References:

https://prezi.com/l1shrqnqtasx/comprehensive-approach-to-housing-behavioral-aspects/

https://www.slideshare.net/joems_angel2000/housing-in-the-philippines?
fbclid=IwAR1IfxjP3lWNiWpYn1502M06VO0LHxGtWD0I4d4ZzuHAbgwVcag2ZPAhXFQ

BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF HOUSING

https://www.scribd.com/document/311580842/Behavioral-Aspect-of-Housing?
fbclid=IwAR0f0bskqk5nKR64OJq-m4r-TTvs8wpEl4M9h4RUidwsfCVyw7iG44bK5pc

https://www.scribd.com/presentation/327335050/Behavioral-Aspect-of-Housing?
fbclid=IwAR04dJ_PVNuWUWpny3vet_0MkTt4WIBPJdtM1X3Z9pMtkmXlq5SdW45xCyw

ORGANIZATIONAL & INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES FOR EFFECTIVE HOUSING DELIVERY SYSTEM

https://www.coursehero.com/file/19836756/ar174organizationaldeliveryapproaches/?
fbclid=IwAR2zGa6ph4MNbV8PI26CP4YpieHbzmsQWTizN1ThQWe6gz-xr9wepUt7cdY

https://www.scribd.com/document/365098987/Housing-Delivery-System-in-the-Philippines?
fbclid=IwAR02VOzg99QWqJwOFoSe2rcD_QiKam1ni2jtD9gEq-8weS4Fv5qbMVi4GzI
COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO HOUSING

Introduction

“We shape our buildings and afterwards our building shape us.” - Winston Churchill

Importance of the house

The house

Housing is doubly important for it is part of the environment. People seem to spend a
decreasing amount of time at home, yet the home is the last bastion of privacy where you can get real
individuality. It is the buffer between individuals and society.

Needs that influences human behavior:

 Sense of place
 Relatedness
 Privacy
 Psychological stimulation
 Creativity

Housing Problems

Why Juan and Maria de la Cruz are homeless in the Philippines?

1. Migration of people from rural areas to urban areas.

2. Robust population growth.
3. Poverty due unemployment.
4. Industrialization.
5. Minimum Wage of Filipinos.

Government’s help to solve housing problems

Government funded housing was established after the need for safe and affordable housing
presented itself. Once created, low-income families were provided with a roof over their head that they
could afford. Government funded housing is not just reserved for apartments, but single family homes.
HUDCC (Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council)

- created thru Executive Order No. 90, is the highest policy making and coordinating office on
shelter. It is an umbrella organization which consists of heads of four housing agencies.

1. NHA (National Housing Authority)

- is a government-owned and controlled corporation operating under the policy and

administrative supervision of the HUDCC. The NHA is the sole government agency to engage in shelter
production, focusing its efforts to provide to homeless, low-income Filipino families.

2. Pag-IBIG Fund (Pagtutulungan sa Kinabukasan:Ikaw, Bangko, Industriya at Gobyerno)

- To provide its members with adequate housing through an effective savings scheme, Pag-IBIG
Fund harnesses these four sectors of Philippine society: financial institutions, the industrial sector, the
government, and the Filipino people. The Fund was created to address two of the nation basic concerns:

(a) the generation of savings and

(b) providings helter for Filipino workers.

3. HLURB (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board)

- is a national government agency tasked as the planning, regulatory and quasi-judicial body for
land use development and real estate and housing regulation. These roles are done via a triad of
strategies namely, policy development, planning and regulation.

4. HGC (Home Guaranty Corporation)

- is the government-owned-and-controlled-corporation (GOCC) mandated by law (Republic Act

8763) to promote sustainable home ownership by providing risk coverage or Guarantees and tax/fiscal
incentives to banks and financial institutions/investors granting housing development loans / credits, and
home financing. As HGC focuses on promoting home ownership to middle and low-income families.

5. NHMFC (National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation) - mandate of increasing the

availability of affordable housing loans to finance the Filipino homebuyer acquisition of housing units
through the development and operation of a secondary market for home mortgages.

6. SHFC (Social Housing Finance Corporation)

-mandated:

(a) to undertake social housing programs that will cater to the formal and informal sectors in the
low-income bracket; and

(b) to take charge of developing and administering social housing programs, particularly the
Community Mortgage Program (CMP) and the Abot-Kaya Pabahay Fund(AKPF) Program.
Comprehensive Approach to Housing

In a CNN report written by Paolo Taruc on September 21, 2015, the Philippines emerged as one
of Southeast Asia’s fastest growing economies with an average gross domestic product (GDP) growth
rate of 6.2% per year from 2010 to 2014. The figure represents the highest growth in nearly four
decades, according to the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA).

The National Urban Development and Housing Framework (NUDHF) 2009- 2016 finds the
housing problem to be serious and is a largely urban phenomenon. The magnitude of housing need,
defined as the housing backlog plus new households, is enormous and is estimated to reach about 5.8
million housing units. That is the official figure.

The government should come up with a comprehensive housing program covering development,
infrastructure, and environment in order to address the country housing needs, according to the
Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS). In a recent note, PIDS noted that decent living
spaces continue to be a critical issue among the poor especially in urban areas.

Many of them resort to informal or illegal housing, living in shanties, occupying other people’s
land, or squatting in the most unsanitary places unimaginable such as riverbanks, streets, and bridges, it
said. Inequalities in shelter deprivation and access to basic services are most evident particularly in cities
where wealth and poverty exist in close proximity, it added, noting that Metro Manila alone is home to
more than 4 million slum dwellers threatened by adverse congestion, substandard housing, and
deteriorating environment. The deplorable condition of Metro Manila slum areas led to its inhabitants to
suffer various sickness due to location and the limited infrastructure available.

Effective town and shelter planning and urban infrastructure for people in underserved areas
and informal settlements are thus critical first steps to their development, PIDS said. Relocating informal
settlers and victims of natural and human-induced disasters to safer areas is a critical challenge in the
housing sector, it added.

Despite the government resettlement projects since the 1970s, which through the National
Housing Authority (NHA) has made housing a key program for the low-income sector, PIDS said the effort
remains wanting.

The availability of land for relocation projects, however, is a crucial problem. For resettlement
programs to be effective, land for socialized housing has to be made available by local governments or
the national government especially in urban areas like Metro Manila, PIDS said.

PIDS noted that in 2011, the government released P50 billion to the newly formed National
Informal Settlement Upgrading System Program for informal settlers living in perilous areas in Metro
Manila. Two years later, two major policy reforms were adopted due to the slow pace of its
implementation. First is the NHA Enhanced Resettlement Package that increases the maximum cost of
socialized housing units for off-city and in-city resettlements in order to build bigger and more disaster-
resilient houses. Second is the expansion of the financing program of the Socialized Housing Finance
Corporation to include high-density housing (HDH). The HDH addresses the problem of limited land for
socialized housing in urban areas by accommodating more families per unit of land which also promotes
building of better houses and improved access to basic facilities and infrastructure.

The Philippines lacks a national policy on shelter development that integrates infrastructure,
housing, and environmental concerns. The current approach to shelter is primarily on a per project basis
instead of a city-wide shelter development. The absence of a city-wide approach creates difficulties for
the national government and LGUs to address the housing problem on scale, PIDS also said quoting
Ballesteros.

About Housing

The housing backlog is 3.9 million households. Assuming that production of housing units would
average 200,000 units every year from 2012 to 2030, the backlog would still persist and hit 6.5 million
households by 2030. The highest demand would come from the economic housing segment, followed by
socialized housing, and lastly by low-cost housing.

The low-cost, socialized, and economic housing units account for a large share of housing
production. From 2010 to 2011, housing production in the high-end, mid-end, and low-cost categories
increased, while production of houses in economic and socialized housing was relatively flat. From 2000
to 2011, economic, socialized, and low-cost housing cornered close to 70% of total housing production.
During this same period, the socialized segment accounted for 27%, the economic segment accounted
for 29%, and low cost segment 13%.

As of 2011, there are 3,164 players in the housing industry. Despite the huge number of firms
engaged in housing, only a few firms dominate the industry. Most of these firms are highly integrated
developers that are engaged in various real estate developments besides housing. Many other firms are
into retail real estate, hotels, commercial office buildings, and industrial estate development.

The Subdivision and Housing Developers’ Association (SHDA) is the largest organization of
housing developers in the Philippines, counting 160 members from its chapters in Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao. Other industry participants are members of the Chamber of Real Estate and Builders’
Associations (CREBA), the Real Estate Brokers Association of the Philippines, Inc. (REBAP), the Philippine
Association of Real Estate Brokers (PAREB), the National Real Estate Association of the Philippines
(NREA), and the Organization of Socialized Housing Developers of the Philippines (OSHDP).

Policies

IPP 2014-2016

Economic and Low-Cost Housing (horizontal and vertical) (based on a price ceiling of Php3.0
million and subject to geographical considerations) is among the preferred activities listed in the IPP. This
covers the development of economic and low-cost housing and the manufacture of modular housing
components.

a. Economic and Low-Cost Housing

The following are the qualifications for registration:

• The selling price of each housing unit shall be more than Php450,000.00 but not exceeding
Php3.0 million;

• Minimum of 20 livable dwelling units in a single site or building;

• Must be new or expanding economic/low-cost housing project;

• For vertical housing projects, at least 51% of the total floor area, excluding common facilities and
parking areas, must be devoted to housing units.

In cases of un-incorporated joint venture and similar arrangements between landowner and
developer wherein the sharing scheme is in terms of the number of lots or units built, only the share of
the developer may qualify for registration.

Projects that have already been completed and have incurred sales (booked sales) of housing
packages shall not qualify for registration.

Any of the following may be considered as an expansion project:

• Construction of additional floors or annexes intended for housing units;

• If the project will locate adjacent or contiguous to an existing housing project owned by the
same entity and shall share common facilities including access to the existing project.

All economic/low-cost housing projects must comply with the following:

• Socialized housing requirement (SHR) by building socialized housing units in an area equivalent
to at least 20% of the total registered project area or total BOI registered project cost for horizontal
housing and 20% of the total floor area of qualified saleable housing units for vertical housing projects.

This may be done through any of the following modes:

• Development of a new settlement directly undertaken by the registered entity;

• Development of a new settlement through joint venture arrangements with any of the following:

1. Local Government Unit,

2. Affiliate or other related enterprise of the BOI-registered entity,

3. Developer accredited by the HLURB.

 In the case of joint venture projects, the BOI registered entity shall be required to provide proof
of funds transferred to the implementing entity.

• Development of a new settlement through donation of land with basic infrastructure facilities
(roads, water system, etc.) and/or construction materials intended for the calamity stricken areas as
identified in the “Comprehensive Rehabilitation and Recovery Plan of the Areas Battered by Yolanda” in
partnership either with any of the housing agencies, relevant LGUs, or with HLURB accredited NGOs.

In lieu of the above modes for compliance with the SHR, vertical housing projects may opt to donate
provided: (1) the donation is made to BOI accredited NGO and (2) the amount to be donated shall be
equivalent to 30% of (20% of the building construction cost based on the actual number or equivalent
total floor area of qualified saleable low cost housing units) or not less than 40% of the estimated ITH.
Equivalent total floor area refers to the sum total of the floor area of all the registered low-cost housing
units.

• For purposes of ITH availment, compliance with the 20% socialized housing requirement shall be
computed based on the actual units sold during the ITH availment period. Failure to submit proof of
compliance shall result to forfeiture of ITH for that particular taxable period.

• Non-compliance with the 20% SHR on previous registrations using the ITH-based Compliance
(IBC) shall result in denial of applications for registration for succeeding projects.

• Project shall conform with the design standards set forth in the Rules and Regulations to
Implement B.P. No. 220/P.D. No. 957 and other related laws.

Eligible projects in NCR, Metro Cebu, and Metro Davao may only be granted three (3) years ITH
unless the SHR compliance of the said projects would be undertaken in any of the identified calamity-
stricken areas in the “Comprehensive Rehabilitation and Recovery Plan of the Areas Battered by
Yolanda”. In such cases, said projects may be eligible to four years of ITH.

Interest income arising from in-house financing shall not be entitled to ITH.

Application for registration must be accompanied by a copy of the Development Permit issued
by HLURB or concerned LGU.

Prior to registration, horizontal housing project applicant must submit copies of License to Sell
(LTS) and Certificate of Registration (CoR) issued by HLURB. For vertical housing project, applicant may
submit a copy of its temporary LTS provided that the copies of the final LTS and CoR shall be submitted
prior to start of commercial operation.

b. Modular Housing Components

This covers the manufacture of modular housing components preferably using indigenous
materials. These include roof/framing systems, wall/partition systems, flooring systems, door/window
systems, and finishing/ceiling systems.

Application for registration must be accompanied by an endorsement from Accreditation of

Innovative Technologies for Housing (AITECH)
Social Housing Finance Corporation

Created by virtue of Executive Order No. 272, series of 2004, the Social Housing Finance
Corporation (SHFC) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation
(NHMFC) mandated: (a) to undertake social housing programs that will cater to the formal and informal
sectors in the low-income bracket; and (b) to take charge of developing and administering social housing
programs, particularly the Community Mortgage Program (CMP) and the Abot-Kaya Pabahay Fund
(AKPF) Program (amortization support program and development and financing program).

Programs

Pag-IBIG Affordable Housing Program

The Home Mutual Development Fund (HMDF, or Pag-IBIG) offers the Affordable Housing
Program (AHP), which is designed for minimum wage earners or whose gross monthly income does not
exceed P17,500. Up to P750,000 may be borrowed under this program, with interest rates of 4.5% or
6.5% in the first ten years of the loan, depending on the gross monthly income of the borrower.

The Pag-IBIG AHP housing loan may be used to finance the following:

• Purchase of a fully developed residential lot or adjoining lots not exceeding 1,000 square meters;

• Purchase of a residential house and lot, townhouse, or condominium unit;

• Construction or completion of a residential unit on a lot owned by the member.

Based on computation, a qualified Pag-IBIG member can borrow up to P394,722.32 loan amount
under the AHP, with a monthly amortization of P2,000 for the first ten (10) years of the loan. This
illustration is under a 4.5% interest rate and 30-year repayment period. The gross monthly income
required for this loan amount and interest rate shall not exceed P15,000 for those working in the NCR
and for OFWs, and P12,000 for other regions.

Community Mortgage Program (CMP)

The Community Mortgage Program (CMP) aims to improve the living conditions of homeless and
underprivileged Filipinos by providing them affordable financing with which they can secure tenure on
the land they occupy.

The CMP is a mortgage financing program which assists legally organized associations of
residents of blighted or depressed areas to own the lots they occupy, providing them security of tenure
and eventually improve their neighborhood and homes to the extent of their affordability.
Abot-Kaya Pabahay Fund Developmental Loan Program (AKPF - DLP)

The Abot-Kaya Pabahay Fund Developmental Loan Program (AKPF – DLP) aims to provide low-
income families with affordable housing packages in key Philippines urban areas and other localities with
pronounced housing demand. The purpose of the DLP loan assistance is to serve as seed money for the
development of property and construction of housing units thereon.

Industry Development Program

The housing industry technical working group (TWG) conducts meetings to discuss and address
industry concerns and issues. Among its activities are:

• New Requirements for High-Rise Buildings (Old and New). The requirement of an accelerograph
for all high-rise buildings and an Automatic Fire Suppression System (AFSS) to vertical projects is deemed
to be in conflict with BP 220, the National Building Code, and Fire Code IRR. The proposed amendment
to the IRR of the Fire Code and the rationalization of the installation of accelerograph for buildings have
been worked closely with the DILG and DPWH, respectively, in 2014 and these are among the industry’s
continuing effort/initiatives in 2015.

• New Category for Socialized Housing. The proposal is to include medium-rise buildings (MRBs) of
P550,000 (excluding land) and P840,000 for urban areas. It is under NEDA/HUDCC’s evaluation. Likewise,
the proposal to amend R.A. 7279 Section 18 to include the definition of socialized MRB, and the
provision for government to make in-city development affordable, is being discussed by the TWG in
Congress.

• Reverse Trade Arrangement (RTA). The intention is to have preferential supply arrangements
between the housing developers and construction materials manufacturers/associations (e.g. paints,
iron & steel, PVC pipes). A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was entered into by the SHDA and
Pacific Paint (BOYSEN) Philippines, Inc.’s during the HUDCC-SHDA National Developers Convention in
September 2014 in Cebu City. DTI-BOI and SHDA is looking into pursuing RTAs or similar partnerships
with other paint manufacturers, Cambridge Paints, Inc. and Davies Paints Philippines, Inc.; with ceramic
tile producers, Mariwasa and Ten Zen Tiles; and with electrical wires producers who are members of the
Philippines Electrical Wire Manufacturers Association.

• Assistance to Yolanda-affected Areas. The guidelines to encourage housing developers to

construct their socialized housing compliance projects in the Yolanda Stricken-areas have been finalized
and approved by the BOI Board.
BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS

The Psychological Perspective

Environmental Stimuli

 Size and height of space

 Color
 Temperature
 Noise

Personal Space

- An area with invisible boundaries surrounding a person’s body into which intruders
may not come.
 Sex
 Culture

Territoriality

- A pattern of behavior and attitudes held by an individual or group that is based on

perceived, attempted or actual control of a definable physical space, object or idea
and may involve habitual occupation, defense, personalization, and marking of it.
 Primary territories
 Secondary territories
 Public territories
 Interactional territories

Personalization

Density

- ratio of the number of persons per unit area

Behavior Setting

 Overstaffed
 Understaffed

Privacy

 Solitude-being alone
 Intimacy – the ability of a small number of people to be by themselves undisturbed
 Anonymity – the ability to interact or be with others without releasing full information about
oneself to avoid being identified or accountable
 Reserve – the ability to limit communication about oneself to others

The Cultural Perspective

 - Can be defined as the negotiated, shared understandings, world view, values, ideals,
and norms of a group of interacting people.
- Groups of people relate to their physical environment. It affects people’s cognition,
perception and attitudes toward the environment as well as their actions and
behavior.
 Cultural values
 Cosmic view
 World view
 Categorization – influences lifestyle, design, use, assignment, acquisition of and access to
space.
 Cultural mores, traditions and customs
 Religion

Views of people

 Instrumental or functional space

 Ritual space
 Symbolic space
 Expressive space
 Social space
 Emotional space
 Technological space
 Consumption space

Organizational and Institutional challenges for effective housing

Housing Delivery

 Land
 Labor
 Housing Finance
 Materials

Challenges for Effective Housing Delivery System

 Affordability
 Accessibility
 Sustainability

Barriers to Effective Housing Delivery System

 Local Barriers
Local zoning barriers
o Zoning is the primary system by which municipalities maintain control and
discretion over the pattern of land development within their borders. Local
practices can have the effect of increasing housing costs and effectively
excluding prospective moderate-income households from locating
affordable housing for purchase or rent.

Local regulatory barriers

o Regulations that affect housing prices occur in several categories, including

building codes, environmental stipulations, impact fees, and administrative
processes.

Local infrastructure limitations

o Small towns often lack the basic infrastructure to develop higher density
multifamily and affordable single family homes. Some communities actively
oppose constructing or upgrading this infrastructure in order to discourage
new and denser development.

Local opposition/ “NIMBY”

o “Not in My Back Yard” or NIMBY, is often articulated as a fear of loss of

property value, negative impact on schools, increased demand on schools
and other public services resulting in increased costs and taxes, and/or a
general change or decline in the local quality of life.
 Financing Barriers

 Industry Capacity