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A new single-phase to three-phase cycloconverter for low cost AC motor


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Conference Paper · July 2008


DOI: 10.1109/ICIEA.2008.4582820 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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第 29 卷 第 0 期 中 国 电 机 工 程 学 报 Vol.29 No.0 000.00, 2009
2009 年 0 月 00 日 Proceedings of the CSEE ©2009 Chin.Soc.for Elec.Eng. 1
文章编号:0258-8013 (2009) 00-0000-00 中图分类号:TM 46 文献标志码:A 学科分类号:470·
000

晶闸管控制的单相–三相变换器
杨晓峰,赵美芬,郝瑞祥,郑琼林
(北京交通大学电气工程学院,北京市 海淀区 100044)

Thyristor Controlled Single-phase to Three-phase Converter


YANG Xiao-feng, ZHAO Mei-fen, HAO Rui-xiang, ZHENG T. Q
(School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Haidian District, Beijing 100044, China)

ABSTRACT: This paper presented a thyristor controlled three-phase motors are the main components, such as
single-phase to three-phase converter suitable for driving an farming equipments, fans, etc. Also in electric
induction motor with a single-phase AC supply. Only seven tractions, auxiliary fans, pumps, etc. need to be
naturally communicated thyristors and one phase balancer
operated from the single-phase mains. Therefore, a
capacitor are employed, so the resulting drive system is cheap
single-phase to three-phase power converter is an
and compact. Operating principle and switching sequence were
excellent choice in these applications [1].
analyzed, moreover a single-phase to three-phase discrete
hopping frequency control strategy base on open-loop variable The conventional method for conversion of a
voltage variable frequency (VVVF) and variable voltage single-phase to three-phase voltage is the utilization of
constant frequency (VVCF) control was proposed for motor autotransformer, capacitor and rotary phase
starting and steady state operation. The converter would start converters [2-4]. They have the advantages of simple
the motor with high starting torque, and get the motor up to full structure and low cost. But most of these converters
speed. The effectiveness of the modulation strategy and the remain balanced only at one specified load. To solve
feasibility of the converter were verified by the simulation and
the problem, some AC/DC/AC converters were
experimental results.
suggested to get variable voltage, variable frequency
KEY WORDS: single-phase to three-phase converter; discrete three-phase balanced voltages supply [5-10]. However,
hopping frequency technique; AC drives; phase balancer one or two relatively high capacity DC link capacitors
capacitor; variable voltage variable frequency control
were required in these circuits. The cost of the inverter
摘要:提出一种单相电源供电时适用于异步电机传动的单相 drive limits its applications.
—三相变换器。由于仅采用 7 个晶闸管和 1 个移相电容,该 The cycloconverter provides one stage AC to AC
变换装置具有造价低、结构简单的特点。分析该变换器的工
power conversion. Since this system does not have an
作原理及开关过程,并提出一种基于开环恒压频比(variable
energy storage element, it is easy to be implemented
voltage variable frequency , VVVF) 和 变 压 恒 频 (variable
in a small size and achieves a long life [11]. The
voltage constant frequency,VVCF)控制的单相–三相离散跳
频控制策略,用于电机的起动和稳态运行控制,一方面保证 thyristor or triac based AC voltage controller using the
了电机在低频阶段足够大的起动力矩,另一方面可使电机稳 phase control principle has been popularly used in low
步起动到额定转速。仿真和实验结果表明了该控制策略的有 power induction motors. However, it is hard to
效性以及系统方案的可行性。 implement cycloconverter with single-phase supply.
关键词:单相–三相变换器;离散跳频技术;交流传动;移 Reference [12] and [13] proposed two compact
相电容;恒压频比控制 cycloconverter topologies separately. Their outputs
were three-phase supply with variable frequency up to
0 INTRODUCTION
half of the input frequency.
In some single-phase rural electric systems, This paper proposes a thyristor controlled
2 中 国 电 机 工 程 学 报 第 29 卷

T Mode 1 Mode 2
single-phase to three-phase converter suitable for
driving an induction motor with a single-phase AC Mode 3

supply. Using discrete hopping frequency technique, a Tr

single-phase to three-phase modulation strategy based


on open-loop VVVF and VVCF control is developed
0.5r 0.9r r 
for motor starting and steady state operation. The 图 2 3 种工作模式
operation principle and control strategies will be Fig. 2 Three operating modes
explained in section 1 and section 2 separately. converter induces current impulses with low
Simulation based on Matlab/Simulink and the frequency component, so that the motor receives
experimental results for the voltage and frequency relatively balanced three-phase fundamental
control of 2.2kW induction motor drives controlled component excitation, as shown in Fig.5. High
by a digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320LF2407A starting torque with low motor current is possible if
have verified the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. low fundamental motor slip frequency is maintained.
They will be discussed in section 3 and section 4 Therefore, the converter in this mode is able to
separately. produce high impulsive electromagnetic torque for a
short period without extra cost. It is very useful for
1 BASIC OPERATION PRINCIPLES
starting induction motors with very high coulomb
Fig.1 shows the configuration of the proposed friction at standstill, for example, vacuum
converter topology for converting the available compressors.
single-phase supply to three-phase output voltage. The second mode (Mode 2) is used when the
Where ui is the single-phase supply. The converter output frequency of the converter hops from 25Hz to
consists of seven naturally communicated thyristors 50Hz. In this mode, T 7 is disabled, T1 to T6 are
(T1 to T7) and a phase balancer capacitor. S1 is an AC controlled under the voltage and frequency control
bidirectional and normally closed switch, and Cs is strategy. The torque is large enough for starting the
bypassed. The motor is connected as shown in Fig.1, motor when the frequency is below 25Hz. However,
where winding a, b, c are defined as working winding, the motor runs at the single-phase operation in mode 2,
common winding and starting winding separately. which produces insufficient torque. In order to
There are three possible operating modes in this compensate the starting torque of the motor, a phase
topology, which is shown in Fig.2, where r is the balancer capacitor will be needed between M and N
rated electrical angular velocity. by turning S1 off. Furthermore, the phase balancer
The first mode (Mode 1) is used at low motor capacitor should be properly selected so as to achieve
speed, in which the thyristors are working with the maximum torque, which has been confirmed
discrete hopping frequency control strategy. Then the in [14].
T1
a
Finally, as the motor speed approaches 90
percent of rated value, Cs will be bypassed via turning
T2
Cs S1 on. At the same time, T7 is disabled, T1 to T6 are
T5
S1 c fully turned on. This is Mode 3. In this mode, the
ui IM
M N
single-phase supply can provide only 60 percent of
T6 T7
T3 nominal torque at rated current.
b The proposed topology shows high starting
T4 torque capability at low speed (with reasonable torque
图 1 本文提出的单相–三相变换器原理图 ripple) and moderate output torque capability at
Fig. 1 Configuration of the proposed single-phase to medium speed and full speed.
three-phase converter
第 期 杨晓峰等: 晶闸管控制的单相–三相变换器研究 3

2 CONTROL STRATEGY consequently produce the electromagnetic torque, i.e.,


the available electromagnetic torque can be produced
2.1 TORQUE CONTROL
by controlling the three-phase stator currents. This is
Motor rotates due to the torque produced by two
the elementary theory of torque control.
interacting magnetic fields. The maximum torque is
2.2 PRINCIPLE OF DISCRETE HOPPING
produced when the magnetic vector of the rotor is at
FREQUENCY TECHNIQUE
90 to the magnetic vector of the stator. Reference [14]
When the output frequency is increased below
and [15] explains the relation between stator currents
25Hz, the converter is working with the discrete
and electromagnetic torque.
hopping frequency control strategy. These discrete
Fig.3 shows the switching sequence during a
steps are sub-harmonics of the supply frequency [16].
cycle with respect to the input voltage ui at mode 1.
Discrete variable frequency voltage and current can be
Thyristors T1 and T4 are fired at t1. Then the current iab
produced by triggering the thyristors to include or
is obtained. As a result, iab produces the magnetic
omit partial half cycles of the power supply voltage,
motive force (MMF) vector Fa. Similarly, T3 and T6,
as shown in Fig.5, where the shaded are the included
T5 and T7 will be fired at t2 and t3 respectively.
half cycles of the supply. Assume the supply
Consequently the MMF vectors Fb and Fc are formed
frequency is 50Hz and Fig.5 shows the generation of
by ibc and ica respectively. It should be noted that all
6.25Hz, where ua, ub uc are three-phase voltages
the thyristors sat idle during (t4, t5). Fig.4 shows the
separately. Although the wave profile under new
switching sequence during a cycle with respect to the
frequency is not sinusoidal, their fundamental
input voltage ui at mode 2.
T1 T1 components are approximately balanced, which makes
a a
it possible for the motor to get high starting torque.
T2 Cs T2 Cs
T5 T5 Some other discrete frequencies generated from a
S1 c S1 c
ui M N
IM ui M N
IM
50Hz power supply are 25Hz, 16.67Hz, 12.5Hz,
T6 T6
T7 T3
b
T7 T3
b 10Hz, 4.55Hz and 3.57Hz etc.
ui
T4 T4
t
(a) T1 and T4 were fired at t1 (b) 3T a n d6 w
T e r e f i tr2 e d a t 0
T1
a
T1 T3 T5 Idlesse T1
ui ua
T2 Cs T4 T6 T7 T4
T5 t
S1 c 0
ui IM
M N
T6 0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t
T7 T3 2/3 Fundamental component
b ub

T4 One Cycle 1 t
0
(c) T5 and T7 were fired at t3 (d) Input voltage and switching sequence 1

图 3 模式 1 时一个周期的开关顺序 uc
Fig. 3 Switching sequence during a cycle at Mode 1
t
T1 T1 0
a a 1

T2 Cs T2 Cs
T5 T5 图 5 输出频率为 6.25 Hz 时的电压波形
S1 c S1 c Fig. 5 Proposed voltage pattern for 6.25 Hz operation
ui IM ui IM
M N M N
T6 T7 T3 T6 T7 T3 When the frequency is hopping, the relative
b b
phase angle between the neighboring fundamental
T4 T4
(a) T1, T4 and T5 were fired at t1 (b) 2T, 3T a n d6 w
T e r e f i tr2 e d a t
components is very important. The phase angle is
图 4 模式 2 时一个周期的开关顺序 given as a fraction of the period of the fundamental
Fig. 4 Switching sequence during a cycle at Mode 2 component in this paper. The phase angle was defined
The stator currents form the MMF waves, which zero when the zero-crossings of the fundamental
4 中 国 电 机 工 程 学 报 第 29 卷

components coincide with each other [17-19]. frequencies (6.25Hz, 10Hz, 25Hz and 50Hz) were
Otherwise, undesired torque and speed ripple will used in the simulation to start the motor. The first
appear which may cause many problems, including local minimum is at 6.25Hz.
mechanical wear, vibration and noise. When the frequency is hopping from 6.25Hz to

2.3 VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 10 Hz, the current initially increases due to the
In the first mode, the open-loop variable voltage increasing slip [20]. As the slip decreases, the current
variable frequency (VVVF) control is applied. The tends to be reduced to its steady state value. Because
method of VVVF control is shown in Fig.6. This of the existence of phase balancer capacitor during
control procedure maintains constant stator flux under mode 2, the three-phase stator currents are apparently
all load conditions and allows the motor to generate asymmetry. Fig.7 and Fig.8 show the three phase
high torque at low speed. Ignoring the voltage drop stator currents. It is seen clearly that the current of
across the stator resistance, the magnitude of stator common winding is the maximum at 50Hz when the
flux is approximately kept constant while stator motor is starting, about four times of the nominal
voltage is varying proportionally to the magnitude of current. That is the main disadvantage of this
stator frequency. The proportional ratio can be topology.
40
calculated as follows,
U1 U1n 220 V
   4.4 V / Hz
isa/A

(1) 0
f1 f1n 50 Hz
Then the corresponding firing angle can be 40
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
calculated to control the thyristors. However, the t/s
(a) Current of phase a
torque-speed characteristic is limited in the low speed 40
range because the voltage drop across the stator
isb/A

resistance is dominant in the low speed range. Thus, 0

the voltage compensation for the voltage drop of


40
stator resistance so called “torque boost” is needed. 0.0 0.5 1.0
t/s
1.5 2.0

V/f (b) Current of phase b


Input frequency Output voltage 40
isc/A

40
Base frequency Base voltage 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
图 6 恒压频比控制原理图 t/s
(c) Current of phase c
Fig. 6 Block diagram of VVVF control
图 7 定子电流
In the second mode, variable voltage constant Fig. 7 Stator currents
frequency (VVCF) control is applied. In this scheme, 25

output frequency is constant 50 Hz, while the stator 20
voltage is controlled by symmetrically controlling the 15
I/A

firing angle of thyristors.


10

3 SIMULATION RESULTS 5

Simulations based on Matlab/Simulink were 0


0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
  t/s
performed with a 380 V, 50 Hz single-phase supply.
图 8 公共绕组电流有效值
The motor selected for the test is an industrial 2.2kW,
Fig. 8 RMS amplitude of stator currents
380V, 50Hz star connected four-pole motor. The
The corresponding torque and motor speed are
nominate parameters is shown in Appendix A. Four
第 期 杨晓峰等: 晶闸管控制的单相–三相变换器研究 5

shown in Fig.9 and Fig.10. It can be seen that the 图 11 本文提出的控制原理框图


Fig. 11 Control block diagram of the proposed converter
electromagnetic torque is mainly positive during
A star connected three-phase squirrel induction
motor starting.
100 motor provided with a phase balancer capacitor
(240F) has been used as the tested machine. The
50 parameters of this motor in SI units are given as
Te/(Nm)

shown in Appendix A.
0
Fig.12 shows the prototype picture of the
50
experimental system. The experimental results are
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 shown in Fig.13, where channel 1 is the real speed,
t/s
图 9 电磁转矩 channel 2 is the stator current of the common winding.
Fig. 9 Electromagnetic torque Control board
1 500

1 000
/(r/min)

Power Main circuit


500
Driving board
Phase balances capacitor

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
t/s
图 10 相应的电机转速
Fig. 10 Corresponding rotor speed of induction motor

4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Induction motor
To verify the feasibility of the proposed single-
phase to three-phase converter and the validity of the 图 12 样机实物图片
control strategies developed above, a prototype Fig. 12 Prototype picture of the proposed converter
i (10 A/div)  ((820 r/min)/div)

converter is constructed with the additional driving


circuits, power supplies, phase-locked loop (PLL) 1) Stator current

circuit, and the over current protection for each


thyristor, etc.
Fig.11 shows the control block diagram of the 2) Speed
proposed converter. The discrete frequency steps used
were 6.25Hz, 10Hz, 25Hz and 50Hz with a t (1 s/div)
predetermined firing angle  in order to obtain the 图 13 电机定子电流和转速
desired torque and current. The main controller is a Fig. 13 Stator current and speed of induction motor

DSP TMS320LF2407A. Comparing Fig.13 with Fig.7, it can be seen that


a the experimental and computed results are in good
ui
Proposed c
IM
agreement and the feasibility of the proposed starting
cyclocon.
b technique is proved.
Sensor To the gates
5 CONCLUSIONS
Driving circuit
Phase-locked Output frequency
loop command
A new thyristor controlled single-phase to
three-phase converter for driving an induction motor
DSP-LF2407A
Delay angle Control circuit Frequency with a single-phase AC supply has been presented.
commond selector
Only seven naturally communicated thyristors and one
6 中 国 电 机 工 程 学 报 第 29 卷

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