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Sesión N° 3
Informes y análisis financieros: una introducción I.
Mecánica de los informes financieros
Financial Reporting and Analysis: An Introduction I.
Financial Reporting Mechanics
Docente: Rafael Bustamante
Direct vs. indirect method refers only to El método directo vs. indirecto se refiere solo al
the calculation of CFO; the value of CFO cálculo del CFO; el valor de CFO es el mismo
is the same for both methods; CFI and para ambos métodos; CFI y CFF no se ven
CFF are unaffected afectados
■ Método directo: identifique las entradas y
■ Direct method: Identify actual cash salidas de efectivo reales (por ejemplo,
inflows and outflows (e.g., collections from cobros de clientes, montos pagados a
customers, amounts paid to suppliers) proveedores)
■ Método indirecto: comience con el ingreso
■ Indirect method: Begin with net income neto y realice los ajustes necesarios para
and make necessary adjustments to get obtener el flujo de caja operativo
operating cash flow
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
Sales revenue
Los ingresos por ventas 200,000
Expenses:
Cost of goods sold 200,000 Gastos: 80,000
Salaries Costo de los bienes vendidos 10,000
Depreciation 80,000
Interest 10,000
Salarios 14,000
14,000 Depreciación 1,000
1,000 Intereses 105,000
105,000 95,000
95,000
Ganancia por venta de EPP 20,000
Gain from sale of PPE 20,000 Ingresos antes de impuestos 115,000
Pre-tax income 115,000 Provisión para impuestos 40,000
Provision for taxes 40,000 Ingresos netos 75,000
Net income 75,000
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
General rules regarding increases and decreases in balance sheet items over time:
Increase Decrease
Assets outflow inflow
Liabilities & Equity inflow outflow
Ecclestone CFI
CALCULATING NBV (NET BOOK VALOR DE NETBOOK O VALOR NETO
VALUE) OF ASSET SOLD CONTABLE (NBV) CÁLCULO DEL ACTIVO
VENDIDO
Net book value = Gross PPE- Valor contable neto = PPE bruto -
accumulated depreciation. depreciación acumulada.
INVENTORY EQUATION
Beg. Inv + Purchases – COGS = End Inv
or
Beg. Inv + Purchases – End Inv = COGS
Comienzo Inv + Compras - Fin Inv = COGS
ECCLESTONE
ECCLESTONE CFI CFI
CFI - PROBLEM
Last year Acme Corp. bought an asset for $72,000, depreciation expense was
$15,000, accumulated depreciation increased by $5,000, and gross PPE
increased by $32,000. If a gain on an asset sold during the year was $13,000,
the sales proceeds on the asset sale were:
A. $30,000.
B. $43,000.
C. $48,000.
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
CFI - PROBLEMA
El año pasado, Acme Corp. compró un activo por $ 72,000, el gasto de
depreciación fue de $ 15,000, la depreciación acumulada aumentó en $
5,000 y el PPE bruto aumentó en $ 32,000. Si una ganancia en un activo
vendido durante el año fue de $ 13,000, los ingresos por ventas de la venta
del activo fueron:
A. $ 30,000.
B. $ 43,000.
C. $ 48,000.
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
Dividendos pagables
Pagado en efectivo
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
ECCLESTONE CFF
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
Putting the Cash Flow Statement Together Poner el estado de flujo de efectivo juntos
5. Adjust the income statement amount 5. Ajuste el monto del estado de resultados por
by the change in the balance sheet el cambio en el balance general
6. Tick off the items dealt with in both 6. Marque las partidas tratadas tanto en el
the income statement and balance estado de resultados como en el balance
sheet 7. Pase al siguiente elemento en el estado de
7. Move to the next item on the income resultados y repita
statement and repeat 8. Ignore la depreciación / amortización y las
8. Ignore depreciation/amortization and ganancias / pérdidas en la disposición de
gains/losses on the disposal of assets activos, ya que estos son elementos no
as these are non-cash or non-CFO monetarios o no CFO.
items.
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
Sales 200,000
Less: (2,000)
Increase in A/R
Cash collected from customers 198,000
Cash outflows
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
3.Analyze CFI
▪ What is cash being spent on?
▪ Is the company investing in PP&E?
What acquisitions have been made?
4.Analyze CFF
▪ How is the company financing CFI and
CFO?
▪ Is the company raising or repaying
capital?
▪ What dividends are being returned to
owners?
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
DOS ENFOQUES
TWO APPROACHES 1. Mostrar cada elemento como un%
1. Show each item as a % de los ingresos netos.
of net revenue. 2. Mostrar cada entrada como un% de
2. Show each inflow as a % las entradas totales. Muestra cada
of total inflows. Show salida como un% de las salidas
each outflow as a % of totales.
total outflows.
Útil para: Análisis de tendencias (series de tiempo)
Useful for: Trend analysis (time series) Previsión de flujos de efectivo futuros (% de
Forecasting future cash flows (% of net ingresos netos)
revenue)
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
COMMON SIZE STATEMENTS
ECCLESTONE ECCLESTONE DECLARACIONES DE TAMAÑO
COMÚN
Inflows
Entradas
Receipts from customers 198000 83.19% Recibos de clientes 198000 83.19%
Sale of equipment 30000 12.61% Venta de equipos 30000 12.61%
Debt issuance 10000 4.20% Emisión de deuda 10000 4.20%
Total 238000 100.00% Total 238000 100.00%
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
Outflows Outflows
Payments to suppliers $68,000 35.8% Pagos a proveedores $68,000 35.8%
Payments to employees $17,000 8.9% Pagos a empleados $17,000 8.9%
Payments for interest $0 0.0% Pagos por intereses $0 0.0%
Payments for income tax $28,000 14.7% Pagos por impuesto sobre la renta $28,000 14.7%
Purchase of equipment $50,000 26.3% Compra de equipamiento $50,000 26.3%
Retirement of common stock $20,000 10.5% Retiro de acciones comunes $20,000 10.5%
Pagos de dividendos $7,000 3.7%
Dividend payments $7,000 3.7%
Total $190,000 100.0%
Total $190,000 100.0%
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
CFO
Cash flow to revenue Net revenue Flujo de caja a ingresos CFO
Net revenue
Cash return on assets CFO Retorno de efectivo sobre activos
Ave total assets CFO
Ave total assets
Cash return on equity CFO Retorno de efectivo sobre capital
Ave equity CFO
Cash to income CFO Efectivo a ingresos Ave equity
Operating income CFO
Operating income
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
*IFRS: If dividends paid were treated as CFO, they must be added back
INVENTORIES, LONG-LIVED
ASSETS, INCOME TAXES,
AND NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES,
VI. INVENTORIES