Nature of diseases  the symptoms would be dissapearing

one at at time
 organisms like bacteria and virus are
 lenth of recovery depends on
all over the environment
severity of infection and state of
 caused by tiny microorganisms :
health, can take days or months
PATHOGENS
 pathogen, disease causing organism
includes bacteria, virus, parasite, DECLINE
worm, protozoa, fungi that lives in
the reservoir (can be living or non-  signs & symptoms of a sick person

living object) slowly goes down

stages of infection common communicable diseases

INCUBATION  caused by direct and indirect spread

 first stage
 starting from the entrance of a
pathogen until the appearance of a
first sign
 any contact of pathogen with host
 chicken pox (2-3 weeks) ; common
cold (1-2 days) ; influenza (1-3 days) ;
mumps (15-18 days)
of pathogen from one person to
another that cause an infection
 carriers: people, animals, food,
surfaces, air, exchange of fluids and
contact with contaminated fluids
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DIS
EASES
 affects both upper and lower

PRODROMAL STAGE respiratory system

 symptoms : congestion, either in the
 Non-specific symptoms starts to nasal sinuses or lungs, runny nose,
show cough, sore throat, body aches,
 such as colds sore throats and fever fatigue
ILLNESS STAGE  causes: common colds, bronchitis,
pneumonia
 more specific signs and symptoms  can be diagnosed if there is an
appear inflammation
CONVALENCE  causes repsiratory failures, even heart
failures
 an interval
 road to recovery PNEUMONIA
 an infection in one or both lungs  inflammation of lining of bronchial
 bacterial pneumonia is most tubes (carry air to and from lungs)
common in adults  victims often cough up thick mucus
 causes: inflammation in air sacs in (sometimes discoloured)

lungs (alveoli)- filled with pus and  acute bronchits: common, develops

liquid making it harder to breathe from colds

 chronic bronchitis: more serious,
Incubation 1-3 days or a week constant inflammation, due to
period smoking
symptoms symptoms: mucus, fever,
sweating, shortness of Incubation 1-3 days
breath, chest pain, period
bacterial ( high fever, symptoms flu like symptoms, runny
rapid increase of nose, achings, chest
breathing & pulse rate, discomfort, shortness of
bluish color, lack of breath
oxygen in blood, Mode of Person to person by
delirious, viral (influenza transmission droplets or direct contact
symptoms, cough exclusion Non-contagious for some
worsens, high fever, cases
breathlessness, blueness Control -avoid smoking
of lips measures -avoid lung irritants (air
Mode of -viral/bacterial:Through pollution)
transmission sneezing or coughing -avoid inhaling strong
-fungal: caused by fumes
germs -wash your hands
exclusion No longer contagious treatment -rest
for some cases -fluid intake, stay hydrated
Control -vaccines -cough suppressants &
measurement -flu shot pain relievers
-washing your hands
treatment -antibiotics, antiviral &
antifungal drugs INFLUENZA
-otc medicines (to relieve
pain and to help remove fluid  seasonal flu
from lungs)  viral infection that attacks the
-cough medicine
respiratory system
 causes: diarrhea & vomiting
BRONCHITIS
Incubation 1-3 days health and severity of
period the TB when
symptoms cough, fever, aches, diagnosed, those who
runny nose, sore have latent (not fully
throat developed) TB can’t infect
Mode of Person to person by others
transmission droplets or direct exclusion Yes, until treatment is
contact started in cleared
Period of can be transmitted to Control -identify people with
communicability another host after 23 measures active TB
hours -cough etiquette
exclsuion If there’s no fever for -vaccine (but does little to
24 hours prevent)

Control -vaccine preventable treatment - 6 month course of 4

measures -respiratory etiquette antimicrobial drugs
-handwashing that would be
treatment -rest & fluid intake supervised by health
worker or trained volunteer
-prescribed antiviral
medication
DENGUE

TubercolosIs  mosquito-borne disease

 occurs in tropical & subtropical
 aka TB, a serious infectious disease
places
that mainly affects your lungs
 causes: high fever, rash, muscle &
Incubation 2-10 weeks after joint pain
period exposure with active  severe form: dengue hemorrhagic
TB fever- can cause severe bleeding,
symptoms fever, weight loss,
sudden drop in bp & death
malaise, cough, night
sweats, some doesn’t Incubation 2-10 weeks after
have any syptoms period exposure
Mode of -AIRBORNE (carried symptoms sudden high fever,
transmission through the air) severe headaches,
- when someone: joint & muscle pain,
coughs, speaking, vomiting, skin rash,
singing mild bleeding
Period of person’s response to Mode of By mosquitoes
communicabilty the medicine will transmission
depend on the generel Period of if the mosquito bites
 communicabilty a person who is antibodies
infected, infects other symptoms may not have
people since it is symptoms, flu like
already infectious, not symptoms for 2-4
spread from person to weeks, symptoms in
person
later stages are
exclusion Not excluded
variable
Control -stay away from
Mode of -person to person thru
measures populated areas
transmission sexual contact
-use mosquito
-exposure to HIV-
repellants &
infected blood/body
mosquito nets
fluids (dirty needles)
-wear long clothes
Period of
-get rid of places
communicabilty
where mosquitoes
exclusion No, unlessmmeets
could breed (still
other exclusion
water)
criteria, bleeding
Treatment -no specific medicine
conditions
to cure
Control -responsible sexual
-pain relievers
measures behaviour (abstinence)
-rest, drink fluids &
-avoid blood exposure
see your doctor
treatment - treated by ART
(antiretroviral therapy), can’t
HIV cure but can help
people to live longer
 human immunodeficiency virus and healthier
attacks immune system
 destroys a type of white blood cell (T
AIDS
helper cell/CD4 cells- makes copies
of itself inside this)  auto immune deficiency syndrome (
 persons not receiving treatment ast stage of HIV)
would have a harder time to fight  at this stage, the person has a
infections and diseases severely damaged immune system
 gradually breaks down a person’s  person is more susceptible to
immune system opportunistic- normal infections that
the body would fight off but is
Incubation variable (always changing)
harmful to people who have HIV
period 1-3 months until
detection of
 symptoms colds, flu, fungal
infectioms, nausea,
vomiting,
diarhea,chronic fatigue,
rapid weight loss, cough,
shortness of breath,
recuriing fever, chills,
night sweats, rashes,
prolonged swelling of
lymph nodes
treatment no treatment for AIDS
but medication can help
the body in fighting HIV
and its complications
levels of prevention
PRIMARY LEVEL
 to prevent
 IMMUNIZATION, eating a
balanced diet, emough sleep,
avoiding vices (bad habits)
SECONDARY LEVEL
 to prevent further damage
when disease has already started
 getting medical consultation and
treatment, SCREENING TESTS
tertIary preventIon
 rehabilitating to prevent long
term complications
 follow-up and close
MONITORING prescribed
medications, THERAPY to help
restore functions
Chain of infection
Pathogen is a disease causing organism
which includes bacteria, virus, worm
protozoa, fungi and lives in the reservoir
which can be a living or non-living
object. In order to be transmitted the
pathogen leaves the reservoir through
the portal of exit. Examples include the
mouth, nose, anus, and other special
body openings. The pathogen is then
passed through a direct/indirect mode
of transmission from one host to the
next host. It is transmitted through a
living vector like a mosquito or flea.
Some diseases like malaria have
complicated life cycles involving more
than one species. Some are transmitted
by respiratory droplets while others are
through blood contact, semen or other
secretions. Hand to mouth mode for
gastrointestinal pathogens. The
organism enters the body through the
portal of entry such as the nose, skin, or
mouth. The portal of entry determines
the type of personal protective
equipment (PPE) to use in order to keep
health care workers, family, and visitors
safe in the hospital. The susceptible (likely)
host is a person with low immunity to
disease. This includes very old and the
immune supressed (due to genetics,
transplant drugs, malnutrition or viral
infection like HIV)