Air Standard Cycles

Air Standard Otto Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines

Consider the automotive spark-ignition power cycle

Processes
1) Intake stroke
2) Compression stroke
3) Power (expansion) stroke
4) Exhaust stroke

The Air-Standard Otto Cycle is the ideal cycle that approximates the spark-ignition combustion engine

Process Description
1-2 Isentropic Compression
2-3 Constant Volume Heat Addition
3-4 Isentropic Expansion
4-1 Constant Volume Heat Rejection

Air Otto Cycle P-v Diagram

2 s = const

4 T3

1
T1

Thermal Efficiency of the Otto Cycle:

Wnet Qnet Qin  Qout Q

 th     1  out
Qin Qin Qin Qin
The thermal efficiency becomes

(T4  T1 )
 th , Otto  1
(T3  T2 )
T1 (T4 / T1  1)
 1
T2 (T3 / T2  1)
Since V3 = V2 and V4 = V1 we see that

T2 T3

T1 T4
or
T4 T3

T1 T2

The Otto Cycle Efficiency becomes

T1
 th , Otto  1 
T2
 CONDITION 1: FOR MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE
In this condition user has to give only maximum temperature as
input along with initial condition such as Temperature, Pressure,
Compression Ratio and Volume. We have written basic formulae
which are used for simulation for condition 1.
STEP1
In this first find V1 by using compression ratio because it is known
By using following formulae we find V2

STEP2
Finding out the P2 by sing following basic formulae we find P2

STEP3
By using gas law find ideal gas law find T2

STEP4
Now in this condition we know maximum temperature
By using following formulae we find P3
And due to constant volume process
We find P3
STEP 5
Finding out the P4, T4
3-4 it is isentropic compression process we use following formulae
for solving and, because in this case V1=V4 using this condition find
out the value P4

For T4 we use following condition because we know the V3 and V4

STEP 6
Finding out Qin, Qrej and Efficiency
 CONDITION 2: FOR MAXIMUM PRESSURE
In this condition user has to give only maximum Pressure as input
along with initial condition such as Temperature, Pressure,
Compression Ratio and Volume. We have written basic formulae
which are used for simulation for condition 2.
STEP1
In this first find V1 by using compression ratio because it is known
By using following formulae we find V2

STEP2
Finding out the P2 by sing following basic formulae we find P2

STEP3
By using gas law find ideal gas law find T2

STEP4
Now in this condition we know maximum pressure
By using following formulae we find T3
And due to constant volume process
We find T3

STEP5
Finding out the P4, T4
3-4 it is isentropic compression process we use following formulae
for solving and, because in this case V1=V4 using this condition find
out the value P4

For T4 we use following condition because we know the V3 and V4

Finding out Qin, Qrej and Efficiency

 CONDITION 3: FOR GIVING HEAT SUPPLIED AS
INPUT
In this condition user has to give only Heat addition as input along
with initial condition such as Temperature, Pressure, Compression
Ratio and Volume. We have written basic formulae which are used for
simulation for condition.

In this we have written basic formulae which is used for simulation

for condition 3
STEP1
In this first find V1 by using compression ratio because it is known
By using following formulae we find V2

STEP2
Finding out the P2 by sing following basic formulae we find P2

By using gas law find ideal gas law find T2

STEP3
Calculate P3 & T3
Now in this condition we know Qin
By using following formulae we find T3

Now we know the value of T3

2-3 constant volume process in this we know T3, P2 T2

STEP5
Finding out the P4, T4
3-4 it is isentropic compression process we use following formulae
for solving and, because in this case V1=V4 using this condition find
out the value P4

For T4 we use following condition because we know the V3 and V4

STEP6
Finding out, Qrej and efficiency
 CONDITION NO 4: HEAT REJECTION AS INPUT
In this condition user has to give only Heat rejection as input along
with initial condition such as Temperature, Pressure, Compression
Ratio and Volume. We have written basic formulae which are used for
simulation for condition.
In this we have written basic formulae which is used for simulation
for condition 3
STEP1
In this first find V1 by using compression ratio because it is known
By using following formulae we find V2

STEP2
Finding out the P2 by sing following basic formulae we find P2

By using gas law find ideal gas law find T2

STEP3
Finding out T4 and P4
STEP4
Finding out T3 and P3

STEP5
Calculating Qin, Work Done and Efficiency
 CONDITION NO 5: WORK DONE IS GIVEN AS THE
INPUT
In this condition user has to give only Work done and Pmax as input
along with initial condition such as Temperature, Pressure,
Compression Ratio and Volume. We have written basic formulae
which are used for simulation for condition 2.
STEP1
In this first find V1 by using compression ratio because it is known
By using following formulae we find V2

STEP2
Finding out the P2 by sing following basic formulae we find P2

STEP3
By using gas law find ideal gas law find T2

STEP4
Now in this condition we know maximum pressure
By using following formulae we find T3
And due to constant volume process

We find T3
STEP5
Calculating P4 and T4
Simulation Using Matlab Simulink:

Peak Pressure:
Heat Input:

Heat Rejection:
Peak Temperature: