Finalpaper Hydraulics

HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING 2019
FINAL DEFENSE
TITLE: “COMPARISON OF EFFECTIVENESS OF A NEW DESIGN FOR RECURVE WALL
VS. TRADITIONAL RECURVE WALL FOR COASTAL DEFENSE USING
EXPERIMENTAL FLUME (HM 160)”
OBJECTIVES:
 To determine the effectiveness of the group’s new design for recurve wall vs. the
traditionally designed recurve wall for coastal defense.
 To determine the discharge at the crest of the recurve wall.
 To determine the effect of freeboard height in the discharge at the crest.
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILOs):
The students shall be able to:
1. Use the techniques and skills in hydraulics engineering to measure the effectiveness of
coastal defense wall in terms of its overtopping and discharge at its crest.
2. Apply the concept of hydraulics in gathering the data needed.
3. Apply the techniques and skills acquired relevant to professional engineering practice.
INTRODUCTION:
Sea-walls have become the most common approach for coastal defense. These coastal
defenses often include some form of seaward overhang and this design feature is referred
mostly as recurve / parapet / wave return wall / bullnose. This design works by reducing the
wave overtopping by deflecting back the seaward uprushing water to the ocean (Pearson,
2002).
Figure 1. Left, a seawall with recurve. Right a model recurve in the laboratory. ©Edinburgh laboratory
(Bruce, 2002)
Technological Institute of the Philippines 1|Page

Due to climate change which water pollution as one of its main contributor, sea-level
shown an unprecedented rise and typhoons are observed to be increasing in both frequency
and intensity thus taking toll on the performance of the existing coastal defense structures
particularly the recurve wall.
 Conceptual Framework
PROCESS
INPUT
Follow the procedure OUTPUT
Prepare the materials
and average the Record the results
needed
results
 Scope and Delimitation
This paper would focus on the measures of the effectiveness of the existing design of
recurve walls and compare it to the newly designed recurve wall in terms of the slope of the
cross-section of the crest. The effectiveness will be measured in terms of the overtopping and
discharge at the crest of the walls.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:
 An experimental investigation has been undertaken to elucidate effect of the overhang

length of a recurve seawall in reducing wave overtopping. The study found that as the
overhang length increases, the reduction in overtopping increases up to a certain point,
after which a longer overhang length has no further significance. However, under
certain conditions, the 0.3 m overhang length produced worse overtopping reduction
results than the vertical wall. Further, a recurve seawall with a parapet angle greater
than 50º will not improve the reduction in overtopping, when compared to the results for
a vertical wall under similar conditions. It was concluded that the crest level, in
combination with the freeboard level, are critical parameters in the determination of
overtopping. It is recommended that the freeboard should be sufficient so that the
incoming wave hits the vertical part of recurve wall. If sufficient freeboard is not

available, the recurve wall will be drowned and will not provide any overtopping
reduction. A combination of high freeboard and low water levels can produce up to
100% reduction in overtopping.
(Estelle Swart,December 2016)
 The study on sandy beach profile response to sloping seawalls Seawalls are commonly
used as a tool for coastal defence worldwide. Most previous studies have considered
the case of vertical seawalls and descriptions of existing seawalls, rather than the
influence of different designs of sloping seawalls on beach erosion. In this study,
laboratory investigations of an undistorted moveable bed model were conducted to
determine the resulting beach profile of artificial sandy beaches. In the experiments,
three different sloping seawalls were considered under erosive wave conditions with a
50-year return period. The coast of Northern Jiangsu Province China, is used as a case
study. To simulate natural conditions, similarity criteria are developed assuming that the
energy dissipation per unit volume along the beach profile is uniform and that the wave
properties can be properly scaled by Froude criteria. Field surveys of beach profile
changes due to the storm surge induced by Typhoon 9711 were taken to validate the
experimental model and good agreements were attained. Spatial profile configurations
were studied by examining dominant profile features such as the break point bar and
the scour trough on the seawall-backed profiles. Experimental results provided a
reference for the maintenance of artificial sandy beaches and the design of seawalls on
the coast of Northern Jiangsu Province, China.(ZHENG, J.-H., JENG, D.-S. and MASE,
H., 2007)
 The hydrodynamic study on vertical seawall defenced by low-crested breakwater

presents results obtained from a series of experiments conducted in wave flume to
assess the influence of the offshore low-crested breakwater as a defence structure in
reducing the wave forces on vertical seawall. The main aim of the tests was to know the
effect of crest elevation of the offshore low-crested breakwater as a rehabilitation
structure for the existing damaged shore protection structures. In this study five relative
breakwater heights are used and associated flow evolution was analysed. With the
sections proposed in this study, it is possible to achieve considerable reduction of wave
force on the seawall. Modification factor is proposed to estimate the shoreward force on
the seawall defenced by low-crested breakwater. (M.G. Muni Reddya, S. Neelamanib,
M.G. Muni Reddy, S. Neelamani, July 2004).
 In this study, based on experimental data, the beach level changes and potential of
scouring at different locations in front of the constructed seawalls and in the case of a
natural coast without protective structures are estimated and compared, which can be
useful in coastal engineering studies and design and management of coastal defence
projects. The results predicted by the model are compared with the experimental data
indicating the good accuracy of the proposed model. The results obtained from the
present work clearly indicate that the construction of seawalls at the shoreline results in
a reduction of the associated seaward sediment transport and bed profile evolution but

increases the local scouring depth which may cause damage to such structures.
Incorporating the nonlinear effect of wave and wave current interaction into the
proposed model has resulted in an improvement in the prediction of sediment transport,
bed level changes and scouring depth in front of seawalls. This, in turn, results in a
more effective design of seawalls to increase their safety against scouring.(S. A.
LashtehNeshaei& F. Ghanbarpour, September 2013)
 This study reports a study whose aim is the formulation of generic guidance for recurve
structure design. Particular attention is given to high freeboard and / or wave breaking
conditions under which the recurve / parapet gives very large reductions (recurve k-
factor < 0.05). The paper presents tentative guidance in the form of a decision chart.
Finally, overtopping and loading results from a case study into a wall of particularly
complex geometry are presented and compared with earlier studies. Forces on the
vertical wall are found to be highly impulsive in nature and approximately double the
magnitude of those expected on a simple wall, with additional forces of a similar
magnitude measured on the underside of the parapet.(Tom Bruce, April 2005)
 This study investigates the use of recurve seawalls at the back of a beach to reduce
overtopping and thereby reducing the required wall height. The objectives of the project
are twofold, namely: (1) to compare overtopping rates of a vertical seawall without a
recurve and seawalls with recurves; and (2) to determine the influence that the length of
the recurve overhang has on the overtopping rates. To achieve these objectives,
physical model tests were performed in a glass flume equipped with a piston type wave
paddle that is capable of active wave absorption. These tests were performed on three
different seawall profiles: the vertical wall and a recurve section with a short and a long
seaward overhang, denoted as Recurve 1 and Recurve 2 respectively. Tests were
performed with 5 different water-levels, while the wall height, wave height and period,
and seabed slope remained constant. Both breaking and non-breaking waves were
simulated. A comparison of test results proves that the two recurve seawalls are more
effective in reducing overtopping than the vertical seawall. The reduction of overtopping
can be as high as 100%, depending on the freeboard and wave conditions.(Talia
Schoonees, (April 2014)
 This research was conducted in Maron Beach as the location of the research object.
Long shore sediment transport which cause silting, sedimentation, abrasion and erosion
can change the coastline. Therefore, the main reason being to conduct research on
coastal protection. This study is a sea wall design using water depth 40 cm, 30 ° slope
of the sea wall, curved reflector Compared with two different wave is 1Hd and 1.5 Hd on
it. The result of the selection of materials between wood and concrete, concrete is more
stable against big waves used. Test results on a slope of30 ° curved 10cm (model A )
and a slope of 30 ° curved 15cm (model B ), that is capable of reducing the model B is
evidenced by the large wave reflection coefficient ( Kr ) is smaller than the model A is
0.199.(Nalarsih,2015)

 The study on hard coral assemblages on seawalls in Singapore surveyed the hard coral
assemblages at zones immediately above and below the chart datum of seawalls at the
southern offshore islands. Seventeen genera of hard corals were recorded. Zones
below chart datum had greater diversity (14-15 genera; 17 colonies/m2) than those
above (10-14 genera; 7 colonies/m2) and of the physical characteristics analysed, only
depth influenced the distribution of coral communities on seawalls. With increasing
deterioration of natural reefs and degradation to loose rubble, the results indicate that
seawalls can provide a suitable substrate for the recruitment and growth of hermatypic
corals. If appropriately designed, seawalls can assist in the recolonisation of corals and
reef communities and function as cost-effective forms of artificial reefs.(Chin Soon
Lionel Ng, September 2012)
 This studies on how the LCS impacts on the wave load value of the perforated seawall.
Pressures were measured at the front (perforated) and rear (solid) wall of the perforated
chamber. Calculation of the horizontal forces from measured pressures was conducted,
for each front and rear wall. It was concluded that submerged LCS decreases forces on
front and rear wall of the perforated seawall in dependence of LCS crown submersion
and the force reduction on the front wall achieves ≈15÷25%, and on the rear wall
≈25÷40%. Also, mathematical model was formed for pressures calculation on the front
and rear walls. Model was obtained assembling two mathematical models: empirical
model for calculation of wave height transmission across submerged breakwater and
semi-empirical model for wave load calculation on the perforated seawall. Comparison
of calculated and measured forces gives that calculated forces are in average 5%
greater than measured for front wall, and 29 % for rear wall. These results
areconservative what was acceptable for engineering practice.(DaliborCarevic,
September 2011)
 This study investigates the effectiveness of sea-defense structures in

preventing/reducing the tsunami overtopping as well as evaluating the resulting tsunami
impact at El Jadida, Morocco. Different tsunami wave conditions are generated by
considering various earthquake scenarios of magnitudes ranging from Mw = 8.0 to Mw
= 8.6. These scenarios represent the main active earthquake faults in the SW Iberia
margin and are consistent with two past events that generated tsunamis along the
Atlantic coast of Morocco. The behaviour of incident tsunami waves when interacting
with coastal infrastructures is analysed on the basis of numerical simulations of near-
shore tsunami waves' propagation. Tsunami impact at the affected site is assessed
through computing inundation and current velocity using a high-resolution digital terrain
model that incorporates bathymetric, topographic and coastal structures data. Results,
in terms of near-shore tsunami propagation snapshots, waves' interaction with coastal
barriers, and spatial distributions of flow depths and speeds, are presented and
discussed in light of what was observed during the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami. Predicted
results show different levels of impact that different tsunami wave conditions could
generate in the region. Existing coastal barriers around the El Jadidaharbour succeeded
in reflecting relatively small waves generated by some scenarios, but failed in
preventing the overtopping caused by waves from others. Considering the scenario

highly impacting the El Jadida coast, significant inundations are computed at the sandy
beach and unprotected areas. The modelled dramatic tsunami impact in the region
shows the need for additional tsunami standards not only for sea-defense structures but
also for the coastal dwellings and houses to provide potential in-place
evacuation.(RacidOmera, July 2013)
 The research has concentrated on providing techniques for predicting the mean
overtopping discharge, and hence consequent flood volumes and drainage
requirements, for a range of commonly occurring seawall types. Little, or no attention,
has been paid to either the peak individual (wave-by-wave) overtopping discharge or to
the number of waves likely to overtop a particular defence, despite the importance of
these two parameters in determining the overall standard of performance of a sea
defence. (Owen 1980)
 A series of hydraulic model tests has been carried out in a glass wave flume to
investigate the influences of wave height, wave period, wave steepness, surf similarity
parameter, roughness, layer thickness and porosity on wave run-up and overtopping of
1:2 sloped impermeable and permeable breakwaters fronted by a 1:10 gentle, smooth
beach slope. The analysis of results involves the correlation between the overtopping
energy transfer with the relative wall height and the relationship between wave run-up
and overtopping rate. Further, measured wave run-up and overtopping rates are
compared with the results given in the Shore Protection Manual (1984), Automated
Coastal Engineering System (1992)and results of other investigators. (Jayaratne 2013)
 A literature review has been conducted into wave run-up on steep slopes. Both smooth
and armoured rubber slopes have been considered, as have both regular and random
wave attack. The effects of oblique wave attack have been explored. The report
considers a number of run-up prediction methods, and contrasts values of relative run-
up calculated by different methods. The report makes a number of recommendations for
further work and suggests model studies to test various empirical prediction formulae.
(Wallingford, 1985)
 According to wave theories the depth limited wave height over a horizontal seabed has
a wave height to water depth ratio (H/d) of about 0.8. Flume experiments with
monochromatic waves over a horizontal seabed have failed to produce H/d ratios
greater than 0.55. However designers still tend to use H/d 0.8 for their design waves.
Experiments have been carried out using random wave trains in the flume over a
horizontal seabed. These experiments have shown that the limiting H/d ratio of 0.55
applies equally well to random waves. (Riedel, 1986)
 Research into the shape of wind wave spectra in finite-depth water has .suggested an
expression for the upper limit on the energy density as a function of depth and
frequency (Kitaigorodskii, Krasitskii, and Zaslavskii, 1975). In this report this expression
is integrated over the part of the spectrum expected to contain energy to estimate a limit
on the energy, E, in the wind wave spectrum and to define a depth-limited significant

wave height. This report briefly reviews the theoretical development of the limiting form
for spectral densities as a function of water depth and presents field evidence
supporting this form. The simple derivation of the depth-limited energy and significant
wave height is then given, followed by field and laboratory data evaluating the prediction
equation. Unless otherwise noted, the developments of this report are restricted to wave
conditions described by a wave spectrum of some width such as an active wind sea or a
decaying sea. (CL Vincent, 1982)
 The study concluded that calculated overtopping rates, using empirically derived
equations, should only be regarded as being within, at best, a factor of 3 of the actual
overtopping rate. (Douglass, 1985)
 The study observed sea level maxima in the form of annual extremes have been
analysed for 67 ports around the British Isles. The ports give a coverage of all principal
estuarine and open coast regions. The average number of annual maxima per port is
45, ranging from a minimum number of 10 to a maximum of over 130. The data are
analysed by a standard method of extreme value analysis. It is shown that for certain
ports the frequency distributions of the maxima are time dependent; this time
dependency is most pronounced in estuarine regions. The results show the local and
regional distribution of frequency statistics and the relative magnitude of their variation
through time. The limitations of using annual sea level maxima as a basis for computing
frequency statistics are examined. (J. Graff, 1981)
 This report describes the third of three stages of the MAFF funded project Estimates of
Extreme Sea Conditions. The broad aims of the overall study are to produce improved
statistical methods for the analysis of extreme sea-levels and to systematically apply
these to estimate design levels for all coastal sites using the method of analysis which
best exploits all the available information. The aim of this stage of the project is to
develop a spatial model for the entire coastline so that estimates of extreme sea-levels
can be given for any coastal position and not just at the data sites. (M. Dixon, 1997)
 This advice is based on Government’s policy for climate change adaptation, and is
specifically intended for projects or strategies seeking Government Flood & Coastal
Erosion Risk Management Grant in Aid (FCERM FCERMGiA). However, Risk
Management Authorities (RMA) in England may also find this information useful in
developing plans and making FCERM investment decisions even if there is no intention
of applying for central government funding. The purpose of this advice is to ensure that
an economically credible appraisal, taking account of the uncertainties associated with
climate change, can be made to support Government investment decisions. This is
necessary to ensure that a fair comparison can be made between investment in projects
in different locations that compete for central government grant, as well as ensuring that
the most appropriate means of reducing risk is investigated in any one place. (MAFF,
1993)

 Prediction of limiting wave heights in conditions of depth-induced breaking is subject to
considerable uncertainties, yet the (local) wave height is probably the most important
input variable in design of coastal, harbour or shoreline structures subject to wave
action. This paper presents selected results from laboratory experiments to measure
depth-limited wave breaking over steep bed slopes (1:50, 30, 20, and 1:10) in fully
random wave conditions. Experimental measurements are compared with predictions
for Hrms, Hs and Hmax under shoaling and breaking. The effects of shoaling and
breaking on the wave height distributions are explored. An alternative empirical method
to predict H1/3 and Hmax is suggested. (W. Allsop, 1998)
 This study on the influence of wave groups on shoaling and breaking waves uses a new
and novel technique to capture the water surface position continually during wave
shoaling, breaking and within the surf zone. This technique is used to examine the
influence of deep water wave group evolution on the breaking process and possible
implications for the existing breaker index guidelines. (T. Shand, 2008)
 Overtopping and damage to sea defenses tends to be associated with times of large
waves occurring in combination with high water levels. Methods for predicting extremes
of either water level or waves are in common use, but assessment of the joint
probability of high waves and high water level is more important. The combination of
these phenomena leads to extremely high water levels, increasing the risk of coastal
flooding. The objective of this paper is to study the probability of joint occurrences of
high waves and high water levels. The in-situ data during typhoons are analyzed.
Marginal distributions for wave and water level data during typhoons are examined.
Furthermore, the joint probability diagram of waves and water level is presented.
Results of design water level from joint probability method (JPM) are compared with
traditional empirical design approach by frequency analysis. It is shown that the
commonly used empirical method may lead to overestimation of the design water level.
(Sun-Pei Yeh, 2006)
 In this study, the DTREG software was used to train various neural network algorithms
on wave overtopping prediction of vertical structures including both composite vertical
structure and plain vertical structures-, the general regression neural network (GRNN)
has been chosen to be further optimised,optimisation of the efficiency of GRNN was
effectively considered. Data were selected from wave overtopping database collected
by the European research project (EU-CLASH) (EurOtop 2016), and the dimensionless
parameters were chosen based on Zanuttigh, Formentin, and Van der Meer (2016). The
relative crest height, Rc/Hm0,t, was chosen as the discriminator parameter, which
greatly increased the accuracy of the model. The same NN configuration was also
trained to predict wave overtopping using data from all types of structures. The results
from these two NNs for predicting vertical wall cases were compared. The NN accuracy
was evaluated using statistical parameters, including correlation coefficient (R), root
mean squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage of error (MAPE) values.
The GRNN, which was trained on vertical wall data, achieved a high level of accuracy,
producing R = 0.9844, RMSE = 0.0014 and MAPE = 96.71, with R = 0.9245, RMSE =

0.0054 and MAPE = 62.30 for the one trained on comprehensive data. Although the
comprehensive model predicts the vertical wall cases with relatively good accuracy,
some extreme errors and dispersion are present. These results illustrate the need for
developing NNs on single types of structures. The model was also compared to the
EurOtop (2016) model for predicting wave overtopping of vertical structures and
effectively outweighs it in accuracy (Y. Amalki, 2018)
 This study quantitatively assessed the risk in the overtopping performance of berm
breakwaters due to sea level rise (SLR). To achieve this, a recent overtopping
prediction formula that includes the influence of water depth on the estimated
overtopping rate was used for the analysis. Additionally, the probabilities of failure in
terms of the overtopping rate for different SLR scenarios were estimated using the
Monte Carlo simulations, and the optimal maintenance intervals were determined. The
increase in the crest freeboard, required to maintain the design overtopping rate, was
estimated to be less than the increase needed in berm width for the different sea level
rise scenarios considered. Furthermore, the required crest freeboard was influenced
less by the initial configuration of the berm width. Shorter maintenance intervals were
required for structures with an initially wide berm compared to those with a high crest
freeboard. The results indicated that the future design and maintenance of berm
breakwaters need to consider the effects of SLR on the overtopping performance,
especially in shallow water zones. (K. Pillai, 2017)
 This study was addressed two of the major aspects of designs of break water crown
walls: the efficiency with which such walls deal with wave overtapping; and the force
imparted to the front face of the crown wall. This report draws together information from
previous studies, together with the results from a series of random wave model tests.
The overtapping discharge and the impact force have been quantified for a range of
wave conditions and crown wall configurations. The effects of the main wave and
structure variables have been described by dimensionless parameters. Empirical
formulae have been derived allowing the data presented to be used for design for a
wide range of conditions. A series of recommendations for good practice are made
based upon the results of the review and model tests. The result of this study will allow
the designer of many configurations of crown wall to determine the overtapping
performance, and to quantify the factor of safety against sliding failure, with a much
higher level of certainty than hitherto. (Wallingford, 1988)
 After an extensive series of 2-D model tests on the overtopping response of various
caisson breakwaters, general conceptual design formulae and graphs have been
derived which relate the mean discharge with the relative freeboard. The influence of
geometrical changes is described by reduction factors with reference to the pure vertical
structure. A simple correlation has been made with the overtopping performance of
sloping structures. Overtopping volumes per wave were also measured and fitted with a
universal probability function; their effects on model persons and cars behind the
crownwall were statistically evaluated, thus allowing an upgrading of the existing criteria
for the admissible overtopping on breakwaters. (L. Franco, 1980)

 Rubble mound breakwaters protect the coastal line against severe erosion caused by
wave action. This study examined the performance of different sizes and properties (i.e.
height of vertical wall and tetrapod size) of rubble mound breakwaters on reducing the
overtopping discharge. The physical model used in this study was derived based on an
actual rubble mound in Busan Yacht Harbor. This research attempts to fill the gap in
practical knowledge on the combined effect of the armor roughness and vertical wall on
wave overtopping in rubble mound breakwaters. The main governing parameters used
in this study were the vertical wall height, variation of the tetrapod weights, initial water
level elevation, and the volume of overtopping under constant wave properties. The
experimental results showed that the roughness factor differed according to the tetrapod
size. Furthermore, the overtopping discharge with no vertical wall was similar to that
with relatively short vertical walls (γν = 1). Therefore, the experimental results highlight
the importance of the height of the vertical wall in reducing overtopping discharge.
Moreover, a large tetrapod size may allow coastal engineers to choose a shorter vertical
wall to save cost, while obtaining better performance. (S.K. Park, 2014)
 This paper examines the influence of shallow water conditions on the overtopping
performance of vertical wall structures. The results of model tests carried out at HR
Wallingford are used to formulate equations to predict overtopping discharge.
Measurements from a site in north Wales are used to validate the equations. In addition,
a method is outlined for predicting the maximum single overtopping event in a sequence
of waves. This information is of considerable importance in determining allowable
overtopping limits to minimise danger to users. (W. Allsop, 1998)
 This report describes a new technique to examine the effect of “low reflection”
structures of wave conditions. This was carried out through the analysis of local wave
steepness. Previously a reflection performance and overtopping of a structure was used
in the assessment of the likely effect of wave reflection, and hence the relative changes
in wave height, on vessel navigation. However, vessel navigation problems are not only
related to wave height as the wave period is also significant in the creation of hazardous
conditions. This new technique enables both relative changes in wave height and wave
period to be considered, allowing a better assessment of the effect on vessel navigation
to be made. (McBride, 1995)
 The study gives information on wave loadings on vertical and composite breakwaters
related harbour or coastal structures. The report reviews types of vertical breakwaters
used around the UK, in Europe, and further overseas and identifies design methods in
use in UK, Europe, and Japan. Analysis of performance in service and of research
studies, shows that present design methods underpredict wave loads under wave
impact conditions, and are not able to identify reliably geometric/ wave conditions which
lead to such impacts (McKenna, 1996)
 This paper presents recent advances in knowledge on wave loads, based on

experimental work carried out in the CIEM/LIM large flume at Barcelona within the
Technological Institute of the Philippines 10 | P a g e

framework of the VOWS (Violent Overtopping by Waves at Seawalls) project. Both
quasi-static and impact wave forces from the new data set have been compared with
predictions by empirical and analytical methods. The scatter in impact forces has been
found to be large over the whole range of measurements, with no existing method
giving especially good predictions. Based on general considerations, a simple and
intuitive set of prediction formulae has been introduced for quasi-static and impact
forces, and overturning moments, giving good agreement with the new measurements.
New prediction formulae have been compared with previous measurements from
physical model tests at small and large scale, giving satisfactory results over a relatively
wide range of test conditions. The time variation of wave impacts is discussed, together
with pressure distribution up the wall, which shows that within experimental limitations
the measured pressures are within existing limits of previous study. (Tom Bruce, 2010)
 Characteristics of wave forces by waves were studied based on physical model test with
regular waves. The ratio of obliquely incident wave forces to normal incident wave
forces on unit length of vertical wall was related with various factors. A linear reduction
of the mean force of obliquely incident waves was confirmed with an increase in the
relative caisson length. Also the characteristics of reflection coefficients of diagonal
waves are discussed. (Z.C. Sun, 2001)
 In this paper, based on experimental data, the beach level changes and potential of
scouring at different locations in front of the constructed seawalls and in the case of a
natural coast without protective structures are estimated and compared, which can be
useful in coastal engineering studies and design and management of coastal defense
projects. The results predicted by the model are compared with the experimental data
indicating the good accuracy of the proposed model. The results obtained from the
present work clearly indicate that the construction of seawalls at the shoreline results in
a reduction of the associated seaward sediment transport and bed profile evolution but
increases the local scouring depth which may cause damage to such structures.
Incorporating the nonlinear effect of wave and wave current interaction into the
proposed model has resulted in an improvement in the prediction of sediment transport,
bed level changes and scouring depth in front of seawalls. This, in turn, results in a
more effective design of seawalls to increase their safety against scouring(F.
Ghanbarpour, 2013)
 Seawalls are commonly used as a tool for coastal defence worldwide. Most previous
studies have considered the case of vertical seawalls and descriptions of existing
seawalls, rather than the influence of different designs of sloping seawalls on beach
erosion. In this study, laboratory investigations of an undistorted moveable bed model
were conducted to determine the resulting beach profile of artificial sandy beaches. In
the experiments, three different sloping seawalls were considered under erosive wave
conditions with a 50-year return period. The coast of Northern Jiangsu Province, China,
is used as a case study. To simulate natural conditions, similarity criteria are developed
assuming that the energy dissipation per unit volume along the beach profile is uniform
and that the wave properties can be properly scaled by Froude criteria. Field surveys of

beach profile changes due to the storm surge induced by Typhoon 9711 were taken to
validate the experimental model and good agreements were attained. Spatial profile
configurations were studied by examining dominant profile features such as the break
point bar and the scour trough on the seawall-backed profiles. Experimental results
provided a reference for the maintenance of artificial sandy beaches and the design of
seawalls on the coast of Northern Jiangsu Province, China. (J.H. Zheng, 2007)
 The objectives of the study on the Sediment transport and coastal evolution at ThuanAn
Inlet, Vietnam was to make a model of the sediment transport on the southeast side of
the groin to be able to analyse how different measures to reduce the erosion of the inlet
would affect the sediment transport past the groin. The result of the model and the
different measures to reduce erosion were discussed. The conclusion was that
interventions to reduce the erosion are needed to protect the lagoon and the people
living around it and making their livelihood from it. Many people work with e.g. fishery,
aquaculture and agriculture and these occupations could be severely affected of the
results of continuous erosion, such as changed water environment in the lagoon and
flooding.(E.L. Eriksson, M.H. Persson, 2014)
 The study found that as the overhang length increases, the reduction in overtopping
increases up to a certain point, after which a longer overhang length has no further
significance. However, under certain conditions, the 0.3 m overhang length produced
worse overtopping reduction results than the vertical wall. Further, a recurve seawall
with a parapet angle greater than 50º will not improve the reduction in overtopping,
when compared to the results for a vertical wall under similar conditions. It was
concluded that the crest level, in combination with the freeboard level, are critical
parameters in the determination of overtopping. It is recommended that the freeboard
should be sufficient so that the incoming wave hits the vertical part of recurve wall. If
sufficient freeboard is not available, the recurve wall will be drowned and will not provide
any overtopping reduction. A combination of high freeboard and low water levels can
produce up to 100% reduction in overtopping. (Estelle Swart, 2016)
 This project investigates the use of recurve seawalls at the back of a beach to reduce
overtopping and thereby reducing the required wall height. The objectives of the project
are twofold, namely: (1) to compare overtopping rates of a vertical seawall without a
recurve and seawalls with recurves; and (2) to determine the influence that the length of
the recurve overhang has on the overtopping rates.As the seaward overhang length
increases, the wave overtopping rate decreases. However, for high freeboard cases the
length of the seaward overhang becomes less important.It is recommended that further
model tests be performed for additional overhang lengths.(Talia Schoonees, 2014)
 Designers of vertical seawalls and breakwaters have often included some form of
seaward overhang (recurve / parapet / wave return wall / bullnose) as part of the
structure with the design motivation of reducing wave overtopping by deflecting back

seaward uprushing water. Despite a lengthy track record in the field and relevance to
current design issues, very little generic guidance is available for their incorporation into
seawall / breakwater design. This paper reports a study whose aim is the formulation of
generic guidance for recurve structure design. Particular attention is given to high
freeboard and / or wave breaking conditions under which the recurve / parapet gives
very large reductions (recurve k-factor < 0.05). The paper presents tentative guidance in
the form of a decision chart. Finally, overtopping and loading results from a case study
into a wall of particularly complex geometry are presented and compared with earlier
studies. Forces on the vertical wall are found to be highly impulsive in nature and
approximately double the magnitude of those expected on a simple wall, with additional
forces of a similar magnitude measured on the underside of the parapet.(J.M. Pearson,
Tom Bruce,2005)
 It is proven that wave run up on rough slopes is underestimated in small scale model
tests due to scale / model effects. Given this fact, the same effects are suspected to be
present for wave overtopping. A thorough comparison between prototype
measurements of wave overtopping at three different coastal structures and scale
model tests of these structures has been performed. The present paper gives the
results from this comparison and presents a procedure to determine whether scale
effects can be present in a certain situation. The procedure allows calculating the
magnitude of the scale and winding effect that can be expected. Since a lot of designs
are based on physical model tests, this procedure has a broad range of applicability and
its importance should be stressed.(J. De Rouck, J. Geeraerts,P. Troch, A.
Kortenhaus,T. Pullen,L. Franco, 2005)
 In a situation where water overflow occurs on the seawalls due to a storm surge,
generally it is high waves that cause wave overtopping. However, it is common that
overflow and overtopping are modeled as separate phenomena, in a situation where
both phenomena occur at the same time, the amount of water exceeding the seawalls
may not be evaluated correctly. The purpose of this research is to develop a new wave
overtopping model including the water overflow for vertical seawalls. The new
overtopping model improved the overtopping model of Goda (Goda, 2008: Goda08
model). Goda08 model was developed to adapt for various seawall forms. Goda (2008)
insisted it was more accurate than EurOtop model. Nonetheless, Goda08 model has a
problem of overestimation in shallow area. Therefore, we tuned the parameters again. It
is difficult to reproduce the situation where the overtopping and overflow occur at the
same time in a hydraulic experiment. Consequently, CADMAS-SURF which is based on
the 2-dimensional non-compressive fluid using the VOF method was used as an
experimental data provider for comparative verification of the model.(Yoji Tanaka,
KatsuyukiSuzuyama, Naoto Higuchi, HidenoriShibaki, 2018)
 Series of measurements with irregular waves were undertaken for model seawalls of
vertical walls with and without protection by concrete block mounds. Experimental data
were compared and supplemented with theoretical calculations by the combination of
the author's random wave breaking model in shallow waters and the weir type overflow

model. The results have been compiled as twelve diagrams for the estimation of
overtopping rate for two sea bottom gradients (1/10 and 1/30), three values of
equivalent deepwater significant wave steepness (0.012, 0.017, and 0.036), and two
types of seawalls. Experiments employed irregular waves with H1/3= 15 cm, and T1/3 =
1. 7, 2.3, and 2.8 sec. Model seawalls with crest heights of 7.5 to 26.3 em were located
at the water depths of 22.5 to -10 cm (above the waterline) on smooth slopes of uniform
gradient. The overtopping rate was obtained as the average of three measurements,
each for continuous two hundreds waves. Measurements were taken for 205 cases of
vertical walls and 123 cases of concrete block mounds placed in front of vertical walls.
Incident wave heights were estimated with a technique of resolving incident and
reflected waves from two simultaneous records of irregular wave profiles. The results of
experiments and calculations have clarified the effects of bottom gradient and wave
steepness upon the overtopping rate of seawalls. Decrease of overtopping rate by
concrete block mounds has been estimated quantitatively. Twelve diagrams with two
supplementary figures for the effects of bottom gradient and wave steepness enable
quick estimation of the overtopping rate of seawalls at any water depth from the
offshore to the foreshore. The expected rate of wave overtopping with the data of
regular wave experiments was reconfirmed to almost agree with the data of irregular
waves except for the neighborhood of shoreline, where the phenomenon of surf beats is
predominant. Tables of experimental data are attached as the appendix of the present
report. (Goda, Kishara, Kamiyama, 1975)
 Every year, people drown being swept from UK coastal paths, breakwaters and
seawalls (at least 12 deaths in 1999 - 2002). It is likely that the people concerned had
little true idea of the hazard to which they were exposed, yet most overtopping hazards
are easily predicted using results of recent research. This paper uses the results of
recent and current UK and European research to: improve understanding of
overtopping, including effects of different types of wave breaking; improve prediction
methods for wave overtopping discharges and velocities; and extend / validate
suggested limits to acceptable overtopping. The paper restates and extends advice in
the EA overtopping manual by Besley (1999) applying new information / advice where
appropriate.(W. Allsop, T. Bruce, J. Pearson, J. Alderson, 2003)
 An experiment was carried out on the overtopping of mechanically generated irregular

waves over veitical walls. The experimental discharge was almost in agreement with the
expected discharge which had been calculated with the wave height histogram and the
data of regular wave overtopping based on the principle of linear summation. The
expected values of overtopping discharge were calculated for various laboratory data,
which had been represented in a unified form of non-dimensional quantities. The
calculation has yielded two diagrams of expected overtopping discharge, one for the
sea wall of vertical wall type and the othei for the sea wall covered with artificial
concrete blocks. (SenriTsuruta , Head and Yoshimi Goda , 1968)

 Singapore’s shores have been extensively modified to meet the rising demands of
economic and recreational activities, and seawalls are a resultant ubiquitous feature of
the island state’s coastline. In spite of the harsh environmental conditions, seawalls in
Singapore are known to harbour rich intertidal communities. This study surveyed the
hard coral assemblages at zones immediately above and below the chart datum of
seawalls at the southern offshore islands. Seventeen genera of hard corals were
recorded. Zones below chart datum had greater diversity (14-15 genera; 17
colonies/m2) than those above (10-14 genera; 7 colonies/m2) and of the physical
characteristics analysed, only depth influenced the distribution of coral communities on
seawalls. With increasing deterioration of natural reefs and degradation to loose rubble,
the results indicate that seawalls can provide a suitable substrate for the recruitment
and growth of hermatypic corals. If appropriately designed, seawalls can assist in the
recolonisation of corals and reef communities and function as cost-effective forms of
artificial reefs (L. M. Chou, 2012)
 Sea-level rise due to climate change results in deeper water next to existing coastal
structures, which in turn enables higher waves to reach these structures. Wave
overtopping occurs when wave action discharges water over the crest of a coastal
structure. Therefore, the higher waves reaching existing structures will cause higher
wave overtopping rates. One possible solution to address increasing overtopping, is to
raise the crest level of existing coastal structures. However, raising the crest level of a
seawall at the back of a beach, will possibly obstruct the view to the ocean from
inland.A comparison of test results proves that the two recurve seawalls are more
effective in reducing overtopping than the vertical seawall. The reduction of overtopping
can be as high as 100%, depending on the freeboard and wave conditions.(Geoff
Toms, 2014)
 This paper seeks to investigate the effectiveness of sea-defense structures in

preventing/reducing the tsunami overtopping as well as evaluating the resulting tsunami
impact at El Jadida, Morocco. Different tsunami wave conditions are generated by
considering various earthquake scenarios of magnitudes ranging from Mw = 8.0 to Mw
= 8.6. These scenarios represent the main active earthquake faults in the SW Iberia
margin and are consistent with two past events that generated tsunamis along the
Atlantic coast of Morocco. The behaviour of incident tsunami waves when interacting
with coastal infrastructures is analysed on the basis of numerical simulations of near-
shore tsunami waves’ propagation. Tsunami impact at the affected site is assessed
through computing inundation and current velocity using a high-resolution digital terrain
model that incorporates bathymetric, topographic and coastal structures data. Results,
in terms of near-shore tsunami propagation snapshots, waves’ interaction with coastal
barriers, and spatial distributions of flow depths and speeds, are presented and
discussed in light of what was observed during the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami. Predicted
results show different levels of impact that different tsunami wave conditions could
generate in the region. Existing coastal barriers around the El Jadidaharbour succeeded
in reflecting relatively small waves generated by some scenarios, but failed in
preventing the overtopping caused by waves from others. Considering the scenario

highly impacting the El Jadida coast, significant inundations are computed at the sandy
beach and unprotected areas. The modelled dramatic tsunami impact in the region
shows the need for additional tsunami standards not only for sea-defense structures but
also for the coastal dwellings and houses to provide potential in-place evacuation.(R.
Omira, B. Zourarah,2011)
 Crown walls or superstructures on top of permeable breakwaters are often used as a

measure in existing structures to counteract insufficient design protection against
overtopping. These crest elements, generally located well above the design water level,
have been found to effectively decrease the mean overtopping discharge over a dike or
rubble mound structure. The current study focusses at investigating the reduction in
overtopping which can be expected from crest elements on a permeable
breakwater.(Guido Wolters, 2006)
 The technique to reduce the wave loads on seawalls/caissons is gaining momentum

around the world. Placing an offshore structure in front of seawall/caisson is expected to
reduce the loads on these structures. A series of physical model tests were carried out
to examine the order of wave pressure reduction for different height of the breakwater
related to the local water depth. One has to be careful, when the crest of the breakwater
is immersed with about 17% of the water depth, during which, water jetting effect is
found to increases the pressures. Modification factor in association with Godas formula
is proposed to estimate the shoreward pressures on the seawall in the presence of the
offshore breakwater. Statistical analysis is carried out on the measured pressure data
and the wave pressures for 2% probability of exceedence for different breakwater
heights w.r.t. the water depth are given in this paper.This paper presents results
obtained from a series of experiments conducted in wave flume to assess the influence
of the offshore low-crested breakwater as a defence structure in reducing the wave
forces on vertical seawall. The main aim of the tests was to know the effect of crest
elevation of the offshore low-crested breakwater as a rehabilitation structure for the
existing damaged shore protection structures. In this study five relative breakwater
heights are used and associated flow evolution was analyzed. With the sections
proposed in this study, it is possible to achieve considerable reduction of wave force on
the seawall. Modification factor is proposed to estimate the shoreward force on the
seawall defenced by low-crested breakwater.(M.G. Muni Reddy, S. Neelamani,
January 2004)
 Submerged and low-crested breakwaters have been widely used as wave energy
dissipaters along the coastline. Efficiency of the submerged breakwater depends on
crest free board, crest width and its permeability. In the present study, interaction of the
regular waves with the vertical wall, offshore low-crested rubble mound breakwater and
perforated semicircular breakwater is investigated. Wave forces on vertical wall,
transmission in the pool and the reflection from combined system are measured. The
main aim of the present study is to know the hydrodynamic performance of the
lowcrested breakwaters. Maximum reduction of wave forces on the vertical wall was
observed for zero submergence condition and longer pool length. Performance of

semicircular low-crested breakwater was investigated in terms of energy loss coefficient
which includes transmission and reflection coefficients.(S. R. Kudumula, M. R.
Mutukuru, November 2013)
 Seawalls are commonly used as a tool for coastal defence worldwide. Most previous
studies have considered the case of vertical seawalls and descriptions of existing
seawalls, rather than the influence of different designs of sloping seawalls on beach
erosion. In this study, laboratory investigations of an undistorted moveable bed model
were conducted to determine the resulting beach profile of artificial sandy beaches. In
the experiments, three different sloping seawalls were considered under erosive wave
conditions with a 50-year return period. The coast of Northern Jiangsu Province, China,
is used as a case study. To simulate natural conditions, similarity criteria are developed
assuming that the energy dissipation per unit volume along the beach profile is uniform
and that the wave properties can be properly scaled by Froude criteria. Field surveys of
beach profile changes due to the storm surge induced by Typhoon 9711 were taken to
validate the experimental model and good agreements were attained. Spatial profile
configurations were studied by examining dominant profile features such as the break
point bar and the scour trough on the seawall-backed profiles. Experimental results
provided a reference for the maintenance of artificial sandy beaches and the design of
seawalls on the coast of Northern Jiangsu Province, China. (ZHENG, J.-H., JENG, D.-
S. and MASE, H., 2007)
 Formula:
(Wallingford, 1999) suggests the use of the following equations to calculate discharge
per metre run of seawall at crest of structure:
Ac* = Ac/(Tm(gHs) 0.5)

Qb* = A exp (-BAc*)
Wave period:
Tm = 1/f
 Notations (Wallingford, 1999):
A,B empirical coefficients (see Table 1)

Ac freeboard of the top of the slope (or the base of the return wall)
Ac* dimensionless crest freeboard
g acceleration due to gravity
Hs significant wave height at the toe of the seawall
Qb mean discharge per metre run of seawall at crest of structure or reaching base of
the return wall (impermeable revetment)
Qb* dimensionless base discharge at crest of structure

Tm the wave period at the toe of the seawall
f frequency
 Derived, or interpolated, values of A and B for simply sloped seawalls ranging in

slope angle from 1:1 to 1:5, these are shown in Table 1.
(Owen, 1980)
RESOURCES/INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
 Teaching Flume (HM 160)

 Scaled model of the traditionally recurve wall (1:1 slope; 45o)
 Scaled model of the newly designed recurve wall (1:1.5 slope; 33.69o)
 Motorized wave generator
 Overshot weir
 Timer
 Ruler
 White board marker
 Allen wrench
 Phillips screwdriver
ins
PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare the materials needed.
2. Install the scaled model of the traditional recurve wall (weir plate) to the overshot weir.
3. Open the teaching flume and fill the tank constant height.
4. Install the overshot weir with the scaled model in it to the teaching flume.
5. Level the water to a desired height (Hb) by lifting the rectangular weirs to discharge
water.
6. Install the motorized wave generator.
7. Measure the freeboard.
8. Set the water to a constant depth (17.5 cm).
9. Turn on the motorized wave generator.

10. Calculate the wave period (Tm) at the toe of the seawall (in seconds).
11. Measure the height of the wave.
12. Repeat steps 1 to 11 two more times.
13. Repeat steps 1 to 12 but using the scaled newly designed recurve wall (weir plate).
DATA AND RESULTS:
@SLOPE 45o
Depth 14.5 cm
Ac (m) Hs (m) Seconds V(m/s) Λ(m) F(1/s) Tm (s) Qb*
TRIAL 0.1 0.02 1.63 0.3741 0.22 1.7 0.5881 1.6x1016

1
TRIAL 0.1 0.02 1.64 0.3718 0.22 1.69 0.5917 1.28x1016

2
TRIAL 0.1 0.02 1.65 0.3695 0.22 1.679 0.5953 1.02x1016

3

Qb* = A exp (-BAc*)
Wave period:
Tm = 1/f
TRIAL 1:
Ac* = (0.1) /((0.5881)((9.81)( 0.02) 0.5)
Qb* = (7.94E-3)exp (-21.1Ac*)
Qb* = 1.6x1016

TRIAL 2:
Ac* = (0.1) /((0.5917)((9.81)( 0.02) 0.5)
Qb* = (7.94E-3)exp (-21.1Ac*)
Qb* = 1.28x1016
TRIAL 3:
Ac* = (0.1) /((0.5953)((9.81)( 0.02) 0.5)
Qb* = (7.94E-3)exp (-21.1Ac*)
Qb* = 1.02x1016
Depth 17.5 cm
TRIAL 0.08 0.029 1.63 0.3741 0.22 1.7 0.5881 5.84x1010

1
TRIAL 0.08 0.029 1.64 0.3718 0.22 1.69 0.5917 5.02x1010

2
TRIAL 0.08 0.029 1.65 0.3695 0.22 1.679 0.5953 4.32x010

3

Qb* = A exp (-BAc*)
Wave period:
Tm = 1/f
TRIAL 1:
Ac* = (0.08) /((0.5881)((9.81)( 0.029) 0.5)
Qb* = (7.94E-3)exp (-21.1Ac*)
Qb* = 5.84x1010

TRIAL 2:
Ac* = (0.08) /((0.5917)((9.81)( 0.029) 0.5)
Qb* = (7.94E-3)exp (-21.1Ac*)
Qb* = 5.02x1010
TRIAL 3:
Ac* = (0.08) /((0.5953)((9.81)( 0.029) 0.5)
Qb* = (7.94E-3)exp (-21.1Ac*)
Qb* = 4.32x010
Depth 17.9 cm
TRIAL 0.076 0.034 1.65 0.3695 0.22 1.679 0.5953 2.15x109

1
TRIAL 0.076 0.034 1.63 0.3741 0.22 1.7 0.5881 2.79x109

2
TRIAL 0.076 0.034 1.64 0.3718 0.22 1.69 0.5917 2.45x109

3

Qb* = A exp (-BAc*)
Wave period:
Tm = 1/f
TRIAL 1:
Ac* = (0.076) /((0.5953)((9.81)( 0.34) 0.5)
Qb* = (7.94E-3)exp (-21.1Ac*)
Qb* = 2.15x109

TRIAL 2:
Ac* = (0.076) /((0.5881)((9.81)( 0.034) 0.5)
Qb* = (7.94E-3)exp (-21.1Ac*)
Qb* = 2.79x109
TRIAL 3:
Ac* = (0.076) /((0.5917)((9.81)( 0.034) 0.5)
Qb* = (7.94E-3)exp (-21.1Ac*)
Qb* = 2.45x109
@SLOPE 33.69o
Depth 14.5 cm
TRIAL 0.1 0.02 1.65 0.3695 0.22 1.679 0.5953 3.15x1015

1
TRIAL 0.1 0.02 1.63 0.3741 0.22 1.7 0.5881 4.87x1015

2
TRIAL 0.1 0.02 1.64 0.3718 0.22 1.69 0.5917 3.91x1015

3

Qb* = A exp (-BAc*)
Wave period:
Tm = 1/f
TRIAL 1:
Ac* = (0.1) /((0.5953)((9.81)( 0.02) 0.5)
Qb* = (8.84E-3)exp (-19.9Ac*)

Qb* = 3.15x1015
TRIAL 2:
Ac* = (0.1) /((0.5881)((9.81)( 0.02) 0.5)
Qb* = (8.84E-3)exp (-19.9Ac*)
Qb* = 4.87x1015
TRIAL 3:
Ac* = (0.1) /((0.5917)((9.81)( 0.02) 0.5)
Qb* = (8.84E-3)exp (-19.9Ac*)
Qb* = 3.91x1015
Depth 17.5 cm
Ac (m) Hs (m) Seconds V(m/s) Λ(m) f Tm Qb*
TRIAL 0.08 0.029 1.64 0.3718 0.22 1.69 0.5917 2.28x1010

1
TRIAL 0.08 0.029 1.63 0.3741 0.22 1.7 0.5881 2.64x1010

2
TRIAL 0.08 0.029 1.65 0.3695 0.22 1.679 0.5953 1.9 x1010
3

Qb* = A exp (-BAc*)
Wave period:
Tm = 1/f
TRIAL 1:
Ac* = (0.08) /((0.5917)((9.81)( 0.029) 0.5)
Qb* = (8.84E-3)exp (-19.9Ac*)
Qb* = 2.28x1010

TRIAL 2:
Ac* = (0.08) /((0.5881)((9.81)( 0.029) 0.5)
Qb* = (8.84E-3)exp (-19.9Ac*)
Qb* = 2.64x1010
TRIAL 3:
Ac* = (0.08) /((0.5953)((9.81)( 0.029) 0.5)
Qb* = (8.84E-3)exp (-19.9Ac*)
Qb* = 1.9 x1010
Depth 17.9 cm
Ac (m) Hs (m) Seconds V(m/s) Λ(m) f(1/s) Tm (s) Qb*
TRIAL 0.076 0.034 1.63 0.3741 0.22 1.7 0.5881 1.39x109

1
TRIAL 0.076 0.034 1.64 0.3718 0.22 1.69 0.5917 1.22x109

2
TRIAL 0.076 0.034 1.65 0.3695 0.22 1.679 0.5953 1.08x109

3

Qb* = A exp (-BAc*)
Wave period:
Tm = 1/f
TRIAL 1:
Ac* = (0.076) /((0.5881)((9.81)( 0.034) 0.5)
Qb* = (8.84E-3)exp (-19.9Ac*)
Qb* = 1.39x109

TRIAL 2:
Ac* = (0.076) /((0.5917)((9.81)( 0.034) 0.5)
Qb* = (8.84E-3)exp (-19.9Ac*)
Qb* = 1.22x109
TRIAL 3:
Ac* = (0.076) /((0.5953)((9.81)( 0.034) 0.5)
Qb* = (8.84E-3)exp (-19.9Ac*)
Qb* = 1.08x109
AVERAGE DISCHARGE:
WATER DEPTH
45O 33.69O
SLOPE
14.5 cm 1.3X1016 3.98X1015
17.5 cm 5.06X1010 2.3X1010
17.9 cm 2.46X109 1.23X109

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
WATER DEPTH
45O 33.69O
SLOPE
14.5 cm 1.3X1016 3.98X1015
17.5 cm 5.06X1010 2.3X1010
17.9 cm 2.46X109 1.23X109
Data necessary in determining F value using one way analysis of variance
𝛼 = 0.05
𝑑𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 = 𝑘 − 1 = 2 − 1 = 1
𝑑𝑓𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 = 𝑁 − 𝑘 = 9 − 1 = 8
𝑑𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 6
𝐹𝑐𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 6.61 (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑁𝑂𝑉𝐴)
Σx 1.3E16 + 5.06E10 + 2.46E9

𝑋1 = = = 4.33𝐸15
𝑁 3
Σx 3.98E15 + 2.3E10 + 1.23E9
𝑋2 = = = 1.32𝐸15
𝑁 3
Σ𝑥 1.3E16 + ⋯ + 5.06E10 + ⋯ + 2.3E10 + ⋯ + 1.23E9
= 𝑋𝐺 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛) = = 2.83𝐸15
𝑁 6
𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = Σ(𝑥 − 𝑥𝐺 )2
= (1.3E16 − 2.83𝐸15)2 + 5.06E10 − 2.83𝐸15)2 + ⋯ + (2.3E10 − 2.83𝐸15
+ ⋯ (1.23E9 − 2.83𝐸15)2 = 1.37𝐸32
𝑆𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 = Σ(𝑋1 − 𝑋1 )2 + (𝑋2 − 𝑋2 )2 + (𝑋3 − 𝑋3 )2
𝑆𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 = (1.3E16 − 4.33𝐸15)2 + ⋯ + (5.06E10 − 4.33𝐸15)2 + ⋯ + (2.3E10 − 1.32𝐸15)2 + ⋯ + (1.23E9

− 1.32𝐸15)2
𝑆𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 = 1.23𝐸30

𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 = 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑆𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛
𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 = 1.37𝐸32 − 1.23𝐸30 = 1.36𝐸32
𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 1.4𝐸31
(𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) 𝑀𝑆𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 = = = 1.36𝐸32
𝑑𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 1
𝑆𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 1.23𝐸30
(𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) 𝑀𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 = = = 2.46𝐸30
𝑑𝑓𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 5
𝑀𝑆𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 1.4𝐸31
𝐹= = =55.19
𝑀𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 2.46𝐸31
𝐹 > 𝑭𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕 = 55.19 > 4.07 (𝑯𝒐 = 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒊𝒆𝒅)
Based from the calculated F value using one way analysis of variance, the F value is above the
F critical value which indicates that the F value calculated exceeded the F critical region of
rejection of the null hypothesis. Hence, the null hypothesis stating that there is a difference
between the means of the three groups in the study is denied and that the alternative hypothesis
stating that there is no difference between the means of the three groups is accepted.
2.00E+16
14.5 @ 45 degrees
1.50E+16
17.5 @ 45 degrees
Discharge
1.00E+16 17.9 @45 degrees

14.5 @ 33.9 degrees
5.00E+15 17.5 @ 33.9 degrees
17.9 @ 33.9 degrees
0.00E+00
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
CONCLUSION:
Therefore the group concluded that the recurve wall with crest slope of 45 o is more effective
in discharging the overtopping caused by waves back to the ocean.

DOCUMENTATION:
Materials used Scaled Recurved Wall
Motorized Wave Generator Apparatus Used

Group Photo
Experimentation

Installing the Scaled Model Recurve Wall Installing the Motorized Wave Generator
Filling the Tank Measuring the Depth of Water
Turn On Motorized Wave Genarator Measuring Height of Wave and Wave Period

REFERENCES:
 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7675/627e12627e4af6415f2734d841d6b879144b.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238102043_Sandy_Beach_Profile_Response
_to_Sloping_Seawalls_An_Experimental_Study
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222232030_Hydrodynamic_studies_on_vertic
al_seawall_defenced_by_low-crested_breakwater
 http://www.fao.org/3/ag127e/ag127e09.htm
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268428465_EFFECTIVENESS_OF_RECURV
E_WALLS_IN_REDUCING_WAVE_OVERTOPPING_ON_SEAWALLS_AND_BREAK
WATERS
 file:///C:/Users/Administrator/Downloads/schoonees_impermeable_2014.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264205021_REDUCTION_OF_WAVE_LOAD
_ON_THE_PERFORATED_SEAWALL_DEFENDED_BY_THE_SUBMERGED_BREAK
WATER
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307807681_Performance_of_coastal_sea-
defense_infrastructure_at_El_Jadida_Morocco_against_tsunami_threat_lessons_learne
d_from_the_Japanese_11_March_2011_tsunami
 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/62f6/06f5867370b8d1daf564e25adbd30ff48af7.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222411936_Wave_run-
up_and_overtopping_on_smooth_and_rough_slopes_of_coastal_structures
 http://eprints.hrwallingford.co.uk/946/1/SR443-Waves-forces-vertical-composite-
breakwaters-HRWallingford.pdf
 https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780872626003.068
 https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a120681.pdf
 http://www.overtopping-
manual.com/assets/downloads/EA_Overtopping_Manual_w178.pdf
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0302352481800035
 https://www.ntslf.org/sites/ntslf/files/pdf/other_reports/id112.pdf

 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238102043_Sandy_Beach_Profile_Response
_to_Sloping_Seawalls_An_Experimental_Study
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270366068_Experimental_Studies_on_Low_C
rested_Rubble_Mound_Semicircular_Breakwaters_and_Vertical_Wall_System
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259260782_WAVE_OVERTOPPING_OF_RU
BBLE_MOUND_BREAKWATERS_WITH_CREST_ELEMENTS
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Overland-Impact-at-El-Jadida-due-to-a-1755-like-
tsunami-event-a-maximum-flow-depths_fig12_307807681

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HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING 2019

Technological Institute of the Philippines 1|Page

 Scope and Delimitation

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:

 An experimental investigation has been undertaken to elucidate effect of the overhang

Technological Institute of the Philippines 2|Page

 The hydrodynamic study on vertical seawall defenced by low-crested breakwater

Technological Institute of the Philippines 3|Page

Technological Institute of the Philippines 4|Page

 This study investigates the effectiveness of sea-defense structures in

Technological Institute of the Philippines 5|Page

Technological Institute of the Philippines 6|Page

Technological Institute of the Philippines 7|Page

Technological Institute of the Philippines 8|Page

Technological Institute of the Philippines 9|Page

 This paper presents recent advances in knowledge on wave loads, based on

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 An experiment was carried out on the overtopping of mechanically generated irregular

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 This paper seeks to investigate the effectiveness of sea-defense structures in

Technological Institute of the Philippines 15 | P a g e

 Crown walls or superstructures on top of permeable breakwaters are often used as a

 The technique to reduce the wave loads on seawalls/caissons is gaining momentum

Technological Institute of the Philippines 16 | P a g e

Ac* = Ac/(Tm(gHs) 0.5)

 Notations (Wallingford, 1999):

A,B empirical coefficients (see Table 1)

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 Derived, or interpolated, values of A and B for simply sloped seawalls ranging in

 Teaching Flume (HM 160)

Technological Institute of the Philippines 18 | P a g e

DATA AND RESULTS:

Ac (m) Hs (m) Seconds V(m/s) Λ(m) F(1/s) Tm (s) Qb*

TRIAL 0.1 0.02 1.63 0.3741 0.22 1.7 0.5881 1.6x1016

TRIAL 0.1 0.02 1.64 0.3718 0.22 1.69 0.5917 1.28x1016

TRIAL 0.1 0.02 1.65 0.3695 0.22 1.679 0.5953 1.02x1016

Ac* = Ac/(Tm(gHs) 0.5)

Technological Institute of the Philippines 19 | P a g e

Ac (m) Hs (m) Seconds V(m/s) Λ(m) F(1/s) Tm (s) Qb*

TRIAL 0.08 0.029 1.63 0.3741 0.22 1.7 0.5881 5.84x1010

TRIAL 0.08 0.029 1.64 0.3718 0.22 1.69 0.5917 5.02x1010

TRIAL 0.08 0.029 1.65 0.3695 0.22 1.679 0.5953 4.32x010

Ac* = Ac/(Tm(gHs) 0.5)

Technological Institute of the Philippines 20 | P a g e

Ac (m) Hs (m) Seconds V(m/s) Λ(m) F(1/s) Tm (s) Qb*

TRIAL 0.076 0.034 1.65 0.3695 0.22 1.679 0.5953 2.15x109

TRIAL 0.076 0.034 1.63 0.3741 0.22 1.7 0.5881 2.79x109

TRIAL 0.076 0.034 1.64 0.3718 0.22 1.69 0.5917 2.45x109

Ac* = Ac/(Tm(gHs) 0.5)

Technological Institute of the Philippines 21 | P a g e

Ac (m) Hs (m) Seconds V(m/s) Λ(m) F(1/s) Tm (s) Qb*

TRIAL 0.1 0.02 1.65 0.3695 0.22 1.679 0.5953 3.15x1015

TRIAL 0.1 0.02 1.63 0.3741 0.22 1.7 0.5881 4.87x1015

TRIAL 0.1 0.02 1.64 0.3718 0.22 1.69 0.5917 3.91x1015

Ac* = Ac/(Tm(gHs) 0.5)

Technological Institute of the Philippines 22 | P a g e

Ac (m) Hs (m) Seconds V(m/s) Λ(m) f Tm Qb*

TRIAL 0.08 0.029 1.64 0.3718 0.22 1.69 0.5917 2.28x1010

TRIAL 0.08 0.029 1.63 0.3741 0.22 1.7 0.5881 2.64x1010

Ac* = Ac/(Tm(gHs) 0.5)

Technological Institute of the Philippines 23 | P a g e