EGME 306A The Stress-Strain Relationship in Tension

THE STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP IN TENSION

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[Name] 1/14
EGME 306A The Stress-Strain Relationship in Tension

THE STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP IN TENSION

ABSTRACT

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the different stress-strain curves for various samples and
to know the mechanical properties possessed by the metal specimen which was inserted in the MTS Insight
Tensile Testing Machine. In order to verify Hooke’s Law and to fulfil the objectives, the MTS Insight Tensile
Testing Machine was used in which specimen is inserted. Firstly, enough load is applied on the specimen so
that the specimen placed in the Tensile Testing Machine broke and the properties of the specimen can be
investigated either it is brittle or ductile. The graph of stress-strain curve was plotted with the help of machine
automatically in accordance with the increasing load. The results obtained are quite soothing. Some were
satisfying the condition of graph not starting form the origin and also the Hooke’s Law. The results obtained
after performing the experiment were comparable with the theory with some exceptions. As there is
impossible to create ideal conditions so the stress-strain curve was not in accordance to the general curve as
explained in the theory. This was due to storage of already some of the tensile load in the MTS Insight Tensile
Testing Machine.

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND UNITS

Variable Symbol Unit

Diameter D in

Load P lbf

Length L in

Area A in2

Stress σ psi

Strain Ε in/in

Modulus E psi

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EGME 306A The Stress-Strain Relationship in Tension
THEORY
In order to determine the mechanical properties of the specimen, the tensile test is extra-ordinary in this
regard. The property of tensile test is that it gives the relation between the uniaxial load and the elongation
of the specimen. The objective of this lab is to verify the Hooke’s Law which can be studied with the help of
stress-strain curve.

Stress is the ratio of Applied Force divided by the unit surface area.
𝑃
σ= [1]
𝐴
Strain is the ratio of change in length divided by the original length.
𝛿
ε= [2]
𝐿
Hooke’s Law is based on the linear relation between stress and strain if the load applied is in the proportional
limit. Hooke’s Law states that:

σ=Eε [3]
In the start of stress-strain curve, the graph follows a linear behaviour according to the Hooke’s Law. In this
region, if the stress is removed at any point, the specimen comes back to its original position due to the
elasticity.

As the stress level increases, the graph of stress-strain curve modifies. At this stage, if the stress is removed
the specimen doesn’t come back to its original position. With increasing the stress, a point comes where the
specimen fractures.

PROCEDURE
The whole lab was performed on following steps:

 Firstly, it is checked that the emergency button is off and the power to the apparatus is being supplied.

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EGME 306A The Stress-Strain Relationship in Tension
 The data of a sample with distinct colour was recorded separately and diameter & lengths were
measured with the help of callipers with quite accuracy.
 After turning on the software from the desktop, the specimen was inserted in the jaws of Testing
machine. Afterwards, the jaws were closed with the help of handle named as T-Handle.

 The grips in which the specimen was inserted were tighten with the help of handles.
 After returning the control to the computer, the extensometer was attached. The blades of
extensometer were closed to the centre of the specimen.
 All the data stored in the software was made zero by deleting the already stored data.
 The material name and sample diameter were set in the software so that the experiment start.
 The load was observed carefully and as the rupturing of the specimen came closer the amount of load
was reduced.
 As the specimen broke, the extensometer was detached, and the pin was installed again.

 Before pressing the OK button, the sample was separated from the machine.
 The final length and diameter were noted, and the cross head automatically moved to the original
position.
 Finally, all the observations accumulated during performance of the experiment were saved with the
name and the file is imported to excel file.
 The whole experiment was repeated for other coloured samples.
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EGME 306A The Stress-Strain Relationship in Tension
RESULTS
Sample ID: blue sample grp 2.mss
Specimen Number: 1

Specimen Results:

Name Value Units

Diameter 0.357 In

Peak Load 9321.241 Lbf

Ultimate Tensile Stress 93120.7 Psi

Strain at Break 0.034 in/in

Modulus 26139944.693 Psi

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EGME 306A The Stress-Strain Relationship in Tension
Sample ID: green sample grp 2.mss
Specimen Number: 1

Specimen Results:

Name Value Units

Diameter 0.345 in

Peak Load 4515.144 lbf

Ultimate Tensile Stress 48299.4 psi

Strain at Break 0.065 in/in

Modulus 9945688.040 psi

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EGME 306A The Stress-Strain Relationship in Tension
Sample ID: red sample grp 2.mss
Specimen Number: 1

Specimen Results:

Name Value Units

Diameter 0.285 in

Peak Load 7821.782 lbf

Ultimate Tensile Stress 122609.7 psi

Strain at Break 0.021 in/in

Modulus 27768922.157 psi

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EGME 306A The Stress-Strain Relationship in Tension
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS AND ERROR ANALYSIS
For Blue Sample:
Maximum Load = P = 9321.241 lbf
Diameter of specimen = d = 0.357 in
As,
𝑃
Stress = σ = 𝐴
9321.241
σ= 𝜋×(0.357)^2
4

σ = 93120.9 psi

As,
𝛿
Strain = ε =
𝐿
ε = 0.034 in/in

As,

Hooke’s Law = σ = E ε
σ
E=
ε
93120.9
E=
0.034
E = 27388850 psi

Percentage Error between the calculated Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Elasticity from the software
can be calculated as:
|Approx−Exact|
% error = × 100
Exact
|27388850−26139944.693|
% error = × 100
26139944.693

% error = 4.77%

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The results obtained after performing this experiment revealed that Hooke’s Law obeyed until the load is in
the elastic limit. The stress strain curve for various samples were obtained with the help of software which
shows the elastic and plastic region. In start, the stress-strain curve is linear obeying Hooke’s Law. All the
graphs start from the slightly above from the origin which satisfies the condition explained in the theory
section.

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EGME 306A The Stress-Strain Relationship in Tension

The difference between the Modulus of Elasticity from the calculations performed and Modulus of Elasticity
from the software is because of software doesn’t consider the tensile load already stored in the Insight Tensile
Testing Machine. The differences might be due to instrumental errors or human errors during noting the
readings. There is only 4% error which shows that the experiment performed is quite clear and this slight error
can be minimized if the new instrument is used or reducing the other errors including random and
instruments.

CONCLUSION
The Conclusion of this experiment is that after performing the lab it is come to know that MTS Insight Tensile
Testing Machine is very appropriate in determining the mechanical properties of the specimen. With the help
of Elastic Modulus obtained by performing the calculations, the material can be guessed. As all the materials
have a specific Elastic Modulus, so the samples used in this experiment revealed the different grades of steel.
The errors in the experiment can be minimized by performing the practical again and again so that accuracy
and precision can be obtained.

The Hooke’s Law is also obeyed which is also obvious from all the stress-strain curves of different samples.

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Q#1
Ans:

Stress for 10th value can be calculated as =

𝑃
Stress = σ =
𝐴
527.22
σ= 𝜋×(0.649)^2
4

σ = 1593.722 psi

Strain for 10th value can be calculated as =

𝛿
Strain = ε =
𝐿
0.00042
ε=
2
ε = 0.00021 in/in

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EGME 306A The Stress-Strain Relationship in Tension

Q#2
Ans:

OVER THE ELASTIC RANGE

OVER THE ENTIRE RANGE

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EGME 306A The Stress-Strain Relationship in Tension
Q#3
Ans:

Q#4
Ans:

The slope of stress-strain curve for blue specimen indicates the value of 26841739.152 psi.

The actual value of Modulus of Elasticity is 26139944.693 psi.

The slope of stress-strain curve for green specimen indicates the value of 9917250.941 psi.

The actual value of Modulus of Elasticity is 9945688.040 psi.

The slope of stress-strain curve for red specimen indicates the value of 27965749.305 psi.

The actual value of Modulus of Elasticity is 27768922.157 psi.

The differences between the published value and from the slope is due to the errors which are discussed
before which includes not considering the already stored tensile load along with human errors and
instrumental errors.

Q#5
Ans:
(𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)2 −(𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑡𝑒𝑟)^2
% Area Reduction = 100 × (𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)2

(0.5)2 −(0.357)^2
% Area Reduction = 100 × (0.5)2

% Area Reduction = 49.02%

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EGME 306A The Stress-Strain Relationship in Tension

Q#6
Ans:

The fracture surface obtained after the failure looks like that it is ductile failure. It is not completely ductile
failure. Because of some uneven distribution of load, brittle failure is also included in this.

Q#7
Ans:

For Blue Sample:

Error Analysis for Stress = Δ σ = 93120.955 – 93120.7

Error Analysis for Stress = Δ σ = 0.255 psi

Error Analysis for Strain = Δ ε = 0.034 – 0.034

Error Analysis for Strain = Δ ε = 0 in/in

Error Analysis for Elastic Modulus = Δ E = 27388850-26139944.693

Error Analysis for Elastic Modulus = Δ E = 1248905.387 psi

The possible sources of error in this experiment include the old apparatus, might be the calibration of
specimen is not accurate. The human errors or instrumental errors might contribute during performance of
this experiment.

REFERENCES
[1] http://online.sfsu.edu/ozer/200-Supplemantal%20Lab%20Man.pdf

[2] https://www.coursehero.com/file/16358652/Lab1/

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EGME 306A The Stress-Strain Relationship in Tension

APPENDICES
Data for blue sample:

Data for green sample:

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EGME 306A The Stress-Strain Relationship in Tension

Data for red sample:

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