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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The Philippines population is equivalent to 1.38% of the total world population, this

is 104,096,518 based on the latest update of United Nations last September 13, 2017

(Worldometers, 2017). As the population continuously increasing, the amount of waste

disposal is also increasing. According to Castillo (2013), about 35,580 tons of garbage

is generated every day in the Philippines. Proper waste management and disposal is

one of the major problems that the country is currently facing. The government,

particularly the local authorities like barangays, government offices and agencies,

schools, etc. are gradually implementing the program of “segregations schemes” for our

daily waste products as a result of our daily human activities. “Segregation” refers to the

solid waste management practice of separating or sorting different materials found in

solid waste in order to promote recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the

volume of waste for collection and disposal (National Solid Waste Management

(NSWM) Strategy, 2016). The total solid waste generated from households, 95% can

still be reused or recycled (43%), or turned into compost (52%) (Castillo, 2013).

Separation of non-biodegradable materials from biodegradable waste materials is an

effective way to reduce, reuse, and recycle garbage. Biodegradable wastes are those

capable of being slowly broken down into very small parts by natural processes

(Merriam-Webster, n.d.).

Although, there is a wide campaign for this program the amount of waste materials

still increases due to population growth and because of irresponsible garbage disposal.

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People throw their trashes almost anywhere they wanted to. Often times, if not properly

contained, this may have harmful effects on the health of humans. One great example

direct health effects arise from excessive breeding of vermin and agents of disease

such as rats, flies and mosquitoes (Obinna, 2015). In addition, garbage that is disposed

improperly releases methane gas (Boehlke, 2017) that can cause unconsciousness and

even death when exposed for a long period of time (Roman, 2014).

In some places, land pollution is a serious matter that is the result of improper

waste disposal. One contributor in these wastes is the mussel shells. Tons of Philippine

mussel (tahong) also known as Perna viridis are harvested every year and widely

distributed in the Asia-Pacific region that also greatly contributes to the increase of solid

wastes generated in the region (Murico, 2007). According to Othman, et al. (2013), the

shells take a long time to decay causing it to be a pollutant to the environment.

Consequently, the researchers have thought of a way to make use of these disposed

mussel shells productively. After some thorough studies, the researchers have agreed

upon a notion of using it in cement making. According to Hamester, et al. (2012),

mussel shell is composed of 95% Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) is one of the main

component for the durability of cement. Shells by products have been applied in

industries (Othman, et al., 2013). The purpose of this study is to make a mid-class

concrete that is less expensive but the quality is the same as the ordinary concrete that

are commonly buy or use.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

This study aims to:

1. Describe and observe the quality of concrete in terms of :

a. Texture
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b. Compressive Strength

2. Investigate if there is a difference between the commercial concrete and

concrete with pulverized mussel shells in terms of:

a. Texture

b. Compressive Strength

3. Produce conventional concrete that is eco-friendly.

1.3 Scope and Limitations

The study aims to investigate the compressive strength of concrete made from

mussel shells (Perna Viridis) that is collected from Pasay City Public Market, Seaside

Dampa Macapagal, and Sineguelasan, Bacoor, Cavite. The collection of mussel shells

were conducted from August 2017.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study will have significant benefits to the following:

a. Environment/Community. This can contribute in reducing environmental waste

materials like the mussel shells. In addition, land pollution caused by improper

waste disposal will be reduced into minimum amount by recycling mussel shells

into useful substance or materials. In short, it is an eco-friendly approach to

improve proper waste disposal.

b. Farmers. This will be beneficial to the people or growers of mussel shells in

uplifting their livelihood status. Since remnants like mussel shells can now be

use into useful material or as one of the main ingredient in making concrete

products.

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c. Construction Industry. This study will help improve the quality of construction

materials like cement and concrete products in any building construction

purposes such as in making houses, roads, bridges and high-rise buildings.

d. Future Researchers. This will help future researchers specially engineering as

their basic or fundamental foundation of their knowledge and skills regarding

building construction purposes.

1.5 Conceptual Framework

Cement as a binding material is an important building material for construction.

Therefore, the composition of cement is important for engineers. In determining the

cement’s composition, one must know the function of every ingredient present in the

cement. In composing a cement, there must be eight present ingredients which are the

Calcium oxide, Silicon dioxide, Aluminum oxide, Magnesium oxide, Iron oxide, Calcium

sulfate, Sulfur trioxide, and Alkaline. In this study, the researchers will focus on the

pulverized mussel shells as a replacement for cement in concrete making. In this

diagram, it shows the relation of dependent and independent variable along with the

extraneous variable. The pulverized mussel shells where the calcium carbonate come

from is the main component or ingredient in cement. In this study, the researchers will

replace the cement with calcium carbonate from the mussel shells which will determine

the strength and texture of the concrete in different amount of mussel shells present. In

the concrete making, the pulverized mussel shell is the independent variable, the

strength and texture is the dependent variable and the extraneous variables are the

sand, cement, gravel and water.

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Cement

Sand
Pulverized Strength

Mussel and Texture

Gravel Shells of Concrete

Water

Figure 1. The Diagram of Conceptual Framework

1.6 Definition of Terms

The following terms used in the study are operationally defined:

1. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)- chemical compounds mostly found in rocks as

the mineral calcite and aragonite and is the main component of pearls and

shells of marine organisms, snails and eggs.

2. Cement- is a binder, a substances used in construction that hardens and

adheres other materials binding them together. Cement is used with fine

aggregate to produce mortar or with sand and gravel to produce concrete.

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3. Compressive Strength- is the capacity of a material to withstand loads tending

to reduce size. In other words, compressive strength resists compression (being

pushed together).

4. Concrete- is a composite material composed of coarse aggregates bonded

together with cement that hardens over time.

5. Concrete Design Mix- a method which determines the proportions of coarse

aggregates, fine aggregates, cement, and water to produce the concrete’s

required strength and durability.

6. Curing- is defined as providing adequate moisture, temperature, and time to

allow the concrete to achieve the desired properties for its intended use.

7. Mussel Shells (Perna Viridis)- an economically important mussel, a bivalve

belonging to the Family Mytillidae and is common in Asia Pacific Region.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the literature of the study which served as the framework

thereof. Further, it narrates some related studies that can support the present study.

I. Mussel Shells

A. Characteristics and Composition

One of the main sources of protein for humans is the mussel. According to Lemer,

et al., (2017), Mussel (Mytilida) are a group of bivalves with ancient origins and some of

the most important commercial shellfish worldwide. Perna Viridis, commonly known as

the mussel (tahong), is a bivalve mussel widely distributed in the Asia-Pacific region.

The green mussel shells that greatly contributed to the increase of solid wastes

generated in the region (Murico, 2007). Reusing and recycling mussel shells can reduce

the generated waste disposed prevalent in our country. Mussel shells contain 95% of

calcium carbonate (CaCo3) (Kumar, et al. 2016). According to Kert Wattanaruk, Makul

and Sripattarapravert (2012), the composition of CaCo 3 “is similar to limestone powder

or dust-like stone powder from grinding limestone” CaCo3 is widely used in industries

and mussel shells are a natural source of this, making it a possible alternative to

commercial CaCo3 . Shell by product have been applied in industries such as

construction of roads, replacement of industrial lime, ash cements, fertilizer, lime agent,

moisturizers and tiles (Othman, et al., 2013). Reusing and recycling mussel shells can

reduce the amount of waste shells generated.

According to Filho, et al., (2014), the shell act as skeletons for supporting the soft

parts of the molluscs’ body, offer mechanical protection against predators and, in
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terrestrial species, keep abrasive materials (earth and sand) out of the mantle cavity.

The shell is mainly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) (Kumar, et al. 2016). According

to Hertwattanaruk, Makul and Sripattarapravat (2012), the composition of CaCO3 is

similar to limestone powder or dust-like stone powder from grinding limestone. CaCO3

is widely used in industries and mussel shells are a natural source of this, making it a

possible alternative to commercial CaCO3. Shell by products have been applied in

industries such as construction of roads, replacement of industrial lime, ash cements,

fertilizer, lime agent, moisturizers and tiles (Othman, et al.,2013).

II. Calcium Carbonate

A. Characteristics and Composition

According to Filho, et al. (2012), CaCo3 is the second most abundant mineral

existing in the earth’s crust, exceeded only by quartz. Present day production of CaCO 3

in the world ocean is calculated to be about 5 billion tons per year of which about 3 bt

accumulate in sediments the other 40% is dissolved. Nearly half of the carbonate

sediment accumulates on reefs banks and tropical shelves. Deep sea carbonates

predominantly calcitic coccoliths and planktonic foraminifera have orders of magnitude

lower productivity and accumulation rates than shallow water carbonate (Milliman,

2011).

Studies indicate that CaCO3 is not entirely an inert admixture, it not only has the

filling effect but is also involved in cement hydration, accelerate the hydration of the

cement and the formation of paste structure. By mixing shell powder with the cement on

one hand the shell can be used reasonably, the impact that caused by hard shell of

shellfish after the death on the marine environment can be reduced. On the other hand

the performance of the cement can be improved (Wang et al., 2012). Mussel shell
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contains 95% of CaCo3 that led researchers to produce shell by-products applied in

industries. The use of ground seashells as a partial cement replacement is less

favourable in application since the production of shell powder requires intensive energy

to burn and grind the shells as fine as grain powder and the produced CaCo 3 is suitable

as a filler in concrete (Olivia, Mifuhella & Darmayanti, 2015).

Therefore, Calcium Carbonate can be found in limestone, marble and other

skeletal shells. It can be used for building purposes like making bricks, road and

cement.

III. Sand

A. Characteristics

Sand is naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and

mineral particles. The composition of sand is highly variable, depending on the local

rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland

continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2),

usually in the form of quartz (Verma, 2015). In terms of particle size as used by

geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm (or 1/16 mm) to 2 mm.

According to Verma, (2015), an individual particle in this range size is termed a sand

grain. Sand grains are between gravel (with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm)

and silt (particles smaller than 0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm).

B. Uses

Sand could be used for building purposes. Aside from water and gravel or stones,

sand is one of the components to make a cement and concrete. The sand used in

concrete are classified as soft or sharp. Soft sand are smooth while the sharp sand are

rough. It is because the soft sand comes from beaches while the rough sand is the
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result of crushing of larger aggregate. The sand used in concrete must be clean sand

because it will weaken the foundation on hardened concrete (Plaehn, n.d). According to

Badjad, et al., (2013), Natural sand, crushing, natural gravels, crushing hard stones

(artificial sand) are fine aggregates that influence the workability and hardened the

concrete. Sand is an essential component because 25% of wet concrete mixture are

made up of sand and it fills the gaps between larger stones (Plaehn, n.d). According to

Engineering Material (2011), it is used as an inert material to give volume in mortar and

if the sand used is well graded or high quality, it provides density. If the sand content

has been increase, the strength of cement mortar also increase (Bu et al, 2017).

The sand has different purposes depending on the situation. The sand acts as

adulterant. It increase the volume of mortar and it can also use in setting to absorb the

carbon dioxide if the building materials used is fat lime. Another is in shrinkage, it

prevents the shrinkage of the mortar and it also increase the strength of the mortar by

variation of its proportion and increases its resistance to crush. Last one is in surface

area, it increase the area by spreading and adhering (Sukyakanta, 2014).

IV. Cement

A. Uses and Composition

Cement plays an important role in the field of industry. It is commonly used in the

construction of building, infrastructure, bridges and road. The materials needed in the

manufacture of cements are Argillaceous or silicates of alumina Calcacreous or calcium

carbonate (Mishra, 2017). And according to Merdes, et al. (2014), portland cement is

one of the most produced chemical product more than 3.6 at 2011 causing an impact to

the environment. In order to maintain the quality of cement, the materials to be used

must possess the ideal composition and the variations remains in its range because
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most of the cements that are being process or produce are cheap and low quality so

some infrastructure can be easily collapse (Tutmez, 2013).

Cement production is highly needed in today’s world because of its high demand

for building constructions. According to Polygon, China is the number one producer of

cement in the world. It increase 2.5% cement demand in 2016 after the decrease in

demand in the previous year and it will be slow again due to industrial reorganization

this year While north America is the number one in cement consumption with the

projected growth of more than 7.4 million metric tons this year by CemNet because of

its expansion in the economic growth. The Portland Cement Association predicted that

U.S will increase it cement consumption by 3.1% this year. And lastly, the cement

production will increase about 4.4 billion metric tons in 2020 (Tutmez, 2013).

According to Civiltoday (n.d), cement has only 8 main ingredients and these are

60-65% of lime, 17–25% of silica (SiO2), 3-8% of alumina (Al2O3), 1-3% of magnesia

(MgO), 0.5-6% of iron oxide (Fe2O3), 0.1-0.5% of calcium sulfate (CaSO4), 1-3% sulfur

trioxide (SO3) and 0-1% of alkaline. Each raw materials have different roles or function

inside the cement. Lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide and it helps form

aluminates and silicates of calcium, deficiency of lime weakens the strength of cement

and set quickly and if there is an excessive amount of lime, it makes the cement

unsound, expand and disintegrate and excessive amount of alkaline matter causes

efflorescence (Civiltoday, n.d). Efflorescence is the most frequent problem in concrete, it

is caused when soluble salts and other water dispersible materials come to the surface

of concrete and mortars (Nasvik, 2005). Sulfur helps in making the sound of cement

while Silica gives strength to cement through the formation dicalcium and tricalcium

silicates, it makes the cement stronger but the setting time is prolong if there is an
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excessive amount of it and (theconstructor,n.d). Alumina quickens the setting time of

cement because it acts as flux and it lowers the clinkering temperature however, higher

temperature might weaken the cement. Iron oxide and Magnesia gives the cement its

color and hardeness but only iron oxide provides some strength and Calcium Sulfate

helps to quicken the initial setting time of the cement (Biswas, 2013).

As a summary, cement has widely uses in the world of industry specifically in

today’s generation. It can be used for building purposes such as houses, buildings

bridges and road.

B. Testing

Compressive strength is the most common test that is conducted on concretes

because it’s easy to perform and also the desired characteristics and properties of the

concrete are related to its compressive strength. The Compressive Strength of the

concrete is one of the most essential and useful property of concrete. In most structural

applications concrete is used or employed primarily to resist compressive stresses

(Gupta, A.K. & Chandak, R., 2017)

Concrete is the widely used material for construction all over the world. It is

produced from different components such as water, cement and other aggregates. For

testing the quality and to measure the performance, 28 day compressive strength test is

required for design and construction code requirements. The test is based on standard

compression which is complicated, time consuming and prone to experimental error

(Akande, K., 2014).

As a summary, compressive strength plays a vital role in determining the quality of

the concrete in order to meet the required and specific strength and the ability to resist

loads to be used in construction and infrastructures.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

Experimental design was used by the researchers to manipulate and maintain

control over the factors in there control group and independent variable that may affect

the result of their experiment. The study was carried out with a particular varying

amount of Calcium Carbonate versus the control group which was 0%. In this

experimental research, the independent variable which was the amount of pulverized

mussel shells and the intervening variables, which were the water, gravel and sand,

were monitored.

3.2 Description of the Collection Site

The collected samples were taken from three different places in order to complete

the 18 kilograms of mussel shells needed by the researchers: Pasay City Public Market

is located at A. Arnaiz Ave. corner Taft Ave., Pasay City, NCR with geographical

coordinates of 14o 32’ 53” N, 120o 59’ 49” E; also in Pasay City are Dad and Mom’s

Family Restaurant, Aling Tonya’s, Kaymig Seafood Grill, and Huey Ying Restaurant in

Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard; and Barangay Sineguelasan, Bacoor, Cavite, Region

IV-A with coordinates of 14o 27’ 28” N, 120o 56’ 33” E.

Pasay City Public Market is operated by the city government and another owned by a

private enterprise. The Public Market is 13,378.47 square meter two-storey structure.

The market is divided into different markets such as the wet market, dry market and

special areas which are for carinderias, ice dealers, rice dealers and groceries. There

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are several stalls selling mussel shells in wet market where some of the vendors are

just throwing the dead shells for

they can’t be sold anymore. So the

researchers asked them if they can

just get the dead shells.

(Source: http://www.panoramio.com/m/photo/76297187)

There are numerous dampa-themed restaurants in Metro Manila. One of it and

probably the largest seafood place in Manila is the Seafood Paluto Restaurant which is

also known as Seaside Dampa Macapagal. It is located along Diosdado Macapagal

Boulevard in Pasay City, just a few meters away from Manila Bay and fishing ports

around the area. There is a wet market selling fresh sea foods where customers can

choose from and have it cooked on the other side where a row of restaurants are

located such as Dad and Mom’s Family Restaurant, Aling Tonya’s, Kaymig Seafood

Grill, and Huey Ying Restaurant.

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(Source: Raquel Joyce D.R. Trias)

Mussel culture in the Philippines started in 1962 at the Binakayan Demonstration

Oyster Farm, in Binayakan, Cavite by the biologists of then Philippine Fisheries

Commission, now Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). Not far from the

Sineguelasan, a small barangay of Bacoor known for their fish port, mussel and oyster.

The said province is the major producer of mussel shells making them known for

delicacies made out of this (shown in Figure 2). The 80% of the annual production of

mussel sells from four districts of the Province of Cavite is from the 2nd District, City of

Bacoor which has produced 12,569 metric tons of mussel shells. Followed by the 1st

District, Cavite City and Kawit which has produced 2,978.20 metric tons. The livelihood

of the citizens on the coastal area

is primarily on oysters and

mussels.

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(Source: http://exploringcavitebyjulz.blogspot.com/2015/04/tahong-at-talaba-mussels-

and-oyster.html?m=1)

City/ Number of Production (Metric Tons)

Municipality Operator Oyster Mussel Total

1st District 143 9,270.80 2,978.20 12,249.00

Cavite City 97 365.80 2,978.20 3,344.00

Kawit 46 8,905.00 8,905.00

2nd District 337 12,569.00 12,569.00

City of Bacoor 337 12,569.00 12,569.00

6th District 41 18.45 18.45

Tanza 41 18.45 18.45

7th District 112 86.65 86.65

Maragondon 10 22.45 22.45

Naic 102 64.20 64.20

Total 633 9,375.90 15,547.20 24,923.10

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Figure 2. Oyster and Mussel Production by City/Municipality, Province of Cavite: 2014

(Source: Office of the Provincial Agriculturist, Trece Martires City)

3.3 Samples and Sampling Design

In this study purposive sampling was adopted which is a non-probability sampling

method and it occurs when elements selected for the sample are chosen by the

judgment of the researcher” (Research Methodology, n.d.). The researchers chose this

sampling instrument to determine the comparative information based on testing of

samples and observations of the resulting data. The researcher’s goals were to have a

cost-effective and time effective sampling techniques.

3.4 Research Instrument

In the business industry, it is important to measure the certain physical and

mechanical properties of concrete such as the compressive strength and modulus of

rupture. In this study, the researchers used compressive strength machine in order to

determine the durability of concrete made from pulverized mussel shells from the

commercialized concrete. Compressive strength machine tested the maximum load and

stress of the three concrete cylinder samples per percentage set-up from 0%, 5% of

CaCO3 and 10% of CaCO3 which is 4” x 8” in size.

3.5 Procedures

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Series of meetings were held at the Bureau of Research and Standard Office in

Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) located in Kamuning, Quezon City

by the researchers and engineers of the said office last September 8 and September

20, 2017. For the approval of the request for cement making and testing of the made

samples would be possible at the said venue. After earning the permission of DPWH,

the researchers collected mussel shells from different places such as, in the different

stalls selling seafoods in Pasay City Public Market; Dad and Mom’s Family Restaurant,

Aling Tonya’s, Kaymig Seafood Grill, and Huey Ying Restaurant in Diosdado Macapagal

Boulevard also in Pasay City and in Barangay Sineguelasan, Bacoor, Cavite.

The gathered mussel shells were washed and air-dried. The materials used to

conduct the experiment were mortar and pestle and blender for pulverizing the mussel

shells, bistay for filtering to a fine powdered mussel shells, safety gloves, bowls, cylinder

molder, and compressive strength machine. The following procedure was followed and

performed by the researcher. First, the design mix was prepared. It is the ratio of each

component for the three set ups which are (0%) of CaCO3, (5%) of pulverized mussel

shells and (10%) of pulverized mussel shells. Secondly, components were measured

according to their assigned proportion or amount such as the sand or fine aggregates,

gravel or coarse aggregates, cement, pulverized mussel shells and water. Thirdly, each

material was placed in the mixing board and mixed thoroughly. Fourthly, the mixed

components were poured in the cylinder molder and each set-up was tamped 25 times

per layer. After 24 hours the specimens was removed from its molder and cured for 3

days. Lastly, the specimens were broken by the used of compressive strength machine.

The researchers undergo observation process to gain knowledge about the quality

of concrete in terms of its texture.

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3.6 Ethical Standards

Ethical Standard is the principles that are needed to be followed in order to

promote values such as trust, good behaviour and fairness. The integrity, reliability and

the validity of research findings rely heavily on adherence to ethical principles. In this

study, the researchers also considered the following ethics such as:

1. Preventing the fabrication or falsifying of data and results.

2. Safety operation and handling of materials.

3. Proper disposal of wastes from the experiment.

4. Following guides of professionals in conducting the experiment and the

gathering of data.

3.7 Statistical Treatment

All statistical computation was done through the aid of Statistical Packages for

Social Sciences (SPSS).

The mean of the compressive strength results will be computed per each samples

of concrete, which will be compared to the required strength that was set by the

Department of Public Works and Highways. This will be carried out to determine if the

concretes have met the standard established by the department.

For the measures of variation, standard deviation was computed. In addition to

this, minimum and maximum value of the strength of cement made from mussel shells

were identified.

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CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter presents the data gathered by the researchers in the experiment,

which includes the ratio or percentage of the cement, water, sand, gravel and pulverized

mussel shells from the different trials executed.

TABLE 1

Compressive Strength Results

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULTS

Curing 0% Control 5% Mussel Shell 10% Mussel Shell

Days Sample KN MPa Sample KN MPa Sample KN MPa

ID ID ID

3 Days CS 1 108.15 13.34 CS 1 66.82 8.24 CS 1 60.32 7.44

CS 2 86.04 10.61 CS 2 48.96 6.04 CS 2 62.71 7.74

CS 3 102.79 12.68 CS 3 65.91 8.13 CS 3 38.54 4.75

Average 98.99 12.21 60.56 7.47 53.86 6.64

From Table 1, it is shown that there are 3 samples per set-up being subjected into

compressive strength machine for investigating the durability of concrete. And prior to

the table, the calculated mean results for each percentage of pulverized mussel shells

are less than the maximum load of the commercialized concrete which is 98.99 KN

(0%), 60.56 KN (5%) and 53.86 (10%) 3 curing days.

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TABLE 2

Experimental

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std.

Deviation

A 3 10.61 13.34 12.2100 1.42439

B 3 6.04 8.24 7.4700 1.23964

C 3 4.75 7.74 6.6433 1.64652

Valid N 3

(listwise)

Experimental statistics of the resulted compressive strength for each percentage

set-up is illustrated in Table 2. The computed mean and standard deviation for each

set-up is 12.21 MPa; 1.42 (0%), 7.47 MPa; 1.24 (5%) and 6.64; 1.65 MPa (10%).The

table shows that the maximum strength of pulverized mussel shells resulted into lesser

strength of commercialized concrete.

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TABLE 3

Analysis on Concrete Texture

Texture

Sample Slightly Smooth Smooth

1 

0% 2 

3 

1 

5% 2 

3 

1 

10% 2 

3 

It is highly noticeable that all the surface areas of the performed procedures of

concrete making, the resulted samples of the concrete made from pulverized mussel

shells had smooth surface areas in texture and white grayish in color as compare to

commercialized concrete when performed in the same manner.

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CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter brings together the results presented on the previous chapter and

includes the recommendations of the researchers and the sources of the researchers to

manufacture this study.

Summary

Philippines population is continuously increasing as well as the wastes generated

each day. The government is making ways to solve the problem regarding the proper

waste management and disposal, such as the program “segregation schemes” to sort

out the different materials that can be recycled and reuse to reduce the volume of

garbage produced. The researchers have thought of a way to help by using wastes

productively, like shells that takes a long time to decay. This study aims to investigate if

there is a difference between the commercial concrete and pulverized mussel shells

cement in terms of texture and compressive strength, and produce a conventional

concrete that is eco-friendly.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the research, the following are drawn:

1. The researchers find out how effective is the pulverized mussel shells when it is

used as replacement for CaCO3 of limestone in concrete making as it contributes

to the smoothness of the surface areas of the resulted samples has compared to

the commercialized concrete.

2. The researchers concluded that the computed mean for each percentage of

pulverized mussel shells from (0 %), (5%) and (10%) for the compressive strength

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

of the concrete resulted to lesser strength has to compared to the commercialized

concrete or the controlled one.

3. And this coincides with the idea that the concrete made from pulverized mussel

shells when subjected to the maximum standard of curing days which is 28 days

will reach 100% of its strength.

Recommendation

Based on the findings and conclusions presented, this study puts forward the

following recommendations:

1.)The researchers recommend the maximum standard of curing days which is 28

days in order to attain 100% of its strength.

2.)The researchers suggest using pulverizing machine to make the process of

making the mussel shell into fine powder easier.

3.)The researchers recommend the use of type 1 cement for cement making as it has

fairly high Tricalcium Silicate C3S - content for good early strength development.

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LIST OF REFERENCES

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with-functions

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Environmental Sciences, 8(1), 332--337. Retrieved from

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River, Virginia. Environmental Science Technology, 39, 1455-1462. Retrieved from

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Philippines. 677-678. Retrieved from

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of-cement-opc/7561/

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Gupta, A., & Chandak, D. (2017). EFFECT ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF

CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY MUNICIPAL

SOLID WASTE INCINERATOR ASH. International Research Journal of

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Hamester, M., Balzer, P., & Becker, D. (2012). Characterization of calcium carbonate

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Operational Implications for Pollutants Removal. Retrieved September 24, 2017,

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Manlapaz, J. (2015, April 21). Fresh Tahong at Talaba sa Sineguelasan. Retrieved

October 07, 2017, from http://exploringcavitebyjulz.blogspot.com/2015/04/tahong-

at-talaba-mussels-and-oyster.html?m=1

Mendez, T., Hotza, D., & Repette, W. (2015). NANOPARTICLES IN CEMENT BASED

MATERIALS: A REVIEW. 89-96. Retrieved from http://www.ipme.ru/e-

journals/RAMS/no_14015/06_14015_mendes.pdf

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Montasco, D. (n.d.). Retrieved October 07, 2017, from

http://www.panoramio.com/m/photo/76297187

Muthusamy, K., & Sabri, N. (2012). COCKLE SHELL: A POTENTIAL PARTIAL

COARSE AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETE . International Journal

of Science, Environment and Technology, 1, 260-267. Retrieved from

http://www.ijset.net/journal/38.pdf

Naik, T. R., Canpolat, F., & Chun, Y. (2003). LIMESTONE POWDER USE IN CEMENT

AND CONCRETE. 1-11. Retrieved from

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Nakamura et al. (2014). Polymorphism of CaCO3 and Microstructure of the Shell of a

Brazilian Invasive Mollusc (Limnoperna fortunei). Materials Research, 17, 15-22.

Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392014005000044

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YOU REMOVE IT? Retrieved October 12, 2017, from

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Properties of Seashell Concrete. Procedia Engineering. 125. 760-764.

10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.127.

P. Mogre, Rajendra & Parbat, Dhananjay & Sudhir P. Bajad, Dr. (2013). Feasibility Of

Artificial Sand In Concrete. International Journal of Engineering Research &

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Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 7, July - 2013 IJERTIJERT ISSN: 2278-0181. 2.

1607-1610.

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2017, from https://www.hunker.com/13425130/the-importance-of-sand-in-concrete

Regina Rosa Hamester, Michele & Balzer, Palova & Becker, Daniela. (2012).

Characterization of Calcium Carbonate Obtained from Oyster and Mussel Shells

and Incorporation in Polypropylene. Materials Research. 15. 204-208.

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Geotechnical Engineering, 1, 42-49. Retrieved from

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IN MASONRY CONSTRUCTION IS ….∗. International Building Lime

Symposium, 1-13. Retrieved from http://www.buildinglime.org/Tate_Property.pdf

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Strength Characteristics of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Sand with

Granulated BlastFurnace Slag. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering

(IOSR-JMCE), 12(5), 35-40. Doi: 10.9790/1684-12553540

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Verma, Atul. (2015). Evaluation of sea sand and river sand properties and their

comparison. . 10.13140/RG.2.1.4906.6327.

Wanderer, O. A. (2017, August 05). Seaside Dampa Macapagal - Where to eat seafood

in Manila. Retrieved October 07, 2017, from

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manila.html

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APPENDIX A

PERMIT LETTER FOR USAGE OF FACILITIES

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APPENDIX B

CYLINDER CONCRETE MAKING

Collection of Mussel Shells

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Measuring the pulverized mussel shells, sand and gravel

Molding, unmolding and unmolded sample cylinder concrete

Breaking of sample cylinder concrete for testing

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APPENDIX C

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LAB RESULTS

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APPENDIX D

BUDGET

ITEM QUANTITY UNIT PRICE PRICE

Laboratory

Materials

 Mussel Shells 10 kilograms Php 15 Php 150

 Cement 1 bag Php 215 Php 215

 Gravel 2 bags Php 50 Php 100

 Sand (Bistay) 2 bags Php 30 Php 60

 Blender 1 Php 495 Php 495

 Gloves 2 packs Php 28.75 Php 57.50

Transportation

 LRT 5 roundtrips Php 15 Php 75 x 5 =

(Libertad-UN) Php 375

 MRT (to GMA-

Kamuning) 10 roundtrips Php 24 Php 240 x 5 =

Php 1200

Library Fee

(AdU) 5 Php 50 Php 250

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CURRICULUM VITAE

The researchers are Grade 12 students from Pasay City West High School. They

are enrolled in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics strand under

Academic Track.

Ma. Charlene Stephanie R. Hilvano Raquel Joyce D.R. Trias

ma.charlenehilvano@yahoo.com trias.raquel24@gmail.com

09489545401 09171503567

973- E.P. De Galvan St., Malate, Manila 2742 Park Avenue St., Pasay City

Valerie E. Valeña Ercole James R. Aguirre

valerieevalena@gmail.com aguirreercolejames@gmail.com

09952324208 09955454805

510 Unit-G Inocencio St., Pasay City Blk 3 Lot 17 Don Carlos Village, Pasay City

Juan Miguel L. Digman

jmld928@gmail.com

09158676851

277 Geronimo St., Pasay City

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