June 23th, 2016

Kee H. Lee, P.E. (kee007.lee@samsung.com)

Civil & Architectural Engineering Department
Contents

I. Overview

II. Basic Concepts of Dynamics

III. Design Requirements

IV. Preliminary Sizing

V. Design Loads

VI. Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)

VII. Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD Pro

2
I. Overview

3
Overview

 Tabletop-type foundation

Elevated support is common for large turbine-driven equipment such as

electric generators. Elevation allows for ducts, piping, and ancillary items
to be located below the equipment.

Tabletop structures are considered to be flexible, hence their response to

dynamic loads can be quite complex and depend both on the motion of its
discreet elements (columns, beams, and footing) and the soil upon which
it is supported.

4
Overview

Start of Vibration Start of Structural

Dynamic Analysis Analysis & Design

Start of Stability Check Unbalanced Forces &

Member Sizing
Static Operating Loads

Preliminary Impedance: Design Loads and

Foundation Sizing Stiffness and Damping LC per ASCE 7

Calculate Contact Tune up FDN. Modal Analysis Re-design Static Structural

Pressure (qmax, qmin) Geometry (Eigenvalue) Structure Analysis

75% of the allowable

bearing capacity Modal Response
No Out of Resonance Range?
Allowable Bearing Spectrum Analysis
No 0.8 fm < f < 1.2 fm
Capacity, OK?

Pile Foundation Yes

Yes Design Requirements
Pile Cap Design per ASCE 7, OK?
Time History Analysis No
Shallow Foundation
with Harmonic Loads
Detail Sizing with EQ. Data
Yes
No Amplitude (or Velocity)
End of Stability Check Limit, OK? Design Requirements
per ACI 318, OK?
No
Yes
Yes
End of Vibration
Dynamic Analysis End of Structural
Analysis & Design

Design Procedure of Tabletop Foundation

5
Overview

Codes & Standards

1. ASCE 7-10, American Society of Civil Engineers, "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures."
2. ACI 318M-14, American Concrete Institute, "Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete and Commentary."
3. ACI 351.3R-04, Report on "Foundations for Dynamic Equipment."
4. PIP STC01015, Structural Design Criteria

Reference
1. S. Arya, M. O'Neill, and G. Pincus, "Design of Structures and Foundations for Vibrating
Machines", Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, May, 1981.

6
II. Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis

7
Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis

 Static Structural Analysis:

Might ensure that the design will withstand steady-state loading conditions, but it may
not be sufficient, especially if the load varies with time.

 Dynamic Structural Analysis:

Used to determine the behavior of structures subjected to loads which vary with time.

Inertia, and possibly damping of the structure play an important role.

Dynamics also include the study of free vibrations, i.e., the oscillations of a structure
after the force causing the motion has been removed.

8
Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis

F F
FS  k xsta
k

Dynamic Loading Condition

F(t)

V k xsta  F

M
Inertia

Static Loading Condition

forces

V(t) m xdyn  c xdyn  k xdyn  F (t )

M(t)

9
Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis

 Modal Analysis:
Modal analysis is used to determine a
structure’s natural frequencies and mode
shapes.

Allows the design to avoid resonant

vibrations or to vibrate at a specified
frequency.

10
Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis

 Basic Modes of Oscillation

Two translational and one rotational mode shapes

Fundamental and two higher translational modes

of oscillation along X-direction

image source: http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/IITK-GSDMA/EBB_001_30May2013.pdf

11
Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis

 Response Spectrum Analysis:

A response-spectrum analysis can be used to determine how a structure responds to
earthquakes.

12
Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis

Equivalent SDOF Structures Corresponding to Each Mode of Oscillation of Building

image source: http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/IITK-GSDMA/EBB_001_30May2013.pdf

13
Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis

Artificial Time History Acceleration Matched to a Code Spectrum

(Amr S. Elnashai, Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering)

14
Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis

 Response Time History Analysis:

A response time history analysis can be used to calculate a structure’s response
to time varying loads.

This analysis is performed using the modal superposition method used in

STAAD.

A machinery foundation is defined as a structure subjected to harmonic loading,

therefore the analysis is carried out applying unbalancing forces for checking
the vibration performance.

15
Basic Information on Dynamic Analysis

Derivation of Elastic Spectra (Amr S. Elnashai, Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering)

16
III. Design Requirements

17
Design Requirements
Design Criteria for Vibrating Equipment Foundations
Requirements
1 Codes & Standard
2 Frequency Ratio
3 Isolation
Exemption Provisions
4
from Dynamic Analysis
Vibration Performance Criteria
5
- Vibration Velocity
7 Allowable Bearing Capacity
8 Allowable Settlement
Description
ACI 351.3R
0.8 < 𝑓𝑜 /𝑓𝑛 < 1.2 (per ACI 351.3R)
The foundation which needs to be designed through a detail dynamic analysis shall be
isolated from the adjacent foundation and/or structure.
Centrifugal:
Less than 500 HP (375 kW) and 3 times total machine weight
(2.5 times for pile foundation as per ACI 351.3R)
Reciprocating:
Less than 200 HP (150 kW) and 5 times total machine weight
(4 times for pile foundation as per ACI 351.3R)
Centrifugal: 0.12 inch/sec (3.0 mm/sec)
Reciprocating: 0.15 inch/sec (3.8 mm/sec) (per PIP STC01015)
The maximum soil pressure and/or pile reaction due to static and dynamic load combinatio
ns shall not exceed 75% of the allowable soil and/or bearing capacity. (per PIP STC01015)
uniform settlement: 1 inch (25 mm)
differential settlement: 3/4 inch (20 mm)
18
Design Requirements

Resonance Range: 0.7 fe < fs < 1.3 fe

fe : Frequency of Dynamic Force (Operating Speed of Machine)
fs : Frequency of Supporting System (Equipment + Foundation)

Decoupling Mass Ratio: me / ms

me : Mass of Vibrating Machine
ms : Mass of Foundation
☞ Ignore interaction if the condition is satisfied

19
Design Requirements

General Limits for Personnel Sensitivity

(Relationship between Displacement Amplitude and Vibration Frequency)
Vibration Criteria for Rotating Machinery

20
Design Requirements

Acceptance Criteria for Vibrations of Rotating Machinery

Horizontal Peak Velocity

Machine Operation
(in./sec)

<0.005 Extremely smooth

0.005-0.010 Very smooth
0.010-0.020 Smooth
0.020-0.040 Very good
0.040-0.080 Good

0.080-0.160 Fair
0.160-0.315 Slightly rough
0.315-0.630 Rough
>0.630 Very rough

R. L. Baxter and D. L. Bernhard, "Vibration Tolerances for Industry",

ASME paper 67- PEM-14, Plant Engineering and Maintenance
General Machinery Vibration Severity Chart
Conference, Detroit, Michigan, April,1967. (Baxter and Bernhard 1967).

21
Design Requirements

Seismic Design Requirements (Chaps. 12 & 15, ASCE 7-10)

No. Seismic Design Requirement Application Remark (for a Case: Seismic Design Category B)

1 Vertical Seismic Load Effect N/A SDS is less than 0.125

2 Orthogonal Combination of Horizontal Seismic Loads N/A Not Required for Seismic Design Category B

3 Horizontal Structural Irregularities N/A No Irregularity

4 Vertical Structural Irregularities N/A No Irregularity

5 Diaphragm Flexibility N/A Rigid Diaphragm

6 Torsional Effects Applied automatically included in the structural analysis

7 Amplification of Accidental Torsional Moment N/A Not Required for Seismic Design Category B

8 Story Drift N/A Not Required for Seismic Design Category B

9 P-delta Effects Applied checked as per Sect. 12.8.7, ASCE 7-10

22
Design Requirements

Seismic Coefficients for Nonbuilding Structure Similar to Building (Table 15.4-2, ASCE 7-10)

Response Modification Factor (R): 3.0 for ordinary reinforced concrete moment structure

Overstrength Factor (Ω0): 3.0 for ordinary reinforced concrete moment structure (not used in the calculations)

Deflection Amplification Factor (Cd): 2.5 for ordinary reinforced concrete moment structure

Redundancy Factor (ρ): 1.0 for Seismic Design Category B structure

 For more convenient design using STAAD program, the "modal response spectrum analysis" is selected for the
structural analysis.
 The base shear based on ELF (and T = Ta Cu) should be calculated to check if the computed from modal analysis is
less than 85% of the ELF base shear.

23
Design Requirements

 Multiply spectral accelerations by modal

participation factor and by (I/R)
 For determining drift, multiply the results of the
modal analysis (including the I/R scaling but not the
85% scaling) by Cd/I.

It is permitted to be neglected for the Seismic Design

Category B structure not having horizontal
irregularity Type 1a or 1b of table 12.3-1, ASCE 7-10.

original source:
Inelastic Force-Deformation Curve A Brief Guide to Seismic Design Factors

24
Design Requirements

Special Reinforced
Concrete Moment Frames

Basic Strategy of Earthquake Design:

Calculate maximum elastic forces and reduce by a factor to obtain design forces.

25
IV. Preliminary Sizing

26
Preliminary Sizing

 Preliminary member sizing and geometrical arrangement constitute the initial design phase for
the structural system.
 The vendor will provide a preliminary foundation outline drawing, which can be used in the initial
design phases.

 Deck System/Beams
 Beam depth should be equal to approximately 0.2 times the clear span or 600 mm (2 ft),
whichever is greater.
 The beams should not deflect more than 0.5 mm (0.02") when subjected to static loads.

27
Preliminary Sizing

 Columns
 Locate columns at the intersection of beams where they are stressed approximately equally
under static vertical loads.

 The column dimensions should not be less than one eighth of the unsupported column
length and should not be smaller than 0.14 m2 (1.5 ft2).

 The center of column rigidity for the column group should coincide with the point of dynamic
load application, and should also be compatible (eccentricity less than 5%) with the center of
mass of the equipment including the top half of the structural mass.

28
Preliminary Sizing

 Mat
 The minimum thickness of mat shall not be less than the following.
tmin = 0.6 + L/30 (m) ≥ 750 mm (2.5 ft) , where L is the foundation length.

 The weight of the mat foundation plus soil surcharge should be at least equal to the weight
of the deck plus vibrating equipment.

 The following rule-of-thumb formula proposed by the ASCE task committee (Ref. 9.10) can
also be used for calculating the minimum thickness, t, for soil-supported mat foundation:
tmin = 0.07 L4/3 (ft) , where L is the average of two adjacent spans between columns, in terms
of feet.

29
V. Design Loads

30
Design Loads

Design Loads for Machinery Foundation (as per ACI 351.3R)

Load Type Design Loads Check V/P Data Remark

Dead Loads Applied Required

personnel, tools, maintenance equipment
Live Loads Applied Required
and materials
to be calculated in the structural design
Wind Loads Applied if any
(not governing)
Seismic Loads Applied if any to be calculated in the structural design
Static during normal operation
Static Operating Loads Applied Required
(not time-varying loads by machine)

Special Loads for Elevated-type FDN N/A N/A

Erection and Maintenance Loads Applied if any temporary load

Thermal Loads Applied if any not governing (except under constrained conditions)

Dynamic Loads
Dynamic Applied Required operating speed, loading point, phase difference
due to Unbalanced Masses

31
Design Loads

 The dynamic loads due to unbalanced masses are generally reflected by loading sinusoidally-varying
loads at the C.O.G in the analysis model including the rigid links and a lumped mass attached at the
dynamic loading point. If dynamic loads are applied at the anchor points, those loads should include the
additional coupled forces.

32
Design Loads

Balance quality grades for selected groups of representative

rigid rotors excerpted from ANSI/ASA S2.19)

Effective Eccentricity

33
Design Loads

 The normal torque (sometimes called drive torque) is generally applied to the foundation as a static force
couple in the vertical direction at the anchor points

34
Design Loads

 Static Loads (Not Time-varing)  Case 1: All loads are applied to the C.O.G. (Center of Gravity).
 Case 2: All loads are applied to the anchor locations.
 Self-weight of Equipment

Wself
Case 1 Case 2

Wself /2 Wself /2

35
Design Loads

 Static Loads (Not Time-varing)  Case 1: All loads are applied to the C.O.G. (Center of Gravity).
 Case 2: All loads are applied to the anchor locations.
 Static Operating Loads: Additional Weight

Woper
Case 1 Case 2

Woper /2 Woper /2

36
Design Loads

 Static Loads  Case 1: All loads are applied to the C.O.G. (Center of Gravity).
 Case 2: All loads are applied to the anchor locations.
 Static Operating Loads: Torque
(9550)(Ps )
NT = N∙m
f0
where
NT = normal torque, N·m
Case 1 Case 2
Ps = power being transmitted by the shaft
at the connection, kilowatts
f0 = machine operating speed, rpm
T

T/L T/L

h h

L L

37
Design Loads

 Dynamic Loads  Case 1: All loads are applied to the C.O.G. (Center of Gravity).
 Case 1-1: All loads are applied to the center point between two anchors
 Case 2: All loads are applied to the anchor locations.

Case 1 Case 1-1

F(t) M(t)=FX(t) × h
FY(t)

FX(t)

h h
FY(t)

M(t) FX(t)
L L

38
Design Loads

 Dynamic Loads  Case 1: All loads are applied to the C.O.G. (Center of Gravity).
 Case 1-1: All loads are applied to the center point between two anchors
 Case 2: All loads are applied to the anchor locations.

Case 2

FX(t)×h /L FX(t)×h /L

h + h

FX(t) /2 FX(t) /2
L L
FY(t) /2 FY(t) /2

39
Design Loads

 Dynamic Load Sample Calculations (Centrifugal)

40
Design Loads

 Undamped Free Vibrations (vertical motion of the mass-spring system)

Dividing it by m,

Because the motion repeats itself over equal intervals of time, it is called
periodic motion. Furthermore, motion that is described in terms of the
circular functions, sine and cosine, is known as harmonic motion. (All
harmonic motion is periodic, but not all periodic motion is harmonic.)
The parameter p is referred to as the (natural) circular frequency, E is called
the amplitude, and α is known as the phase angle. As shown in the figure
above, τ denotes the period of the motion—that is, the time taken by one
complete cycle of the motion.
Harmonic Loading for Time History Analysis
(STAAD Input)

41
V/P Data Example (Centrifugal Type): Design Loads Induced by Compressor

Design Loads Induced by Compressor

Rotating Operating
Type Applied Load Loading Point Force Remark
Mass Speed (fo)

Fcomp = 40,000 kgf COG of Compressor

Weight
Fbase = 18,500 kgf Anchor Locations Baseplate

Dynamic Unbalanced Force COG of Compressor 193.68 kg 950 kgf 3055 rpm 1900 kgf

Compressor Gear Motor

42
 V/P Data Example (Centrifugal Type): Design Loads Induced by Motor

Operating
Type Applied Load Loading Point Rotating Mass Phase Remark
Speed (fo)

Weight FMotor = 284.4 kN COG of Motor 47.4×6=284.4

Fv_left = 87.0 kN Anchor Locations 1800 rpm Required Is this a unbalanced force?

Fv_right = 87.0 kN Anchor Locations 1800 rpm Required Is this a unbalanced force?
Dynamic
Fh = 11.0 kN Anchor Locations 1800 rpm Required Is this a unbalanced force?

Faxis = 2.2 kN Anchor Locations 1800 rpm Required Is this a unbalanced force?

Fv = 201.4 kN Anchor Locations Required Required Accidental load case

Short
Circuit Fh = 82.5 kN Anchor Locations Required Required Same as above
(Max.)
Faxis = 2.2 kN Anchor Locations Required Required Same as above

1. The COG of the motor shall be provided to calculate the seismic load.
2. The phase differences between dynamic forces in three directions shall be
informed to compute the correct response of the foundation.

43
V/P Data Example (Centrifugal Type): Design Loads Induced by Gear

The C.O.G. locations shall be shown in the drawing

to apply unbalanced forces due to the pinion and the bull gear.

FGS
Unbalanced
Force 2 Unbalanced
Force 2

Rotating Operating
Type Applied Load Loading Point Eccentricity Remark
Mass Speed (fo)

Weight FG = 52,307 N COG of Gear (total)

Mges =127,605 N·m COG of Gear (total)

Ff = 141,867 N Anchors (bull gear)

Static
Operating
FGS = 2,294 N COG of Gear (total)

Fs = 87,266 N Anchors (pinion)

Mges =127,605 N·m COG of Gear (total) Accidental load case

Ff = 141,867 N Anchors (bull gear) Same as above

Short Circuit
(Max.)
FGS = 2,294 N COG of Gear (total) Same as above

Fs = 87,266 N Anchors (pinion) Same as above

Unbalanced Force 1 COG of Bull Gear 1775 kg 1780 rpm e=6.35/f0 mm Estimated per ACI 351.3R
Dynamic
Unbalanced Force 2 COG of Pinion 718 kg 3039 rpm e=6.35/f0 mm Estimated per ACI 351.3R

44
V/P Data Example (Centrifugal Type)

Operating Power
Equipment Motion Type Rotation Direction
Speed (fo, RPM) Transmitted (kW)
V/P Sheet Applied in the Calculation Document
Motor Rotating 1,800 15,000 counterclockwise

Bull Gear Rotating 1,780 15,000 counterclockwise

Gear
Pinion Rotating 3,039 15,000 clockwise

Compressor Rotating 3,055 11,300 clockwise

Weight Data Dynamic Loads

Equipment Weight of Weight of Weight of Max. Unbalanced Operating Phase Angle
Loading Point
Equipment (kN) Maintenance (kN) Rotating Part (kN) Force (kN) Speed (fo, RPM) (deg)

Ver. ± 87.00 0.0

47.40
Motor Hor. ± 11.00 1,800 90.0 Each Anchor

284.40= 47.40 (6 EA) Axial ± 2.20 0.0

Bull Gear 52.31 17.41 ± 4.06 1,780 0.0 COGbg

Gear
Pinion - 7.04 ± 3.66 3,039 0.0 COGpn

Compressor 392.40 120.66 18.64 ± 9.32 3,055 0.0 COGcomp

Base Plate 181.49 N/A

Dry Gas Seal Console 15.70 N/A

45
V/P Data Example (Centrifugal Type)

V/P Sheet Applied in the Calculation Document

Static Operating Loads (Rated) Short Circuit Loads (Max.)

Equipment Fsuction Fout Torque Vertical left Vertical right Horizontal Axial Loading Point

(kN)

Motor - - - 201.40 -201.40 82.50 2.20 Each Anchor

Gear - - - 0.83 -0.77 - - Each Anchor

Compressor - - - - - - -

Short Circuit Torque (SCT)

The motor short circuit torque, when provided by the machine manufacturer, should be considered in the
structural design. The torque, which is not a normal occurrence, is a very short-duration loading, and occurs as a
result of a fault within the electrical circuit of the machines. The short circuit torque should not be combined
with wind or earthquake. ACI 351.3R Sec. 3.2.1.5

46
V/P Data Example (Reciprocating Type)

47
V/P Data Example (Reciprocating Type)

48
V/P Data Example (Reciprocating Type)

Operating Speed Power

Equipment Motion Rotation Direction
(fo, RPM) Transmitted (kW)

Motor Rotating 356 1609 clockwise V/P Sheet Applied in the Calculation Document

Compressor Reciprotating See the resultant See the resultant up-down

Dynamic Loads
Equipment
Max. Unbalanced Operating
Phase Angle (deg) Loading Point
Force (lbf) & Momemt (lb.ft) Speed (fo, RPM)

Vertical ± 346 0

Motor Horizontal ± 346 356 90 COGmt

Axial 0

1st Ord. ± 5273 356 0

Resultant
Force (Fv)
2nd Ord. ± 2755 712 0

1st Ord. ± 93569 356 135

Resultant
Compressor COGcomp
Moment (Mh)
2nd Ord. ±0 0 0

1st Ord. ± 257575 356 45.9

Resultant
Moment (Mv)
2nd Ord. ± 93233 712 180

49
V/P Data Example (Reciprocating Type)

 Dynamic Load Calculations (Reciprocating)

50
VI. Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)

51
Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)

52
Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)

 Calculation Procedure to Determine Impedance Provided by Supporting Media

1. Calculate Initial Impedance

2. Incorporate Material Damping into Initial Impedance

3. Add Embedment Effects to Adjusted Impedance

4. Reduce Damping Ratio (20%, 50%, and 12% for horizontal, vertical, and torsional motions)

5. Calculate Amplitudes (or Perform Analysis to Find Amplitudes)

53
Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)

54
Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)

 Initial Impedance
The complex domain impedance is easier to describe mathematically and is applied in the impedance models
of Veletsos and others (Veletsos and Nair 1974; Veletsos and Verbic 1973; Veletsos and Wei 1971).

Relationship between impedance models and damped stiffness models

(ki and ci are calculated assuming perfect elasticity, and ci includes only geometric damping).

Horizontal impedance

Vertical impedance

Rocking impedance

Torsional impedance

55
Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)

 Material Damping

 An approximate approach often used to account for material damping multiplies the complex impedance,
evaluated without regard to material damping, by the complex factor (1+ i2βm) to determine an adjusted
complex impedance

Where, βm = material damping ratio of the soil, and other

terms are as previously defined.

56
Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)

 Embedment Effects

 Embedment increases both stiffness and damping, but the increase in damping is more significant.

 The lack of confining pressure at the surface often leads to separation of the soil from the foundation and to the
creation of a gap as indicated on Fig. 4.5

 To find an approximate correction for this effect, the engineer

should consider an effective embedment depth less than the
true embedment.

57
Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)

 Embedment Effects

Horizontal impedance

Vertical impedance

Rocking impedance

Torsional impedance

58
Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)

 Adjustments to Theoretical Values

 Damping values for large foundations undergoing small vibration amplitudes are typically less than those
analytically predicted values (EPRI 1980; Novak 1970).

 EPRI 1980 recommends the soil damping ratio for use in the design of power plant fan foundations should not
exceed 20% for horizontal motion, 50% for vertical motion, 10% for transverse rocking motion, and 15% for axial
and torsional motions.

 German DIN 4024 recommends that the soil damping ratios used in vibration analysis of rigid block foundations
should not exceed 25%.

 Novak (1970) recommends reducing the analytically determined geometric damping ratios (from elastic half-
space models) by 50% for a dynamic analysis of the foundation.

59
Impedance (Stiffness and Damping)

 Calculation of Amplitude

60
VII. Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro

61
Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro

 Mass Modeling
 Even if the loading is known to be only in one direction there is usually mass motion in other
directions at some or all joints and these mass directions (applied as loads, in weight units)
must be entered to be correct.

 Masses should be entered in global directions with the same sign as much as possible so that
the representative masses do not cancel each other.

 STAAD uses a diagonal mass matrix of six lumped mass equations per joint. The selfweight or
uniformly loaded member is lumped 50% to each end joint without rotational mass
moments of inertia. The other element types are integrated but—roughly speaking—the
weight is distributed equally amongst the joints of the element.

62
Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro

 Damping Modeling

 Composite modal damping permits

computing the damping of a mode from
the different damping ratios for different
materials (steel, concrete, soil). Modes
that deform mostly the steel would have
steel damping ratio, whereas modes that
mostly deform the soil, would have the
soil damping ratio.

 Composite modal damping is based on a weighted average of strain

energies in each material.

63
Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro

 Input Window for Response Spectrum Analysis

 For more convenient design using STAAD program, the "modal

response spectrum analysis" is selected for the structural analysis.

 The base shear based on ELF (and T = Ta Cu) should be calculated

to check if the computed from modal analysis is less than 85% of
the ELF base shear.

 Multiply spectral accelerations by modal participation factor and by

(I/R)

64
Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro

 Harmonic Loading for Time History Analysis

65
Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro

 Input Window for Harmonic Loading (Time History Analysis)

66
Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro

 Input Window for Harmonic Loading

67
Dynamic Analysis Using STAAD.Pro

Finite Element Model for Vibration Dynamic Analysis

68
69
Appendix - Reinforced Concrete

Rebar Arrangement (Column and Beam)

Excessive reinforcement can create constructibility and quality problems and should be avoided.

Some firms specify a minimum reinforcing of 3.1 lbf/ft3 (50 kg/m3 or 0.64%) for piers (machine
support edestals) and 1.9 lbf/ft3 (30 kg/m3 or 0.38%) for foundation slabs. For compressor
blocks, some firms suggest 1% reinforcing by volume and may post-tension the block.

70
Appendix - Reinforced Concrete

Rebar Arrangement (Column, Beam, and Slab)

71