Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III
PRENZA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Prenza I, Marilao, Bulacan

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining

Generator

As partial fulfillment of requirements

in Capstone Research

Researchers:

Oroceo Renzo D.

Patungan John Paul G.

Silva MJ G.

Research Adviser:

Ms. Thelma V. Villaflores

23 October 2018

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study

Power outages can happen unexpectedly for a variety of reasons. It is

always best to be prepared for a brownout, especially if you live in a place that is

prone to power interruptions especially during a stormy weather. Electric

generator is one of the best alternative source of electricity. It can make you and

your family comfortable during brownout. Furnishing a generator is not only a

convenience, but a safety precaution. On the other hand, not all families could

afford to buy one due to its expensive price. That is why the use of Neodymium

magnets and Copper wire as an alternative generator for light bulbs was

conceptualized.

Electricity has been a part of daily lives, but with the help of generator, we

are able to perform tasks even in a most needed situations. An electric generator

is a device that converts mechanical energy include steam turbines, gas turbines,

water turbines, and more. The devices work because of electromagnetic

induction, which is when a voltage is included by a changing magnetic field (Hall,

2015).

Furthermore, before the connection between magnetism and electricity

was discovered, generators used electrostatic generators. Electrostatic

generators are inefficient and are useful only for scientific experiments requiring

high voltages (Graaff, 2013).

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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 As stated in Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic induction, more than 90%

of world’s power is being generated using electromagnets. Many new

technologies were discovered with time which led a drastic change in the

perception of electric energy. This is where the researchers designed and

developed an affordable Neodymium. Based free energy that operates

continuously without depending on any external source, the usage of free energy

was noticed by using a magnet. The growing demand for electricity in some

regions has increased. But the booming consumption and cost of energy makes

it formidable for citizens despite the availability of renewable resources.

The proposed project is the idea of the researchers which addresses the

needs of the community having shortage on electricity, less pollution and less

worry about the source of electricity. This will also serve as an alternative and

temporary source of an efficient energy supply across the community of Prenza

II, Marilao, Bulacan.

Statement of the Problem

The general problem of the study is to find out the effectiveness of

Neodymium magnets and copper wire as a generator for light bulbs.

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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Specific Problems:

Specifically, the study sought answers for the following questions:

1. Is there a significant difference on the improvised generator than a

commercial generator in terms of:

1.1 brightness of the light bulbs?

1.2 the length of time or the duration of lighting a light bulb?

1.3 safety of device?

2. Is it feasible to conserve electrical energy using the device?

3. Is the device/improved generator environment-friendly?

Significance of the Study

This study is expected to benefit the following: Community, Environment,

and Future researchers.

Community. Will surely benefit from this study since some houses in the

community do not have electrical lines that may reach them somehow and some

houses in the community cannot afford to have electricity, despite of their

demand to electrical energy.

Environment. Will surely benefit from this study since electricity produce

by burning of fossil fuels which may lead to different kind of pollution.

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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 Future researchers. Will surely benefit from this study since the

researchers conduct this kind of study, future researchers can have an idea and

can innovate this study if they conduct this kind of study.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focuses on the effectiveness of using Neodymium magnets and

copper wire as a generator for light bulbs from generating an electrical source of

energy. The subjects of the study are the residents of Brgy. Prenza II, Marilao,

Bulacan. The study is carried out for three weeks in which the researchers will

access their situation regarding power shortage or accessibility of using

electricity.

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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 CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Review of Related Literature

A work by Hall (2015) states that electricity has been a part of our daily

lives, but with the help of the generators, we are able to perform tasks even in

most needed situations. An electric generator is a device that converts

mechanical energy into an electrical energy as a product (Akobo, Mason-

Williams, & Koaume, 2011). Some sources of mechanical energy include steam

turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, and more. The devices work because of

electromagnetic induction, which is when voltage is induced by a changing

magnetic field.

Before the connection between magnetism and electricity was discovered,

generators used electrostatic generators. Electrostatic generators are inefficient

and are useful only for scientific experiments requiring high voltages (Graaff,

2013).

Electricity is one of the greatest technological innovations of mankind. It

has now become a part of our daily life, homes and industries even in medical

purposes. Electricity has many sources. As it come from non-renewable fuels,

wind energy, nuclear, hydroelectric, and solar energy (Berdov, 2016).

Other types of electrical generators exists, based on other electrical

phenomena such as piezoelectricity, and magnetohydrodynamics. The

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

6
construction of a dynamo is similar to an electric motor, and all common types of

dynamos could work as motors.

Review of Related Studies

A research by Grover (2014), neodymium magnets are the most widely

used type of rare-earth magnets. They are permanent magnets made from alloy

of neodymium, iron and boron to form a tetragonal crystalline structure. They are

the strongest type of magnet available and have replaced other types of magnet

in many application areas such as motors in cordless tools, hard drive disks and

magnetic fasteners. Neodymium has a high energy product and high coercive

force. The temperature stability is moderate. This utilizes the type of magnet

because of their strength. Their long lifespan is an advantage to keep the motor

rotating over a long period.

Neodymium magnets have been used for their magnetic field to produce

electric power. The basic principle of power generation lies under the magnetic

effect. As stated by Ramalla (2014), “When a conductor is rotated in a magnetic

field, a voltage is induced in the conductor.”

Magnetic engine free energy generator device to generate electrical

energy. It works on the principle of Neodymium magnets. In a simple motor,

magnetic field is created by the electric coils. These motors continuously and

electrical supply to produce magnetic field form the permanent magnets became

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

7
practical only after introducing neodymium magnets which generate more power

(Adoghe, 2017).

Moreover, electric generators come with different forms. The electric

generator itself will supply the electricity by the prime mover of the proposed

project, while also generating electricity for the load. An electric generator is a

device designed to take advantage of electromagnetic induction in order to

convert movement into electricity. A generator is designed to obtain an induced

current in a conductor as a result of mechanical movement, which is utilized to

continually change as a magnetic field near the conductor. The generator thus

achieves a conversion of one physical form of energy into another energy of

motion into electrical energy, mediated by the magnetic field that exerts forces on

the electric charges. In this case, generator is the opposite of an electric motor,

which accomplishes just the reverse. The motor converts electrical to mechanical

energy, likewise by mediated magnetic field. As far as the physical principles are

concerned, electrical generators and motors are very similar devices. In fact, an

actual generator can be operated as a motor and vice versa (Meier, 2014).

Another research conducted by Willis (2016), losing electricity can be

problematic. Power failures may lost from a few minutes or even more. These

occurrence appear with or without warning and can bring back a problem. Having

an emergency backup generator prevents you and your family from suffering

from those inconveniences.

In addition, power is vital. It is necessary for medical facilities such as

hospitals to have access to it in order to contain and maintain care for patients

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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(Chandler, Morrow, and Garrett, 2015). Lighting systems and life support

machinery would all be at loss without these generators. Commercial and

businesses should also purchase generators to prevent them from electrical

disruptions (Kincaid, 2015).

We are living in a modern society where almost everything is run by

electricity. Home and business rely on this powerful energy to be able to perform

tasks. There are electrical generated machines that when a power outage occurs

would disrupt their work and would cause financial loss. In order to avoid

interruption, generators can provide temporary supply of electrical energy

(Adams, 2014).

It is inconvenient not to have electricity. You can be assured of good

performance and able to do more in most-needed situation by being prepared

during brownout or blackout through generators. Electric generators are called

upon in a whole range of different situations, when main power or other power

sources are simply insufficient or unattainable. You’d find it surprising how many

industries and different sectors rely on electric generators.

Conceptual Framework

Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a process

where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving

through a stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a voltage across

the conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes

an electrical current—it is said to induce the current.

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

9
 Michael Faraday is given credit for the discovery of electromagnetic

induction in 1831, though some others had noted similar behavior in the years

prior to this. The formal name for the physics equation that defines the behavior

of an induced electromagnetic field from the magnetic flux (change in a magnetic

field) is Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.

The process of electromagnetic induction works in reverse as well, so that

a moving electrical charge generates a magnetic field. In fact, a traditional

magnet is the result of the individual motion of the electrons within the individual

atoms of the magnet, aligned so that the generated magnetic field is in a uniform

direction. In non-magnetic materials, the electrons move in such a way that the

individual magnetic fields point in different directions, so they cancel each other

out and the net magnetic fieldgenerated is negligible.

The more generalized equation is one of Maxwell's equations, called the

Maxwell-Faraday equation, which defines the relationship between changes in

electrical fields and magnetic fields. It takes the form of:

∇ ×E = – ∂B / ∂t

where the ∇ × notation is known as the curl operation, the E is the electric field (a

vector quantity) and B is the magnetic field (also a vector quantity). The symbols

∂ represent the partial differentials, so the right-hand of the equation is the

negative partial differential of the magnetic field with respect to time.

Both E and B are changing in terms of time t, and since they are moving the

position of the fields are also changing.

Research Paradigm

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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 Power Source Generator
 Electromagnets based  Electrical energy
on the Faraday’s Law
of Electromagnetic  Heat transfer
Induction mechanism

 Neodymium Magnets
 Copper Wire

Analysis on How the

Generator Works
Generator
 Light bulbs
Assembling

Hypotheses

The study has the following null and alternative hypotheses:

Ho: There is no significant difference in the voltage of electricity produced

by electrical generator using neodymium magnets and copper wire.

Ha: There is a significant difference in the voltage of electricity produced

by electrical generator using neodymium magnets and copper wire.

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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Definition of Terms

In order for the reader to easily comprehend the study, the researchers

rightfully give definitions to the following terms based on how each of them was

used in the study:

Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power

distribution, telecommunications, electronics circuitry, and countless types of

electrical equipment.

Electrical current is a measure of the amount of electrical charge

transferred per unit of time. It represents the flow of electrons through a

conductive material, such as a metal wire and is measured in amperes.

Electricity is the flow of electric power of charge. It is both a basic part of

nature and one of the most widely used forms of energy.

Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a process

where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field or a conductor moving

through a stationary magnetic field causes the production of a voltage across the

conductor. This process , in turn, causes an electrical current- it is said to induce

the current.

Electric power is the rate of energy consumption in an electrical circuit

and is measured in units of watts.

Generator is a device that converts motive power (mechanical energy)

into electrical power for use in an external circuit.

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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 Neodymium magnet (also known as NeFeB, NIB, or Neo magnet) the

most widely used type of rare-earth magnet, is a permanent magnet made from

an alloy of neodymium iron and boron to form the Nd 2Fe14B tetragonal crystalline

structure.

Power outage is a short- or long-term state of electric power loss in a

given area or section of a power grid. It is also known as power failure, power

blackout, or simply as blackout.

Voltage, also called electromotive force, is a quantitative expression of

the potential difference in charge between two points in an electric field.

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study had utilized the use of Completely Randomized Design (CRD),

in which the treatments were assigned randomly to the experimental subjects

without restriction.

The subject of the study is the main material being used in the experiment.

It is also called the experimental unit. The experimental unit may be subjected to

different treatments depending upon the objectives of the study. A treatment

denotes any procedure done on the experimental unit. The effect of this

procedure is to be measured and analyzed (Gaspar & Inocencio , 2009).

In the study, the subject or the experimental unit was the Electric

Generator. The Electric Generator were made from neodymium magnet and

copper wire to equally distribute the energy from mechanical to electrical energy.

In single-factor experiments, only a single factor (or variable) varies while

all others are kept constant. The CRD can be used specially for experiments with

homogeneous experimental units or in experiments where environmental effects

are easily controlled like in laboratory experiments (Gaspar & Inocencio, 2009).

In the study, the independent variable were the neodymium magnets and

copper wire and the dependent variable was the production of electrical energy.

While, the statistical test used was the two-way analysis of variance.

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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Respondents of the Study

The setting of this research was at Barangay Prenza II, Marilao, Bulacan.

The participants was the residents of Barangay Prenza II, Marilao, Bulacan with

the total population of 11,000. The researchers used Calmorin’s formula to

determine it sample size. The sample size was 254 residents who answered

questions coming from the survey questionnaire.

Instrument of the Study

This study was conducted through the use of an experiment as a research

instrument. The researcher had prepared different materials and followed

sequential steps in performing the experiment to know the produced electrical

energy by making a generator for light bulbs using neodymium magnets and

copper wire.

For the betterment of the study, the researcher had gathered also

information from different books and other electronic journals.

Research Procedure

A. Procurement of Materials

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire were the main components of the

study. Other materials like mini fan, piece of wood that will serve as a platform for

the device, light bulb, gearbox that will serve as the motor and alligator clips were

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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gathered from our available sources through our homes. The neodymium

magnets powder had been bought from Lazada.

B. Formation of the Generator

First, we have to create the gearbox out of improvised materials like

plastic or metal if possible. The gearbox will provide mechanical energy for the

generator. Next, the use of mini-fan that will serve as a regulator and with the

help of neodymium magnet, it will accumulate more energy. Lastly, the

connection from gearbox and mini-fan will pass through the light bulb .

C. Measurement of Voltage Produced

A multitester had been used to measure the voltage of electricity produced

in the electric generator made from neodymium magnets and copper wire

D. Statistical Analysis of Data

The statistical test used was the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to

test the efficiency of electric generator for light bulbs using neodymium magnets

and copper wire.

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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 APPENDIX A

The Feasibility of Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire as a Generator

for Light Bulbs

Electricity has been a part of daily lives, but with the use of generators,

people can perform tasks without the inconvenience of electricity interruption.

The researchers think of possible means to address the needs of the community

on shortage on electricity. This will also help in the data gathering of the

researchers for their study.

Name (Optional):

Address:

Average Electric Consumption:

Put an (X) mark in the blank that corresponds to your answer.

1. Do you have electricity at home?

Yes No

2. Do you have a generator at home?

Yes No

3. Do you often experience power shortage?

Yes No

4. How often do you experience power shortage?

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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 Once a week Once a month __Never

__Others, please specify

5. What alternative do you use during power shortage?

Oil lamp Candles Rechargeable lamp

Rechargeable bulbs Others, please specify

6. Are you familiar with neodymium magnets and copper wire?

Yes No

7. Do you think these materials are safe to use?

Yes No

8. Would you consider using neodymium magnets and copper wire as an

alternative generator for light bulbs during power shortage?

Yes No

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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 APPENDIX B

Data Discussion

Question 1 Do you have electricity at home?

20%
Yes
No
80%

Question 2 Do you have a generator at home?

5%

Yes
No
95%

Question 3 Do you often experience power shortage?

10%

Yes
No
90%

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

19
Question 4 How often do you experience power shortage?

2%

Once a week
35%
Once a month
45%
Never
others
18%

Question 5 What alternative do you use during power shortage?

Oil lamp
7%
8% Candles
33%

Rechargeable
lamp

52% Rechargeable
bulbs
others

Question 6 Are you familiar with neodymium magnets and copper wire?

43% Yes
No
57%

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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Question 7 Do you think these materials are safe to use?

Sales

Yes
No

Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator

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Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator
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Neodymium Magnets and Copper Wire: A Portable Self-sustaining Generator
23
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