A

PROJECT REPORT
ON

͞AUTOMATIC TUNNEL LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR ROAD TRAFFIC͟

Submitted in
Partial Fulfillment of requirement the Award
Of
DIPLOMA
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY

V.RAMU (14259-EC-086)

V.SOWMYA (14259-EC-079)

P.DIVYA SRI (14259-EC-054)

UNDER THE ESTEMMED GUIDANCE OF

RESHMEEN SULTHAN
Internal guide

SAMSKRUTI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC
(Affiliated to S.B.TET, Hyderabad)
Kondapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), R.R. (Dist)
(2016-2017)
i
 SAMSKRUTI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC
(Affiliated to SBTET, Hyderabad)
Kondapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), R.R. (Dist)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “AUTOMATIC TUNNEL LIGHTING
SYSTEM FOR ROAD TRAFFIC’’Is being submitted by V.RAMU(14259-EC-086),
V.SOWMYA (14259-EC-079), P.DIVYA SRI(14259-EC-054) in partial fulfillment of requirements
of the award of DIPLOMA IN POLYTECHNIC to SBTET Hyderabad in ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING. This record is a bonafide work carried out by them
under my guidance and supervision. The resultsembedded in this report have not been submitted
to any other university for t he award of any diploma.

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

RESHMEEN SULTHAN B.UDAYASRI (M.TECH)

EXTENRAL EXAMINER

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are extremely grateful to Mr. SHIVA KESHAVA REDDY, Principal, SAMSKRUTI

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY.

We all owe a department of gratitude to our H.O.D B.UDAYASRI, whose encouragement has
been a principle source of inspiration of this project.

Our heartfelt gratitude to our internal guide RESHMEEN SULTHAN and project coordinator
MR. VAMSHIKRISHNA for their encouragement and moral support for our project

We thank one and all of the team for the cheerful encouragement and unstinted support rendered
for us by their professional knowledge for the successful completion of our project.

We will be failing in duty if we do not acknowledge with our grateful thanks to authors of
references and other literatures referred in this project.

Finally we would also thank our parents who guided us for the every step we took.

SINCERE REGARDS

V.RAMU (14259-EC-086)
P.DIVYA SRI (14259-EC-054)
V.SOWMYA (14259-EC-079)

iii
 ABSTRACT

The main objective of this project work is to provide intelligent lighting scheme for the
tunnels of hill station roads. Tunnel means tubular passage cut through the hill or underground,
these tunnels remains in dark always and inside the tunnels proper lighting system are essential
to avoid the accidents. In this regard our Government is arranging lights and they are glowing
continuously irrespective of traffic and lot of energy is wasted. To avoid energy losses at these
places, this efficient and intelligent lighting scheme is developed, which works automatically
depending up on the road traffic and minimizes the energy consumption.

The process begins from the sensors; optical sensors are used for sensing the vehicles and
depending up on the traffic density, inside lights of tunnel are controlled automatically. For example many
vehicles entered in to the tunnel from both the sides, all the lights are energized and as the traffic moving
forward depending up on the clearance, required lights are energized, during the clearance means no
vehicle is inside, all the lights remains in off condition automatically.

The system is designed with Microcontroller, four sets of Infra Red sensors are used and they can
be arranged either side of the tunnel in by directional mode. All the sensors are interfaced with
Microcontroller and the program is prepared such that, depending up on the interrupted signals obtained
from the sensors, the controller energizes or de-energizes the lamps through the relays. Whenever the
vehicle passes through the tunnel, the sensors produce interrupted signals.

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 INDEX

CHAPTER – 1…………………………………………………………………..1-5

1.1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………..1

1.2 MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS.……….4
1.3 8051 MICROCONTROLLER FAMILY ARCHITECTURE……5

CHAPTER – 2…………………………………………………………………8-13

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM………………………………………………...8

2.2 DISCRIPTION ABOUT BLOCK DIAGRAM…………………....9

CHAPTER – 3………………………………………………………………..14-30

3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM……………………………………………..14

3.2 DISCRIPTION ABOUT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM………………...15
3.2.1 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS……………………………………..15
3.2.2 HARDWARE DETAILS…………………………………..16
3.2.2.1 VOLTAGE REGULATOR………………………..16
3.2.2.2 BC 557 PNP TRANSISTER………………………17
3.2.2.3 RELAY……………………………………………..18
3.2.2.4 TONE DECODER…………………………………19
3.2.2.5 89C51 MICROCONTROLLER CHIP…………...21
3.2.3 INFRARED TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER………………23
3.2.4 89C51 PROGRAMMING………………………………….24
3.2.5 STRUCTURE OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE…………...25
3.2.6 MEMORY UNIT OF MICROCONTROLLER………….26
3.2.7 CENTRAL PROCESSING………………………………...26
 3.2.8 BUS…………………………………………………………..27
3.2.9 INPUT-OUTPUT UNIT……………………………………27
3.2.10 POWER SUPPLY UNIT DISCRIPTION………………..28

CHAPTER – 4………………………………………………………………..31-35

4.1 PROGRAM CODE,FLOW CHART,RESULT………………….31

4.1.1 PROGRAM CODE…………………………………………31
4.1.2 FLOW CHART……………………………………………..34
4.1.3 RESULT……………………………………………………..35

CHAPTER – 5……………………………………………………………......36-37

5.1 ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS………36

CHAPTER – 6………………………………………………………………..38-40

6.1 CONCLUSION AND FEATURE SCOPE……………………….38

6.1.1 CONCLUSION……………………………………………...38
6.1.2 FEATURE SCOPE…………………………………………38

CHAPTER – 7………………………………………………………………..41-43

7.1 REFERENCES……………………………………………………..41
7.2 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………….43
 CHAPTER-1

1. 1 INTRODUCTION

The main intention of this project work is to save the electric energy by implementing
intelligent lighting scheme in road tunnels. The system is designed for double track roads,
separate lighting system is provided for both the tracks, and these lights are controlled
independently depending up on the traffic. The idea of implementing this automatic system in
tunnels is to switch off all the lights when there is no traffic, there by the energy can be saved
considerably.

To implement it practically, a prototype module is constructed with four small lamps and
these lamps are arranged at entrance and exit of the tunnel at both the tracks. Similarly four sets
of infrared sensors are also arranged at entrance and exit of tunnel for sensing the entering and
exiting vehicles of both side traveling. Infrared proximity detection scheme is implemented for
sensing the vehicles, proximity means detecting the object with out making any physical contact
to it, in another words it can be called as contact less detecting system. Each proximity detection
system is designed with two infrared sensors, namely infrared signal transmitter and infrared
signal detector. The infrared signal transmitting LED radiates infrared energy in to space in uni-
direction; the other sensor which detects infrared energy can be arranged parallel to the signal
transmitting LED. These two sensors are supposed to be arranged parallel to each other at either
side of the road in one direction, one set should be installed at starting point of tunnel; similarly
another set can be installed at ending point of tunnel. The other two sets can be installed in same
fashion in other direction (second track of the road). In the demonstration module two sections of
the road is marked with divider line over a wooden plank.

In some cases arranging sensors in parallel may not be possible because of the cable; two
wires are required to connect the sensor with the obstacle detector circuit. For running these
wires under the ground, digging the road is essential, to avoid this problem these sensors can be

1
arranged side by side with a distance of one inch and are kept a side of road. Depending up on
the sensors arrangement, the output of the sensing circuit will become high or low. When both
the sensors are arranged in parallel and as long as the signal detector receives signal from the
transmitting LED, the sensing circuit out put remains in zero state, whenever any vehicle passes
between the sensors, the infrared signal is interrupted and a logic high signal is generated by the
sensing circuit. The detailed description of this sensing circuit and arrangement of sensors is
provided in the following chapters.

The out puts of all the four sensing circuits is fed to microcontroller, depending up on the
interruption signals generated according the vehicles movement, the controller controls the lamps
through relays automatically. The main function of this control system is explained in next
chapter.

In this project work ATMEL series 89C51 microcontroller is used and it is playing major
roll, this is 8-bit micro-controller offering many features can be utilized for many applications.
Nowadays with the advancement of technology particularly in the field of micro-controllers, all
the activities in our day-to-day living have become part of information technology and we find
controllers in each and every application. Thus, the trend is directing towards micro-controller
based project works. A micro-controller contains a CPU, clock circuitry, ROM, Ram and I/O
circuitry on a single integrated circuit package. The Micro-controller is therefore, a self-
contained device, which does not require a host of associated support chips for its operation as
conventional microprocessors do. It offers several advantages over conventional multi-chip
systems. There is a cost and space advantage as extra chip costs and printed circuit board and
connectors required to support multi-chip systems are eliminated. The other advantages include
cheaper maintenance, decreased hardware design effort and decreased board density, which is
relevant in portable control equipment.

Low cost high volume products requiring a relatively simple and cheap computer
controller have traditionally characterized micro-controllers. The design optimization parameters
require careful consideration of architectural tradeoffs, memory design factors, instruction size,
2
 memory addressing techniques and other design constraints with respect to area and
performance. Micro-controllers functionality, however, has been tremendously increased in the
recent years. Today, one gets micro-controllers, which are stand alone for applications in data
acquisition system and control. With the help of analog-to-digital converts, provided at the input
of micro-controller, enables them direct use in instrumentation. Another type of micro-controller
has on-chip communication controller, which is designed for applications requiring local
intelligence at remote nodes and communication capability among these distributed nodes.
Advanced versions of the micro-controller in 16-bit configuration have been introduced for high
performance requirements particularly in applications where good arithmetical capabilities are
required.

The purpose of this project work is to present control theory that is relevant to the
analysis and design of controlled systems, with an emphasis on basic concepts and ideas. It is
assumed that a digital micro-controller chip with reasonable software is available for
computations and simulations so that many tedious details can be left to the micro-controller.
The control system design is also carried out up to the stage of implementation in the form of
micro-controller programs. One can view controlled systems as approximations of analog control
systems, but this is a poor approach because the full potential of processor control is not used.
At best the results are only as good as those obtained with analog control.

The program is prepared in Assembly language; it is also called as machine language.

The CPU belongs to microcontroller can work only in binary at a high speed; a program that
consists of 0s and 1s is called machine language. Assembly language programs must be
translated in to machine code by a program called an assembler. Assembly language is referred
to as a low level language because it deals directly with the internal structure of the CPU. The
programmer must know all the registers of the CPU and the size of each and other details.

3
1.2 MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS

A digital computer typically consists of three major components: the Central Processing
Unit (CPU), program and data memory, and an Input/Output (I/O) system. The CPU controls the
flow of information among the components of the computer. It also processes the data by
performing digital operations. Most of the processing is done in the Arithmetic-Logic Unit
(ALU) within the CPU. When the CPU of a computer is built on a single printed circuit board,
the computer is called a minicomputer. A microprocessor is a CPU that is compacted into a
single-chip semiconductor device. Microprocessors are general-purpose devices, suitable for
many applications. A computer built around a microprocessor is called a microcomputer. The
choice of I/O and memory devices of a microcomputer depends on the specific application. For
example, most personal computers contain a keyboard and monitor as standard input and output
devices.

A microcontroller is an entire computer manufactured on a single chip. Microcontrollers

are usually dedicated devices embedded within an application. For example, microcontrollers are
used as engine controllers in automobiles and as exposure and focus controllers in cameras. In
order to serve these applications, they have a high concentration of on-chip facilities such as
serial ports, parallel input output ports, timers, counters; interrupt control, analog-to-digital
converters, random access memory, read only memory, etc. The I/O, memory, and on-chip
peripherals of a microcontroller are selected depending on the specifics of the target application.
Since microcontrollers are powerful digital processors, the degree of control and
programmability they provide significantly enhances the effectiveness of the application.

Embedded control applications also distinguish the microcontroller from its relative, the
general-purpose microprocessor. Embedded systems often require real-time operation and
multitasking capabilities. Real-time operation refers to the fact that the embedded controller must
be able to receive and process the signals from its environment as they are received. That is, the
4
 environment must not wait for the controller to become available. Similarly, the
controller must perform fast enough to output control signals to its environment when they are
needed. Again, the environment must not wait for the controller. In other words, the embedded
controller should not be a bottleneck in the operation of the system. Multitasking is the capability
to perform many functions in a simultaneous or quasi-simultaneous manner.

The embedded controller is often responsible of monitoring several aspects of a system

and responding accordingly when the need arises. The 8051 is the first microcontroller of the
MCS-51 family introduced by Intel Corporation at the end of the 1970s. The 8051 family with its
many enhanced members enjoys the largest market share, estimated to be about 40%, among the
various microcontroller architectures. The architecture of the 8051 family of the microcontrollers
is presented in this chapter. First, the original 8051 microcontroller is discussed, followed by the
enhanced features of the 8032, and the 80C515.

1.3 8051 MICROCONTROLLER FAMILY ARCHITECTURE

The architecture of the 8051 family of microcontrollers is referred to as the MCS-51

architecture, or sometimes simply as MCS-51. The microcontrollers have an 8-bit data bus. They
are capable of addressing 64K of program memory and a separate 64K of data memory. The
8051 has 4K of code memory implemented as on-chip Read Only Memory (ROM). The 8051 has
128 bytes of internal Random Access Memory (RAM). The 8051 has two timer/counters, a serial
port, 4 general purpose parallel input/output ports, and interrupt control logic with five sources of
interrupts. Besides internal RAM, the 8051 has various Special Function Registers (SFR), which
are the control and data registers for on-chip facilities. The SFRs also include the accumulator,
the B register, and the Program Status Word (PSW), which contains the CPU flags.
Programming the various internal hardware facilities of the 8051 is achieved by placing the

5
 appropriate control words into the corresponding SFR’s. The 8031 is similar to the 8051,
except it lacks the on-chip ROM.

As stated, the 8051 can address 64K of external data memory and 64K of external
program memory. These may be separate blocks of memory, so that up to 128K of memory can
be attached to the microcontroller. Separate blocks of code and data memory are referred to as
the Harvard architecture. The 8051 has two separate read signals, RD# and PSEN#. The first is
activated when a byte is to be read from external data memory, the other, from external program
memory. Both of these signals are so-called active low signals. That is, they are cleared to logic
level 0 when activated. All external code is fetched from external program memory. In addition,
bytes from external program memory may be read by special read instructions such as the
MOVC instruction. There are separate instructions to read from external data memory, such as
the MOVX instruction. That is, the instructions determine which block of memory is addressed,
and the corresponding control signal, either RD# or PSEN# is activated during the memory read
cycle. A single block of memory may be mapped to act as both data and program memory. This
is referred to as the Von Neumann1 architecture. In order to read from the same block using
either the RD# signal or the PSEN# signal, the two signals are combined with a logic AND
operation. This way, the output of the AND gate is low when either input is low. The advantage
of the Harvard architecture is not simply doubling the memory capacity of the microcontroller.
Separating program and data increases the reliability of the microcontroller, since there are no
instructions to write to the program memory. A ROM device is ideally suited to serve as program
memory. The Harvard architecture is somewhat awkward in evaluation systems, where code
needs to be loaded into program memory. By adopting the Von Neumann architecture, code may
be written to memory as data bytes, and then executed as program instructions.

The 8052 has 256 bytes of internal RAM and 8K of internal code ROM. The 8051 and
8052 internal ROM cannot be programmed by the user. The user must supply the program to the
manufacturer, and the manufacturer programs the microcontrollers during production. Due to the
setup costs, the factory masked ROM option is not economical for small quantity productions.

6
 The 8751 and 8752 are the Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)
versions of the 8051 and 8052. Many manufacturers offer the EPROM versions in windowed
ceramic and non-windowed plastic packages. These are user programmable. However, the non-
windowed versions cannot be erased. These are usually referred to as One-Time- Programmable
(OTP) microcontrollers, which are more suitable for experimental work or for small production
runs. The 8951 and 8952 contain FLASH EEPROMs (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory). These chips can be programmed as the EPROM versions, using a chip
programmer. Moreover, the memory may be erased. Similar to EPROMs, Erasing FLASH
memory sets all data bits (data bytes become FFh). A bit may be cleared (made 0) by
programming. However, a zero bit may not be programmed to a one. This requires erasing the
chip. Some larger FLASH memories are organized in banks or sectors. Rather than erasing the
entire chip, you may erase a given sector and keep the remaining sectors unchanged.

During the past decade, many manufacturers introduced enhanced members of the 8051
microcontroller. The enhancements include more memory, more ports, analog – to - digital
converters, more timers with compare, reload and capture facilities, more interrupt sources,
higher precision multiply and divide units, idle and power down mode support, watchdog timers,
and network communication subsystems. All microcontroller of the family use the same set of
machine instructions, the MCS-51. The enhanced features are programmed and controlled by
additional SFRs. In the remainder of this chapter, the hardware architecture of the 8051 is
presented. The enhancements brought by the 8052 and 80C515 follow. Some of the more
popular enhanced members of the family are reviewed at the end of Chapter 2. The reader is
referred to the manufacturers' data books for the specifics of other enhanced members.

7
 CHAPTER-2

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS DISCRIPTION

8
2.1 DISCRIPTION ABOUT BLOCK DIAGRAM

Module for the demonstration purpose; these sensors are arranged parallel to each other.
If required they can be arranged side by side, in this condition the infrared signal delivered from
the transmitting LED travels in the space up to certain extent depending up on the signal
strength. The signal delivered from the sensor is called infrared energy and it is radiated in to air,
the radiating power is measured in watts. The range is depending up on the radiating power,
depending up on the radiating power the signal is traveled up to certain distance. When the
sensors are arranged side by side, if any object is passed near by this, the infrared energy
delivered from the IR LED hits the object and due to this the energy is reflected, this reflected
energy is detected by the sensor. Whenever the sensor receives the IR signal, the sensing circuit
out put becomes zero. As long as the receiver doesn’t receives any signal, the sensing circuit out
put remains in high state, due to the interruption made by the vehicle, the out put becomes zero
momentarily. As described above, here the sensors are arranged parallel to each other. In this
condition, whenever any vehicle passes between the sensors, immediately sensing circuit output
becomes high and this logic high signal is fed to microcontroller.

The sensing circuit is designed with 567 IC, this is a tone decoder chip generally
performs two major functions. One is to generate tone frequency from its out put pin, and the
other function is to detect the tone frequency from its input pin through the infrared signal
detector. That is the reason this IC is called as tone signal generator cum decoder. Tone signal is
nothing but audio frequency ranging from 20Hz to 20 KHz. The IC is having oscillator internally
and by connecting external resistor and capacitor, and by varying these two components values,
the frequency can be adjusted. Here the circuit is designed to deliver 10 KHz approximately; the
out put of the oscillator is taken out from pin number 5 and it is amplified through PNP transistor
to increase the signal strength. At the final output (i.e. transistor collector) an infrared LED is

9
 connected to radiate the signal. Since it is a prototype module short range commercial
type of sensors are used for the demonstration purpose. For real applications, higher range
sensors with high radiating power output can be used. To increase the range further more,
number of sensors can be paralleled together. Presently the system utilizes low power sensor,
there by the range is less then one foot.

The function of two IR sensors in one set differs from each other, and both the sensors
are connected to single IC as input and output devices. On receipt of optical signal (the IR
sensors also called as optical sensors) the tone decoder part of the IC detects the signal through
the optical sensor connected at input side and generates a high signal for the micro controller.

As per the block diagram four sets of sensors are used, each block contains two infrared
sensors and one 567 IC. The first block is arranged at the entrance of track – 1, when any vehicle
passes through these sensors, a high signal is generated and it is fed to microcontroller. On
receipt of high signal from the first interruption signal generator block, the microcontroller
energizes first relay. This relay contact is used to energize the lamps on track – 1, once these
lights are energized they remains in energized condition until the controller receives another high
signal from interruption signal generator block – 2. Means the vehicle which passes through
block – 1 sensor at entrance, the same vehicle has to pass through the block – 2 sensors at the
exit of tunnel on track – 1. After receiving high signal from the second block, the microcontroller
de-energizes the same relay and breaks supply to the lamps. This logic indicates that as long as
the vehicle is inside the tunnel, the lights remains in energized condition, when the vehicle leaves
the tunnel, automatically these lights are de-energized.

The microcontroller is programmed such that, depending up on the number of interrupts

made by the number vehicles should be equal to the number of interrupts made by the sensing
circuit of block – 2. For example, three vehicles entered in to the tunnel one after another, and

10
 the lights are energized by detecting the first vehicle it self, these lights remains in
energized condition until the last vehicle comes out from the tunnel. The logic is quite simple;
here the controller monitors both the blocks continuously, if both the blocks out puts are equal
then the controller switches off the lamps through relay. The function of track – 2 circuits is also
similar to this; the controller can identify the interrupted block, if it receives high signals from
track – 2 sensing blocks, relay two will be activated and in-activated to control the track – 2
lamps.

The microcontroller used in this project work is 89C51; this is an 8-bit controller,
meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time. The following are the important
features and applications.

 It provides many functions (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, interrupt logic, timer, etc.) in
a single package.
 8-bit data bus - It can access 8 bits of data in one operation (hence it is an 8-bit
microcontroller).
 16-bit address bus - It can access 216 memory locations - 64 k B each of RAM and
ROM
 On-chip RAM - 128 bytes ("Data Memory”).
 On-chip ROM - 4 k B ("Program Memory”)
 Four byte bi-directional input/output port
 UART (serial port)
 Two 16-bit timers
 Two – level interrupt priority.

Micro-controller works according to the program written in it. Most microcontrollers today are
based on the Harvard architecture, which clearly defined the four basic components required for
11
an embedded system. These include a CPU core, memory for the program (ROM or flash
memory), memory for data (RAM), one or more timers (customizable ones and watchdog
timers), as well as I/O lines to communicate with external peripherals and complementary
resources — all this in a single integrated circuit. A microcontroller differs from a general-
purpose CPU chip in that the former generally is quite easy to make into a working computer,
with a minimum of external support chips. The idea is that the microcontroller will be placed in
the device to control, hooked up to power and any information it needs, and that's that.

A traditional microprocessor won't allow you to do this. It requires all of these tasks to be
handled by other chips. For example, some number of RAM memory chips must be added. The
amount of memory provided is more flexible in the traditional approach, but at least a few
external memory chips must be provided, and additionally requires that many connections must
be made to pass the data back and forth to them.

For instance, a typical microcontroller will have a built in clock generator and a small
amount of RAM and ROM (or EPROM or EEPROM), meaning that to make it work, all that is
needed is some control software and a timing crystal (though some even have internal RC
clocks). Microcontrollers will also usually have a variety of input/output devices, such as analog-
to-digital converters, timers, etc. Often these integrated devices can be controlled by specialized
processor instructions.

Originally, microcontrollers were only programmed in assembly language, or later in C

code. Recent microcontrollers integrated with on-chip debug circuit accessed by In-circuit
emulator via JTAG (Joint Text Action Group) enables a programmer to debug the software of an
embedded system with a debugger.

More recently, however, some microcontrollers have begun to include a built-in

12
High-level programming language interpreter for greater ease of use. BASIC is a common
choice, and 11is used in the popular BASIC Stamp MCUs (Master Control Unit).
Microcontrollers trade away speed and flexibility to gain ease of equipment design and low cost.
There's only so much room on the chip to include functionality, so for every I/O device or
memory increase the microcontroller includes, some other circuitry has to be removed. Finally, it
must be mentioned that some microcontroller architectures are available from many different
vendors in so many varieties that they could rightly belong to a category of their own. Chief
among these are the 8051 family. A sensor based infrared technology is adopted in the circuit
design to detect the vehicle that is passing between the sensors. As described in the introduction,
the sensors arrangement for sensing the presence of a vehicle can be in two types, in the
prototype.

13
 CHAPTER-3

3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

14
3.1 DISCRIPTION ABOUT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.1.1 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

The detailed circuit description of the project work “Automatic Tunnel Lighting System”
is explained along with circuit diagram. The details are as follows

3.1.2 HARDWARE DETAILS

The IC’s and other important components used in this project work, procured from the
Hyderabad Electronics Market. The details or data sheets of the IC’s are down loaded from the
Internet. The following are the web sites that can be browsed for collecting the data sheets.

1. Www. Texas Instruments.com

2. Www. National semiconductors.com

3. Www. Fairchild semiconductors.com

The following are the IC’s and other important components used in this project work

 Voltage Regulator
 BC 557 PNP Transistor
 Relay
 LM 567 Tone Decoder IC
 89C51 Microcontroller Chip

15
3.1.2.1 VOLTAGE REGULATOR DESCRIPTION

The L78L00 series of three-terminal positive regulators employ internal current limiting
and thermal shutdown, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat-sink is
provided,they can deliver up to 100 mA output current. They are intended as fixed voltage
regulators in a wide range of applications including local or on-card regulation for elimination of
noise and distributionproblems associated with single-point regulation.In addition, they can be
used with power pass elements to make high-current voltage regulators.The L78L00 series used
as Zener diode/resistor combination replacement, offers an effective output impedance
improvement of typically two orders of magnitude, along with lower quiescent current and lower
noise.

16
3.1.2.2 BC 557 PNP Transistor:

FEATURES

• Low current (max. 100 mA)

• Low voltage (max. 65 V). APPLICATIONS
• General purpose switching and amplification.

DESCRIPTION

PNP transistor in a TO-92; SOT54 plastic package. NPN complements: BC546 and
BC547.

17
3.1.2.3 RELAY:

Relay is an electromagnetic device which is used to isolate two circuits electrically and
connect them magnetically. They are very useful devices and allow one circuit to switch another
one while they are completely separate. They are often used to interface an electronic circuit
(working at a low voltage) to an electrical circuit which works at very high voltage. For example,
a relay can make a 5V DC battery circuit to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. Thus a small sensor

18
circuit can drive, say, a fan or an electric bulb.

A relay switch can be divided into two parts: input and output. The input section has a
coil which generates magnetic field when a small voltage from an electronic circuit is applied to
it. This voltage is called the operating voltage. Commonly used relays are available in different
configuration of operating voltages like 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V etc. The output section consists of
contactors which connect or disconnect mechanically. In a basic relay there are three contactors:
normally open (NO), normally closed (NC) and common (COM). At no input state, the COM is
connected to NC. When the operating voltage is applied the relay coil gets energized and the
COM changes contact to NO. Different relay configurations are available like SPST, SPDT,
DPDT etc, which have different number of changeover contacts. By using proper combination of
contactors, the electrical circuit can be switched on and off. Get inner details about structure of a
relay switch.

3.1.2.4 TONE DECODER:

The NE567/SE567 tone and frequency decoder is a highly stable phase-locked loop with
synchronous AM lock detection and power output circuitry. Its primary function is to drive a
19
 load whenever a sustained frequency within its detection band is present at the self-biased
input. The bandwidth center frequency and output delay are independently determined by means
of four external components.

FEATURES

 Wide frequency range (0.01 Hz to 500 kHz)

 High stability of center frequency
 Independently controllable bandwidth (up to 14%)
 High out-band signal and noise rejection
 Logic-compatible output with 100 mA current sinking capability
 Inherent immunity to false signals
 Frequency adjustment over a 20-to-1 range with an external resistor

APPLICATIONS

 Touch-Tone
 decoding
 Carrier current remote controls
 Ultrasonic controls (remote TV, etc.)
 Communications paging
 Frequency monitoring and control
 Wireless intercom
 Precision oscillato

20
3.1.2.5 89C51 MICROCONTROLLER CHIPS:

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K

bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with
the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a
powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications.

Features :

• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products

• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory – Endurance: 1,000

Write/Erase Cycles

21
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

• Three-level Program Memory Lock

• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

• Six Interrupt Sources

• Programmable Serial Channel

• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

22
3.1.3 INFRARED TRANSMITTER / RECEIVER SECTION:

Four sets of Infra Red Sensors are used in this project for sensing the movement of
vehicles in tunnel. All the sensor circuits are similar to each other except positioning the sensors.
It is basically an infrared proximity detection system. Here high efficiency IR-LED is driven by
PNP Transistor SK100 with a modulating frequency of about 10 KHz. The Frequency is decided
by the RT and CT connected at Pin No 5 and 6 of the Tone Decoder IC. This frequency is
available from Pin 5 of LM 567 IC (versatile PLL tone decoder IC). The infrared signal
transmitter LED is connected at the out put of transistor between collector to ground, it is
connected in series with the resistor, which controls the current that is flowing through the LED
junction.

The oscillator output is obtained from Pin No.5 of 567IC, with the help of 10K resistor
and 0.047MF capacitor connected externally to Pin No.5 and 6 of this IC; frequency is adjusted
at 11.7 KHz approximately. If required this frequency can be varied by varying these two
components values. The output is amplified through high frequency PNP switching transistor,
the signal radiating IR LED is connected between the collector and ground, and a 47ohm resistor
is connected in series with this IR LED to limit the current. The maximum allowable current
through the IR LED junction is limited to 50mA, and the voltage applied to the IR LED junction
should not exceed more than 1.5V. The signal radiating power is restricted because of these two
reasons, there by range is also restricted. Range is nothing but the distance between transmitting
IR LED and receiving IR LED, this range can be increased by increasing the radiating power of
the transmitting LED. To increase the radiating power, more signals current with more amplitude
to be pumped through the IR LED junction, this can be achieved by connecting more IR LEDs in
series and parallel combination. Since it is a prototype module, commercially available IR LED
is used, and the range is restricted by less than 30cm’s, because these IR LEDs will not allow
more current through its junction.

23
The following is the circuit diagram of Intruder Sensor

3.1.4 89C51 PROGRAMMING

The program will be in the format of assembly language, while the CPU can work only in
binary, it can do so at a very high speed. For humans, however, it is quite tedious and slow to
deal with 0s and 1s in order to program the computer. A program that consists of 0s and 1s is
called machine language. In the early days of the computer, programmers coded programs in
machine language. Although the hexadecimal system was used as a more efficient way to
represent binary numbers, the process of working in machine code was still cumbersome for
humans. Eventually, assembly languages were developed that provided mnemonics for the
machine code instructions, plus other features that made programming faster and less prone to
error. The term mnemonic is frequently used in computer science and engineering literature to
refer to codes and abbreviations that are relatively easy to remember. Assembly language

24
 programs must be translated into machine code by a program called an assembler.
Assembly language is referred to as a low-level language because it deals directly with internal
structure of the CPU. To program in Assembly language, the programmer should have sufficient
knowledge about electronic interfacing devices like A/D converter, LCD, stepper motor, etc.

Today, one can use many different programming languages, such as BASIC, Pascal, C,
C++, Java, and numerous others. These languages are called high-level languages because the
programmer does not have to be concerned with the internal details of the CPU, whereas and
assembler is used to translate an Assembly language program into machine code (sometimes also
called object code or opcode for operation code), high-level languages are translated into
machine code by a program called a compiler. For instance, to write a program in C, one must
use a C compiler to translate the program into machine language. Now we look at 8051
Assembly language format and use an 8051 assembler to create a ready-to-run program.

3.1.5 STRUCTURE OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

An Assembly language program consists of, among other things, a series of lines of
Assembly language instructions. An Assembly language instruction consists of a mnemonic,
optionally followed by one or two operands. The operands are the data items being manipulated,
and the mnemonics are the commands to the CPU, telling it what to do with those items.

A given Assembly language program is a series of statements, or lines, which are either
Assembly language instructions such as Add and MOV, or statements called directives. While
instructions tell the CPU what to do, directives (also called pseudo – instructions) give directions
to the assembler. For example, in the above program while the MOV and ADD instructions are
commands to the CPU, ORG and END are directives to the assembler. ORG tells the assembler
25
 to place the opcode at memory location 0 while END indicates to the assembler the end
of the source code. In other words, one is for the start of the program and the other one for the
end of the program.

3.1.6 MEMORY UNIT OF MICROCONTROLLER

The easiest way to explain it is to describe it as one big closet with lots of drawers. If we
suppose that we marked the drawers in such a way that they can not be confused, any of their
contents will then be easily accessible. It is enough to know the designation of the drawer and so
its contents will be known to us for sure.

Memory components are exactly like that. For a certain input we get the contents of a
certain addressed memory location and that’s all. Two new concepts are brought to us:
addressing and memory location. Memory consists of all memory locations, and addressing is
nothing but selecting one of them. This means that we need to select the desired memory
location on one hand, and on the other hand we need to wait for the contents of that location.
Besides reading from a memory location, memory must also provide for writing onto it. This is
done by supplying an additional line called control line. We will designate this line as R/W
(read/write). Control line is used in the following way: if r/w=1, reading is done, and if opposite
is true then writing is done on the memory location. Memory is the first element, and we need a
few operation of our microcontroller.

3.1.7 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Let add 3 more memory locations to a specific block that will have a built in capability to
multiply, divide, subtract, and move its contents from one memory location onto another. The
part we just added in is called “central processing unit” (CPU). Its memory locations are called
registers.

26
 Registers are therefore memory locations whose role is to help with performing
various mathematical operations or any other operations with data wherever data can be found.
Look at the current situation. We have two independent entities (memory and CPU) which are
interconnected, and thus any exchange of data is hindered, as well as its functionality. If, for
example, we wish to add the contents of two memory locations and return the result again back
to memory, we would need a connection between memory and CPU. Simply stated, we must
have some “way” through data goes from one block to another.

3.1.8 BUS

That “way” is called “bus”. Physically, it represents a group of 8, 16, or more

wires. There are three types of buses: address bus, data bus and control bus.. The first one
consists of as many lines as the amount of memory we wish to address, and the other one is as
wide as data, The Third bus consists control information such as read, write , chip select,
memory select and I/O select. In our case 8 bits /16 bits for the connection line. The Address
Bus, Data Bus and Control Busses are used to connect external memories, where internal
memories are not sufficient. First one serves to transmit address from CPU memory, and the
second to connect all blocks inside the microcontroller.

3.1.9 INPUT – OUTPUT UNIT

Those locations we’ve just added are called “ports”. There are several types of ports:
input, output or bi-directional ports. When working with ports, first of all it is necessary to
choose which port we need to work with, and then to send data to, or take it from the port.

When working with it the port acts like a memory location. Something is simply
being written into or read from it, and it could be noticed on the pins of the micro-controller.
89C51 Micro controller is having 32 I/O lines configured as 4 Ports as Port 0, Port 1, Port2 and
Port 3 of each 8 Bit Port.

27
3.1.10 POWER SUPPLY UNIT DESCRIPTION

The power Supply is a Primary requirement for the project work. Before designing a power

supply, first we must calculate how much current is required to drive entire circuit including Lamps.

The lighting system is designed with four small lamps of 3 Watts each, these are automobile lamps

designed to operate at 12V DC, means each lamp consumes 250 milli-amps, when all the four lamps

are energized 1000 milli-amps (1Amp) current will be consumed from the power supply. The

remaining circuit consists of microcontroller, relays, infrared signal detector circuits, etc, will

consume another 250 milli-amps current, there by the total consumption is 1250 milli-amps

approximately, therefore a higher rating transformer of 1.5 Amps at secondary is selected.

Since the required DC power supply for the total circuitry to be derived from the single

phase mains, a step down transformer with center tapped secondary of 12V-0-12V transformer is

considered for the purpose. The secondary is rectified with two diodes to convert the AC in to DC,

for this purpose higher current rating diodes of 2N5408 are selected; these diodes can with stand up

to 600V at 3 Amps current. Now a large capacitor of 2,200 micro-farad is connected across the DC

source for eliminating the AC ripple, there by smooth DC is availed from the power supply unit.

The DC voltage derived from the supply is un-regulated, initially around 18V DC is available

at no load, when 1 Amp load is connected, this voltage falling down to 12V, which is sufficient drive

the lamps and relays. The main draw back of this un-regulated supply is, it varies according to the

line voltage, for relays and lamps doesn’t effect voltage fluctuations, because they are designed to

28
 operate from 10V to 15V DC, where as for microcontroller and other circuitry a stable supply

of +5V is essential, therefore with the help of a positive voltage regulator, a constant voltage source

of +5V is derived, for this purpose 7805 3Pin Voltage regulator is used so that, though the mains

supply varies from 170V to 250V, the output DC level remains constant. The 7805 used in this

project work can deliver a maximum current of 800 Milli-amps, this device is having thermal shutt-

down internally, whenever the device body temperature rises more then 100 degree centigrade,

automatically output become zero and protects the regulator burning due to the over temperature. A

suitable Aluminum heat sink coupled to the regulator body is essential when maximum current is

drawn.

Rectification is a process of rendering an alternating current or voltage into a unidirectional

one. The component used for rectification is called ‘Rectifier’. A rectifier permits current to flow
only during the positive half cycles of the applied AC voltage by eliminating the negative half cycles
or alternations of the applied AC voltage. Thus pulsating DC is obtained. To obtain smooth DC
power, additional filter circuits are required.

A diode can be used as rectifier. There are various types of diodes. But, semiconductor
diodes are very popularly used as rectifiers. A semiconductor diode is a solid state device consisting
of two elements is being an electron emitter or cathode, the other an electron collector or anode.
Since electrons in a semiconductor diode can flow in one direction only-form emitter to collector-
the diode provides the unilateral conduction necessary for rectification.

The rectified Output is filtered for smoothening the DC, for this purpose suitable capacitor is
29
 to be selected depending up on the current rating, generally for 1Amp rating power supply
1000 Micro-farad capacitor is used in the filter circuit, hear the supply rating is more, so that heavy
capacitor is used. The filter capacitors are usually connected in parallel with the rectifier output and
the load. The AC can pass through a capacitor but DC cannot, the ripples are thus limited and the
output becomes smoothed. When the voltage across the capacitor plates tends to rise, it stores up
energy back into voltage and current. Thus the fluctuation in the output voltage is reduced
considerable. The following is the circuit diagram of power supply.

30
 CHAPTER-4

4. PROGRAM CODE, FLOW CHAT & RESULT

4.1 PROGRAM CODE FOR ONE WAY ROAD

COUNT DATA 30H

COUNT DATA 31H

ORG 0000H

RT:

CLR P2.0

CLR P2.1

MOV COUNT ,#00H

MOV COUNT1,#00H

MAIN:

JNB P0.0,NXT

JB P0.0,$

SETB P2.1

INC COUNT

LJMP MAIN

NXT2:

JNB P0.1,NXT3

DEC COUNT1

31
 MOV A,COUNT

CJNE A,#00H,NXT6

CLR P2.0

NXT3:LJMP MAIN

NXT5:

CJNE A,#0FFH,NXT3

MOV COUNT,#00H

LJMP MAIN

NXT6:

CJNE A,#0FFH,NXT3

MOV COUNT1,#00H

LJMP MAIN

END

4.2 PROGRAM CODE FOR TWO WAY ROAD

COUNT DATA 30H

COUNT1 DATA 31H

ORG 0000H
RT:
CLR P2.0
CLR P2.1
MOV COUNT,#00H
MOV COUNT1,#00H
MAIN:
32
JNB P0.0,NXT
JB P0.0,$
SETB P2.1
INC COUNT
LJMP MAIN
NXT:
JNB P0.3,NXT1
JB P0.3,$
INC COUNT1
SETB P2.0
LJMP MAIN
NXT1:
JNB P0.2,NXT2
JB P0.2,$
DEC COUNT
MOV A,COUNT
CJNE A,#00H,NXT5
CLR P2.1
LJMP MAIN
NXT2:
JNB P0.1,NXT3
JB P0.1,$
DEC COUNT1
MOV A,COUNT1
CJNE A,#00H,NXT6
CLR P2.0
NXT3:
LJMP MAIN
NXT5:

33
 CJNE A,#0FFH,NXT3
MOV COUNT,#00H
LJMP main
NXT6:
CJNE A,#0FFH,NXT3
MOV COUNT1,#00H
LJMP main
END

4.2 FLOW CHAT

34
4.3 RESULT

The project “AUTOMATIC TUNNEL LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR ROAD

TRAFFIC” was designed such that the microcontroller as programmed accordingly to whether
the lights switch on or switch off when any vehicle enters or leaves the tunnel we use following
keys i.e., relay,tone decoder,sensors.

35
 CHAPTER-5

5. ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION

Generally, high-pressure sodium lamp is used in conventional tunnel lamps; the

disadvantages of this type are described below:

1. Low utilization coefficient 2.

2. Low color rendering

3. Environmental pollution

4. Brightness adjustment is difficult, only a small number of voltage level of work

5. It is difficult to achieve full fault monitoring, convenient repair and maintenance personnel.

Due to its poor controllability of continuous flux, therefore, cannot be realized fully on
demand tunnel lighting illumination. With the LED lighting technology development, LED
lamps for tunnel are available which have the following advantages described below:

1. Solid source

2. No pollution, no UV

3. High color rendering index

4. Can be achieved by adjusting the current continuous illumination adjust fast, almost
instantaneous nature.

5. Through the design of a dedicated communication control power supply can be achieved for
each lamp status and fault monitoring, and the illumination of the multi- stage continuously.

36
[1] LED ‘s luminous efficiency is better compared to conventional HPS and fluorescent
lamp, in the case of the same illumination, energy consumption of LED is 25%-30% of
HPS’. LED’s brightness can be quickly adjusted between 0-100% of the maximum , it
will not affect the service life and it can achieve a good energy saving effect. At the same
time, LED has a long life

APPLICATION

 Tunnel lighting is used Traffic signals

 It is used in industrial organization
 We can use it Street lights
 It is used in vehicles
 It is used in Robotic Controllers

37
 CHAPTER-6

6. CONCLUSION AND FEATURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION

Good tunnel lighting design not only reduces accidents from happening, but also can
induce a higher usage rate for a road, reduce criminal activity and provide definitive vision
guidance and a comfortable driving environment. Hence, the design of tunnel lighting must have
a correct concept to follow. Fortunately, The CIE provides many good suggestions and
calculations in order to promote the quality of tunnel lighting. These qualities are presented as
luminance requirements, uniformities, glare restrictions, color renderings and luminary
arrangements. All these factors directly affect traffic safety, and are related to good or bad tunnel
lighting design. The above qualities of luminance, uniformity and glare control can be
represented by real values yielded from simple formulae, but need numerous calculations. They
are not suited for hand calculation, and they require the assistance of a computer. Not only can
the time for the design schedule be reduced, but also different types of lamps can be compared in
order to get a proper lighting system and reduce the cost of the luminaries and save on power
consumption.

6.2 FEATURE SCOPE

WSP provides support of the highest caliber to prestigious and complex projects around
the world. Our Swedish and international teams have significant experience in deliver-ing
innovative and code compliant life safety solutions around the world. Our global reach and local
38
 knowledge delivers the highest in international standards and local regulations. WSP
provides a wide range of services in tunnel planning, design and construction. In this brochure
the areas of Fire and Risk Engineering, Automation, Lighting and Ventilation will be presented.
We pride ourselves on a proactive and committed approach to projects, striving to deliver
Innovation while maintaining common sense and client focus. Throughout the various stages of
the road and railway processes, there are numerous requirements on consideration and analysis
of risks. WSP works with risk management in all planning and design stages and with numerous
kinds of services in both the consultant and the client organisation.In a feasibility study, the
focus is generally on identifying which risk factors need closer attention in the work ahead and
whether these factors pose a threat to the implementation of the project. Thereafter, the amount
of detail gradually increases and the focus during the investigation stage is on evaluating risk-
related difference between the proposed alternatives. During the planning stage of layout design,
the route is defined and the risk analysis becomes a key tool for investigating whether the
proposed structure meets current requirements for safety and for defining prerequisites and
design conditions for other engineering disciplines. A whole range of protective systems are
called for during the tunnel design stage and these are evaluated and a safety concept is
Derived for the final proposal. This concept has to be validated by means of a risk analysis which
contains all the risks of accidents that may affect a tunnel, so that relevant safety standards are
met. Furthermore, essential parts of the fire safety documentation are generally based on risk
analyses. Fire safety documentation presents strategies, as well as passive and active protection
and safety Systems, for ensuring robust and effective fire protection. Design of escape routes and
fire resistance of load-bearing structures are included as key components in the fire safety
documentation. Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) models are used for the advanced
computation of the fire and smoke spread along with evacuation simulations designed to
calculate walking speeds, identify bottlenecks and validate evacuation strategies. Advanced
temperature calculations are used when designing and validating the fire resistance of load
bearing structures. Proposals for action plans are discussed for possible extreme accident
scenarios in tunnels involving hazardous materials. It is often necessary to study risk exposure
with regard to both road-users and third parties.

39
WSP AUTOMATION, VENTILATIONANDITS

A tunnel is made up of a mass of different systems, designed to work together to maintain

a high level of utility for the traffic and to ensure that safety is sustained at all times. The
requirements for each subsystem and for the control and monitoring of the entire site are
high.These systems detect whatever happens in the tunnel and the operators who monitor the
tunnel are notified of any events by a control and monitoring system.Should an accident occur,
like a fire, many measures have to be taken. The control and monitoring system can then support
operators in their decisions as they work through numerous measures. The various subsystems
then perform the measures via the control and
monitoring system.WSP has the expertise for each subsystem and the overall knowledge needed
to coordinate all systems. Using the risk analyses as our starting point, we plan the various
installations so that maximum safety is achieved.WSP can supply an extensive range of services
throughout the various phases of a project: Project management

 Feasibility studies
 Investigations
 Project planning
 Testing
 Technical advisor services
 Cost benefit analysis
 Interface with equipment suppliers to ensure integrated design solutions
 Commissioning and whole site witness testing
 Audit of operational facilities to identify system limitations and enhancements

40
 CHAPTER-7

7. 1 References

 AUBERT, D., BOUCHER, V., BREMOND, R., CHARBONNIER, P., CORD,

A., DUMONT, E., FOUCHER, P., FOURNELA, F., GREFFIER, F., GRUYER,
D., HAUTIERE, N., MUZET, V., NICOLLE, P. and TAREL, J.-P. 2014.
 Digital imaging for assessing and improving highway visibility. In Proc. of
Transport Research Arena (TRA' 14), Paris. BOUCHER, V., GREFFIER, F. and
FOURNELA F. 2008.
 High speed acquisition system of photo-colorimetric images to record and model
the human visual signal. In Proc. SPIE 7073, Applications of Digital Image
Processing XXXI. CEN 2003a.
 CEN CR 14380:2003. Lighting applications - Tunnel Lighting. CEN 2003b. EN
13201-3:2003. Road lighting - Part 3: Calculation of performance. CEN 2003c.
EN 13201-4:2003. Road lighting - Part 4: Methods of measuring lighting
performance. CEN 2004.
 CEN TR 13201-1:2004. Selection of lighting classes. CERTU 2013.
 Schémas directeurs d’éclairage d’un réseau routier. CETU 2000. Tunnel Pilot File
- Equipments / section 4.2: Lighting. CHARBONNIER, P., BLANC-FÉRAUD,
L., AUBERT, G. and BARLAUD, M. 1987.
 Deterministic edge preserving regularization in computed imaging. In IEEE
Transactions on Image Processing, 6(2), p. 298-311. CIE 1932.
 Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage Proceedings, 1931.
 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CIE 2000.
 CIE 140-2000. Road Lighting Calculations. Vienna: CIE. CIE 2002. CIE
x023:2002. Proceedings of two CIE Workshops on Photometric Measurement
Systems for Road Lighting Installations (Liège/Belgium 1994; Poitiers/France,
1996). CIE 2004. CIE 88:2004.
41
 Guide for the lighting of road tunnels and underpasses. Vienna: CIE. CIE 2010.
CIE 115:2010. Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic. Vienna: CIE.
CIE 2011. CIE 194:2011.
 On Site Measurement of the Photometric Properties of Road and Tunnel Lighting.
Vienna: CIE. Greffier, F. et al. AN AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR MEASURING
ROAD AND TUNNEL LIGHTING PERFORMANCE FIORENTIN, P.,
IACOMUSSI, P. and ROSSI G. 2005.
 Characterization and calibration of a CCD detector for light engineering. IEEE
Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 54(1), p. 171-177. HUBER,
P.J. 1981.
 Robust statistics. John Wiley and Sons, New York. ISO/CEI 2005. ISO/CEI
17025:2005. General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories. ISO/CEI 2008. ISO/CEI 98-3:2008.
 Guide to the expression of uncertainly in measurement. ISO/CEI 2014. ISO/CEI
19476:2014.
 Characterization of the performance of illuminance meters and luminance meters.
SEBSADJI, Y., TAREL, J.P., CHARBONNIER, P. and Foucher, P. 2010.
 Robust Road Marking Extraction in Urban Environments Using Stereo Images. In
Proc. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV'10), p. 394-400. TAREL, J.P.,
IENG, S.S. and CHARBONNIER, P. 2002.
 Using robust estimation algorithms for tracking explicit curves. Lecture Notes in
Computer Science, 2350, p. 492-407. TAREL, J.P., IENG, S.S. and
CHARBONNIER, P. 2007. Robust Lane Marking Detection by.

42
7.2 BIBLIOGRAPHY:

* IESNA 1993, Lighting Handbook, Reference & Application.

* CIE 88- 1990, Guide for the Lighting of Road Tunnels an Underpasses.
* CIE No. 30 (TC-4.6) 1976, Calculation and Measurement of Luminance and
Illuminance in Road Lighting.
* CIE No. 31 (TC-4.6) 1976, Glare and Uniformity in Road Lighting Installations.
* Philips Lighting, 5th Edition 1993, Lighting Manual.

43