Economic Abuse

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COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era
Quezon City 1107, Philippines
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Over a decade ago when the legislature branch of the government passed an act
entitled “Anti-Violence against Women and their Children Act of 2004” or in short,
Republic Act No. 9262. Seek to address the prevalence of violence against women and
children (VAWC), abuses on women and their children by their intimate partners like
husband or ex-husband, live-in partner, boyfriend/girlfriend, and dating partner.
According to this law, any acts resulting in physical, sexual, psychological harm or
suffering, or economic abuse including threat of such acts, battery, assault, coercion,
harassment or arbitrary deprivation of liberty can be ground as violence against women
that enables a woman or the victim to file a protection order against the respondent acted
such upon violation. According to Philippines Statistic Authority (PSA), a total of 14,
495 were reported cases of all economic abuse against woman and their children in 2003
throughout the country, in which the law is not in effect, but upon passing in, it decreased
to 13, 825 reported cases. It continued to decrease then not until in 2007 when PSA
tallied a total of 12, 278 reported cases as to compare to 9, 457 reported cases in 2006,
with a great increase of 30%. More recently in 2010, it climbed to 24, 886 reported cases,
an increase of 60% compare to 2009 data of 19, 202. These are reported incidents only,
those who remain quite despite their pains are not included.
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In this junction, the researchers want to know the specific types of economic
abuse does women suffer most. Also, the researchers want to explore the action made by
their partner to reconcile. Therefore, the researchers’ main objective is to know the
difference of the demographic profile of the Quezon City women with regards to the
specific type of economic abuse they personally experienced and to know the
acceptability of the actions made by their partner to reconcile.
Background of the study
The quest of feminist leaders and advocates for women dates back a long time
ago. The local government of Quezon City, an advocate of the ideals of feminism, was
chosen as the Philippine partner of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and
Women Empowerment or UN Women. As such, Quezon City was to pilot-host the
implementation of the agency’s flagship program that requires strong actions and
priorities on the prevention of sexual harassment and other related forms of sexual
violence against children and women in public space. Quezon City is known and
recognized not only as an icon of peace and order, but also as the 25th city to have joined
the growing list of global partners supporting the UN Women’s Safe Cities Global
Initiative “Freedom from Violence Against Women and Children,” which aims to
improve women safety across different settings. It was launched in 2010. Known as one
of the most progressive cities in the country, Quezon City has passed laws protecting the
rights of women as well as laws against street sexual harassment or violence and
discrimination such as Anti-Catcalling Ordinance.

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Based on the Philippine Statistics Authority, between 2005 to 2006 there are
1,300 reported cases on economic abuse against women wherein most of them are
forcing to leave their jobs and making them financially independent as a result of their
victimization. According to the monitoring report on VAWC (RA 9262) in Quezon City
Barangays Year 2014 to 2016 (Compiled & Analyzed by Gender and Development), in
2014 the total number of reported cases in Economic Abuse are 699 and 1,197 in the year
2015 while in January to March 2016, 134 reported cases have been tallied. It is
currently estimated that the economically abused elderly rate is 1 in 25 cases, suggesting
that there may be at least 5 million wherein there is 200,000 women were economically
abused elderly victims each year.
The records have shown that there are outstanding data that caught the attention
of the researchers. Based on the data gathered in previous study, the extent of the act is
good and equitable, but recorded cases tend to increase as the law goes older. This study
attempts to contribute to the students taking or to those whom already finished taking
Political Science. This study was rooted from one of the Republic acts of the Philippines
which was legislated as the R.A. 9262, thus it does not only fall as one of the topics that
had been or will be maneuvered to discuss by the Political Science professors, but it is
also genuinely connected to the said course. By this, the students will have an extra idea
of what economic abuse is, the depths of economic abuse, how it is prosecuted, know the
current status of the said law and to know their role in promoting the act. By all means,
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it’ll help them not only for their future studies but also on helping or advising women
who are economically abused.
Statement of the Problem
This study entitled “The Types of Economic Abuse Experienced by Women in
Quezon City” attempts to determine if the types of economic abuse have a relationship to
the Demographic Profile of the respondents. Specifically, the study will try to answer the
following questions:
1. What is the Demographic Profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1. Age
1.2. Educational Attainment
1.3. Status of Employment
1.4. Civil Status
1.5. Number Children
2. What type of economic abuse has been experienced by the respondents in

connection with:
2.1. Interference with Education and Employment by Men
2.2. Controlling Access to Economic Resources among Women
2.3. Refusal of Men to Contribute to Economic Liabilities

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2.4. Generating Economic Costs of Men
3. Is there a significant difference between the economic abuses experienced by
women in terms of demographic profile of the respondents?
4. What is the perception of the respondents on the level of acceptability of the
actions made by their partner to reconcile?
Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference between the economic abuses experienced
by Quezon City women to the demographic profile of the respondents.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the economic abuses experienced
by Quezon City women to the demographic profile of the respondents.

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Significance of the Study
The result of this study may benefit the following:
Political Science Students may be able to know the current status of
implementing R.A. 9262 specifically on the status pertaining to economic abuse.
Furthermore, it will enable them to know their role in promoting the act.
Women may able to protect herself, together with her children, from economic
abuse upon knowing the ends of the study.
Legislators may able to improve or continue to mandate the said act upon
knowing the ends of the study for the betterment of the country, especially in gender
development.
For the Future Researchers of topics related to this manner may learn through
this study and can cause them ideas for better outputs of their research.
Scope and Limitation
The research study was limited only to women who are currently residing at Quezon
City. The data was gathered from 6 districts of Quezon City with 215 respondents who
are economically abused.
The extent of the research was limited only in the knowledge of the victims based on
their experience regarding the different types of economic abuse and the different types
of intervention the abuser uses to mitigate the problem. The result of the study was
limited to the analysis of the answers from the questionnaires.

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Definition of Terms
Terminologies that the researchers use in this study are conceptually and
operationally define for better understanding of the readers. The following terms are:
Abuser is a person who treats another person or animal with cruelty or violence,
especially, regularly or repeatedly. (Dictionary.com)
Children refer to those below eighteen (18) years of age or older but are
incapable of taking care of themselves. As used in this study, it includes the biological
children of the victim and other children under her care.
(http.//www.thefreedictionary.com/children)
Controlling access to economic resources refers to preventing a woman from
acquiring an independent income by demanding her to hand over her earnings to her
partner. (Hofeller, Davies, Lloyd & Taluc)
Domestic Violence is the inflicting of physically injury by one family or
household member on another; also, a repeated and habitual pattern of such.
(Domesticviolenceorg.2015)
Economic abuse refers to acts that make or attempt to make a woman financially
dependent. Correspondingly, it is also the illegal or unauthorized use of a person’s
property, money, pension book or other valuables often fraudulently obtaining power of
attorney, followed by deprivation of money or other property, or by eviction from own
home. (Adrianne Adams)

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Generating economic costs refers to the damage done by an abuser through
destroying their partner’s belongings and household possessions; or arrange to have
certain utilities disconnected. (Adams et. al)
Violence against women and their children (VAWC) are acts committed by any
person against a woman or her child which result in physical, sexual, psychological harm
or suffering, or economic abuse. (Republic act 9262/Phil.commission on women)
Interfering with education and employment focuses on the understanding on
how abusive men may keep their partners from education and employment. (Raphael,
1999)
Refusing to contribute refers to refusal of an abuser to contribute towards
economic costs such as household bills and bringing up the children. (Robinson 2003,
Wilcon 2006)
Republic Act 9262 an act defending violence against women and their children
providing for protective measures for victims, prescribing penalties therefore, and
another purposes. (Republic act 9262/Phil.commission,on women)
Women are female human being engaged to a relationship, marital or pre-
marital. (http.//www.thefreedictionary.com/women)
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Foreign Literature
The literature on domestic violence has come under criticism for its tendency to
emphasize physical violence to the exclusion of the other control tactics in particular,
economic abuse which involves controlling ‘a woman's ability to acquire, use and
maintain economic resources’ literature on the economic aspects of domestic violence is
at an early stage of development. To begin with, economic abuse is recognized as a form
of violence against women at all levels of Government. (A. Adams, D. Bybee C. Sullivan,
and M. Greeson; 2008Wilcox 2006-11). The financial abuse of women within intimate
partner relationships is a means by which abusive men are able to achieve the financial
power they previously held by legal default. Whilst it is no longer possible to deny
economic rights on the basis of gender, progress towards financial equality has been
slow. According to Littwin (2012), finances continue to be gendered, with men still
normatively expected to take charge of money. Moreover, ongoing structural inequalities
facilitate the efforts of abusive men to limit women’s self-sufficiency through playing on
the barriers that continue to hinder their financial independence, including part-time
work and the gender pay gap (Wilcox, 2006, Postmus et al., 2012). Thus, whilst
economic dependency can be a direct outcome of financial abuse, it cannot be separated
from women’s lesser economic status. It is, therefore, unsurprising that lack of access to
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financial income has been consistently identified by women as an obstacle to leaving
abusive men (Anderson, 2007; Bell & Kober, 2008; Brandwein, 1999; Lyon, 2002; Jaffe,
2002; WNC, 2003). Analysis of British Crime Survey data by Walby and Allen (2004)
indicated that women who reported that it would be difficult to find £100 at short notice
were three and a half times more likely to be subject to intimate partner violence. The
widespread assumption that a household income will be shared equitably (Branigan,
2004; Westaway & McKay, 2007) means that the use of money as a source of power is
rarely recognized and responded to by political, economic and social institutions. That
financial abuse is commonly experienced by women within the context of intimate
partner violence suggests that this form of abuse is a ‘patriarchal phenomenon’ intended
to ‘wage war on women’s growing equality’ (Littwin, 2012: 981). The intersection of
gender with other social characteristics has not been explored in any great depth within
the literature on financial abuse. The Postmus et al. (2012) study examining the impact of
a financial literacy program on survivors of intimate partner violence conducted
statistical analysis by age, ethnicity, income and education. Yet the only significant
difference was a correlation between economic control and education level; the higher
women’s education level, the least amount of economic control the women experienced,
suggesting that education is a protective factor. Financial abuse is also touched on within
studies which explore how particular groups of women experience intimate partner
violence.
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Bows (2015) explored how older women (those over 40) made decisions about
reporting to the police. Her findings suggest that patterning of abuse may change over
the length of the relationship, with physical abuse decreasing and emotional, financial
and sexual abuse increasing over time. Brownridge et al. (2011) compared female
victims of intimate partner violence who were and were not victimized during pregnancy.
This concluded: ‘it is possible that verbal abuse and economic subordination are potential
warning signs of pregnancy violence. Hague et al. (2007) explored the experiences of
disabled women and found that they experienced particular forms of financial abuse.
These included abusive men using their partner’s personal disability allowances and
payments and denying women money for their prescriptions as well as essential personal
needs related to their condition. Women were remonstrated for not ‘pulling their weight’
and made to feel that because of their disability, they contributed little to the household.
Within recommendations made on the basis of their research, Hague et al. (2007) stated
that, disabled women’s experience of intimate violence and ‘may particularly include
financial abuse and sexual and psychological violence. Howard and Skipp (2015)
undertook interviews and focus group discussions with survivors of financial abuse
(n=27) and documented that abusive men may exploit a woman’s immigration status in
order to perpetrate financial abuse. Here, the abusive man may claim that he, as the
British partner, stands a better chance of making a successful benefit claim. Alternatively,
he may tell her that she is unable to open a bank account to receive benefit money or else
keep her documents so that she is unable to prove her identity to do so. Littwin (2012)
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also notes coerced debt cases in which the abuser makes victims sign financial
documents that they cannot read or provides a ‘mis-translation’ of the document. Thiara
and Gill (2012) explored the experience of domestic violence for South Asian and
African Caribbean women and found that financial abuse was a significant feature. Two
patterns were evident: women being forced to live in total financial dependence and
sometimes poverty (more common among South Asian women); and men taking
women’s money if they worked or were claiming benefits (more common among African
Caribbean women).
In the United States, one in four women will experience domestic violence
during her lifetime. In the study of Gans (2011), the New York City Police Department
responded to an average of 700 reported incidents of domestic violence per day, while
the City’s Domestic Violence Hotline fielded more than 310 daily calls – a staggering
index of suffering in the nation’s largest city. While disturbingly prevalent in New York
City and beyond, economic abuse is currently unrecognized in State or City law as a
form of domestic violence. Economic abuse can take on many forms, from racking up
debt in a victim’s name, to stealing personal documents and belongings, to preventing a
victim from gaining financial literacy or employment. It’s a toll that is measured in lost
homes, lost opportunities and destroyed credit-ratings, yet too often is suffered in silence.
In New York City, domestic violence agencies work with immensely diverse populations,
many of whom are recent immigrants, low-income and have limited education. By and
large, there is a dearth of effective systems in place to remedy the impacts of economic
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abuse. Instead, service providers are left to cobble together piecemeal solutions in hopes
of helping their clients achieve self-sufficiency. To better understand economic abuse and
its impacts, the Office of Manhattan Borough President Scott M. Stringer, the non-profit
organization Sakhi for South Asian Women and The Worker Institute at Cornell ILR
surveyed domestic violence service agencies about their experiences. More than 25
organizations serving some 25,000 survivors of domestic violence responded.
A number of studies have observed that financial and/or economic abuse is highly
correlated with other forms of intimate partner violence (Outlaw 2009). For instance,
Adams et al. (2008) undertook research with survivors of intimate partner violence and
found that higher levels of economic abuse were significantly related to higher levels of
physical and psychological abuse. Similarly, a longitudinal study examining the impact
of a financial literacy program with survivors of intimate partner violence undertaken by
Postmus et al. (2012) found that participants who experienced physical and
psychological abuse more frequently were also subject to more monitoring and
restrictions related to the use of financial resources. A later study undertaken by the same
researcher found that dimensions of economic abuse correlate with experiences of
physical and psychological abuse. In addition, Weaver et al. (2009) uncovered data
which suggested that economic abuse is particularly associated with the experience of
emotional/verbal abuse and isolation for female victims of intimate partner violence
living in US domestic violence shelters. The overlap with psychological/emotional abuse
in all of these studies is interesting since financial/economic abuse has previously been
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conceptualized as a form of psychological abuse (Loring 1994). Indeed, it is only
recently that researchers have attempted to measure financial/economic abuse as a
distinct construct argues that it is important to disaggregate forms of ‘non-physical’
abuse within research since they may have different trajectories and vary both in
prevalence and their relationship to physical violence (Adams et al., 2008; Postmus et al.
2015; Sharp, 2008; Weaver et al., 2009). Outlaw (2009). As outlined above, financial
abuse within intimate partner violence is likely to exist within a pattern of psychological,
physical and/or sexual abuse. However, it should be noted that Cameron (2014) labels
some financially abusive men as ‘schemers’ – those who do not use financial abuse to
exert power and control over their partners but instead have a specific plan to
systematically steal a woman’s financial resources and then leave. According to Russel
et. al. (2014), there are three types of abusers, namely “controllers”, “schemers”, and
“exploiters”. Controllers use psychological and emotional abuse, threat of physical
violence, and maintain absolute power over their family and household finances.
Meanwhile, exploiters behavior include refusing to work, contributing nothing and
expecting that partner will pay for everything regardless of income. Schemers, on the
other hand, strategically planned schemes to steal money, and acquire assets and things.
Similarly, Corrie and McGuire (2013) suggest that a distinction needs to be made
between relationships in which there is financial abuse and relationships in which there is
an unequal, but mutually agreed upon, financial relationship (Outlaw, 2009, Adams et al.
2008, Postmus et al. 2012, Weaver el al. 2009).

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Financial control refers to three types of action that enable abusive men to
achieve financial control: depriving the victim of access to bank accounts; requiring the
victim to give the abuser any income she receives; and giving the victim an allowance.
According to Littwin (2012) access to bank accounts is one of the tactics that arises in
much of the research on financial abuse in the US and UK is abusive men depriving
women from accessing bank accounts. This may involve: having no access to bank
accounts that are solely in the abuser’s name; being denied access to a joint bank
account; and being denied access to their own bank account (for example, as a
consequence of their partner confiscating their bank card or changing their PIN number).
Income or financial resources yet, as Littwin (2012) notes, ‘barring access to bank
accounts is an incomplete control strategy if the victim has access to other funds’. As a
consequence, research also shows that many abusive men demand control over any
income/resources that women receive. Money may simply be taken from a woman’s
purse/bank account. Some report being made to pay their salary directly to their partner
(Davis, 1999; Littwin, 2012). Similarly, abused women may have to hand over benefit
money and tax credits (Howard & Skipp, 2015) or else, abusers may insist that all benefit
income is applied for in his name, including child benefit payments (Sharp, 2008;
Howard & Skipp, 2015). Abusers may also convince women to ‘lend’ them money which
they do not pay back. (Sharp, 2008; Adams et al., 2008).
Refusal to contribute abused women may be forced into a position of
‘supplication’ by abusive men who ‘refuse to contribute’ to household expenses,

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including rent, utility bills, food, toiletries and clothing. This form of abuse differs from
financial control in that it tends to occur when women have access to financial income;
instead the abuser’s behavior seeks to destroy her financial well-being so that she
remains entrapped in the relationship due to a lack of alternative options. This may
reflect the ways in which abusive men have had to adapt their attempts to control women
financially as a consequence of the financial advances that women have made over the
past forty years. In this scenario the abuser does not contribute any of his income to
household expenses, instead using his income solely for his own purposes. Furthermore,
some research shows that when abusive men refuse to work and do not earn an income
they continue to prioritize their own needs, taking their partner’s money and leaving
them without enough to pay for basic essentials (Sharp, 2008). Not only does the refusal
to contribute to household expenses drain women’s financial resources, but this scenario
means that individuals within the same household may have ‘radically different
standards of living (Littwin, 2012) resulting in what Branigan (2004) describes as a
‘feminization of poverty within relationships’. Indeed Littwin (2012) notes that an abuser
may manipulate a family’s financial assets and debts so that all the assets are in his name
and all the debts in her name.
Financial sabotage involves abusive men doing things to stop the victim from
acquiring a regular or increased income, such as sabotaging her ability to work or study.
This is a well-researched form of financial abuse and may involve woman being
forbidden, discouraged or actively prevented from getting or keeping a job, seeking

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promotion or enhanced training/qualifications (Sharp, 2008; Usta, 2013). Preventing
women from getting a job tactics to actively prevent women from getting a job may
involve stopping them from undertaking education or training so that they do not have
the qualifications required. Research documents how abusers interfere with their
partners’ ability to further their education, with the frequency of occurrence ranging from
23 to 62 percent. Raphael (1999) also describes how abusers sabotage their partner’s
efforts to attend employment fairs and interviews by inflicting visible injuries, turning
off the alarm clock so that they are late and refusing to provide child care. According to
Postmus et al. 2012, preventing education and employment, which focus on the
understanding how abusive men may keep their partners from education and
employment, the most regularly cited study was assumed by Raphael (1999). Broadly
covering threats of violence, the violence itself and sabotage specific examples of the
strategies he identified abusive men as using included: preventing her from sleeping;
turning off the alarm clock; cutting off her hair; inflicting visible injuries; destroying
books and tearing up completed homework assignments; saying negative things about
her ability to succeed; hiding or destroying clothing; sabotaging her transportation; and
harassing her at her place of employment.
Adams et al., (2008), Raphael (1999), Fender et al. (2002) and Brewster (2003)
define the other type of economic abuse which is controlling access to economic
resources, which stated that not all abusive men will forbid or actively prevent their
partner from working, some may allow, encourage or even force their partner to work but
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prevent her from acquiring an independent income by demanding that she hand over her
earnings, when women are unable to exercise control over their expenditure and when
family members take their assets to sell or assume that the money earned is theirs to
spend. The Duluth Intervention Project in year 1984 notes how some abused women may
be given an allowance to spend as the abuser sees fit. This can mean being given a
specific amount of money to spend on household necessities and then having to ask for
additional money for other purposes. It is dangerous to assume that all household
members have an equal share of the financial resources within it. In addition, Anderson
found that 38 per cent of women in their study reported having money stolen from them
by their partner and Adams cites anecdotal evidence of a variety of means used by
abusive men to achieve this. These include taking money from his partner's purse,
stealing her check book or bank card and gambling with her money. Some abusive men
prevent their partners from acquiring economic assets by refusing to put their names on
deeds to houses or on the titles of cars. Domestic violence routinely withholds
information about their own finances, hide money and lie about joint assets. In their
survey of abused women in refuge accommodation, only 50 per cent who had previously
shared a residence with the abuser were able to report total household income. (Adams
et. al; Grasly et. al.; and Brewster 2000).
The other type is generating economic costs, identifies the form of economic
abuse as ‘engaging in behaviors that generate costs'. For instance, an abuser may damage
or destroy their partner's belongings and household possessions; or arrange to have

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certain utilities disconnected. This results in women facing the dual cost of losing
property and then having to replace it as well as having to spend money on repairing
damage or having utilities reinstated. In addition, an abusive partner may generate debt
for his partner by putting all financial liabilities in her name. In its report on women's
assets and debts, the Fawcett Society came across several cases in which domestic
violence was the direct cause of a woman's debt problems indicating that ‘the issue
merited further attention' lack of control over the family finances can also culminate in
some women having to accumulate debt in order to survive. The women in her sample
said that because their partner took away the money they had budgeted they had 'no
choice but to frequently borrow small amounts of money in order to pay essential bills
such as gas and electricity, to buy food for the children and other necessities, some
women reported that their partners refused to work leaving them in debt as a
consequence. (Adams et.al, 2002; Brewster, 2003; Westaway & McKay, 2007, Wilcox,
2006).
Using ‘financial warfare' Stark, economic abuse can be seen as a form of
‘structural control' which allows a perpetrator of domestic violence to maintain
dominance over his partner without physical proximity. Not only does this mean that
economic abuse can go on within an intimate relationship but it can also be used as a
mechanism through which a perpetrator may continue to exert control after his victim
has left. Findings do indicate that abusive men may react to a partner leaving by
emptying the joint bank account or Initiating and prolonging child contact, divorce and
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other court proceedings to increase the victim's legal costs some men simply refuse to
pay child support and may even quit their job to avoid having to make support payments.
Because failure to collect child support rewards perpetrators of violence by relieving
them of financial responsibility for their children, many of the women interviewed
viewed such refusals as a continuation of the intimidation that they had experienced.
(Robinson, 2003; Wilcox, 2006; Davis 1999 and Jaffe et al., 2002).
When Adams developed a scale to measure economic abuse they found that
higher levels of economic abuse and exploitation were related to higher levels of
physical and psychological abuse. The 2001 British Crime Survey reported similar
findings with nearly half of women who had been subject to serious physical violence
also subject to emotional or financial abuse. Grasley reached a similar conclusion in their
study and went on to suggest that women seeking shelter in refuges may be more
economically disadvantaged compared to other abused women. Not only did their
research sample find that women in refuge had experienced more severe and chronic
physical abuse, but they were found to have experienced higher levels of economic abuse
than abused women not in refuge. Certainly, when Shepard and Pence measured the
economic status of survivors entering refuge they found that: 27 per cent of survivors
had no access to cash; 34 per cent of survivors had no access to a checking account; and
51 per cent of survivors had no access to a charge account/credit. (Grasley et al., 2000;
Shepard and Pence, 1988; and Dawson, 2007).

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Not only does economic abuse inflict economic dependency but research
concludes that it can threaten a woman's short and long term financial health - leaving
victims homeless, unemployed and debt-ridden. Consequently, there is also the
possibility that women's physical and psychological health will suffer as they endure the
‘stress associated with chronic economic deprivation' notes how, in addition to coping
with the trauma they had experienced, all the women in her study spoke about ‘the
enormous amount of energy and effort it took to budget every penny, to try and pay off
previous debts and to cope with extra expenses incurred through leaving. It is based on
this understanding that work to eliminate economic dependency and foster economic
empowerment is gaining momentum in the domestic violence sector. (Fender et al.,
2002; Adams et al., 2008; and Wilcox 2006)
The literature review summarized existing research into the economic aspects of
domestic violence. It pointed to the need for increased recognition of economic abuse as
a significant component of coercive control and highlighted how researchers in the field
believe that more research is warranted in order to understand how women experience
economic abuse and its consequences note how abusive men may continue to intimidate
their partner after she has left through refusing to pay child maintenance. This indicates
that there may be an additional need for research to consider how children are implicated
in and/or impacted by economic abuse. Lack of awareness, understanding and
recognition of financial abuse means that not only are women unable to identify and
address financial abuse, but there are no strategies in place for prevention and early
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intervention. As a consequence, Macdonald observes that ‘awareness of economic abuse
in some key institutions lags behind 20 that which would be required to achieve
significant positive action to address the problem’. Not only does this mean that there is
a lack of support for victims, but perpetrators are able to continue to use institutional
systems to undertake abuse with impunity. (Cameron, 2014 and Macdonald, 2012)
There is little research which explores the specific role of financial institutions
in responding to intimate partner violence generally and financial abuse specifically.
However, it is clear that financial institutions such as banks routinely interact with both
victims and perpetrators of financial abuse and are well-placed to take action (Cameron,
2014). Over the past six years there have been consistent calls in the UK for the financial
sector and, in particular, the banking sector to recognize and respond to the issue of
financial abuse through developing and adopting clear and consistent policies (Howard
& Skipp, 2015; and Sharp, 2008).
Research in to financial abuse in Australia has recommended that: professionals
working in the financial sector need to be trained to recognize and respond to financial
abuse; and that a diagnostic development screening tool for financial abuse should be
developed for use by key service providers. It has further been suggested that an early
intervention role could be combined with prevention work. Nearly half of women (47%)
questioned in one study suggested that banks are the best location for campaign and 21
education materials about financial abuse. In another study, a banking representative
reported that their bank was running workshops for women to open up conversations
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about money and being in control of your finances. The Australian literature locates
responses to financial abuse within a cross-sectoral response. In addition to financial
institutions, sectors with a stake in this issue are identified as: the community sector;
specialist domestic violence services; the legal sector; the financial services sector;
utilities and essential service providers; telecommunications companies; regulators and
ombudsman services; and the police. The potential for such an approach exists in the UK
via the Coordinated Community Response (CCR) to domestic violence. Pioneered by the
Duluth Abuse Intervention Project (DAIP) in Minnesota, USA, the CCR emphasises
comprehensive, collaborative and integrative working between relevant sectors and
stakeholders to position the safety and security of victim-survivors at the centre of
interventions; whilst holding perpetrators accountable. (Cameron, 2014; Corrie &
McGuire, 2013; Camilleri et al., 2015; Smallwood, 2015; and Shepard, 1999).
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Local Literature
According to the study of Diddy Antai et al. (2014), it determines the differential
association of economic, physical, and psychological abuse on psychological distress and
suicide attempts; no previous studies have previously examined this relationship. Second,
the researcher considers the effect of controlling for sociodemographic characteristics,
and third, the account for the effects of co-occurring mental disorders, by performing
sensitivity analyses that explored the potential role of comorbidity with the other mental
health outcome to assess whether the added experience with the other mental health
outcome led to higher levels of the mental health outcome being examined. and the
researcher provide empirical evidence on the relationship between forms of abuse and
mental health consequences originating from a low and middle-income context, given
that previous evidence have originated from high-income contexts, which do not
necessarily reflect cultural differences within low and middle- income contexts such as
the Philippines where the cultural context is important in determining power dynamics in
IPV and shaping how relationship power is related to the risk of mental health
consequences of IPV. Data for this study was derived from the 2008 Philippines
Demographic and Health Surveys (PDHS). The PDHS is part of a large survey program
carried out in over 70 low and middle-income countries that measure and evaluate key
population, health, and socioeconomic and anthropometric indicators within the surveyed
countries, with emphasis on maternal and child health to ensure standardization and
comparability across countries and time, the DHS employs intense interviewer training,
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standardized data processing guidelines, an identical core questionnaire, and instrument
pretesting. The PDHS are nationally representative cross-sectional household sample
surveys conducted by face-to-face interviews of women aged 15–49 years in the homes
of respondents between February 2001 and April 2003.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is one of the most common forms of violence
against women that is performed by a husband or an intimate male partner. It is a serious
public health problem associated with physical, reproductive and mental health
consequences. The global dimensions of IPV are alarming, with about 15–71% of
women reporting experiencing IPV over their lifetime. Various forms of abuse generally
coexist within the same relationship; however, reported estimates are sensitive to
definitions used, the manner in which questions are asked, the degree of privacy during
interviews, and the gender norms of the population. IPV is commonly conceptualized as
a pattern of coercive behaviors in a relationship whereby one partner uses tactics of
power and control over the other partner over a period of time. Despite the abundant
literature on the different types of abuse, very few have focused on economic abuse, with
scholars stressing the need to include economic abuse as a form of IPV, given the nature
of behaviors such as employment sabotage, economic control, and economic
exploitation. the Demographic variables were respondents’ age group (15–19, 20–24, 25–
29, 30–34, 35–39, 40–45, and 46–49 years), marital status (currently married and never
married). The Socio-economic status included in the study includes educational level (no
education, primary education, and secondary or higher education), current occupational

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status (employed, and unemployed), and place of residence (urban and rural). Other
variables were controlling behavior, measured as a composite binary variable created
from six questions regarding controlling acts by present or former husband/partner:
jealous if she talks with other men, accuses her of unfaithfulness, does not permit her to
meet her friends, tries to limit her contact with family, insists on knowing where she is,
and does not trust her with money; and justify wife beating, measured as a composite
binary variable created from responses to five questions enquiring whether the
respondent would justify abuse of a woman by her partner for such reasons as “when she
goes out without telling him,” “neglects the children,” “argues with him,” “refuses to
have sex with him,” and “burns the food.” In this study the higher the educational level,
the higher the proportion of women who reported more suicide attempts. In contrast, the
proportion of women who reported suicide attempts decreased with increasing wealth of
the household. Employed and currently married women reported significantly more
suicide attempts than unemployed and never/formerly married women, respectively.
Rural women and women with controlling male partners reported significantly more
suicide attempts than urban women and women who did not have controlling partners.
Significantly more women with psychological distress were employed, rural residents
and had male partners with controlling behaviors compared to their unemployed and
urban counterparts, as well as those whose partner did not have male partners with
controlling behaviors, respectively. The poorer the household is, the higher the
proportion of women who reported psychological distress. Women’s age was non-
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significant in relation to suicide attempts and psychological distress.
Economic abuse, in addition to physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, is a
common tactic of control in IPV that is as common as physical and psychological abuse.
Defined as the “control of a woman’s ability to acquire, use, and maintain economic
resources, thus threatening her economic security and potential for self-sufficiency”, it is
a coercive behavior that makes the victim economically dependent on her partner and at
greater risk of continued abuse. By controlling women’s ability to acquire, use, and
maintain economic resources, economic abuse threatens victims’ economic security and
ability to achieve economic independence. To establish a state of economic dependence,
an abuser might take “control” of a woman’s resources by preventing her from obtaining
and maintaining employment outside the home, causing her job absence or loss by
showing up at her work place; preventing women’s use of existing resources by
controlling resource distribution and use, denying them access to joint bank accounts or
financial information; and exploiting a woman’s resources by stealing her money,
creating costs, and generating debt, thereby depleting her economic resources. Economic
abuse can lead to poverty, which, in turn, is a risk factor for further economic abuse. In
addition to creating financial dependence, economic abuse creates a “hostile”
environment where the abused woman is continually psychological distressed and
anxious about material or financial issues. As the victim’s financial dependence on the
abuser increases, leaving the relationship becomes more difficult. Studies have found this
stress to be linked with depression, anxiety, and parenting problems. Economic abuse
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was measured by four items “disallowed respondent to engage in legitimate work,”
“controlled money or force her to work,” “destroyed personal property/pet or threaten to
harm pet,” and “ever lost job/source of income because of husband.” These items were
derived from responses to questions asked to respondents about whether their spouse had
ever exhibited the behaviors in question. Physical abuse was measured using seven items
indicating lifetime experience of physical violence. Using items from the Conflict Tactics
Scale, respondents were asked if their current or most recent partner had done the
following: pushing, shaking, or throwing something at her; (slapping her or twisting her
arm; punching or hitting her with something harmful; kicking or dragging her; strangling
or burning her; threatening her with a weapon (e.g., gun or knife); and twisted her arm.
Psychological abuse was measured using two items indicating Lifetime experience of
psychological violence: humiliating her in public; and threatening her or someone close
to her. There were five possible responses for each item of abusive act: “no,” “often,”
“sometimes,” “not at all,” and “yes,” the seven items indicating lifetime experience of
physical violence and the two items indicating lifetime experience of psychological
violence.
The primary aim of this study was to investigate the differential effects of
economic, physical, and psychological abuse in the prediction of suicide attempts and
psychological distress. Key findings from this study provide better understanding of the
relationship between these types of abuse and women’s mental health outcomes. First,
after controlling for sociodemographic confounders, women who experienced economic

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abuse (“spouse controlled money or forced her to work” and “ever lost job/source of
income because of husband”) or physical or psychological abuse were more likely to
carry out suicide attempts. Additionally, women who experienced economic (“destroyed
personal property/pet or threaten to harm pet” and “ever lost job/source of income
because of husband”), physical, or psychological abuse were more likely to experience
psychological distress. In contrast, women who experienced the economic abuse measure
“not allowed to engage in legitimate work” were less likely to experience psychological
distress. To the best of the researcher’s findings linking economic abuse with suicide
attempts and psychological distress have not been previously identified. It is plausible
that having an abusive partner that makes all her financial decisions and maintains
complete control over her money and other economic resources reduces the victim’s
ability to acquire, use, and sustain economic resources. This in turn renders the victim
economically dependent on her partner and creates a stressful home environment where
the victim is constantly anxious about financial or material issues; stress of this type has
been shown to be associated with depression and anxiety. The finding that the economic
abuse indicator (“not allowed to engage in legitimate work”) lowered the odds of
reporting psychological distress is an interesting finding that is not easily explained.
Given that what constitutes violence or abuse may vary across social contexts, it is
plausible that respondents may not have perceived or understood the statement “not
allowed to engage in legitimate work” as a form of economic abuse. It is also plausible
that work may be a source of psychological distress for some of these women, especially
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psychological distress resulting from employers or working conditions, and the added
demands of family responsibilities. Further investigations are needed to obtain a better
understanding of the indicators of economic abuse, as they may require different types of
screening and/or intervention methods. Economic abuse (“ever lost job/source of income
because of husband”) was also more predictive of psychological distress than either
physical or psychological abuse. This is also a novel finding, with plausible explanations
being that loss or depletion of key resources (e.g., employment) necessary to deal with
the trauma of abuse and high levels of relationship dissatisfaction may lead to increased
psychological distress. Implications of this finding, aside from the evidence that
unemployment constitutes a serious threat to mental health, include the need for
healthcare personnel to formulate psychological interventions to include screening for
mental disorders for unemployed abused women, as evidenced by positive effects of such
measures in prior studies. Second, findings found that women who experienced physical
or psychological abuse were more likely to attempt suicides and experience
psychological distress, with psychological abuse being more predictive of suicide
attempts, agrees with previous studies in a range of low- and middle-income countries.
Our finding is also consistent with those from other studies indicating positive
association between the lifetime experience of abuse and psychological distress. Similar
to the finding in other studies, this present study found that psychological abuse was a
stronger predictor of suicide attempts than physical abuse, after adjusting for explanatory
factors; however, this finding contrasts with that in another study. It is plausible that the
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stress and experience of physical or psychological abuse may manifest as internalizing
disorders such as depression, anxiety, or PTSD, as well as suicidal ideation. Further
qualitative research is needed to fully understand the link between experience of severe
abuse and suicidal behaviors, paying special attention to potential mediating effects of
mental disorders, especially if these patients do not present with overt psychiatric
disorders or attempt health. The clinical implication for this is the tendency of
healthcare/emergency physicians not to screen abused patients for mental health suicides.
In general, all victims of abuse should receive a mental health evaluation given the high
psychiatric burden among survivors of abuse. This would increase recognition of
depressive symptoms, especially in patients at risk for suicide attempts, given that
suicide attempt is a well-recognized risk factor for completed suicide, and would
enhance the chances of abused women of getting psychiatric treatment. Third, several
sociodemographic variables that influence the associations between intimate partner
abuse, suicide attempts, and psychological distress were identified. Unemployment was
inversely associated with suicide attempts and psychological distress contrary to the
commonly documented finding of unemployment as a risk factor for suicidal behavior.
Our finding is an interesting one that warrants further explanation: one of three possible
explanations being that the association may be non-causal (wholly or partly spurious)
due to confounding or selection by factors that predict or are antecedent to
unemployment but were related to suicide attempt risk such as lack of formal educational
qualifications, childhood sexual abuse, and poor parental marital relationship. Further
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studies that adjust for antecedent childhood and family factors as well as psychiatric
morbidity are needed, as these may show that unemployment may not be significantly
related to risks of suicide attempt, as seen in other studies. One other plausible
explanation is that high rates of unemployment in the Philippines may be reflective of
individuals with psychiatric morbidity. In this case, the association between
unemployment and suicide attempt is likely to be non-causal and is due to
unemployment being symptomatic of high risk individuals who are characterized by a
combination of Psychosocial, family, and educational adversity and/or psychiatric
morbidity. In addition, mental illness is a likely intermediator factor between
unemployment and suicide. Based on the findings, respondents in the middle and poor
wealth categories (second poorest and middle wealth quintiles) were more likely to
attempt suicides compared with those in the highest wealth category corroborates
findings from other studies. The present study supports the social causation theory that
adversity, stress, and reduced capacity to cope related to low-income increases the risk of
mental disorder. Mechanisms such as violence and a limited capacity to acquire
healthcare for physical health problems might increase the risk of these low-income
individuals to develop mental health problems, such as suicide attempt. However, a
causal link between income and mental disorders cannot be drawn. Policymakers may
need to consider interventions for mental disorders and suicidal behavior among low-
income individuals. Consistent with other studies, the researcher found that women
having a partner with controlling behavior were more likely to attempt suicide and to
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experience psychological distress as in implying that coercive control is intimately
relevant for the development of suicide risk in abused women. Our finding that women
resident in rural areas were more likely to experience psychological distress is consistent
with other studies. This is a complex finding that warrants further research. Evidence
from studies conducted in developed countries is contradictory about the elevated risk of
suicide associated with rural residence. However, rurality as a risk factor has been
explained in terms of socioeconomic stressors associated with the unpredictability of
earning a living from farming and access to means (particularly firearms). Comorbidity
with Psychological distress was associated with significantly elevated (nine-fold) risk of
suicide attempt, and vice versa, after controlling for sociodemographic factors. Similar
findings have been found in developed countries which found mental illness to increase
the risk of suicide by a factor of 10 or more. Our findings therefore suggest that suicide
attempts and psychological distress are highly comorbid, a point that has previously been
made. Thus, it is possible that these disorders are significant risk factors for the other. For
example, studies have found psychological distress to have the largest independent
contribution to the risk of suicidal behavior both in low- and middle-income countries as
they are in high-income countries. Several strengths of this study that are worth
mentioning include the use of nationally representative data, adequate sample size, and
use of comprehensive control of potential confounders (i.e., age, education, current
working status, marital status, wealth index, place of residence, and controlling behavior)
in explaining association between intimate partner abuse and mental health outcomes.
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Several important limitations should be borne in mind when interpreting these results.
The cross-sectional nature of the data is limited by retrospective recall biases and
difficulty with understanding the temporal nature of the relationship between variables. It
is theoretically possible that the mental health problems reported by the women could
have predisposed them to experiencing intimate partner abuse. Data were based on
retrospective self-report of the occurrence of suicidal behaviors and may be subject to
underreporting and recall bias. Despite these limitations, this is the first study, to our
knowledge, to examine and find a strong association between economic, physical, and
psychological abuse and suicide attempts and psychological distress, as well as the
greater predictability of psychological distress by economic abuse compared to either
physical or psychological abuse.
The literature review facilitated a ‘mapping' of the different ways in which
women and children may experience economic abuse which have been identified by
previous studies. In order to identify what other forms of economic abuse might exist but
are yet to be captured within the research literature, a postal questionnaire was developed
and sent to women accessing refuge, floating support and independent domestic violence
advocacy services provided by the national domestic violence charity refuge. "Violence
against women" as defined by RA 9262 is any act or a series resulting or likely to result
in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering, or economically abuse. Economic
abuse refers to act that could make a woman financially dependent. Samples are
withdrawal of financial support, deprivation or threat deprivation of financial resources

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or the used of property conjugal money (Pascual, 2007). According to the 2008
Statistical report of the national commission on the role of Filipino women (NCFRW),
Violence against women (VAW) cases in the Philippines rose to 21% from the 2007
report. With the implementation of the R.A 9262 or the Anti-violence against women and
their children act of 2004, it is alarming that the number of violations against women
rights did not decrease and has in fact risen. The ANTI-VAWC law held much promise
for women suffering from physical, psychological and sexual abuse from their husbands,
common law partners, boyfriends or girlfriends. However, the stories intimate partners
presented by women survivors who came to government and non-government facilities
are grim reminders that is one thing to have a law and another thing diligently implement
its Provisions in order to protect women from violence and uphold their rights. Abuse
may greatly impact the different areas of a women's life, such as the relationship she
develops or avoid developing, how she sees herself, how she views her environment and
the challenges she is and not willing to face. In response to the effect of abuse, women
focus on what can be done about the troubling event or condition. Social cognition
theories describe the appraisal process of stress and coping (Aguilar & Nightingale
1994).
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Theoretical Framework
Figure 1. Duluth Power and Control Wheel
From the Development Violence Intervention Project (DVIP) 1984 Power and
Control Wheel, Adrienne E. Adams, Cris M. Sullivan, Deborah Bybee and Megan R.
Greeson measured a scale to develop the types of economic abuse. Interfering with
education and employment, controlling access to economic resources, refusing to
contribute and generating economic costs are the types of economic abuse add to the
strategies uncovered by previous research by identifying additional tactics used by
abusers. Importantly, analysis of the research findings also showed that in many cases the
use of economic abuse actually reinforced and overlapped with the other types of control
providing an additional tool to perpetrate them.

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Conceptual Framework
THE TYPS OF ECONOMIC ABUSE

EXPERIENCED BY WOMEN IN QUEZON CITY
Demographic Profile Survey on the types of

of the Respondents Economic Abuse
 Interference with Education
and Employment by Men
 Age
 Controlling Access to Economic
 Educational Attainment
Resources among Women
 Civil Status
No. of Children  Refusal of Men to Contribute

 Status of Employment to Economic Liabilities
 Generating economic costs by
Men
Figure 2. Research Paradigm
The conceptual framework represents the survey questionnaire that will be
contributed to the economically abused women of Quezon City. This includes age,
employment, educational attainment, civil status and number of children and has a
relation on why they are experiencing economic abuse and to the types of economic
abuse they are experiencing. The researcher also seeks to know what type of economic
abuse they are experiencing and if this has to do with the respondent’s profile. The types
of economic abuse include interference with education and employment by men,
controlling access to economic resources among women, refusal of men to contribute to
economic liabilities and generating economic costs of men.

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Chapter 3
METHODS OF THE RESEARCH
This chapter presents the research design, population and sampling, sources of
data and data analysis used in the study.
Research Design
This study utilized a descriptive correlation research. A survey dealing with
people’s perception about economic abuse and their feelings regarding the said matter,
including social and psychological variables stood as survey research and whenever a
group of objects differ within itself and one desires to know in what ways and to what
extent these objects differ from one another.
The researchers described the demographic profile of the respondents to find out
if this has something to do with why they are experiencing economic abuse, thus the
researchers then described the types of economic abuse experienced by women in
connection with interfering with education and employment, controlling access to
economic resources, refusing to contribute and generating economic costs.

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Population and Sample Respondents
Being the largest city in National Capital Region, Quezon City has an estimated
population of 3,005,413 in 2017. From that estimated number, 1,538,471 are women
residing on Quezon City. A priori calculated sample size = 215 at 0.5 = alpha, medium
affect size and .80 = power women who personally experienced economic abuse.
Sources of Data
The instruments used to gather data in the study is the questionnaire and
unstructured interview which provided the acquisitions of advanced knowledge and
information obtained from journals available from libraries including key informants for
government publications, technical document, and annual reported cases of the barangays
in Quezon City; valuable insights from the interviews based on the personal experiences
of the respondents and assigned officers women’s desk of the barangays; databases
available from the internet; and documentary information from the Quezon City Hall.
Data Analysis
The researchers used the appropriate statistical analysis to analyze and interpret
the data gathered. The following rubrics were used to define, identify and analyze the
results of the study.

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Items Measurement
Table 1 - Questionnaire Items Measurement
Item Number Measurement
1,2,3,4,5 Demographic Profile of Economically Abused Women

Interference with Education and
1,2,3,4,5
Employment by Men
Controlling Access to Economic Resources among
6,7,8,9,10,11,1213,14
Women
15,16,17,18,19 Refusal of Men to Contribute to Economic Liabilities
20,21,22,23,24 Generating Economic Costs of Men
Level of acceptability of the action made by the partner
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
to reconcile
In determining the type of abuser, the following rubric was used:
Table 2 – Types of Abuser
Action Type of Abuser

Interference with Education and Controller Type
Employment by Men
Controlling Access to Economic Resources Controller Type
among Women
Refusal of Men to Contribute to Economic Exploiter Type
Liabilities
Generating Economic Costs of Men Schemer Type
According to Russel et. al. (2014)
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In determining the level of economic abuse experienced by women, the following

rubric was used:
Table 3 - Frequency rate on the types of economic abuse
Experienced by the respondents
Verbal
Scale Measurement Response Description
Interpretation
Women ALWAYS
5 4.04 - 5.00 Always Highly Abused experienced the types of
economic abuse
Women VERY OFTEN
4 3.23 - 4.03 Very often Abused experienced the types of
economic abuse
Women SOMETIMES
Moderately experienced the types of
3 2.42 - 3.22 Sometimes
Abused economic abuse
Women RARELY
2 1.61 - 2.41 Rarely Slightly Abused experienced the types of
economic abuse
Women NEVER experienced
1 .80 - 1.60 Never Not Abused the types of economic abuse
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In determining the level of acceptability of the action made by the partner to
reconcile, the following rubric was used:
Table 4 - Level of acceptability measurement of the action

made by the partner to reconcile
Scale Measurement Response Description
5 4.04 - 5.00 Totally Unacceptable Women ALWAYS REJECT the

reconcile action by their partner
4 3.23 - 4.03 Slightly Unacceptable Women SOMETIMES REJECT the

3 2.42 - 3.22 Acceptable Women SOMETIMES ACCEPT the

2 1.61 - 2.41 Very Acceptable Women OFTEN ACCEPT the reconcile

action by their partner
1 .80 - 1.60 Perfectly Acceptable Women ALWAYS ACCEPT the

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Statistical Treatment of Data
After collecting the data needed, the researchers tabulated and analyzed the
gathered data with the help of statistical tools. The following are the statistical tools used
in this study together with their corresponding formulas.
The frequency, percentage, mean, and rank of the demographic profile of the
respondents, types of economic abuse they experience and the level of acceptability
made by their partner as a reconcile action was determined by using IBM Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics.
The difference of the demographic profile of the respondents and the types of
economic abuse that they experience was determined by using F-test (ANOVA) using the
formula:
(SSE1 – SSE2 )
F= m
SSE2
n- k
Where:
SSE= residual sum of squares,
m= number of restrictions
k= number of independent variables

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Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1. Age
Table 5 - Age Distribution of 215 Respondents

Age Frequency % Rank
17 below 34 15.8 4
18 to 25 46 21.4 1
26 to 33 42 19.5 2
34 to 41 38 17.7 3
42 to 49 24 11.2 6
50 above 31 14.4 5
Total 215 100%
Based on the data in table 4, majority of the respondents are aged 18 to 25 years
old with a frequency of 46 or 21.4%. It is also significant to note that respondents aged
26 to 33 years old comprised a frequency of 42 or 19.5%. According to the study of
Gans (2012), women aged 24 to 35 heavily experienced economic abuses by their
intimate partners. Also, according to Walby and Allen (2004), it suggests that women
under 25 are most likely to experience such type of abuse. It only shows that women
belong to the age group of 18 to 33 years old is prone to possible economic abuses of
their intimate partners.

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1.2. Educational Attainment

Table 6 - Educational Attainment of 215 Respondents
Educational Attainment Frequency % Rank
With Masters/ Doctorate Degree 20 9.3 5
College Graduate 57 26.5 2
Undergraduate 43 20.0 3
High School Graduate 65 30.2 1
Elementary Graduate 30 14.0 4
Total 215 100.0
According to the data gathered, most of the respondents are high school
graduate with the frequency of 65 or 30.2%. This is in line with the study of Gans
showing 70 percent of economically abused women in New York City had received a
High School Education or less. It only implicates that less educational attainment can be
a ground for economic abuse.

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1.3. - Status of Employment

Table 7 – Status of Employment of 215 Respondents
Status of Employment Frequency % Rank
Regular 82 38.2 1
Contractual 59 27.4 2
Part-Time 36 16.7 3
On call 11 5.1 5
Unemployed 27 12.6 4
Total 215 100%
According to the table above, most of the respondents are Regular employees
with the frequency of 82 or 38.2%. According to the study maneuvered by Gans (2012),
for 80 percent of economically abused women who are earning money, more than half of
it has regular paid positions outside home. However, it is contradicted by Lloyd and
Taluc (1999) saying that economically abused women are more likely unemployed or
have had more job changes. In the data gathered in this study, it conforms to Gans
because the data shows that regular employees are more likely to become economically
abused.
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1.4. Civil Status

Table 8 – Civil Status of 215 Respondents
Civil Status Frequency % Rank
Married 86 40.0 1
Single (Parent) 37 17.2 3
Separated 18 8.4 4
Live-in 74 34.4 2
Total 215 100%
The table above states that majority of the respondents are married with the
frequency of 86 or 40.0%. Also, 74 or 34.4% have a live-in type of intimate
relationship. According to Murphy (2002), economic abuse is most common on intimate
relationships that are living together under one roof, married or just merely living
together. It only confirms that economic abuse is likely to happen with married and live-
in partners.
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1.5. Number of Children

Table 9- Number of Children of the 215 Respondents
Number of Frequency % Rank

Children
No children 17 7.9 4
One child 48 22.3 2.5
2 to 3 102 47.5 1
4 or more 48 22.3 2.5
Total 215 100%
Based on the gathered data, majority of the respondents have 2 to 3 number of
children with the frequency of 102 or 47.5%. Meanwhile, minority of the respondents
have No Children (7.9 %). This is in accordance with the research of Sharp (2008)
stating that childless women were slightly more likely to experience economic abuse
than women with children.

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2. What type of economic abuse has been experienced by the respondents in
connection with:
2.1. Summary of the Types of Economic Abuse
Table 10 - Summary Results of the Types of Economic Abuse

Description Mean Verbal Interpretation Rank
Interference with Education and

3.83 Abused 1
Employment by Men
Controlling Access to Economic

3.77 Abused 2
Resources among Women
Refusal of Men to Contribute to Economic
Liabilities 3.67 Abused 3
Generating Economic Costs of Men 3.59 Abused 4
Total 3.72 Abused
Comparing the different means of the types of economic abuse, it shows that
women suffered most from interference with education and employment by men. This is
not similar to the findings of the study of Sharp, showing that almost two thirds of
women said that their abuser had controlled their access to economic resources.
Furthermore, the table portrays that generating economic costs of men is the least type of
abuse women had experienced. This is also in contrast with Sharp’s results showing that
women least experienced economic abuse through refusal of their abuser to contribute.
According to Russel et. al. (2014), interference with education and employment by men
is a type of economic abuse done by “controller” economic abusers because they tend to
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maintain absolute power over his partner which includes the acts of monitor of
expenditure, ration of money and arranging his partner’s behavior in her workplace or in
her school. Meanwhile, generating economic costs of men is a type of economic abuse
done by “schemer” economic abusers because this type of abuser used deliberate and
strategically planned schemes to steal, acquire, and generate other costs done by being
charming and often quite narcissistic.

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2.2. Interference with Education and Employment by Men
Table 11 – Mean and Verbal Interpretation of

Interference with Education and Employment by Men
Accusing me of having an affair with 4.10 Highly Abused 1

someone else
Arranging me to work at his workplace 3.89 Abused 2

where he can monitor my actions
Stealing my wages 3.78 Abused 3
Beating me up/Inflicting visible injuries 3.75 Abused 4
Forcing me to resign 3.65 Abused 5
Total 3.83 Abused
Table 11 represents the summary, mean and the verbal interpretation of the types
of economic abuse under interfering with education and employment. Out of five acts of
economic abuse, only accusing the respondents of having an affair of someone else
appeared to be the most common type of abuse to the respondents. According to Sharp
(2008), she classified the subtypes of interfering with education and employment and
accusing a woman on having an affair with someone else; falls under the subtypes of the
things abusers do to stop or prevent his partner from going to school or work. In this
study, most of the respondents have always experienced of being accused of having an
affair with someone else, does, limits a woman from exerting effort to socialize and
interact with others at her school or work place. In this type, the type of abuser is
controller type.
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2.3. Controlling Access to Economic Resources among Women
Table 12- Mean and Verbal Interpretation of

Controlling Access to Economic Resources among Women
Monitoring the use of economic 4.24 Highly Abused 1

resources
He’s not talking about financial 4.10 Highly Abused 2

decisions with me
Showing him the receipts 4.02 Abused 3
Borrowing money from me and not 4.00 Abused 4

giving it back
Threatening me to have physical harm 3.98 Abused 5
My partner wants me financially 3.83 Abused 6

dependent on him all the time
Not allowing me to have money 3.72 Abused 7
Using my money for gambling activities 3.67 Abused 8
Giving me an allowance to spend 2.33 Slightly Abused 9
Total 3.77 Abused
Table 12 depicts the summary, mean and the verbal interpretation of the types of
acts of economic abuse under controlling access to economic resources. Out of the 9 acts
done by the abusers, monitoring the use of economic resources and not talking financial
decisions with his partner are the most suffered act experienced by women, meanwhile,
giving a woman allowances to spend is the least act experienced by women. Following
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the study of Sharp (2008), this acts fall under the subtypes of “monitoring her use of
money and economic resources”, “preventing her from access to family and household
income” and “giving her allowance” respectively. It only implies that women are most
economically abused by monitoring her use of resources and preventing her to have
access to such. Also, the data shows that abuser doesn’t give allowances to spend to their
partner, making women financially dependent on his partner. With these, the type of
abusers under this type is a controller one.

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2.4. Refusal of Men to Contribute to Economic Liabilities
Table 13 - Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Refusal of Men to

Contribute to Economic Liabilities
He spends money on non-essential items 3.96 Abused 1
He refuses to work 3.74 Abused 2
He refuses to pay rent, taxes, household 3.70 Abused 3

bills
He refuses to claim benefits 3.60 Abused 4
He refuses to provide for the children 3.37 Abused 5
Total 3.67 Abused
Table 13 portrays the overall result and verbal interpretation of the type of
economic abuse “Refusal of Men to Contribute to Economic Liabilities”. Based on the
data gathered, most of the respondents states that their partners spend money on none
essential items such as luxury things which are not needed, correspondingly, the
responded also stated that their partner refuse to work. According to Sharp (2008), the
extension of this acts constitute the refusal of the abuser to pay or support economic
liability. This includes, going on a holiday alone and using his own money for his own
good. In this study, it delineates that most of the partner of women involved in this study
refuses to contribute by spending money on none essential items and refusal to work. An
exploiter type of abuser is the one doing these acts.

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2.5. Generating Economic Costs of Men
Table 14 - Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Generating Economic Costs of Men
Destroying my belongings 3.87 Abused 1
Destroying household items 3.85 Abused 2
Making me buy things for him 3.44 Abused 3
Putting economic liabilities 3.41 Abused 4

Opening up and using bank accounts in
3.40 Abused 5
my name
Total 3.59 Abused
The table above shows economically abused women said that the abuser’s
behavior had generated most economic cost through destroying belongings and
household items. In conformity with Sharp’s study, these acts describe costs that incurred
as a result of the abuser’s action which includes paying her partners debt and destroying
things due to his unethical burst of feelings. These acts are done by schemer type of
abusers.
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3. Is there a significant difference between the economic abuses experienced by

women in terms of demographic profile of the respondents?
Table 15 – Test of Hypothesis Evaluation of the Types of Economic Abuses to the

Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Demographic
F comp F tab Decision Conclusion
Profile
There is a significant difference in the
Age 7.16 4.28 Reject Ho economic abuse experienced by women
in terms of age at 0.05 significant level.
economic abuse experienced by women
Civil Status 10.92 3.77 Reject Ho in terms of civil status at 0.05 significant
level.
There is no significant difference in the
Educational economic abuse experienced by women
1.35 4.07 Accept Ho in terms of civil status at 0.05 significant
Attainment
level.
Number of economic abuse experienced by women
5.69 3.77 Reject Ho in terms of number of children at 0.05
Children
significant level.
There is no significant difference in the
Employment economic abuse experienced by women
0.67 4.41 Accept Ho in terms of employment status at 0.05
Status
significant level.
Table 15 shows that there are significant differences between the age, civil status
and number of children of the respondents and to the types of economic abuse they
experienced. Based on the results of the calculation in this study, women at the age of 18
to 22, with a total mean of 16.73, experience more severe types of economic abuse than
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older women. Moreover, with a total mean of 16.00, it shows that separated women
experience severe economic abuse than married women. Correspondingly, women with
at least one child experience more severe economic abuses than in childless couple.
Furthermore, the result of this study shows that the total mean of the education
attainment and employment status of the respondents are almost the same with almost no
significant difference with each other. In the study of Sharp, it also shows that young
women experience severe economic abuse than adult women. In Gans, it also shows that
separated women experience severe abuses than married women and childless couples
tend to experience minor effects of abuses than those who have children.
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4. What is the perception of the respondents on the level of acceptability of the

actions made by their partner to reconcile?
Table 16 – Level of acceptability of the action made by partner to reconcile
He apologizes in a way that makes you

4.05 Totally unacceptable 1
feel bad
The apology includes the claim that he
3.95 Slightly unacceptable 2
has been trying really hard to change
The apology is really about blaming
someone else
The apology is full of sarcasm and
accusation
The apology is full of victim-ease 3.72 Slightly unacceptable 5
He makes an apology in a romantic

production
The apology is accompanied by
emotional or physical withdrawal
He gives great gifts 3.21 Acceptable 8.5
He apologizes for nothing in particular 3.21 Acceptable 8.5
He apologizes for the wrong thing 3.19 Acceptable 10
Total 3.95 Slightly unacceptable
The table shows that there are only 3 reconciliations acceptable to women by
their partners. The three reconciliations are “He gives great gifts” “He apologizes for
nothing in particular” and “He apologizes for the wrong thing”. According to Hatcher
2010 acceptability of the reconciliation comes in 3 ways; first, acknowledge what the
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abuser did was wrong, second, accepted responsibility for their (the abusers) actions,
third, the abusers made attempts to atone for the wrongs they had committed, lastly, the
abuser assurances that transgressions would not happen again. In accordance,
economically abused women mostly accept the apology which includes giving of great
gifts and apologizing for the wrong thing. Among all the reconciliations, it shows that the
most unacceptable one is when the abuser apologizes in a way that makes the
respondents feel bad, making the respondents feel that it’s their fault (Warrington, 2009).
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Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS
Based from the interpretation and analysis in Chapter 4, the following are the
findings:
1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents
A total of 215 respondents were surveyed about their age. Among 215
respondents, 46 are aged 18-25 years old and 42 are aged 26-33 years old. Majority of
the respondents are high school graduate with the frequency of 65 or 30.2%. Most of the
respondents are regularly employed with a frequency of 82 or 38.2% and 59 or 37.4%
are contractual employees. Out of the 215 respondents, 86 or 40% are married with 74 or
34.4% are lived in. Only 17 or 7.9% of the respondents have no child and the rest of the
respondents at least have 1 child.
2. Types of Economic Abuse
Under interference with education and employment by men, most economically
abused women suffer most from “Accusing them of having an affair with someone”.
Under controlling access to economic resources among women, most economically
abused women suffer most from their economic resources being monitored and their
partner not talking financial decisions with them. While they least suffer from “giving
them allowance to spent”. Most of the partners of the abused women refuse to contribute
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by refusing to work and by spending money on none essential items. Most abusers
generate economic cost by destroying the woman’s belongings and household items. Out
of all the types of economic abuse, women tend to suffer most from the abuser’s
interference on their education and employment. Controller type of abusers are the most
common type of abuser that caused economic abuse to women.
3. Significant difference between the types of economic abuse to the demographic of
the respondents.
The study shows that age, civil status and number of children has a significant
difference between the types of economic abuse experience by women. Women aged 18
to 22 experiences more severe types of economic abuse than older women. Moreover, it
shows that separated women experience severe economic abuse than married women.
Correspondingly, women with at least one child experience more severe economic
abuses than in childless couple. Furthermore, the result of this study shows that the total
mean of the education attainment and employment status of the respondents are almost
the same with almost no significant difference with each other.
4. Level of acceptability of the actions made by their partner to reconcile
Most women stated that giving great gifts, apologizing for nothing in particular
and for the wrong thing is acceptable. However, most of them stated that apologizing in a
way that makes them feel bad is totally unacceptable.

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CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings of the study, the researchers come up with the following
conclusions:
1. Demographic profile of the respondents
Economically abused women are young-adults due to their naïve stage and the
lust to explore and try new things. Correspondingly, they are easily manipulated,
ignorant due to their tender age and romantically excited. Less educational
attainment can be a ground for economic abuse. Situations like economic abuse
happen more frequently in none educated setting. Due to their illiteracy, they are
more susceptible to victimization and manipulation by men. Regularly employed
women and contractual employees are more likely to be economically abused
inasmuch as they have the money, thus, they have ability to sustain and provide
money for the family. Considering that they are married or living in together, women
tend to be more economically abused. The liability or the urge to provide is stronger
because they are committed to each other and share the same liabilities such as
household bills and other expenses. It can also be concluded that childless women
are less prone to economic abuse because they have less responsibilities and
commitment than those with children.

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2. Types of economic abuse experienced by the respondents
Most women suffer from “Interference with Education and Employment by Men”
exerts little effort to socialize with someone to avoid her partner from creating scandals
at her work place such as inflicting physical abuse to the people she socializes with. The
study concludes that the abusers prevents the economically abused women from the
access on family income, thus, it prevents them from enjoying the use of such economic
resources. Considering that most economically abused women are regular employees,
most abuser feels like it’s unnecessary for them to work, even if the abuser have his own
money, he spends it on none essential items like gambling and leisure vices. Instead of
contributing in support to the economic liabilities, abusers tend to generate more
economic costs by destroying belongings and household items. It can lead to physical
violence that will exacerbate the issue. Considering that most of the economically abused
women are young-adults, they’re mostly engaged to education and employment. Thus,
they are more susceptible to the effects of economic abuse caused by interfering them
from their education and employment.
3. Significant difference between the types of economic abuse to the demographic
of the respondents.
There is a significant difference between the age, civil status, number of children
and the types of economic abuse experienced by women. This is due to the conclusion
that younger women, considering their lack of experience and tender age are more prone
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to manipulation and abuses. Moreover, women who are economically abused tend to be
separated from their partner due to the severe abuse exerted by their partner that the
women can no longer stand it, thus, they choose to be separated from their partners
instead. Correspondingly, the researchers conclude that women with children, whom are
also prone to economic abuse, tend to endure the abuse they undergo with for the sake of
their children growing with an intact family. Therefore, women with children are more
prone to economic abuse than childless women. Furthermore, there is no significant
difference between the employment status and the educational attainment of the
respondents. Hence, a degree or a regular job will not determine whether a woman is
being abused or not. Just because someone graduated from high school or college does
not mean the woman is free from abuses, figuratively, this is the same with; just because
a woman does not have a bruise does not mean she is not being abused.
4. Level of acceptability of the action made by partner to reconcile
The researchers conclude that once the respondents accept the action made by
their partner to reconcile, it means that they are giving their partners another chance to
change their unethical behavior. We also conclude that, if the respondent doesn’t accept
the action made by their partner to reconcile; is because the action makes them feel bad
and it worsen the situation.

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RECOMMENDATION
The researchers believe that there is more to be done with this study and if in the
future reference, this recommendations will be used. Based from the findings and
conclusions the following recommendations are offered.
1. With regards to the demographic profile of the respondents
The researchers recommend that women must think carefully if at by all means,
they are well-capacitated before engaging themselves into any intimate relationships,
especially marriage. Parents must provide guidance to avoid impulsive decisions. The
Quezon City government must launch programs raising the awareness of domestic
violence specifically on economic abuse to provide basic education for women about
what they can do to avoid such violence. The proper utilization of social media, such as
Facebook and Twitter, can help the local government raise awareness. Women and their
partners should know their priorities financially and their limits on the liabilities and
responsibilities they engage. Men must understand that just because women are regularly
employed doesn’t mean that women should shoulder all the liabilities and
responsibilities. Legislators should exert some action protecting women with regards to
their employment, and this study suggests to advise women to have separate bank
accounts. Women and their partner should learn to respect each other considering that
they both play a major role to keep their relationship and family intact. Married couples
must know the importance of family planning. It must be reminded to them that having
numerous of child can be costly.

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2. With regards to the types of economic abuse experienced by women
Partners having intimate relationship should establish trust with each other to
avoid such accusations causing women to limit their interactions to other people.
Partners should talk about their financial decisions and be more considerate with regards
to each other’s needs, such as physiological and social needs. Partners must have a
mutual understanding on their role in their relationship. Furthermore, their non-essential
needs must reflect to their role and must not obstruct to the attainment of the essential
ones. Men should not be carried away by their sudden burst of anger or feelings, they
should not resort to the destroying of personal belongings and household items, instead,
partners must talk about the issue sincerely. If the destroying of items persists, women
must seek advice or help to the authorities.
3. With regards to the significant difference of the types of economic abuse to the
demographic profile of the respondents
Young women must know the steps to file an action if they felt such severity of
economic abuse deteriorating their attainment of financial independence. If married
women are considering leaving their abuser, calculate what it would cost them to live on
their own including their child if any, and consider starting to set aside their own money
in a safe place, even if it is just a few money. If the women is constantly experience
economic abuse by her partner and tends to overlapped with the different kinds of abuse
like Physical and Sexual abuse the women can ask for help from the police officer in
charge of the Women’s Desk in the nearest PNP station, or from the DSWD to report the
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said acts by her partner. There is a legal action in safeguarding the abused women; BPO
(Barangay Protection Order) can only be issued for limited grounds effective for fifteen
days and there is a certain meters away from the abuser to the abused partner (30 meters
away). TPO (Temporary Protection Order) this order is effective 30 days and filled in
court. PPO (Permanent Protection Order) there is no expiration of the order unless the
abused women will filled out the protection order. if the abusive partner will not follow
the terms and condition of the court while having the protection order he will be sanction
with six years minimum up to twelve years maximum imprisonment especially if the act
is done while the woman is pregnant or in the presence of the common children.
4. With regards to the level of acceptability of the action made by the partner to
reconcile
Instead of asking forgiveness and making promises, men must take actions and
turn their promises into reality. Men should not divert the issue to the women and make
them worry to the point that women will blame themselves, instead, men should face the
consequences of the sins he created.

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REFERENCES
Journal Resources
Adams, A.E., Greeson, M., Kennedy, A.C., & Tolman, R.M. (2013). An
examination of the effects of adolescent dating violence on women’s educational
attainment and employment in adulthood.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(17),
3283–3300.
Adams, A. E., Sullivan, C. M., Bybee, D.,& Greeson, M. (2008). Development of
the Scale of Economic Abuse. Violence Against Women,14, 563-588.
Fiona Mcdonald. Spotlight on economic abuse: Australia Philippine National
Police - Women and Children Protection Center (WCPC).
NicolaSharp.What’s yours is mine (2008) London metropolitan
University:Refuge
Antai, D. et al. The Effects of Economic, Physical and Psychological Abuse on
Mental Health: A Population- Bsed Study of Women in the Philippines. International
Journal of Fmily Medicine Volume 2014. Artcile ID 852327.2014
Online Resources
Dr.Romulo A. Virola secretary general NSBS.Violence Against Women at
Home.FilesRetrievedMarch18,2017,fromhttp://nap.psa.gov.ph/headlines/statspeak/2010/
030810_rav_vaw.asp.
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New Era University
Leandra Althea M. Morales, Awareness of R.A.9262 otherwise known as Anti-
Violence Against Women and their Children in selected Municipalities in the
province of Batangas files retrieved March 19, 2017 from nsscvii.files.wordpress.com/
Leandra-alethea-m-morales.pptx.
NCADV. Facts about domestic violence and economic abuse.Files
retrievedMarch13,2017fromhttp://ncadv.org/files/Domestic%20Violence%20and%20Eco
nomic%20Abuse%20NCADV.pdf
Warington, T. 2009. How and Abuser Tricks you with Apologies. Retrieved
from:http://timessupblog.blogspot.com/2009/11/how-abuser-tricks-you-with
apologies.html?m=1
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APPENDIX A
LETTER TO THE RESPONDENT
Dear Respondents,
Greetings!
The undersigned researchers who are taking Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
from New Era University who are now presently conducting their research study about
women abuse. This is in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Research
Output in Political Science. You are one of the chosen respondents to explore your first-
hand knowledge rest assured that your answer will be treated with strict confidentiality.
Thank You.
Very truly yours,
Facurib, Ma. Allysson A. Seguin, Jeffrey A Masinsin, Shayne N.

Gilo, Crhister Vince J. Pantaleon, Maristela II A.
Matias, Queenie P. Anca, Angela-Luz B.
Noted by:
Dr. Dianna Lee Tracy Chan
Thesis Adviser
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April 21, 2017
Gender and Development Office

Quezon City Hall
Eliptical Road,Brgy.Central,Diliman,Quezon City
To whom it may concern;
Good Day!
We B.A. Political Science majors of New Era University, are currently taking a course in Political
Science Research Methods. A major requirement of the course is to conduct a comprehensive
research on the research entitled Types of Economic Abuse Experienced by Women in Quezon
City.
With your expertise, we are humbly requesting for your permission to allow us to conduct an
interview and to gather data and information with regards to our topic. We are reassuring
information gathered will be viewed with absolute confidentiality.
We are unpretentiously looking forward that our request would merit your positive response and
support on this particular research endeavor.
We look forward to this most fulfilling occasion.
Very respectfully yours,
Researchers:
Facurib, Ma. Allysson A. Matias, Queenie Pantaleon, Maristela II
Gilo, Crhister Vince J. Masinsin, Shayne N.
Seguin, Jeffrey A. Anca, Angela-Luz B.
Noted by:
Dr. Alvin Tobias

Instructor, Political Science 148-14 Class
72
New Era University
April 21, 2017
Quezon City Police District Station 9

Anonas Street, Project 2, Quezon City
Metro Manila 1102
To whom it may concern;
Good Day!
We B.A. Political Science majors of New Era University, are currently taking a course in Political
Science Research Methods. A major requirement of the course is to conduct a comprehensive
research on the research entitled Types of Economic Abuse Experienced by Women in Quezon
City.
With your expertise, we are humbly requesting for your permission to allow us to conduct an
interview and to gather data and information with regards to our topic. We are reassuring
information gathered will be viewed with absolute confidentiality.
We are unpretentiously looking forward that our request would merit your positive response and
support on this particular research endeavor.
We look forward to this most fulfilling occasion.
Very respectfully yours,
Researchers:
Noted by:
Dr. Alvin Tobias

Instructor,Political Science 148-14 Class
73
New Era University
April 21, 2017
PCSUPT Dionardo B. Carlos

Chief, Public Information Office
Camp Crame,Quezon City
Dear PCSUPT Dionardo Carlos:
We, the Bachelor of Arts major in Political Science of New Era University, are currently
conducting a study about the Types of Economic Abuse Experienced by Women of Quezon
City as a major requirement in Political Science Research Methods.
With your expertise, we request your permission to allow us to conduct an interview to gather
data and information regarding our topic. The researcher would also like to know the statistical
data of reported cases of Violence against Women and Children in Calendar Year 2015 to present
particularly Economic Abuse. We assure you that the information gathered will be viewed with
utmost confidentiality.
We are looking forward that our request would merit your positive response and support on this
particular endeavor.
Respectfully yours,
Noted by:
Dr. Alvin Tobias

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New Era University
May 17, 2017
Hon. Ma. Josefina Belmonte

Vice Mayor
Quezon City Hall
Eliptical Road,Brgy.Central,Diliman,Quezon City
Good Day!
We, the Bachelor of Arts major in Political Science of New Era University, are currently
conducting a study about the Types of Economic Abuse Experienced by Women of Quezon
City as a major requirement in Political Science Research Methods.
With your expertise, we request your permission to allow us to conduct an interview to gather
data and information regarding our topic. The researcher would also like to know the statistical
data of reported cases of Violence against Women and Children particularly Economic Abuse. We
assure you that the information gathered will be viewed with utmost confidentiality.
We are looking forward that our request would merit your positive response and support on this
particular endeavor.
Respectfully yours,
Noted by:
Dr. Alvin Tobias

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APPENDIX B
Greetings! The undersigned researchers who are taking Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from
New Era University who are now presently conducting their research study about economic abuse among
women. This is in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Research Output in Political
Science. You are one of the chosen respondents to explore your first-hand knowledge rest assured that your
answer will be treated with strict confidentiality.
-The Researchers
PART I. Demographic Profile: Kindly fill in the queries with the information ask for.
1. Age: 2. Educational Attainment:

__17 below __With Masters/Doctorate Degree
__18-25 __College Graduate
__26-33 __Under Graduate
__34-41 __High School Graduate
__42-49 __Elementary Graduate
__50 and above
3. Civil Status: 4. Number of Children: 5. Status of Employment:

__Married __No Children __Regular
__Single (Parent) __One Child __Contractual
__Separated __ 2 to 3 __Part-time
__Live-in __4 or more __On Call
__Unemployed
PART II. Instructions: Kindly Asses how frequently you experienced the following economic abuse listed
below during your Intimate Relationship with your partner (e.g. Husband and Wife Relationship: husband
or ex-husband, live-in partner, boyfriend/girlfriend, dating partner) by putting below into which is
applicable the most: 5- Always, 4- Very often, 3- Sometimes, 2– Rarely, 1– Never.
Interference with Education and Employment by Men 5 4 3 2 1

1. Stealing my wages
2. Beating me up/inflicting visible injuries
3. Accusing me of having an affair with someone else
4. Arranging me to work at his workplace where he can monitor my actions
5. Forcing me to resign
Controlling Access to Economic Resources among Women
6. Not allowing me to have money
7. Borrowing’ money from me and not giving it back
8. Using my money for Gambling activities
9. My partner wanted me to be financially dependent on him all the time
10. Threatening to have physical harm
11. Giving me an allowances to spent
12. Showing him the receipts
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13. Monitoring the used of economic resources such as telephone, gas and
electric.
14. He’s not talking about financial decisions with me

Refusal of Men to Contribute to Economic Liabilities
15. Refusing to work
16. Refusing to claim benefits
17. Refusing to pay rent, council tax and household bills
18. Refusing to provide for the children
19. Spending money on non-essential items
Generating Economic Costs of Men
20. Opening up and using bank accounts in my name
21. Putting economic liabilities such as the car tax in my name
22. Destroying my belongings such as clothes and jewelry
23. Destroying household items such as furniture and electrical goods
24. Making me ‘buy’ things from him i.e. use of bicycle
SOURCE: Nicola Sharp
PART III. Instructions: Kindly Asses the level of acceptability to the action made by the partner to
reconcile. By putting below that describe your personal experience. Kindly check the following: 5-
Totally Unacceptable, 4- Slightly Unacceptable, 3- Acceptable, 2– Very Acceptable, 1– Perfectly
Acceptable into which is applicable the most.
Action Made by the Partner to Reconcile 5 4 3 2 1

TU SU A VA PA
1. They make an apology in a romantic production
2. They give great gifts
3. They apologize for nothing in particular
4. They apologize for the wrong thing
5. The apology include the claim that he/she has been trying really hard to
change
6. The apology is really about blaming someone else
7. They apologize in a way that makes you feel bad
8. The apology is accompanied by emotional and/or physical withdrawal
9. The apology is full of sarcasm and accusation
10. The apology is full of victim-ease
SOURCE: Tanya Warrington
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APPENDIX C
TEST AND STATISTICAL TOOL
Age of the 215 Respondents
Abuse 17 & 18 to 22 26 to 33 34 to 41 42 to 49 50-above

below
Interfering 4.11 3.93 4.05 3.84 2.96 3.80
Controlling 4.17 3.75 3.85 3.77 3.05 3.90
Refusing 3.77 4.60 3.93 3.62 2.98 3.73
Generating 3.79 4.45 3.64 3.64 3.71 3.86
15.84 16.73 15.47 14.87 12.70 15.29
∑×col 90.90
∑× 250.9056 279.8929 239.3209 221.1169 161.2900 233.7841
(∑col)2 1386.3104
n= 24
TSS= 3.44725
SSB= 2.29385 MSSB= 0.45877
SSW= 1.1534 MSSW= 0.0064078
DFT= 23
DFB= 5 F= 7.15958 >F tab= Reject Ho,
DFW= 18 there is significant difference in the economic abuse
Of women in terms of gender
Ftab= 4.276 at 5% significant level
X12 X22 X32 X42 X52 X62

16.89 15.44 16.40 14.75 8.76 14.44
17.39 14.06 14.82 14.21 9.30 15.21
14.21 21.16 15.44 13.10 8.88 13.91
14.36 19.80 13.25 13.25 13.76 14.90
62.86 70.47 59.92 55.31 40.71 58.46
∑×2 347.73
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Civil Status of the 215 Respondents
Abuse Married Single Separated Live in

Interfering 3.57 3.85 4.13 4.09
Controlling 3.48 3.71 4.16 4.06
Refusing 3.47 3.55 4.01 3.85
Generating 3.40 3.56 3.70 3.82
∑×col 13.92 14.67 16.00 15.82
∑× 60.41
(∑col)2 193.7664 215.2089 256.0000 250.2724
∑(∑col)2 915.2477
n= 16
TSS= 0.99259375
SSB= 0.72641875 MSSB= 0.24214
SSW= 0.266175 MSSW= 0.022181
DFT= 15
DFB= 3 F= 10.91641 <F tab= Reject Ho,
DFW= 12 there is significant difference in the
economic abuse of women in
terms of Civil Status
X12 X22 X32 X42

12.74 14.82 17.06 16.73
12.11 13.76 17.31 16.48
12.04 12.60 16.08 14.82
11.56 12.67 13.69 14.59
48.46 53.86 64.13 62.63
∑× 229.08
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Educational Attainment
Abuse With Master College Undergrad Hs Graduate Elem

Graduate Graduate
Interfering 4.46 3.44 4.14 3.97 3.81
Controlling 3.68 3.44 3.92 3.89 3.88
Refusing 3.57 3.52 3.73 3.78 3.52
Generating 3.89 3.60 3.63 3.63 3.15
∑×col 15.60 14.00 15.42 15.27 14.36
∑× 74.65
(∑col)2 243. 3600 196.0000 237.7764 233.1729 206.2096
∑(∑col)2 1116. 5189
n= 20
TSS= 1. 534975
SSB= 0.4986 MSSB=0.09972
SSW= 1.036375 MSSW= 0.074027
DFT= 19
DFB= 5 F= 1.34708 <F tab= Accept Ho
DFW= 14 there is no significant difference in
the economic abuse of women
in terms of Educational attainment
Ftab= 4.407
X12 X22 X32 X42 X52

19.89 11.83 17.14 15.76 14.52
13.54 11.83 15.37 15.13 15.05
12.74 12.39 13.91 14.29 12.39
15.13 12.96 13.18 13.18 9.92
61.31 49.02 59.60 58.36 51.88
∑× 2 280. 17
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Number of Children of the 215 Respondents

Abuse No child 1 child 2-3 children 4 up
Interferring 2.82 3.96 3.92 3.91
Controlling 3.08 3.92 3.81 3.77
Refusing 3.82 3.89 3.72 3.59
Generating 3.00 3.79 3.78 3.27
∑×col 12.72 15.56 15.23 14.54
∑× 58.05
(∑col)2 161.7984 242.1136 231.9529 211.4116
∑(∑col)2 847.2765
n= 16
TSS= 2.05404375
SSB= 1.20646875 MSSB= 0.402156
SSW= 0.847575 MSSW= 0.070631
DFT= 15
DFB= 3 F= 5.693744 <F tab= Reject Ho,
DFW= 12 there issignificant difference in the
economic abuse of women
in terms of number of children.
X12 X22 X32 X42

7.95 15.68 14.37 15.29
9.49 15.37 14.52 14.21
14.59 15.13 13.84 12.89
9.00 14.36 14.29 10.69
41.03 60.54 58.01 53.08
∑×2 212.67
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New Era University
Employment Status of the 215 Respondents
Abuse Regular Contractual Part time On call Unemployed

Interfering 3.76 3.87 3.66 3.65 4.29
Controlling 3.77 3.74 3.72 3.70 3.98
Refusing 3.80 3.56 3.46 3.84 3.79
generating 3.84 3.72 3.31 3.20 3.21
∑×col 15.19 14.89 14.15 14.39 15.27
∑× 73.89
(∑×col)2 230.7361 221.7161 200.2225 207.0721 233.1729
∑(∑×col)2 1092.9157
n= 20
TSS= 1.249295 MSSB= 0.048464
SSB= 0.24232 MSSW= 0.071927
SSW= 1.006975 F= 0.673796 <F tab= Accept Ho, there is
DFT= 19 no significant difference in the economic
DFB= 5 abuse of women in terms of employment
status.
DFW= 14
Ftab= 4.407
X12 X22 X32 X42 X52

14.29 14.98 13.40 13.32 18.40
14.21 13.99 13.84 13.69 15.84
14.44 12.67 11.97 14.75 14.36
14.75 13.84 10.96 10.24 10.30
57.69 55.48 50.16 52.00 58.91
∑×2 274.24
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New Era University
SUMMARY OF THE HYPOTHESIS TEST
Test of hypothesis for Age
SSB SSW DFB DFW MSSB MSSW F ftab decision Conclusion

comp
2.294 1.153 5 18 0.459 0.064 7.16 42.76 Reject There is.
Ho
Test of hypothesis for Civil Status

comp
0.726 0.266 5 12 0.242 0.022 10.916 3.773 Reject There is.
Ho
Test of hypothesis for Educational Attainment

comp
0.500 1.036 5 14 0.100 0.074 1.347 4.407 Accept There is
Ho no.
Test of hypothesis for Number of Children

comp
1.206 0.848 3 12 0.2402 0.071 5.694 3.773 Reject There is.
Ho
Test of hypothesis of Employment status

comp
0.242 1.007 5 14 0.0485 0.0719 0.674 4.407 Reject There is.
Ho
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New Era University
Statistical Treatment
F-test (ANOVA)
TSS = Total Sum of Square DFW = Degree of Freedom Within

SSB = Sum of Square Between MSSB = Mean Square of Square
Within
SSW = Sum, of Square Within MSSW = Mean Square of Square
Between
DFT = Total Degree of Freedom F = Value
∑𝑥 2
TSS = ∑𝑥 2 – DFW = DPT – DFW
𝑛
1 (∑ 𝑥)2 𝑆𝑆𝐵
SSB = [∑ (∑100 )2] – MSSB = 𝐷𝐹𝐵
𝑟 𝑛
𝑆𝑆𝑊
SSW= TSS-SSB MSSW = 𝐷𝐹𝑊
𝑀𝑆𝑆𝐵
DFT = N-1 F = 𝑀𝑆𝑆𝑊
BFB = =K-1
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New Era University
APPENDIX D
ABOUTH THE RESEARCHERS
Crhister Vince J. Gilo is a Certified Professional in
Ethical Leadership and Management. He is also a Certified
Financial Markets Professional and received Bloomberg
Professional Service Training. Last August 06, 2017, he passed
the Civil Service Examination Sub-Professional Level granting his Certificate of
Eligibility in Civil Service. He received his primary education at San Antonino
Elementary School, Burgos Isabela, graduating as Valedictorian. He received his
secondary education at San Antonino High School. Currently, he is studying Bachelor of
Arts in Political Science at New Era University. During Academic Year 2016-2017, he
received an Academic Award of Excellence for his academic performance and being a
President’s Lister.
Ma. Allysson A. Facurib is currently studying Bachelor
of Arts in Political Science at New Era University. She is also a
Certified Financial Markets Professional and received
Bloomberg Market Professional Service Training. She finished
her primary education at Eastern Valley High School and obtained her secondary
education at Tagumpay National High School, wherein, she was a former Public
Information Officer in Filipino Club.

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New Era University
Queenie P. Matias obtained her primary education at
Magalang Elementary School, Magalang, Pampanga, graduating
as 3rd Honorable Mention. She received her secondary
education at Pampanga Argicultural College and currently
studying Bachelor of Arts in Political Science at New Era University, whom she is a
Deans Lister. She is also a Certified Financial Markets Professional and had received
Bloomberg Professional Service Training.
Jeffrey A. Seguin is also a Certified Financial Markets
Professional and received Bloomberg Professional Service
Training. He finished his primary education at Bayaoas Integrated
School graduating as 1st Honorable Mention. He received his
secondary education also in Bayaoas Integrated School wherein he was the Editor-in-
Chief in their high school organ. He is currently studying Bachelor of Arts in Political
Science at New Era University, a Deans Lister during the Academic Year 2016-2017, and
the Treasurer of New Era Political Science Society.
Maristela A. Pantaleon II is currently studying Bachelor
of Arts in Political Science at New Era University. She is also a
Certified Financial Markets Professional and received Bloomberg
Professional Service Training. She received her primary education
at Pax Christi School and obtained her secondary education at New Era University
wherein she was a former Secretary in a Baking Laboratory.

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New Era University
Shayne N. Masinsin is a Certified Financial Markets
Professional and received Bloomberg Professional Service
Training. She received her primary education at Potrero Malabon
School. She received her secondary education at Salvador
Araneta Memorial Institute and she was a former member at a Drama Club. She is
currently studying Bachelor of Arts in Political Science at New Era University.
Angela-Luz B. Anca is currently taking up Bachelor of
Arts in Political Science at New Era University. She is a Certified
Financial Markets Professional and received Bloomberg
Professional Service Training. She obtained her primary
education at Nacayasan Elementary School having a Meritorious Award and she received
her secondary education at Pacific University North Philippines.

Economic Abuse

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1

New Era University

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

husband or ex-husband, live-in partner, boyfriend/girlfriend, and dating partner.

harassment or arbitrary deprivation of liberty can be ground as violence against women

acceptability of the actions made by their partner to reconcile.

Background of the study

Women Empowerment or UN Women. As such, Quezon City was to pilot-host the

discrimination such as Anti-Catcalling Ordinance.

abused elderly victims each year.

who are economically abused.

Statement of the Problem

This study entitled “The Types of Economic Abuse Experienced by Women in

1. What is the Demographic Profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.2. Educational Attainment

1.3. Status of Employment

1.4. Civil Status

1.5. Number Children

2. What type of economic abuse has been experienced by the respondents in

2.2. Controlling Access to Economic Resources among Women

2.3. Refusal of Men to Contribute to Economic Liabilities

2.4. Generating Economic Costs of Men

3. Is there a significant difference between the economic abuses experienced by

women in terms of demographic profile of the respondents?

4. What is the perception of the respondents on the level of acceptability of the

actions made by their partner to reconcile?

Ho: There is no significant difference between the economic abuses experienced

by Quezon City women to the demographic profile of the respondents.

Ha: There is a significant difference between the economic abuses experienced

by Quezon City women to the demographic profile of the respondents.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study may benefit the following:

Political Science Students may be able to know the current status of

implementing R.A. 9262 specifically on the status pertaining to economic abuse.

abuse upon knowing the ends of the study.

Scope and Limitation

are economically abused.

limited to the analysis of the answers from the questionnaires.

especially, regularly or repeatedly. (Dictionary.com)

children of the victim and other children under her care.

Controlling access to economic resources refers to preventing a woman from

partner. (Hofeller, Davies, Lloyd & Taluc)

Domestic Violence is the inflicting of physically injury by one family or

household member on another; also, a repeated and habitual pattern of such.

dependent. Correspondingly, it is also the illegal or unauthorized use of a person’s

attorney, followed by deprivation of money or other property, or by eviction from own

home. (Adrianne Adams)

Generating economic costs refers to the damage done by an abuser through

destroying their partner’s belongings and household possessions; or arrange to have

certain utilities disconnected. (Adams et. al)

or suffering, or economic abuse. (Republic act 9262/Phil.commission on women)

Interfering with education and employment focuses on the understanding on

Refusing to contribute refers to refusal of an abuser to contribute towards

another purposes. (Republic act 9262/Phil.commission,on women)

Women are female human being engaged to a relationship, marital or pre-

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

maintain economic resources’ literature on the economic aspects of domestic violence is

at an early stage of development. To begin with, economic abuse is recognized as a form

normatively expected to take charge of money. Moreover, ongoing structural inequalities

economic dependency can be a direct outcome of financial abuse, it cannot be separated

financial income has been consistently identified by women as an obstacle to leaving

widespread assumption that a household income will be shared equitably (Branigan,

financial abuse is commonly experienced by women within the context of intimate

a financial literacy program on survivors of intimate partner violence conducted