown in the follow- with and without the energy recovery unit and (b) the
ing figure and includes an air-to-air heat pipe energy humidifier size (gallons/ day). Neglect fan effects.
recovery unit having a sensible effectiveness of 73%. The 2. At summer design conditions (Indoor: 78°F;
air leaving the cooling coil is maintained at 58°F, 90% Outdoor: 95°F db/76°F wb), the space cooling loads
RH, all year long. During winter operation, air leaves the are 146,000 Btu/h (sensible) and 79,000 Btu/h
heater at 130°F. Fan speed is changed between summer (latent). Determine: (a) fan size (hp & scfm), (b)
and winter operation. Design duct system pressure drop sensible coil load, Btu/h, (c) latent coil load, Btu/h,
(summer) is 3.25 in. water. and (d) necessary size of cooling unit, Btu/h, both
1. At winter design conditions (Indoor: 72°F & 30% RH; with and without the energy recovery unit. Include
Outdoor: 5°F & 100% RH) the space load is 235,000 fan effects.
Btu/h (sensible) with negligible latent load. Deter-
Solutions to
Chapter 18
REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is
not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 18—Refrigeration Equipment⏐197
Δ tm ( 90 – 75 ) – ( 90 – 88.2 ) = 6.2°F
= --------------------------------------------------------
90 – 75
ln ----------------------
90 – 88.2
132000
U = ------------------
= 257(needed)
83 ( 6.2 )
More than 95 inconsistent
enthalpy
a. of the refrigerant when it enters the
compressor
b. condenser
c. evaporator
Find the power required for the compressor.
P 2 = P3 = 158.33 psia
P 4 = P1 = 57.795 psia
h 1 = 106.53 Btu/lb
b) 158.33 psia; s = 0.22415 i h 1 – h2 – w = 0
h 2 = 118 Btu/lb
w = 106.53 – 118 = – 11.5 B/lb
c) 80°F; h 3 = 33.342 = h 4 q e = h 1 – h 4 = 106.53 – 33.34
HP
---------
( 11.5 ⁄ 2545 ) = 0.74
= ---------------------------------- q e = 73.2 Btu/lb
Ton ( 73.3 ⁄ 12000 )
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198⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
TL 460
Ideal COP = -------------------
= --------
- = 6.14
TH – T L 75
1
1) + 10°F; h f = 15.328, h g = 104.617, v f = -------------
, v = 1.7357
83.29 g
3) 100°F; x = 0, h 3 = 45.155
4) h=
4 = h3 45.155 15.328 + x ( 104.617
= – 15.328 ) ; →x 0.334
n v = 0.819
mv 1 89.4 ( 2.1587 )
PD = ---------
= --------------------------------
= 235.7 cfm
nv 0.819
1
( 112 – 107.32 ) = ( 44.94 – h 3 )
1
h 3 = 40.26 Btu/lb
10 ( 12000 )
m = -----------------------------------------------
= 29.82 lb/min
( 107.32 – 40.26 ) 60
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200⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
QA 30 ( 12000 )
4.7 = -------------------- ⇒ QR = 436,600 Btuh
= ---------------------------------------
QR – QA Q R – 30 ( 12000 )
Assuming 85°F inlet → Q = 436,600 = mCp t( –t )
R o i
436600
to = 85 + ----------------------------
= 94.7
90 ( 8.33 ) 60
m da ( h ou t – h in ) ai r = mCp t( ou – t of f )
air: in 1000 Cfm, 95°F db, 78°F wb, v = 14.35, h = 41.4, w = 0.0168
1000
m da 14.35 = 69.7 lb/min
= -------------
out 84°F db, 100% RH, h = 48.2, w = 0.0256
water: on t = 110°F, m = 80 lb/min, Cp = 1.0
69.7 [ 48.2 – 41.4 ] = 80 ( 1 ) ( 110 – t of f )
t of f = 104°F
make-up = m da ( w ou t – w on )
= 69.7 ( 0.0256 – 0.0168 ) = 0.61 lb/min
check: 0.61 ( 1046 ) – 0.244 ( 95 – 84 ) = 635 = 80 ( 110 – t of f )
t of f = 102°F
Solutions to
Chapter 19
HEATING EQUIPMENT
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 19—Heating Equipment⏐205
⎛ -----
x x⎞
- C + ⎛ -----
x x⎞ x
- O → -----
⎝ 28- + -----
44⎠ ⎝ 56- + -----
44⎠ 2 28
- CO + CO 2
⎛ -----
x x⎞
⎝ 28- + -----
- 12
44⎠
= 0.45 kg C; x = 0.642 kg CO, CO 2
⎛ 0.642 0.642⎞
wt. of air = ⎝ -------------
44 ⎠ ( 4.76 ) ( 29 )
56 + ------------- = 3.6 kg air
⎛ nCO 2⎞
b. ⎟ = 3 ( 0.2555 ) = 0.7665 psia (5.28 kPa)
P CO = P mix ⎜ -----------
2
⎝ nmix ⎠
P O = 3 ( 0.5995 ) = 1.7985 psia (12.39 kPa)
2
19.3 A liquid petroleum fuel, C2H6OH is burned in a b. For combustion with 80% theoretical air, determine
space heater at atmospheric pressure. the dry analysis of the exhaust gases in percentage by
a. For combustion with 20% excess air, determine the volume. [Ans: 5.94% C02, 11.04% CO, 83.02% N2]
air/fuel ratio by mass, the mass of water formed by
combustion per pound of fuel, and the dew point of
the combustion products. [Ans: 11.45, 1.34, 133.9°F]
a. Theoretical: C2 H 6 OH + 3.25O 2 + ( 3.25 ) ( 3.76 ) N 2 → 2CO 2 + 3.5H 2 O + ( 3.25 ) ( 3.76 ) N 2
20% Excess (12.0% Theroretical):
C H OH + ( 1.2 ) ( 3.25 ) O + ( 1.2 ) ( 3.25 ) ( 3.76 ) N → 2CO + 3.5H O + ( 1.2 ) ( 12.22 ) N + 0.65O
2 6 2 2 2 2 2 2
A ( 1.2 ) ( 3.25 ) ( 4.76 ) ( 29 )
--- = - = 11.45 lb air ⁄ lb fuel
------------------------------------------------------
F 2 × 12 + 6 + 16 + 1
mH
( 3.5 ) ( 18 ) = 1.34 lb
= ----------------------- ⁄ lb
2O 47 H2 O fuel
3.5
Pw ( 14.7 ) = 2.47 psia
= -----------------------------------------------------
2 + 3.5 + 14.66 + 0.65
DP = 133.9 ° F
b. 80% Theoretical Air:
C 2 H 6 OH + ( 0.8 ) ( 3.25 ) O 2 + ( 0.8 ) ( 3.25 ) ( 3.76 ) N 2 → 0.7CO 2 + 1.3CO + 3.5H 2 O + ( 8.0 ) ( 3.25 ) ( 3.76 ) N 2
CO 2 0.7 ÷ 11.78 = 5.94% CO 2
CO 1.3 11.78 ÷ = 11.04% CO
9.78
÷ 11.78 = 83.02%
N 2 ------------- N2
------------------
11.78
100.0%
19.5 A diesel engine uses 30 lbm of fuel per hour (3.8 g/s)
when the brake output is 75 hp. If the heating value of the
fuel is 19,600 Btu/lb (45 600 kJ/kg), what is the brake
thermal efficiency of the engine?
75 h p × 2545 Btu/h p· h
η6 × 100 = 32.5%
= ---------------------------------------------------------
30 lb/h × 19 ,600 Btu/lb
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 19—Heating Equipment⏐207
A = 3.52 lb O
2
⁄ lbfuel ⁄ 0.2315 lb O2 ⁄ lbair = 15.20 lb air ⁄ lb fuel , theor.
H H
----= 0.169 ----= 0.169 × 12 = 2.028 = 2.03
C C
19.12 Compare
as given the8,heating
in Table chaptervalue
28, for
2009semianthracite
ASHRAE Hand- coal
book—Fundamentals with the value predicted using the
Dulong Formula. [Ans: 1.24% difference]
Table 1, pg. 28.2, 2009 HBF Natural Gas; 30% Excess Air
Methane (CH4) 93.32; Ethane (C2H6) 4.17; Propane (C3H7) 0.69
Butanes (C4H10) 0.19; Pentanes (C5H12) 0.05; CO20.98; N 2 0.61
A ⁄ F = ( 9.57 ) ( 0.9332 ) + +
( 16.75
+ + ) ( 0.0417 ) ( 23.95 ) ( 0.0069 ) ( 31.14 ) ( 0.0019 ) 38.29 ( 0.0005 )
3 3 3 3
9.88
= ft air /ft ga s at 68 ° F, 29.92 in. Hg = 9880 ft air /1000 ft gas
3 3 3 3
A ⁄ F at 30% excess air → A ⁄ F a = 1.3 × 9.88 = 12.89ft air /ft gas or 12 ,890 ft air /1000 ftgas
V1 ( RT 1 ) ⁄ ( MP 1 ) T1 P2
------
= -----------------------------------
= ------------
V2 ( RT 2 ) ⁄ ( MP 2 ) T2 P1
Propane: → ( 0.0069
Butane, Pentane:
) ( 3 ) CO 2 + ( 0.0069 ) ( 4 ) H 2 O + ( 0.0069 ) ( 5 ) ( 3.76 ) N 2
small, neglect
CO 2 : 0.0098CO2
0.0061N 2
N2 : ------------------------
-------------------------
-----------------------
= 10.71 Total
1.047CO 2 2.019H 2 O 7.702N 2
9.7% 1.8% 71.5%
With 30% excess air 2.018 1.047CO 2 2.019H 2 O 10.0N 2 + 2.047O 2 = 15.11 Total
Pw = 15.11 ( 30 in. Hg ) = 4.0 in. Hg; Dew Point = 126 ° F
141.5
S.G./60 ° F – 131.5
25 = ------------------------ Eq. (2), pg. 28.7, 2009 HBF
S.G./60 ° F = 0.904
No. 4 fuel oil, 25°API
C = 87.4; H = 10.7; S = 1.2; N = 0.2; Solids = 0.5
a. HHV,Btu/lb = 223, 20 – 37 ( S.G. ) = 18 ,903 Bt u/lb Eq. (3), pg. 28.7, 2009 HBF
Table6: No. 4 1 gal =7.5 lb HV
; = 145 ,000 Btu/gal
b. A ⁄ F = 0.0144 ( 8C + 24H + 3S – 30 ) Eq. (6), pg. 28.10, 2009 HBF
.0144 8 87.4
= 0 [ ( ) + 24 ( 10.7 ) + 3 ( 1.2 ) ] = 13.82 lb a /lb f
lba ⁄ gal fuel = ( 13.82 ) ( 7.5 ) = 103.6lb a ⁄ galf
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212⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
a. 135 ° F
b. q s = 1.10 ( cfm ) ( t s – t r ) ; 89000
, = 1.10 ( cfm ) ( 135 – 72 )
Airflow 1280
= cfm
55 ,000
a. P = ----------------
= 16.1 = 16 kW
3413
b. from catalog: ∼ 250 W/ft = 852 Btu/h/ft
55 ,000
L ≅ ----------------
= 64.5 ft
852
© (2009), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
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Chapter 19—Heating Equipment⏐215
b. Hydronic: q s = m w c p ( t in – t ou t ) w =
w
ρw V· w c p w ( t in – t ou t ) w
· qs
V w = -------------------------------------------
ρ w c p ( t in – t ou t )w
w
qs
c. Steam: q s = m st h f ; m st = ------
g hf
g
P ( watt )
d. Electric: q s ( kW ) = -------------------
; P = 1000 qs
1000
–6
α = 6.5 ×10 in./in.
ΔL = =α L Δt 6.5 ×10–6 ( 93
= ) ( 235
= – 60 ) 0.106 ft 1.27 i n.
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 19—Heating Equipment⏐217
qaγ = mH CH Δt + ms C s Δt = ( mH CH + m s C s ) Δt
2O 2O 2O 2O
Solutions to
Chapter 20
HEAT EXCHANGE
EQUIPMENT
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Chapter 20—Heat Exchange Equipment⏐221
NOTE: All of t he problems in this chapter are open-ended design problems and require the reader to make
certain design assumptions. There are a number of possible solutions. A possible solution for 20.5 is provided below
to illustrate the open-ended nature of these design problems.
of 0.130 kg/s
saturated is to
liquid at be condensed
a pressure offrom
0.91saturated
MPa as vapor to
it flows
through the tubes. R-410Asurrounds the tubes and evapo-
rates under pool boiling conditinos at a pressure of 1.1
MPa. The exterior of the heat exchanger shell is to be well
insulated. Space limites the length of the exchanger to 2 m.
Governing Relations:
Q = m c ( h co – h ci ) = m h ( h hi – h ho )
F Δ m, cf
Q = UAF Δ t m, cf = -----------------
ΣR
where:
1
U = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
do
A AR fi A ln ------
di AR fo AR c A
----------
+ ----------
+ ----------------
++ -----------
+ ------------------------------------------------------
hi A i Ai 2 π kl Ao A o h o ( A pl an e + φ A fi n )
Δ ta – Δ t b
Δ t m, cf = ----------------------
Δ ta ⎞
ln ⎛ --------
⎝ Δ tb-⎠
= 24,000 kW
Δ tm Δ ta – Δ tb or Δ t = 293 – 283 = 10 ° C
= ------------------------
av g
Δ ta ⎞
ln ⎛ ---------
⎝ Δ tb ⎠
m i = N T ρ AT V
Select:
5
--- in. OD
8
( Di = 13.4 mm )
( D o = 15.9 mm )
π Di2
= 0.00014 m 2
A T = ----------
4
at x = 0.1
Select:
D i VP
Re v = 40,000 = -------------
μ
1
v x = 0.1 0.026 + 0.9 ------------
= 0.0034
1200
μ = [ 0.1 ( 12.4 + 0.9 ( 175 ) ) ] 10 – 6
= 159 × 10 – 6
Inside:
⎛ h----------
iDi ρl 1 / 2 0.8
1/3 Re l + Re v ⎛ -----
⎞ ⎞
⎝ K = 0.26 Pr l ⎝ ρ v⎠ ⎠
h i = 30,000 W/ (m 2 ⋅ K )
Assume:
ΔT = 5
h o = 14, 500 W/ (m 2 ⋅ K )
( 30,000 ( 20 – Ts ) = 14,500 ( Ts – 10 ) )
→ Ts = 16.7 ° C
Δ T = 6.7 ° C
2
h i = 26,000 W/ (m ⋅ K )
R fo = 0.00035
1
U dirty = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1
----------------
+ 0.00035 + 0.00018 + ----------------
30,000 26,000
U = 1660 w/ m 2 ° C
dirty
1
= 14,000 W/ ( m 2 ⋅ K )
U clean = ---------------------------------------
1 1
----------------
+ ----------------
30,000 26,000
U av g = 7800 W/ (m 2 ⋅ K )
Use two passes where a pass equals 1.6 m; use two tubes for each pass where a tube is 5/8 in. OD.
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