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Wastes
Wastewater: any unwanted materials discarded from
industrial processes

Treatment and
Design of
Facilities
Prepared by JRBQuidilig

Understanding waste
Pollutants characteristics
components in wastes that may render
the receiving environment unfit for its
beneficial purposes facilitates the
management of
wastes
(Nature of generation, physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics)

Waste Generation: Source

Point Source Non-point source

any single identifiable source of pollution coming from the dispersion
pollution from which pollutants are of pollutants in the environment, i.e.
discharged such as pipes runoffs

Waste Generation
How much waste is generated?

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Wastes produced from various point sources

CLASSIFICATION
SOURCE
SOLID LIQUID GAS
Fertilizer emissions
AGRICULTURAL Crop residues Excess fertilizer Volatile organics
PRODUCTION Animal wastes Chemical pesticides from degradation of
animal wastes

Industrial effluent Combustion gases

AGRO-INDUSTRIES Process residues
Spent waters Industrial emissions

Septic tank effluent

MUNICIPAL Mixed garbage and domestic
washings
Smoke an odor
Waste characteristics
What’s with waste?

• Selection of equipment and facilities

• Design and operation of collection,
treatment, and disposal facilities
• Assessment of the feasibility of resource
and energy recovery
• Engineering management of
environmental quality
Importance of waste
properties Wastewater
Why? spent or used water from home,
community, farm, or industry that
contains components considered as
environmental pollutants

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Color
natural appearance of wastewater
indicative of presence of various color
compounds

Turbidity
indication of presence of suspended
matter and is a measure of the ability of

Physical sunlight to pass through water and

ability of water to disperse materials
disposed into it

characteristics

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Total Solids
solid residue when water is evaporated at
103-105°C

Odor
natural scent of wastewater indicative of
presence of various volatile compounds
(e.g. dissolved gases) Chemical
characteristics

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pH Fats, Oils, and Grease

measure of acidity or alkalinity of
water
N&P
basic nutrient components for
microbial growth (e.g. algae)
(FOG)
principal constituents of animal
organisms and in large quantities causes
extremely foul odors
Ca & Mg salts
measure of the hardness of water
which causes scales and deposits on
pipelines and fittings if used in Surfactants
industry substances that cause foaming in water

Trace metals
refers to highly toxic heavy metals
(Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, As)

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Organic Carbon
amount of available organic matter in
wastewater

Oxygen demand
amount of oxygen needed to degrade
organic matter
Biological
characteristics

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Biodegradability
ratio of biodegradable organic matter to
total organic matter in wastewater

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Sampling

Grab sample Composite sample

• taken at any given time to
represent the waste at that
moment
• more appropriate for intermittent
discharges
• cumulative sample collected over
time and reflects the average
characteristics of the wastewater
• preferable for treatability
assessments

Calculations in
wastewater analysis

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Solids Content Sample Problem #1

The following test results were obtained for a wastewater sample

taken at the headworks to a wastewater treatment plant. All of
the tests were performed using a sample size of 50 mL.
Determine the concentration of total solids, total volatile solids,
total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, total dissolved
solids, and volatile dissolved solids. The samples used in the solid
analyses were all either evaporated, dried, or ignited to constant
weight.

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Organic Matter Content

Sample Problem #1
Tare mass of evaporating dish The amount of O2 consumed to oxidize the organic matter in the
53.5433 g
Mass of dish plus residue after evaporation at 105 °C wastewater is called the oxygen demand.
53.5794 g
Mass of dish plus residue after ignition at 550 °C
53.5625 g 𝐶 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2
Tare mass of Whatman GF/C filter after drying at 105 °C 1.5433
g
Mass of Whatman GF/C filter plus residue after drying at 105 °C 1.5554
g
Mass of Whatman GF/C filter plus residue after ignition at 550 °C 1.5476
g

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Organic Matter Content: Theoretical Oxygen

Demand Organic Matter Content: COD and BOD

𝑎 𝑏 3 𝑎 3 The chemical oxygen demand (COD) considers all wastewater organics,

𝐶𝑛 𝐻𝑎 𝑂𝑏 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑛 + − − 𝑐 𝑂2 → 𝑛𝐶𝑂2 + − 𝑐 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑐𝑁𝐻3
4 2 4 2 2
biodegradable or not. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Sample Problem #2: The concentration Co of biodegradable organic matter considers only the biodegradable wastewater organics.

in a wastewater sample is 37 mg/L and can be represented by the empirical

𝐶𝑂𝐷 > 𝐵𝑂𝐷
formula C6H11ON2 Estimate the oxygen equivalent concentration Lo of this
organic matter. For domestic wastewaters and many decomposable industrial wastes, COD is about
2.5 times the BOD.

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Organic Matter Content: Biochemical Oxygen Organic Matter Content: Biochemical Oxygen
Demand Demand

Unseeded BOD test Seeded BOD test

𝑥
𝐷𝑂𝑖 − 𝐷𝑂𝑓 𝐷𝑂𝑖 − 𝐷𝑂𝑓 − 𝐷𝑂𝑖′ − 𝐷𝑂𝑓′
𝑦
𝐵𝑂𝐷 = 𝐵𝑂𝐷 =
𝐷 𝐷
where:
DOi – initial dissolved oxygen (mg/L)
DOf – final dissolved oxygen (mg/L)
DOi’ – initial dissolved oxygen of seed water (mg/L)
DOf’ – final dissolved oxygen of seed water (mg/L)
D – dilution of the sample (mL sample/mL BOD bottle)
x – volume of seeded dilution water in the sample (mL)
BOD is the difference between the initial and final dissolved oxygen concentrations in the y – volume of BOD bottle (mL)
sample.

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5

Sample Problem #2
Thirty milliliters of wastewater sample was taken for BOD5
analysis. The initial DO concentration of the sample was 8 mg/L.
After 5 days of incubation, the DO concentration was reduced
to 4 mg/L. What is the BOD5 of the sample?
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Organic Matter Content: Biochemical Oxygen
Demand
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Sample Problem #4
The ultimate BOD of a sample is 120 mg/L. If the
deoxygenation constant for this sample is 0.28 day-1,
how much of the BOD is exerted and how much remains
after 3 days? 5 days?
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Sample Problem #3
The following information is available for a seeded 5-day BOD
test conducted on a wastewater sample. Fifteen milliliters of the
waste sample was added directly into a 300-mL BOD incubation
bottle. The initial DO of the diluted sample was 8.8 mg/L, and
the final DO after 5 days was 1.9 mg/L. Corresponding initial and
final DO of the seeded dilution water was 9.1 ad 7.9,
respectively. What is the BOD5 of the sample?
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Organic Matter Content: Biochemical Oxygen
Demand
Changes in BOD as a function of time
𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜 1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
where
y – BOD exerted at any time t (mg/L)
Lo – ultimate BOD of the sample (mg/L)
k – deoxygenation rate constant per day
t – time (days)
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Organic Matter Content: Biochemical Oxygen
Demand
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Sample Problem #5 Organic Matter Content: Chemical Oxygen Demand

A secondary effluent has a total BOD of 45 mg/L. A BOD test is run on this
secondary effluent at the same time using a nitrification inhibitor. Using
the date for this test as given, calculate the nitrogenous BOD.

Sample size (mL) Initial DO (mg/L) Final DO (mg/L)

30 8.9 6.0
50 8.8 4.2
blank 9.0 8.9
𝑉𝐹𝐴𝑆 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘 − 𝑉𝐹𝐴𝑆 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑁𝐹𝐴𝑆 × 8000
𝐶𝑂𝐷 =
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

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Sample Problem #6 Organic Matter Content: Nitrogen Content

Given the following data, calculate the COD of the wastewater. Organic N Inorganic N

Burette reading (mL) Volume of • amino acids, nucleic acids, amines, • nitrates and nitrites
Volume of amides, imides, nitro-derivatives
Sample 0.1 N FAS • determined using colorimetric
sample (mL) Initial Final • determined via Kjeldahl method methods
(mL)
Blank 2.5 0 14.1 14.1
Sample 1 2.5 0 13.2 13.2
Determination of organic N content by Kjeldahl method:
Sample 2 2.5 0 13.2 13.2
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑙 − 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × 𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × 𝑀𝑁
%𝑁 = × 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

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R.A. 9275: Philippine

Clean Water Act of
2004
• Comprehensive program to
improve water quality
• Abatement and control of water
RA 9275: Philippine pollution from land-based sources
• Designation of Water Quality
Management Areas (WQMA)
Clean Water Act of • National Sewerage and Septage
Management Program (NSSMP)
• Penalties and Fines: Wastewater
2004 charge system

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Water Quality
Management Areas
(WQMA)
interconnected water resources
(water sheds, river basins, etc.) that
tend to have similar hydrological,
hydrogeological, meteorological,
or geographic conditions that affect
the physicochemical, biological and
bacteriological reactions and
diffusions of pollutants

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Wastewater Charge and Discharge System Water Quality Guidelines and Effluent Standards

𝑊𝐷𝐹 = 𝐿𝑛 × 𝑅 DAO 1990-34 DAO 1990-35

𝐿𝑛 = 𝐶𝑓 − 𝐶𝑎 𝑄𝑓 × 𝑁𝑓 Water usage and classification Effluent Standards for different water

Water Quality criteria quality parameters
Where:
Ln = Net Waste Load (kg/year)
R = Rate per kg (Php 5/kg BOD or TSS) DAO 2016-08
Cf = Average daily effluent concentration Supersedes DAO 34 and 35
Ca = Average water quality concentration
Qf = Average volumetric flow rate Water Quality Guidelines and Effluent
Standards of 2016
Nf = Total number of discharge days in a year

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Downstream vs Upstream Waste Management

Downstream Waste Management Upstream Waste Management

• treatment and disposal are end-of- • waste minimization at the source
pipe activities done at the end of • identification of waste sources
the process
before waste is even made

Waste Reduction
Alternatives

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Clean Technologies Waste Minimization

Technologies that harness renewable Upstream waste management makes
materials and energy sources, which in use of different forms of waste
turn dramatically reduce the use of minimization for the ease in the hierarchy
natural resources and cut or eliminate of waste management.
emissions and wastes.

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• Prevention of the depletion of non-

renewable resources Waste Minimization
• Energy savings and cost reduction from
waste collection, treatment, processing,
and disposal
• Increased process efficiency and
profitability
• Decreased legislative and public
pressures Waste Minimization
Advantages

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Waste Minimization: Inventory Management Waste Minimization: Inventory Management

Inventory - a complete list of materials considered in industrial production Lean Manufacturing – technique that prevents waste from:
• Out-of-date • Overproduction
• Off-specification • Inefficient use of time and resources
• Contaminated • Defective products
• Excess raw material
• Spill residues
• Damaged products

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Waste Minimization: Inventory Management Waste Minimization: Inventory Management

Potential sources of process material loss
Loading
• Leaking fill hose or
fill line connections
• Draining of fill lines
between filling
• Punctured, leaking,
or rusting
containers
• Leaking valves,
piping and pumps
Potential sources of process material loss
Storage Process Loading Storage Process
• Overfilling of tanks • Leaking process • Leaking fill hose or • Inadequate diking • Leaks and spills
tanks fill line connections or open drain valve during material
• Improper or
malfunctioning • Improperly • Draining of fill lines • Improper material transfer
overflow alarms operated and between filling transfer procedures • Inadequate diking
maintained process
• Punctured, leaking equipment • Punctured, leaking, • Lack of regular • Open drains
or rusted containers • Leaking valves, or rusting inspection • Equipment and
• Leaking transfer pipes and pumps containers • Lack of training tank cleaning
pumps, valve, and • Overflow of process • Leaking valves, program • Off-specification
pipes tanks; improper piping and pumps
overflow controls raw materials

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Waste Minimization: Process Modification Waste Minimization: Process Modification

Inefficient processes tend to generate more unnecessary by-products Improved operation and maintenance
• Improved operation and maintenance • corrective and preventive measures to avoid process failure
• Material change • checking for leaks, spills, and off-specification in processes, schedule production to reduce
• Equipment modification equipment cleaning, and inspect equipment parts before processing to reduce the amount
of rejects
• thorough evaluation of the need for each operational step in the process is also important in
determining unnecessary steps that may be eliminated
• optimization of process parameters (temperatures, pressure, reaction time, etc.) may also
be considered to maximize the efficiency of a process

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Waste Minimization: Process Modification Waste Minimization: Process Modification

Material Change Equipment modification

- use of alternative raw materials that have low environmental impact • most effective, yet costly approach to increase process efficiencies
• installation of more efficient equipment that can be effectively reduce waste generation
Examples:
1. Replacement of CFCs in heat exchangers by products that are more ozone-friendly
2. Alternative additives in transport fuels in place of lead

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Waste Minimization: Volume Reduction &

Recovery

Waste minimization techniques that may be facilitated through the proper separation of
waste components

Industrial
wastewater
management

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On-site (industrial) & centralized (municipal)

wastewater treatment
TREATMENT ASPECT
Treatment Technology
Raw Components
Very high (considering also
Volumetric Quantity
• Protect the quality of the receiving
waters
• Evaluate and select the best treatment
alternative
CENTRALIZED ON-SITE • Determine the degree of treatment
May vary depending on the (performance)
Relatively the same
point source What is the goal of
wastewater
May vary depending on the
Relatively fixed
point source treatment?
Relatively small
non-point sources)

Highly variable due to Relatively fixed but may vary

Volumetric Flowrate consideration of non-point due to changes in production
source capacities

Discharge Point Fixed per site Different sites

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WASTEWATER TREATMENT DESIGN Configuration of a

wastewater
treatment plant
1. Identify the characteristics of the untreated wastewater Pretreatment
2. Identify the treatment objectives and assess community involvement
3. Integrate unit operations into a complete process that recognizes the
appropriateness and limits of each unit process and how they complement Primary
treatment
each other
4. Integrate concepts of green engineering, life cycle analysis, and
sustainability to address issues beyond the scope of end-of-pipe treatment Secondary
treatment

Tertiary
treatment

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Unit processes that remove a significant amount of

major wastewater constituents

CONSTITUENT UNIT PROCESS

BOD (dissolved or particulate form) Biological reactor
Primary and secondary sedimentation
Suspended solids Primary and secondary sedimentation
Pathogens Primary and secondary sedimentation
Disinfection
Nutrients (N,P) – dissolved or particulate form Sedimentation
Biological reactor
Addition of chemicals to precipitate
phosphorus Preliminary
Toxic chemicals Some are removed via sedimentation (sorbed
or complexed by particles)
Biological reactor
treatment
Advanced oxidative processes

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Preliminary treatment
Prepares the wastewater for further
treatment
• Remove oily scum, floating debris,
and grit, which may inhibit biological
processes, and/or damage mechanical
equipment
• Balance flows or organic loading
• Pretreat effluents prior to any
conventional wastewater treatment
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Preliminary treatment:
Comminution
Alternative to actual removal of the
solids by screening is to reduce the size
of the solids by grinding them while still
in the waste stream, i.e. comminution.
This reduction in size makes the solids
easier to treat in subsequent operations
that employ settling.
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Preliminary treatment:
Flow Equalization
to dampen the flow and organic loading
rate to a wastewater treatment facility
can overcome operational problems
associated with large flow variations
and improve the performance of the
downstream unit processes
May be in-line or off-line equalization
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Preliminary Treatment: Flow Equalization
In-line equalization
• All the flow passes through the
equalization basin
• Significant dampening of flow and
organic loading
• High cost due to pumping
requirement and tank volume
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Preliminary treatment:
Screening
For the removal of coarse solids(large
objects, rags, paper, plastic bottles, etc.)
present in the wastewater
Any material removed may then be
ground to a smaller size and returned to
the process stream or disposed by
appropriate methods
Preliminary treatment:
Grit Chambers
may consist of inorganic sand or gravel,
eggshells, bone fragments, fruit and
vegetable residues, etc.
primarily removed to prevent abrasion
of piping and mechanical equipment
Off-line equalization
• Only a portion of the flow is
diverted through the equalization
basin
• Lower cost due to reduced tank
volume and pumping requirement
because of the presence of a surge
tank
• Less effective in dampening flow
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Preliminary treatment:
Addition of chemicals
Chemical pretreatment for removal of
ammonia nitrogen (by air stripping),
acids/bases (by neutralization), heavy
metals (RedOx, precipitation), or oils
(dissolved air flotation)
Coagulants may also be added to the
wastewater at the pretreatment stage
prior to sedimentation.
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Primary treatment
Primary treatment:
Sedimentation
At average flow, overflow rates typically
range from 25 to 60 m/day.
Hydraulic detention time in the
sedimentation basin ranges from 1.5 to
2.5 h under average flow conditions. A
2.0-h detention time is typical.
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Preliminary treatment:
Flotation
utilizes buoyancy to separate solid
particles such as fats, oils, and greases,
which would not be settled by
sedimentation
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Primary treatment:
Sedimentation
During sedimentation, solids settle to
the bottom of the tank, where they are
collected as a liquid-solid sludge.
Removes about 60%of the suspended
solids, 30%of the BOD, and 20%of
phosphorus (present as particulates)
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Primary treatment:
Coagulation-Flocculation
& Precipitation
Coagulants can be added to improve the
removal of particulate matter and reduce the
overall energy costs during secondary
treatment to biologically convert these
particles to CO2, water, and new biomass.
For toxic dissolved solids, precipitating
agents can be added.
.
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Preliminary Treatment: Coagulation-Flocculation & Preliminary Treatment: Coagulation-Flocculation &

Precipitation Precipitation

Coagulation Flocculation Coagulation-Flocculation Precipitation

• Destabilization of suspended
particles to form microflocs
• Agglomeration of microflocs to • Particle charge is destabilized • Formation of insoluble precipitates
form macroflocs (coagulation) followed by of pollutants
agglomeration of particles
• Due to chemical forces
(flocculation)
• Due to physical forces

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Primary treatment: Settling Phenomena Primary treatment: Settling Phenomena

Flocculent Compression Flocculent Compression

• Settling of non- Settling • Settling of Settling • Removal of grit and Settling • Secondary settling Settling
flocculent particles of sand used in conjunction
• Settling of • Settling of • Removal of • Usually in lower
particles in dilute intermediate with biological
flocculent particles of high chemical flocs and layers of a deep
suspension concentrations treatment
particles in dilute concentrations by portions of sludge mass
suspension compression suspended solids
Discrete Particle Hindered/Zone Discrete Particle Hindered/Zone
Settling Settling Settling Settling

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Primary treatment: Settling Phenomena

Secondary
treatment

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Secondary Treatment: Approaches to Biological

Treatment

Suspended growth reactor Attached-growth reactor

• Microorganisms are mixed with • Microorganisms are attached to
wastewater in suspension structures such as rock, slag,
ceramic, or plastic materials
Secondary treatment
Also called biological
treatment because this
utilizes microorganisms to
decompose the organic matter
(high-energy molecules)

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Secondary treatment: Secondary treatment:

Activated Sludge Activated Sludge
Process Process
Effluent from the primary Biodegradable organics are
clarifier is routed to an converted to simple substances such
as CO2, H2O, and biomass sludge.
aeration tank/basin and is
mixed with a diverse mass of
microorganisms comprising The suspended solid obtained from
bacteria, fungi, rotifers, and this process is called as mixed liquor
suspended solids(MLSS) –60to 80%
protozoa (called as mixed of which are MLVSS.
liquor)

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Secondary treatment:
Sequential Batch
Reactor
batch type suspended growth
reactor with sedimentation

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1 2

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Secondary treatment:
Trickling filter
consists of a bed of filter media
(such as rocks or plastic
packing materials) with
attached biomass through
which the water flows by
percolation
Secondary treatment:
Rotating Biological
Contactor
a series of closely packed disks, (10’ to
12’ diameter; corrugated polyethylene or
polystyrene) are mounted on a common
shaft
installed in concrete tanks in which the
surface of the wastewater almost reaches
the shaft (around 40%of disk area is
submerged)

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3 4

Tertiary treatment
Polishes the wastewater in meeting
effluent standards prior to disposal
additional removal of pollutants, like
nutrients, pathogens, and other
residual contaminants, is
accomplished through a variety of

Tertiary treatment physical, chemical , and biological

treatments

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Tertiary treatment: Tertiary treatment:

Nutrient Removal Nitrogen Removal
focused on the selective removal of facilitated during nitrification
nitrogen and phosphorus
to convert NH4+ to NO2- and
NO3- followed by
It has been found that biological denitrification to convert
processes are reliable and effective in
removing nitrogen and phosphorus. nitrates to N2and O2

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Tertiary treatment: Nitrogen Removal

Tertiary treatment:
Nitrogen Removal
Denitrification occurs at
highly anoxic conditions

Apart from nitrogen, byproducts

such as nitric oxide, and nitrous
oxide are also produced.

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9 0

Tertiary treatment: Tertiary treatment:

Phosphorus Removal
can be achieved from primary
treatment when coagulating and
flocculating agents have been added
to remove phosphorus as
phosphates
residual phosphorus can be removed
by chemical and biological means
Phosphorus Removal
can be removed biologically at
enhanced rates using phosphate
accumulating organisms (PAOs)
(e.g. Acinetobacter) that are found to
take up phosphorus well above the
1%typical removal by most
microorganisms

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1 2

Tertiary treatment:
Disinfection
ensures removal of pathogenic
organisms by addition of
HClO, ClO2or Cl2 (g),
ozonation, or by exposure to
UV light by producing radicals
Natural treatment
that disrupt cellular activity
systems

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Natural Treatment Systems
Use natural methods to treat wastewater
• consist of lagoons and wetlands
• usually employed in decentralized treatment systems or may be used in
tertiary treatment systems to remove residual organics after
secondary treatment (polishing)
• tend to have lower capital costs and typically have lower operation
costs
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5 6
Stabilization Ponds:
Facultative Lagoon
uses combination of aerobic, anoxic,
and anaerobic processes
not typically mixed or aerated
does not function well in colder
climates
water depth = 1.2 –2.4 m
detention time = 20 –180 days
11
7 8
Stabilization Ponds:
Anaerobic Lagoon
used to pretreat high-strength
wastewaters (high BOD)
deep, non-aerated and non-
mixed
performance decreases at <15°C
water depth > 8m
detention time <50 days
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Stabilization Ponds
referred to as lagoons or oxidation
ponds
engineered hole-in-the-ground
designed to confine wastewater for
treatment prior to discharge to
natural water course
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Stabilization Ponds:
Aerated Lagoon
mechanically aerated by surface or
submerged aerators
requires less area than a facultative
lagoon
can operate effectively in cold climates
water depth = 1.8 –6 m
detention time = 10 –30 days
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Stabilization Ponds:
Tertiary Pond
typically handles treated effluent
from activated-sludge process or
trickling filter
also referred to as a maturation or
polishing pond
water depth < 1m
detention time =5 –10 days
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Wetlands
use the mechanisms of a natural
ecosystem in the mitigation (created
wetland) and treatment (constructed
wetland) of pollutants
consist of combined soil-water-air
vegetation environment
Sludge treatment
constructed as free water surface
(FWS), or as subsurface flow (SSF) and disposal

12
1

Sludge treatment

treating the sludge from primary and secondary treatment prior to disposal
to minimize its environmental impacts
Sludge treatment:
The objectives of sludge management generally include:
Dewatering
• sludge dewatering/thickening
the water content of the
• stabilization of biodegradable organic pollutants sludge is substantially
removed and is directed to
wastewater treatment
produces a concentrated
sludge, preferably dried and
easier to dispose

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3 4

Sludge treatment:
Stabilization Sludge disposal
done to significantly reduce The dried sludge after sludge
problems associated with odor, the processing is considered as
presence of pathogens, and high
strength organic matter solid waste, thus, upon
collection, the material is then
methods used for stabilization are
similar to biological treatment
directed to solid waste
methods (aerobic digestion, and management activities.
anaerobic digestion)

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5 6

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