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CURSO DE ECONOMETRIA FINANCIERA

CON APLICACIONES A STATA 15 Y EVIEWS 10

Sesión N° 3
Informes y análisis financieros: una introducción I.
Mecánica de los informes financieros
Financial Reporting and Analysis: An Introduction I.
Financial Reporting Mechanics
Docente: Rafael Bustamante

MBA. Rafael Bustamante


SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING & ANALYSIS

INCOME STATEMENTS, BALANCE SHEETS, AND CASH FLOW


STATEMENTS
IV. UNDERSTANDING CASH FLOW STATEMENTS

ESTADOS DE INGRESOS, BALANCE Y ESTADOS DE FLUJO DE


EFECTIVO
IV. ENTENDIMIENTO DE LOS ESTADOS DE FLUJO DE EFECTIVO
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

IMPORTANCE OF CASH FLOW


STATEMENT IMPORTANCIA DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE
Net income from accrual accounting does not FLUJO DE EFECTIVO
tell us about the sources and uses of cash Los ingresos netos de la contabilidad de
to meet liabilities and operating needs. acumulación no nos informan sobre las fuentes
y los usos del efectivo para cubrir los pasivos y
The statement of cash flows has three las necesidades operativas.
components under both IFRS and U.S. El estado de flujos de efectivo tiene tres
GAAP: componentes. bajo las NIIF y los US GAAP:
■ Cash provided or used by operating ■ Efectivo provisto o utilizado por actividades
activities
operativas
■ Cash provided or used by investing
■ Efectivo proporcionado o utilizado por
activities
■ Cash provided or used in financing actividades de inversión.
activities ■ Efectivo proporcionado o utilizado en
actividades de financiación.
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

OPERATING CASH FLOWS (CFO) FLUJOS DE EFECTIVO OPERATIVOS (CFO)

Cash received from customers X Efectivo recibido de clientes X


Cash dividends received X Dividendos recibidos en efectivo X
Cash interest received X Intereses en efectivo recibidos X
Other cash income X Otros ingresos en efectivo X
Payments to suppliers (X) Pagos a proveedores (X)
Cash expenses (wages, etc.) (X) Gastos en efectivo (salarios, etc.) (X)
Cash interest paid (X) Intereses en efectivo pagados (X)
Cash taxes paid (X) Impuestos en efectivo pagados (X)
CFO X/(X)
CFO X/(X)
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

INVESTING CASH FLOWS (CFI) INVERTIR FLUJOS DE EFECTIVO (CFI)

Compras de propiedades, planta y equipo.


Purchases of property, plant, and
■ Ingresos por ventas de activos
equipment
■ Inversiones en empresas conjuntas y
■ Proceeds from sales of assets
afiliadas.
■ Investments in joint ventures and affiliates
■ Pagos por negocios adquiridos
■ Payments for businesses acquired
■ Compras y ventas de intangibles.
■ Purchases and sales of intangibles
■ Compras o ventas de valores
■ Purchases or sales of marketable
negociables.
securities
Excluye:
Excludes:
■ Negociación de valores (parte del CFO)
■ Trading securities (part of CFO)
■ Equivalentes de efectivo (parte del
■ Cash equivalents (part of balance sheet
efectivo del balance)
cash)
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

IMPORTANCE OF CASH FLOW STATEMENT

Issue and redemption of: Emisión y redención de:


Common stock Acciones comunes
Preferred stock Acciones preferidas
Treasury stock repurchases Recompra de acciones del Tesoro
Debt Deuda
Dividend payments (dividends rec'd Pagos de dividendos (CFO de dividendos
CFO— U.S. GAAP) recibidos - US GAAP)
Excludes: Excluye:
■ Indirect financing via accounts ■ Financiamiento indirecto a través de
payable (CFO) cuentas por pagar (CFO)
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
ACTIVIDADES DE INVERSIÓN Y
NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING
FINANCIACIÓN SIN EFECTIVO
ACTIVITIES ■ Varios tipos de transacciones no implican el
■ Several types of transactions do not involve pago o la recepción de efectivo y no se reflejan
the payment or receipt of cash and are not en los flujos de efectivo de financiación e
reflected in financing and investing cash flows, inversión, sino que se revelan en las notas al pie
but are disclosed in the footnotes or other de página u otros cronogramas.
Actividades de financiación e inversión no
schedules
monetarias:
Non-cash financing and investing activities: ■ Convertir deuda o preferencia en capital
■ Converting debt or preferred into common común
equity ■ Activos adquiridos bajo arrendamientos de
■ Assets acquired under capital leases capital
■ Purchase of assets via issuance of debt/equity ■ Compra de activos mediante la emisión de
■ Exchanging one non-cash asset for another deuda / patrimonio
■ Stock dividends ■ Intercambiar un activo no monetario por otro
■ Dividendos en acciones
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
U.S. GAAP vs. IFRS PCGA de EE. UU. Vs. NIIF
U.S. GAAP US GAAP
Interest received CFO Intereses recibidos CFO
Interest paid CFO Intereses pagados CFO
Dividends received CFO Dividendos recibidos CFO
Dividends paid CFF Dividendos pagados CFF
Taxes paid CFO Impuestos pagados CFO
IFRS NIIF
CFO or CFI CFO o CFI
CFO or CFF CFO o CFF
CFO or CFI CFO o CFI
CFO or CFF CFO o CFF
CFO or CFI & CFF CFO o CFI y CFF
Bank overdraft CFF * Sobregiro bancario CFF *
*Considered part of cash and cash equivalents * Considerado parte del efectivo y equivalentes
de efectivo
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

IMPORTANCE OF CASH FLOW STATEMENT IMPORTANCIA DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE FLUJO DE EFECTIVO

Direct vs. indirect method refers only to El método directo vs. indirecto se refiere solo al
the calculation of CFO; the value of CFO cálculo del CFO; el valor de CFO es el mismo
is the same for both methods; CFI and para ambos métodos; CFI y CFF no se ven
CFF are unaffected afectados
■ Método directo: identifique las entradas y
■ Direct method: Identify actual cash salidas de efectivo reales (por ejemplo,
inflows and outflows (e.g., collections from cobros de clientes, montos pagados a
customers, amounts paid to suppliers) proveedores)
■ Método indirecto: comience con el ingreso
■ Indirect method: Begin with net income neto y realice los ajustes necesarios para
and make necessary adjustments to get obtener el flujo de caja operativo
operating cash flow
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

Linkages Between Statements


Vínculos entre declaraciones
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

ECCLESTONE INDUSTRIES— INDUSTRIAS DE ECCLESTONE:


EXAMPLE EJEMPLO
Ecclestone Industries tiene el siguiente
Ecclestone Industries has the following estado de resultados para 20X9 y balances
income statement for 20X9 and para 20X8 y 20X9. Debe construir el estado
balance sheets for 20X8 and 20X9. de flujos de efectivo utilizando el método
You are to construct the statement of indirecto.
cash flows using the indirect method.
Información Adicional:
Additional information: El equipo fue comprado por $ 50,000
Equipment was purchased for $50,000 Ecclestone tiene una tasa impositiva del
Ecclestone has a tax rate of 40% 40%.
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

Sales revenue
Los ingresos por ventas 200,000
Expenses:
Cost of goods sold 200,000 Gastos: 80,000
Salaries Costo de los bienes vendidos 10,000
Depreciation 80,000
Interest 10,000
Salarios 14,000
14,000 Depreciación 1,000
1,000 Intereses 105,000
105,000 95,000
95,000
Ganancia por venta de EPP 20,000
Gain from sale of PPE 20,000 Ingresos antes de impuestos 115,000
Pre-tax income 115,000 Provisión para impuestos 40,000
Provision for taxes 40,000 Ingresos netos 75,000
Net income 75,000
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

ECCLESTONE BALANCE SHEET DATA

Balance Sheets 20X8 20X9 Balances 20X8 20X9


Current assets 50000 96000 Activos circulantes 50000 96000
Cash 18000 66000 Efectivo 18000 66000
Accounts receivable 18000 20000 Cuentas por cobrar 18000 20000
Inventory 14000 10000 Inventario 14000 10000
Non-current assets 202000 228000 Activos no corrientes 202000 228000
Gross PPE 282000 312000 PPE bruto 282000 312000
Accum. Depr. -80000 -84000 Acum. Depr. -80000 -84000
Total Assets 252000 324000 Los activos totales 252000 324000
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

BalanceSheets 20X8 20X9 Balances 20X8 20X9


Currentliabilities 42000 56000 Pasivo circulante 42000 56000
Accounts payable 10000 18000 Cuentas por pagar 10000 18000
Salaries payable 16,000 9,000 Salarios a pagar 16,000 9,000
Interest payable 6,000 7,000 Los intereses a pagar 6,000 7,000
Taxes payable 8,000 10,000 Impuestos pagables 8,000 10,000
Dividends payable 2,000 12,000 Dividendos pagables 2,000 12,000
Noncurrent liabilities 50,000 70,000 Pasivos no corrientes 50,000 70,000
Bonds 20,000 30,000 Cautiverio 20,000 30,000
Deferred taxes 30,000 40,000 Impuestos diferidos 30,000 40,000
Stockholders'equity 160,000 198,000 Capital contable 160,000 198,000
Commonstock 100,000 80,000 Commonstock 100,000 80,000
Retainedearnings 60,000 118,000 Ganancias retenidas 60,000 118,000
Total Liabilities & Equity 252,000 324,000 Total pasivos y patrimonio 252,000 324,000
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
CASH INFLOWS AND OUTFLOWS
ENTRADAS Y SALIDAS DE EFECTIVO

General rules regarding increases and decreases in balance sheet items over time:
Increase Decrease
Assets outflow inflow
Liabilities & Equity inflow outflow

➢ e.g.: An increase in AR or inventory uses cash


➢ An increase in payables generates cash
➢ Adjust net income for these changes (indirect)
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
CASH INFLOWS AND OUTFLOWS
ENTRADAS Y SALIDAS DE EFECTIVO
Reglas generales sobre aumentos y disminuciones en los elementos del
balance a lo largo del tiempo:
Aumentar Disminuir
Entrada de salida de activos
Salida de entrada de pasivos y patrimonio

por ejemplo: un aumento en AR o inventario usa efectivo


Un aumento en cuentas por pagar genera efectivo
Ajuste el ingreso neto por estos cambios (indirecto)
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

INDIRECT METHOD CFO MÉTODO INDIRECTO CFO


Pasos
Steps
Comience con el ingreso neto
Ajuste el ingreso neto por cambios en las
Start with net income
partidas relevantes del balance:
Adjust net income for changes in relevant
balance sheet items:

Increases in an asset: deduct Incrementos en un activo: deducir


Increase in a liability: add Aumento de un pasivo: agregar
Decrease in an asset: add Disminución de un activo: agregar
Decrease in a liability: deduct Disminución de un pasivo: deducir
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

INDIRECT METHOD (CONTINUED) MÉTODO INDIRECTO (CONTINUACIÓN)


3.Eliminate depreciation and 3.Elimine la depreciación y la
amortization by adding them back amortización agregándolas de
(they've been deducted in arriving at nuevo (se han deducido al llegar al
net income but are non-cash ingreso neto pero son gastos no
expenses) monetarios)
4.Elimine las ganancias en la
4.Eliminate gains on disposal by disposición deduciéndolas y las
deducting them and losses on disposal pérdidas en la disposición
by adding them back (these are CFI, agregándolas nuevamente (estos
not CFO) son CFI, no CFO)
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

IMPORTANCE OF CASH FLOW STATEMENT

Net income 75000.00 Ingreso neto 75000.00


Add: Depreciation 14000.00 Agregar: Depreciación 14000.00
Less: Gain from sale of PPE 20000.00 Menos: ganancia de la venta de EPP 20000.00
Add: Increase in deferred taxes 10000.00 Agregar: aumento de impuestos diferidos 10000.00
Current asset adjustments 4000.00 Ajustes de activos corrientes 4000.00
Less: Increase in accounts receivable 2000.00 Menos: aumento en las cuentas por cobrar 2000.00
Add: Decrease in inventory 4000.00 Agregar: Disminución de inventario 4000.00
Current liability adjustments 2000.00 Ajustes de responsabilidad actual 2000.00
Add: Increase in accounts payable 8000.00 Agregar: aumento en las cuentas por pagar 8000.00
Less: Decrease in salaries payable 7000.00 Menos: disminución de los sueldos pagaderos 7000.00
Add: Increase in interest payable 1000.00 Agregar: aumento de intereses por pagar 1000.00
Add: Increase in taxes payable 2000.00 Agregar: aumento de los impuestos a pagar 2000.00
4000.00 4000.00
Cash flow from operations 85000.00 Flujo de caja de operaciones 85000.00
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

CALCULATING CFI Cálculo de CFI


CFI = investment in assets - cash CFI = inversión en activos - efectivo
received on asset sales recibido por la venta de activos

Valor contable neto = PPE bruta -


Net book value = depreciación acumulada Pérdida
Gross PPE - accumulated (pérdida) en venta = precio neto -
depreciation valor contable neto.
Gain (loss) on sale = sales
price - net book value
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

Ecclestone CFI
CALCULATING NBV (NET BOOK VALOR DE NETBOOK O VALOR NETO
VALUE) OF ASSET SOLD CONTABLE (NBV) CÁLCULO DEL ACTIVO
VENDIDO

Gross Plant and Equip. Accumulated Depr.


Beginning PPE 282,000 Begin Acc. Depr. 80,000
Additions 50,000 Depr. Expense 14,000
PPE disposal -20,000 AD for disposal -10,000
Ending PPE 312,000 End Acc. Depr. 84,000
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

CALCULATING CFI CÁLCULO DE CFI


CFI = investment in assets - cash Flujo de caja de la inversión
received on asset sales
CFI = inversión en activos - efectivo
recibido por la venta de activos

Net book value = Gross PPE- Valor contable neto = PPE bruto -
accumulated depreciation. depreciación acumulada.

Gain (loss) on sale = sales price - Ganancia (pérdida) en venta = precio de


net book value. venta - valor contable neto.
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

What Is Property, Plant, and


Equipment – PP&E?
ECCLESTONE CFI Property, plant, and equipment
(PP&E) are long-term assets vital to
Gross Plant and Equip. Accumulated Depr. business operations and not easily
Beginning PPE 282,000 Begin Acc. Depr. 80000 converted into cash. Property, plant,
and equipment are tangible assets,
Additions 50,000 Depr. Expense 14000
meaning they are physical in nature
PPE disposal (20,000) AD for disposal (10,000) or can be touched. The total value
Ending PPE 312,000 End Acc. Depr. 84000 of PP&E can range from very low
to extremely high compared to total
assets.
NBV of disposal = 20,000-10,000 = 10,000
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

INVENTORY EQUATION
Beg. Inv + Purchases – COGS = End Inv
or
Beg. Inv + Purchases – End Inv = COGS
Comienzo Inv + Compras - Fin Inv = COGS

Beginning Inventory (Bl) X Inventario inicial (Bl) X


Purchases (P) X Compras (P) X
Available for sale X Disponible para venta X
Ending inventory (El) (X) Inventario final (El) (X)
Cost of goods sold (COGS) X Costo de bienes vendidos (COGS) X
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

ECCLESTONE
ECCLESTONE CFI CFI

Gross Plant and Equip. Accumulated Depr.


Beginning PPE 282,000 Begin Acc. Depr. 80000
Additions 50,000 Depr. Expense 14000
PPE disposal (20,000) AD for disposal (10,000)
Ending PPE 312,000 End Acc. Depr. 84000
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

CFI - PROBLEM
Last year Acme Corp. bought an asset for $72,000, depreciation expense was
$15,000, accumulated depreciation increased by $5,000, and gross PPE
increased by $32,000. If a gain on an asset sold during the year was $13,000,
the sales proceeds on the asset sale were:
A. $30,000.
B. $43,000.
C. $48,000.
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

CFI - PROBLEMA
El año pasado, Acme Corp. compró un activo por $ 72,000, el gasto de
depreciación fue de $ 15,000, la depreciación acumulada aumentó en $
5,000 y el PPE bruto aumentó en $ 32,000. Si una ganancia en un activo
vendido durante el año fue de $ 13,000, los ingresos por ventas de la venta
del activo fueron:
A. $ 30,000.
B. $ 43,000.
C. $ 48,000.
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

COMPUTING CFF COMPUTING CFF

Change in debt Cambio en la deuda


Change in common stock Cambio en acciones comunes
Cash dividends paid Dividendos pagados en efectivo

Dividendos pagables

Pagado en efectivo
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

ECCLESTONE CFF
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

PUTTING THE CASH FLOW STATEMENT TOGETHER

Putting the Cash Flow Statement Together Poner el estado de flujo de efectivo juntos

Cash flow from operations 85,000 Flujo de caja de operaciones 85,000


Cash flow from investments (20,000) Flujo de caja de inversiones (20,000)
Cash flow from financing (17,000) Flujo de caja del financiamiento (17,000)
Net increase in cash 48,000 Incremento neto en efectivo 48,000
Cash balance 12/31/X8 18,000 Saldo de caja 12/31 / X8 18,000
Cash balance 12/31/X9 66,000 Saldo en efectivo 12/31 / X9 66,000
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

CONVERTING AN INDIRECT CONVERTIR UNA DECLARACIÓN


STATEMENT TO A DIRECT INDIRECTA A UNA DECLARACIÓN
STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS DIRECTA DE FLUJOS DE EFECTIVO
La mayoría de las empresas utilizan el método
Most firms use the indirect method, but the indirecto, pero el analista puede desear
analyst may want information on the cash información sobre los flujos de efectivo por
flows by function; some examples of this función; Algunos ejemplos de esta técnica son:
technique are: Ventas netas - Δ cuentas por cobrar + Δ
Net sales - Δ accounts receivable + Δ anticipos de clientes = cobros en efectivo
advances from customers = cash Costo de bienes vendidos - Δ inventario + Δ
collections Cost of goods sold - Δ cuentas por pagar = efectivo pagado por
inventory + Δ accounts payable insumos Gastos por intereses + Δ intereses por
= cash paid for inputs Interest expense + pagar = intereses en efectivo
Δ interest payable = cash interest
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

DIRECT METHOD FROM INDIRECT CFO

1. Take each income statement item in tum (e.g., sales)


2. Move to the balance sheet and identify asset and
liability accounts that relate to that income statement
item —e.g., accounts receivable
3. Calculate the change in the balance sheet item
during the period (ending balance – opening balance)
Increases in an asset: deduct
4. Apply the rule: Increase in a liability: add
Decrease in an asset: add
Decrease in a liability: deduct
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

DIRECT METHOD FROM INDIRECT CFO

5. Adjust the income statement amount 5. Ajuste el monto del estado de resultados por
by the change in the balance sheet el cambio en el balance general
6. Tick off the items dealt with in both 6. Marque las partidas tratadas tanto en el
the income statement and balance estado de resultados como en el balance
sheet 7. Pase al siguiente elemento en el estado de
7. Move to the next item on the income resultados y repita
statement and repeat 8. Ignore la depreciación / amortización y las
8. Ignore depreciation/amortization and ganancias / pérdidas en la disposición de
gains/losses on the disposal of assets activos, ya que estos son elementos no
as these are non-cash or non-CFO monetarios o no CFO.
items.
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

DIRECT FROM INDIRECT CFO

9. Keep moving down the


9. Siga bajando en el estado de
income statement until all resultados hasta que se hayan abordado
items included in net income todos los elementos incluidos en el
have been addressed ingreso neto aplicando los pasos 1-8
applying steps 1-8
10. Total up the amounts 10. Totaliza las cantidades y tienes CFO.
and you have CFO .
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

DIRECT FROM INDIRECT CFO


Cash Inflows

Sales 200,000
Less: (2,000)
Increase in A/R
Cash collected from customers 198,000

Direct cash outflows


Cost of goods sold (80,000)
Add: Decrease in inventory 4,000
Purchases (76,000)
Add: Increase in A/P 8,000
Cash paid to supplrers (144,000) 54,000

Operating expense (wages) (10,000)


Less: Decrease in salaries payable (7,000)
Cash paid to employees (17,000)
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

DIRECT FROM INDIRECT CFO (CONTINUED )

Direct From Indirect CFO (continued)

Cash outflows

Interest Expense (1,000)


Add: Increase in interest payable 1,000
Cash interest paid (40,000)
Tax Expense 10,000
Add: Increase in deferred tax liab. (30,000)
Tax payable 2,000
Add: Increase in taxes payable (58,000)
Cash taxes paid (28,000)
CFO 85,000
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

CASH FLOW STATEMENT ANALYSIS ANÁLISIS DE DECLARACIÓN DE FLUJO DE EFECTIVO

Análisis del estado de flujo de efectivo


Cash Flow Statement Analysis ▪Beneficios para el analista
Benefits for the analyst ▪ ¿Las operaciones regulares generan
suficiente efectivo para sostener el
Do regular operations generate enough cash to sustain the business? negocio?
▪ ¿Se genera suficiente efectivo para pagar
Is enough cash is generated to pay off maturing debt? la deuda que vence?
Highlights the need for additional finance ▪ Destaca la necesidad de financiación
adicional
Ability to meet unexpected obligations ▪Capacidad para cumplir obligaciones
The flexibility to take advantage of new business opportunities inesperadas
▪ La flexibilidad para aprovechar las nuevas
oportunidades de negocio.
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

ANALYSIS

1. Analyze the major sources and uses of


cash flow (CFO, CFI, CFF)
▪ Where are the major sources and uses?
▪ Is CFO positive and sufficient to cover
capex?
2. Analyze CFO
▪ What are the major determinants of
CFO?
▪ Is CFO higher or lower than NI?
▪ How consistent is CFO?
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

ANALYSIS
3.Analyze CFI
▪ What is cash being spent on?
▪ Is the company investing in PP&E?
What acquisitions have been made?
4.Analyze CFF
▪ How is the company financing CFI and
CFO?
▪ Is the company raising or repaying
capital?
▪ What dividends are being returned to
owners?
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

COMMON SIZE STATEMENTS DECLARACIONES DE TAMAÑO COMÚN

DOS ENFOQUES
TWO APPROACHES 1. Mostrar cada elemento como un%
1. Show each item as a % de los ingresos netos.
of net revenue. 2. Mostrar cada entrada como un% de
2. Show each inflow as a % las entradas totales. Muestra cada
of total inflows. Show salida como un% de las salidas
each outflow as a % of totales.
total outflows.
Útil para: Análisis de tendencias (series de tiempo)
Useful for: Trend analysis (time series) Previsión de flujos de efectivo futuros (% de
Forecasting future cash flows (% of net ingresos netos)
revenue)
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
COMMON SIZE STATEMENTS
ECCLESTONE ECCLESTONE DECLARACIONES DE TAMAÑO
COMÚN

Inflows
Entradas
Receipts from customers 198000 83.19% Recibos de clientes 198000 83.19%
Sale of equipment 30000 12.61% Venta de equipos 30000 12.61%
Debt issuance 10000 4.20% Emisión de deuda 10000 4.20%
Total 238000 100.00% Total 238000 100.00%
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

COMMON SIZE STATEMENTS ECCLESTONE DECLARACIONES DE


ECCLESTONE TAMAÑO COMÚN

Outflows Outflows
Payments to suppliers $68,000 35.8% Pagos a proveedores $68,000 35.8%
Payments to employees $17,000 8.9% Pagos a empleados $17,000 8.9%
Payments for interest $0 0.0% Pagos por intereses $0 0.0%
Payments for income tax $28,000 14.7% Pagos por impuesto sobre la renta $28,000 14.7%
Purchase of equipment $50,000 26.3% Compra de equipamiento $50,000 26.3%
Retirement of common stock $20,000 10.5% Retiro de acciones comunes $20,000 10.5%
Pagos de dividendos $7,000 3.7%
Dividend payments $7,000 3.7%
Total $190,000 100.0%
Total $190,000 100.0%
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

FREE CASH FLOW (FCF) FLUJO DE EFECTIVO GRATUITO (FCF)

➢ FCF is cash available for ➢ FCF es efectivo disponible para usos


discretionary uses discrecionales
➢ Frequently used to value firms ➢ Frecuentemente utilizado para valorar
➢ FCFF = NI + NCC - WCInv + Int (1- empresas
T) - FCInv ➢ FCFF = NI + NCC - WCInv + Int (1-T) -
➢ FCFF = CFO + Int (1-T) - FCInv FCInv
➢ FCFE = CFO - FCInv + Net debt ➢ FCFF = CFO + Int (1-T) - FCInv
increase ➢ FCFE = CFO - FCInv + Aumento neto
➢ CFO= NI + NCC - WCInv de deuda
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

FREE CASH FLOW (FCF)


ECCLESTONE

FCFF = CFO + Int (1-T)- FCInv $65,600 = $85,000 +


$1,000 (1 - 0.4) - $20,000
FCFE = CFO - FCInv + Net debt increase $75,000 =
$85,000 - $20,000 + $10,000
FCFE = FCFF - Int (1 - T) + Net debt increase
$75,000 = $65,600 - $1,000 (1 - 0.4) + $10,000
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

CASH FLOW PERFORMANCE RELACIONES DE RENDIMIENTO DE FLUJO


RATIOS DE EFECTIVO

CFO
Cash flow to revenue Net revenue Flujo de caja a ingresos CFO
Net revenue
Cash return on assets CFO Retorno de efectivo sobre activos
Ave total assets CFO
Ave total assets
Cash return on equity CFO Retorno de efectivo sobre capital
Ave equity CFO
Cash to income CFO Efectivo a ingresos Ave equity
Operating income CFO
Operating income
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

RELACIONES DE RENDIMIENTO DE FLUJO


CASH FLOW PERFORMANCE
DE EFECTIVO
RATIOS

Cash flow per share* CFO - pref div


N° common stock

*IFRS: If dividends paid were treated as CFO, they must be added back

* NIIF: si los dividendos pagados se trataran como CFO, se deben


volver a agregar
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

CASH FLOW RELACIONES DE COBERTURA DE


COVERAGE RATIOS FLUJO DE EFECTIVO

Debt payment CFO


Debt payment CFO Efectivo pagado por el pago de la deuda a largo plazo
Cash paid for long-term debt repayment

Dividend payment CFO


Dividend payment CFO
Dividends paid Dividendos pagados

Investing and financing CFO Investing and financing CFO


Cash outflows for CFI & CFF
Salidas de efectivo para CFI y CFF
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

INVENTORIES, LONG-LIVED
ASSETS, INCOME TAXES,
AND NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES,
VI. INVENTORIES

INVENTARIOS DE LARGA VIDA


ACTIVOS, IMPUESTOS SOBRE LA RENTA,
Y PASIVOS NO CORRIENTES,
VI. INVENTARIOS
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

Beg. Inv + Purchases – COGS = End Inv


or
Beg. Inv + Purchases – End Inv = COGS
Comienzo Inv + Compras - Fin Inv = COGS

Beginning Inventory (Bl) X Inventario inicial (Bl) X


Purchases (P) X Compras (P) X
Available for sale X Disponible para venta X
Ending inventory (El) (X) Inventario final (El) (X)
Cost of goods sold (COGS) X Costo de bienes vendidos (COGS) X
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

INVENTORY COSTS COSTOS DE INVENTARIO


Product costs are capitalized as Los costos del producto se capitalizan como
inventory inventario
▪ Purchase cost less discounts and ▪ Costo de compra menos descuentos y rebajas.
rebates ▪ Costos de conversión incluyendo mano de obra y
▪ Conversion costs including labor and gastos generales.
overhead ▪ Otros costos necesarios para llevar el inventario a
▪ Other costs necessary to bring the su ubicación actual.
inventory to its present location
Period costs are expensed when Los costos del período se cargan cuando se
incurred incurre
▪ Abnormal waste ▪ Desperdicio anormal
▪ Storage costs (unless a required ▪ Costos de almacenamiento (a menos que sea un
production cost) Selling and costo de producción requerido) Costos
administrative costs administrativos y de venta.
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

CAPITALIZATION OF INVENTORY COST - CAPITALIZACIÓN DEL COSTO


EXAMPLE DE INVENTARIO - EJEMPLO

Units produced 1,500,000 Unidades producidas 1,500,000


Raw materials 510,000,000 Materias primas 510,000,000
Direct labor 5,300,000 Mano de obra directa 5,300,000
Manufacturing overhead 2,700,000 Gastos generales de fabricación 2,700,000
Freight-intoplant 150,000 Planta de carga 150,000
Storage cost of finished goods 375,000 Costo de almacenamiento de productos terminados 375,000
Abnormal waste 200,000 Desperdicio anormal 200,000
Administrative costs 190,000 Costes administrativos 190,000
Assuming no abnormal waste is included in labor or overhead, calculate the capitalized cost of one unit
Suponiendo que no se incluye un desperdicio anormal en la mano de obra o los gastos generales, calcule el costo capitalizado de una unidad
SESIÓN 2 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS
DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS REQUISITOS DE DIVULGACIÓN
Tangible and Intangible Assets
■ Carrying value for each class of Activos tangibles e intangibles
asset ■ Valor contable para cada clase de activo
■Accumulated depreciation and ■ Depreciación y amortización acumuladas.
amortization ■ Restricciones de títulos y activos
■ Title restrictions and assets pledged comprometidos como garantía
as collateral ■ Para activos deteriorados, el monto de la
■ For impaired assets, the loss amount pérdida y las circunstancias que causaron la
and the circumstances that caused the pérdida
loss ■ Para los activos revaluados (solo las NIIF), la
■ For revalued assets (IFRS only), the fecha de revaluación, cómo se determinó el valor
revaluation date, how fair value was razonable y el valor en libros utilizando modelo de
determined, and carrying value using costo histórico.
historical cost model
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

CAPITALIZATION OF INVENTORY - EXAMPLE CAPITALIZATION OF INVENTORY - EXAMPLE

Capitalization of Inventory - Example Capitalización de inventario - Ejemplo


Materials $10,000,000.00 Materiales $10,000,000.00
Manufacturing overhead $2,700,000.00 Gastos generales de fabricación $2,700,000.00
Labor cost $5,300,000.00 Costo de producción $5,300,000.00
Freight-in to plant $150,000.00 Carga a planta $150,000.00
Total capitalized cost $18,150,000.00 Costo total capitalizado $18,150,000.00
Units produced 1,500,000.00 Unidades producidas 1,500,000.00
Cost per unit $12.10 Costo por unidad $12.10
Conversion Cost
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

INVENTORY COST FLOW METHODS MÉTODOS DE FLUJO DE COSTO DE INVENTARIO

4 Methods Description Ending Inventory COGS 4 Métodos Descripción Finalizar inventario


FIFO El most recent Highest purchases Highest Lowest FIFO El más reciente Compras Más altas Más bajas
LIFO (No IFRS) El oldest purchases Lowest Highest LIFO (sin IFRS) El más antiguo compra El más bajo El más alto
AVCO Average cost of units available Middle Middle AVCO Costo promedio de unidades disponibles Medio Medio
Specific El actual cost of specific Específico El costo real de específico El costo real de específico
Identification items included in El Identification artículos incluidos en El
Note: Assuming rising prices and constant or jncreasina inventory levels Nota: Suponiendo precios crecientes y niveles de inventario constantes o jncreasina
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

EXAMPLE - INVENTORY COST FLOW EJEMPLO - FLUJO DE COSTOS DE


INVENTARIO
Assume beginning inventory Suponga que el inventario inicial consistía
consisted of one unit costing $10. en una unidad que costaba $ 10. Durante
During the current period, two more el período actual, se compraron dos
units were purchased, the first at $12 unidades más, la primera a $ 12 y la
and the second at $14. One unit was segunda a $ 14. Una unidad se vendió por
sold for $17. $ 17.
Calculate COGS, gross profit, and Calcule los COGS, las ganancias brutas y
el inventario final utilizando FIFO, LIFO y
ending inventory using FIFO, LIFO,
el costo promedio.
and average cost.
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

COST OF GOODS SOLD, OFTEN ABBREVIATED COGS


Cost of goods sold, often abbreviated COGS, is a managerial calculation that
measures the direct costs incurred in producing products that were sold during a
period. In other words, this is the amount of money the company spent on labor,
materials, and overhead to manufacture or purchase products that were sold to
customers during the year.

El costo de los bienes vendidos, a menudo abreviado COGS, es un cálculo


administrativo que mide los costos directos incurridos en la producción de productos
que se vendieron durante un período. En otras palabras, esta es la cantidad de
dinero que la compañía gastó en mano de obra, materiales y gastos generales para
fabricar o comprar productos que se vendieron a clientes durante el año.
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

EXAMPLE-INVENTORY COST FLOW

FIFO Avq. Cost LIFO


Revenue $17.00 $17.00 $17.00
COGS $10.00 $12.00 $14.00
Gross Profit $7.00 $5.00 $3.00
End Inventory $26.00 $24.00 $22.00
A First unit purchased
B Most recent purchases = 12+14
C Average cost per unit =(10+12+14) /3
D Average cost of units remaining = 2
units x $12
E Last unit purchased
F Earliest purchases = 10 + 12
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

INVENTORY COST FLOW AND PRICE CHANGES


■ Cuando los precios están subiendo
■ When prices are rising (as in the (como en el ejemplo):
example): 1. FIFO proporciona un valor
1. FIFO provides an artificially low value of artificialmente bajo de COGS mientras que
COGS while LIFO is more useful (reflects LIFO es más útil (refleja la corriente
current costs) costos)
2. LIFO provides an artificially low value of 2. LIFO proporciona un valor artificialmente
ending inventory while FIFO is more useful bajo de finalizar inventario mientras FIFO
(reflects current costs) es más útil (refleja los costos actuales)
■ When prices are declining, the reverse is ■ Cuando los precios están disminuyendo,
lo contrario es cierto
true
■ Con precios estables, todos los métodos
■ With stable prices, all methods result in the dan como resultado
same
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

INVENTORY SYSTEMS SISTEMAS DE INVENTARIO


SISTEMA PERIÓDICO
Periodic System
■ Inventory and COGS are determined at ■ El inventario y los COGS se
the end of the period determinan al final del período.
■ Beg Inv + Purchases - End Inv = ■ Beg Inv + Compras - Fin Inv =
COGS COGS
Perpetual System Sistema perpetuo
■ Inventory and COGS are continuously ■ El inventario y los COGS se
updated as each sale occurs actualizan continuamente a medida
■ No purchases account needed que ocurre cada venta.
■ No se necesita cuenta de compras
SESIÓN 3 : FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS: AN
INTRODUCTION I. FINANCIAL REPORTING MECHANICS

EXAMPLE - INVENTORY SYSTEMS


Use the following to calculate COGS and ending inventory
under FIFO and LIFO for the month of March using a
periodic and perpetual inventory system:
Mar 1 (beg. inventory) 4 units
Mar 14 sale 3 units
Mar 25 purchase 10 units
Mar 28 sale 8 units
$3.00 per unit
$3.70 per unit
Nos vemos en la Sesión N°4
Gracias!

MBA. Rafael Bustamante

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