FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

EXAM
Course code ENE233
Course name Electrotechnical Fundamentals

Date December 15, 2016

Duration 4 hours

Number of pages incl. front page 6

Resources allowed Tegne- og skrivesaker (pens), linjal (ruler), og Godkjent

kalkulator (approved calculator)

Notes

There are 6 pages including this front page. Useful formulas are on the last page.

All problems shall be solved.

You can write your solutions in Norwegian or English.

Do read and analyze the problems thoroughly before you start solving them!! Apply method and
explain if you do not have time to calculate.

Good luck!

Page 1 of 6
Problem 1 - Magnetiske kretser/Magnetic circuits (20 %)

A ferromagnetic core with a relative permeability of 1500 is shown in Figure 1. The dimensions are as
shown in the diagram, and the depth of the core is 5 cm. The air gaps on the left and right sides of the
core are 0.070 and 0.050 cm, respectively. Because of fringing effects, the effective area of the air
gaps is 5 percent larger than their physical size. The permeability of the airgap or free space is 0
= 410-7 H/m. There are 300 turns in the coil wrapped around the center leg of the core, and the
current in the coil is 2 A.

 
1 3

5

300 turns
 
2 4

core depth = 5 cm

core depth = 5 cm
Figure 1. The magnetic core with detailed dimensions.

(a) Show the equivalent reluctance circuit of the magnetic core?

(b) Find reluctances on the equivalent circuit.
(c) What is the flux in each of the left, center, and right legs of the core?
(d) What is the flux density in each air gap?

Problem 2 - Transformatoren/The Transformer (20 %)

A 100-kVA 8000/277-V distribution transformer has the following resistances and reactances:
R1 = 5 Ω ; R2 = 0.005 Ω
X1 = 6 Ω; X2 = 0.006 Ω
RC= 50 kΩ XM = 10 kΩ
The excitation branch impedances are given referred to the high-voltage side of the transformer.

Page 2 of 6
 (a) Find parameters of the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the low-
voltage side in Figure 2.
(b) Assume that this transformer is supplying rated load at 277 V and 0.85 PF lagging.
What is this transformer’s input voltage? What is its voltage regulation?
(c) What are copper losses and core losses of this transformer under the conditions of part
(b)?
(d) What is the transformer’s efficiency under the conditions of part (b)?
I2

Xeq_2 Req_2

V1/a V2 ZL
R’C X’M

w.r.t. secondary

Figure 2. The equivalent circuit of the transformer.

Hints:

S rated
At a rated or full load, the amplitude of the load current: I L  I 2,rated 
V2,rated

Load current in the secondary side

I 2  I 2,rated  , where PF = cos 

Problem 3 - Induksjonsmotoren/The Induction motor (25 %)

A 400 V, 50 Hz, four-pole, 3-phase, Y-connected induction motor has the following impedances in
ohms per phase, referred to the stator circuit above:

R1 = 0.5 ; R2 = 0.3 ;

X1 = 1.2 ; X2 = 0.6 ; XM = 30 

Assume that core losses are neglected. The mechanical losses (windage and friction) and stray losses
are 1000 W. At an operating point of slip = 4 %, the rated voltage and rated frequency, find:

(a) Motor speed nm in rpm and angular speed m in rad/s.

(b) Stator current I1.
(c) Power converted Pconv and output (load) power Pout.
(d) Induced torque ind and load torque load
(e) Efficiency of the motor

Page 3 of 6
 Figure 3 T-equivalent circuit of the induction motor

Problem 4 - Synkronmaskinen/The synchronous machine (20 %)

The internal generated voltage EA of a 2 pole, delta  connected, 50 Hz three phase synchronous generator is
14.7 kV, and the terminal voltage VT is 13.8 kV. The synchronous reactance of this machine is 6 ohms, and the
armature resistance can be ignored. The per-phase equivalent circuit is given in Figure 4.
(a) If the torque angle of the generator δ = 25°, how much power is now being supplied by this generator?
(b) What is the power factor of the generator at this time?
(c) Ignoring losses in this generator, what torque must be applied to its shaft by the prime mover (like a
turbine)?
(d) Sketch the phasor diagram under these conditions.

jXS IA

+
+
EA
V
-
-
Figure 4. The per-phase circuit of the synchronous machine.

Page 4 of 6
Oppgave 5) DC machines (15 %)

Figure 5. A DC shunt motor

A DC shunt motor is connected to a 240 V supply and delivers power to a load, while drawing an
armature current IA of 200 A and running at a speed of 1200 rpm. The armature resistance is RA = 0,2
.

(a) Determine the value of the generated voltage at this load condition.
(b) Determine the value of the load torque. The rotational losses are 1500 W.
(c) Determine the efficiency of the motor if the field circuit resistance is 120 .

Formulas may be useful for the exam - ENE 233

Page 5 of 6
 Magnetic circuits Induction motors

l Input power
Reluctance:   [1 / H ] ; A: area [m2]
A
Pin  3V p I p cos   3V1 I1 cos   3VL I L cos 
   r  0 – magnetic permeability [H/m],
Stator copper loss: PSCL  3R1I12
 r - relative permeability
Air-gap Power
Hints: You should define 5 reluctances for the R2 2
PAG  Pin  ( PSCL  Pcore )  3 I2
equivalent circuit as Fig.1. s

F=Ni [A.turns] Conversion power:

Pconv  PAG  PRCL  (1  s) PAG
Flux can be calculated as
Output/load power
F

 Pout  Pconv  ( Pmech  Pstray)


Flux densiy: B  [T ] Induced torque
A
Pconv PAG
 ind  
m s

Transformers
Impedances referred to the secondary side (low voltage) are Z’ = Z/a2

R1 X
Req _ 2  2
 R2 and X eq _ 2  21  X 2
a a

Core loss: Pcore  RC IC2  a2V 2 / RC ; Copper loss: Pcu  RI 2

Output power: Pout  S * PF ; input power: Pin  Pout  Pcu  Pcore

Synchronous machines

V E A
Power converted: Pconv  3 sin 
XS

- load or torque angle, phase difference between V and E A

PF  cos ,  is the phase difference between V and IA

Page 6 of 6