ANTACID

An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach

acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion
or an upset stomach

INTRODUCTION
Digestion in the stomach results from the action of
gastric fluid, which includes secretions of digestive
enzymes, mucous, and hydrochloric acid. The acidic
environment of the stomach makes it possible for inactive
forms of digestive enzymes to be converted into active
forms (i.e. pepsinogen into pepsin),and acid is also
needed to dissolve minerals and kill bacteria that may
enter the stomach along with food. However, excessive
acid production (hyperacidity) results in the unpleasant
symptoms of heartburn and may contribute to ulcer
formation in the stomach lining. Antacids are weak bases
(most commonly bicarbonates, hydroxides, and
carbonates) that neutralize excess stomach acid and thus
alleviate symptoms of heartburn.
The general neutralization reaction is:
 Antacid (weak base) + HCl (stomach acid)salts +
H20 + C02
THEORY
1.STOMACH ACID Stomach acid is very dangerous.
Stomach acid is highly acidic and has a pH of 1.6. Stomach acid
is hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach. If there is too
much stomach acid it can cause heartburn. One of the symptoms
of heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest or abdomen.

2.ANTACID An antacid is any substance that can neutralize an

acid. All antacids are bases. The pH of a base is 7.1-14. All
antacids have chemical in them called a buffer. When an antacid
is mixed with an acid the buffer tries to even out the acidity and
that is how stomach acid gets neutralized.

SOME COMMON ANTACID BRANDS

1. Alka-Seltzer – NaHCO3 and/or KHCO3
2. Equate – Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2
3. Gaviscon – Al(OH)3
4. Maalox (liquid) – Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2
5. Maalox (tablet) – CaCO3
6. Milk of Magnesia – Mg(OH)2
7. Pepto-Bismol – HOC6H4COO
8. Pepto-Bismol Children’s – CaCO3
9. Rolaids – CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2
10.Tums – CaCO3
11.Mylanta

SOME COMMON DRUG NAMES

1. Alluminium hydroxide
2. Magnesium hydroxide
3. Calcium carbonate
4. Sodium bicarbonate
5. Bismuth subsalicylate
6. Histamine
7. Cimetidine
8. Ranitidine
REACTION OF ANTACIDS antacids react with HCl
in the stomach. Some common antacid reactions include:
 CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O+CO2
 NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
 Al(OH)3 + 3HCl  AlCl3 + 3 H2O
 MgO + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2O

RESULTS OF EXCESSIVE RELEASE OF

ACID IN STOMACH
• Excess stomach acid results in a state of discomfort known as
acid indigestion
• Acid indigestion may result from a variety of factors including:
 Overeating
 Alcohol consumption
 Eating certain foods
 Anxiety
 Smoking
 Certain Drugs, i.e. Aspirin

USES OF ANTACID
 It bring down the percentage of Acidity in our Stomach and
prevent mucus lining in the stomach.
 It prevent from HEART BURN (acid from stomach rising into
oesophagus) that can to our stomach lining.
  It also prevent from the ULCER(damage to lining of stomach
wall, resulting in loss of tissues and inflammation).

ACTION MECHANISM
Antacids perform neutralization reaction, i.e. they buffer gastric
acid, raising the pH to reduce acidity in the stomach.
When gastric hydrochloric acid reaches the nerves in
gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal pain to the central nervous
system. This happens when these nerves are exposed, as in
peptic ulcers. Antacids are commonly used to help neutralize
stomach acid. The action of antacids is based on the fact that a
base reacts with acid to form salt and water.

SOME COMMONLY USED ANTACIDS

1.ALLUMINIUM HYDROXIDE : Al(OH)3, is found in nature
as the mineral gibbsite .
STRUCTURE
PROPERTIES :Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric. In acid, it acts as a
Bronsted- Lowry base by picking up hydrogen ions and neutralizes the
acid, yielding a salt:

 3HCl + Al(OH)3 → AlCl3 + 3H2O

In bases, it acts a Lewis acid by taking an electron pair from the hydroxide
ions:

 Al(OH)3 + OH– → Al(OH)4–

USES :
1. Acts as a feedstock for the manufacture of other aluminium
compounds.
2. Used as a fire retardant filler for polymer applications .
3. It is very effective as a smoke suppressant in a wide range
of polymers like polyesters, acrylics, ethylene, PVC, etc.
4. It is used as an antacid in humans and animals.
5. It is also used to control hyperphosphatemia (elevated
phosphate, or phosphorus, levels in the blood) in people and
animals suffering from kidney failure.

2.MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE : it is inorganic compound

with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2. It occurs in nature as
the mineral brucite. Magnesia is valuable because it is
both a poor electrical conductor and an excellent thermal
conductor.

STRUCTURE
PREPARATION Combining a solution of many magnesium salts with
alkaline water induces precipitation of solid Mg(OH)2:

 Mg2+ + 2 OH− → Mg(OH)2

USES
1.It is used as an antacid or a laxative.
2. It is useful against canker sores (aphthous ulcer).
3. It is also a component of antiperspirant.
4. It is used industrially to neutralize acidic wastewaters.
5. Natural magnesium hydroxide is used commercially as fire retardant.

3.CALCIUM CARBONATE : it is a chemical compound

with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found
in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite.

STRUCTURE
PREPARATION The vast majority of calcium carbonate used in industry
is extracted by mining or quarrying. Pure calcium carbonate (such as for
food or pharmaceutical use), can be produced from a pure quarried
source (usually marble).
Alternatively, calcium carbonate is prepared from calcium oxide. Water is
added to give calcium hydroxide then carbon dioxide is passed through
this solution to precipitate the desired calcium carbonate, referred to in
the industry as precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC):

 CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3↓ + H2O

USES
1. Calcium carbonate is widely used medicinally as an inexpensive
dietary calcium supplement for gastric antacid (in Tums).
2. It is used in the production of calcium oxide as well as toothpaste.
3. It is a key ingredient in many household cleaning powders like Comet
and is used as a scrubbing agent.
4. It is also used in flue gas desulfurisation applications eliminating
harmful SO2 and NO2 emissions from coal and other fossil fuels
burnt in large fossil fuel power stations.
5. It is also used in the purification of iron from iron ore in a blast
furnace.

4.SODIUM BICARBONATE : it is commonly known as

baking soda.It is a chemical compound with the formula
NaHCO3. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na+)
and a bicarbonate anion (HCO3−).

STRUCTURE
PREPARATION Sodium bicarbonate is produced industrially from sodium
carbonate:

 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 NaHCO3

NaHCO3 can also be obtained by the reaction of carbon dioxide with
aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide:
 CO2 + NaOH → NaHCO3
USES
1. Sodium bicarbonate is one of the main components of the common
"black snake" firework.
2. Sodium bicarbonate is used in dry chemical fire extinguishers.
3. It is commonly used to neutralize unwanted acid solutions or acid
spills in chemical laboratories.
4. Sodium bicarbonate mixed with water can be used as an antacid to
treat acid indigestion and heartburn.
5. is used in a process for removing paint and corrosion called
sodablasting.

5.BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE : it has the empirical

chemical formula of C7H5BiO4,and it is a colloidal
substance obtained by hydrolysis of bismuth salicylate.
Bismuth subsalicylate is the only active ingredient in an
over-the-counter drug that can leave a shiny metal oxide
slag behind after being completely burnt with a blow
torch.

STRUCTURE
USES Bismuth subsalicylate is used as an antacid and to treat some other
gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea .
HYPERACIDITY
Hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia simply means increase of
acidity in the stomach .
REASONES FOR HYPERACIDITY
 STOMACH ULCER : Ulcers in the stomach are one of the
prime causes of hyperacidity. Once this is diagnosed, the
treatment will be done by the surgical removal of the
stomach ulcers
 STOMACH CANCER : Stomach cancers can also cause
hyperacidity as one of their symptoms. This is a very rare
case, but the mortality rate is quite high
 ACID REFLEX DISEASE : it is a gastric disorder. In this
the hydrochloric acid of the stomach get refluxed up to food
pipe.

SIDE EFFECTS(ANTACIDS)
Most people who take an antacid do not have any
side- effects. However, side-effects occur in a small
number of users. The most common are diarrhoea,
constipation and belching.
•Aluminium hydroxide: it may lead to the formation
of insoluble aluminium phosphate complexes,
hypophosphate and osteomalacia. Aluminium
containing drugs may cause constipation.
•Magnesium hydroxide : it has laxative property.
Magnesium may accumulate in patients with renal
failure leading to hypo magnesemia with
cardiovascular and neurological complications.
•Calcium : the compounds containing calcium may
increase calcium output in the urine, which might
be associated to renal stones. Calcium salts may
cause constipation.
•Carbonate : the regular high doses may cause
alkalosis, which in turn may result in altered
excretion of other drugs, and kidney stones.
EXPERIMENT
OBJECTIVE To analyse the given samples of
commercial antacids by determining the Amount of
hydrochloric acid they can neutralize.

MATERIALS REQUIRED Burettes, pipettes,

titration flasks, measuring flasks, beakers, weight
box, fractional weights, sodium hydroxide, sodium
carbonate, hydrochloric acid, phenolphthalein.

PROCEDURE 1) Prepare 1 liter of

approximately N/10 HCl solution by diluting 10 ml
of the concentrated acid for one liter.
2) Similarly, make 1 liter of approximately N/10
NaOH solution by dissolving 4.0g of NaOH to
prepare one litre of solution.
3) Prepare N/10 Na2CO3 solution by weighing exactly
1.325 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate and then
dissolving it in water to prepare exactly 0.25 litres
(250 ml) of solution.
4) Standardize the HCl solution by titrating it
against the standard Na2CO3 solution using methyl
orange as indicator.
5) Similarly, standardize NaOH solution by titrating
it against standardized HCl solution using
phenolphthalein as indicator.
6) Powder the various samples of antacid tablets
and weigh 1.0 g of each.
7) Add a specific volume of standardized HCl to each
of the weighed sample is taken in conical flasks. The
acid should be in slight excess, so that it can
neutralize all the alkaline component of the tablet.
8) Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein and warm the
flask till most of powder dissolves. Filter off the
insoluble material.
9) Titrate this solution against the standardized
NaOH solution, till a permanent pinkish tinge is
obtained. Repeat this experiment with different
antacids.
PRECAUTIONS
 All apparatus should be clean and washed
properly.
 Burette and pipette must be rinsed with the
respective solution to be put in them.
 Air bubbles must be removed from the
burette and jet.
 Last drop from the pipette should not be
removed by blowing.
 The flask should not be rinsed with any of
the solution, which are being titrated.
 O.P. JINDAL SCHOOL

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

NAME : Navneet Kumar
CLASS : 12 science
SESSION : 2019-20
TOPIC : Comparative analysis of antacids

SUBMITTED TO : L.N PRADHAN sir

NAME :
CLASS : 12 (SCIENCE)
INSTITUTION : O.P.JINDAL SCHOOL

This is to certify that this student has successfully

performed his investigatory project of chemistry on
the topic “ANALYSIS OF COMERCIAL ANTACIDS” as
prescribed by CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION (CBSE) during the academic year 2019-
20.

Examiner’s sign................

Teacher’s sign..................

Institutes rubber stamp

ACKNOWLEGMENT
It is my foremost duty to express my
deep regards and gratitude to my
Chemistry teacher MR. L.N.PRADHAN sir
under whose guidance and supervision I
was able to complete this project. It is
due to sir that this project was
successfully completed.
I am also thankful for the help rendered
by the lab assistant who made available
various apparatus and chemicals
needed for the experiments, else it
would have been a difficult task to
perform the experiment.