2019 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Power System

October 1-4, 2019, Bali, Indonesia

Study of FACTS Implementation to Balance

Transmission Line Loading under Steady, Dynamic,
and SSR Simulation
Study Case : Suralaya – Balaraja 500 kV

Fajar Ari Kristianto Prof. Dr. Ir. Iwa Garniwa, M.K. MT

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia
PT. PLN (Persero) Load Dispatch Centre, Depok, Indonesia
Jakarta, Indonesia iwa@ee.ui.ac.id
Email : fajar.ari81@ui.ac.id; fajar.ari@pln.co.id
Aristo Adi Kusuma Musa Marbun
Transmission and Distribution Department System Planning Division
PT. PLN (Persero) Research Institute PT. PLN (Persero) Head Office
Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia
Email : aristo.kusuma@pln.co.id Email : musa@pln.co.id

Abstract—One of the biggest generation in Java Bali Power into 2 circuits OHL 500 kV from Suralaya Baru - Banten -
System is located in Suralaya (4500 MW) which supply Jakarta Balaraja and 2 circuits from Suralaya Lama - Balaraja. In the
Metropolitan area through Suralaya – Balaraja 500 kV normal condition, there is an unbalance power flow which
Transmission Lines. An unbalance of power flow problems power flow at New Suralaya Baru– Banten – Balaraja Corridor
happen in the Suralaya Baru-Balaraja (2000 A/circuit), is higher than Suralaya Lama – Balaraja Corridor due to the
Suralaya Lama – Cilegon (2000 A/circuit), and Suralaya Lama- load center are closer to SLAYA7-BLRJA7 (2'nd Corridor).
Balaraja (4000 A/circuit) 500 kV transmission line. The
Suralaya Baru – Balaraja transmission loading will increase to
overload condition when there are new power plant (5625 MW)
located around of Suralaya. One of solution to overcome
unbalance power flow problem is implementing Series
Capacitor or the power electronics devices ie based Flexible AC
Transmission Systems (FACTS) technology. Popular FACTS
device is Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor. This device has
open up new opportunities for controlling power by set the
variable reactance of transmission line, enhancing the usable
capacity of present, and improving the stability. In order to have
complete view of Series Capacitor and TCSC implementation,
this study will consider on steady, dynamic simulation, Sub
Synchronous Resonance impact and comparation of estimated
cost aspect.

Keywords—FACTS devices; Series Capacitor; TCSC; SSR

Fig. 1 Configuration and Power Flow 2019
I. INTRODUCTION
The flexibility of power system operation is the important
aspect for Load Dispatch Center to increase the Power System
Reliability. Power system reliability describes the overall
ability of the power system to perform its function. Reliability
is generally examined in two criteria : availability of supply
(adequacy) and security (quality of voltage, frequency, and
dynamic stability)[1]. The Java Bali electricity system is a
large system with a peak load of 27.070 MW and 187 TWh of
production energy in 2018 [2]where the Java Bali System is
the largest contributor source of energy sales in Indonesia of
about 79% of the total national energy sales realization in
2017.[3]
II. OVERVIEW SYSTEM Fig. 2. Future SLD Configuration
From Fig. 1, in current condition of 500 kV Java Bali
Power System, there are 4424 MW Total Net Capacity of 500 Based on RUPTL 2019-2028[4] that provides power
kV CFPP are supplied from Western Java (Banten Province) system planning information, there are 5625 MW additional
flow to the load center in the Jakarta Capital City of Indonesia Power Plant in Banten and transmission line reinforcement for
and Industrial City in Tangerang. That generation power, flow 10 years future as described in Fig. 2 that will increase more

978-1-7281-2669-2/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE
power in the New Suralaya – Banten – Balaraja than Suralaya
Lama– Balaraja Corridor. The permit and construction of a
new transmission line like Jawa 5-Lontar-Tx.PIK-
Muarakarang and Cilegon-Cibinong #2 are also not easy
because based on PLN previous experience, the construction
of Suralaya Baru - Balaraja took 10 years. The other
challenges are the Transmission Line ROW pass through
Soekarno Hatta Airport for Jawa5-Tx.PIK-Muarakarang and
pass through the forest for Cilegon-Cibinong #2.
If the Jawa 5-Tx.PIK-Muarakarang #1&2 500 kV T/L,
Cibinong-Cilegon #2, and Suralaya Baru-LBE-Balaraja #3
new 500 kV T/L couldn’t be COD until 2028 (called as Project
COD Sensitivity case), so the N-1 and N-2 contingency power Fig. 3 The active power and the controllable variable by each FACTS[5]
flow could increase the transmission loading become more
overload which is shown on Table 1 below. The most Based on impact of power system performance (power flow,
important N-2 contingency is the 1 tower double circuit stability and voltage quality) from Table 2 below, So in this
common ROW which have big fault chance like Suralaya study, Series Capacitor and TCSC are chosen comparing to
Baru-LBE-Jawa 7-Balaraja, Suralaya Baru-Suralaya Lama, RUPTL Scenario and Reconductoring Scenario. This study
Suralaya Lama-Cilegon. will consider on steady, dynamic simulation, Sub
Synchronous Resonance impact and comparation of
TABLE 1. N-1 AND N-2 CONTINGENCY T/L LOADING OF PROJECT COD estimated cost aspect.
SENSITIVITY CASE
N-1 Simulation Project COD Sensitivity case
TABLE 2. OVERVIEW OF FACTS FUNCTION[6]
TL Segment N-1 Contingency TL Segment monitored 2019 2020 2023 2024 2027
Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1 Jawa 7 - Balaraja #2 118% 160% 177% 186%
Suralaya Lama - Balaraja #1 Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 102% 137% 152% 160%
Cilegon - Cibinong #1 Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 124% 138% 142%
Suralaya 9&10 - Cilegon #1 Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 - 111% 123% 130%
Balaraja - Cikupa #1 Balaraja - Cikupa #2 - 106% 114%
Depok-Gandul #1 Depok-Gandul #2
Balaraja - Lengkong #1 Balaraja - Lengkong #2 107%
Suralaya 9&10 - Cilegon #1 Suralaya 9&10 - Cilegon #2 - 115%

N-2 Simulation Project COD Sensitivity case

TL Segment N-2 Contingency TL Segment monitored 2019 2020 2023 2024 2027
Suralaya Lama - Balaraja
102% 104% 109%
Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 #1&2
Suralaya Baru - LBE #1&2 99%
Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 118% 141% 188% 211% 219%
Suralaya Lama - Balaraja #1&2
LBE - Jawa 7 #1&2 101% 103%
Suralaya 9 - Cilegon #1&2 Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 - 125% 140% 140%
Unsta
Balaraja - Lengkong #1&2
Cilegon - Cibinong #1 202%
ble So, This study will conduct four scenarios :
Baralaja - Cikupa #1&2 - - 105% 118% 121% 1 RUPTL :
Suralaya 9 - Suralaya Lama
#1&2
Cilegon - Cibinong #1 - - - OHL 500 kV Balaraja - Kembangan
Balaraja - Cikupa #1&2 Balaraja - Lengkong #1&2 - - - OHL 500 kV Jawa 5 - Lontar - PIK - Muarakarang
: the TL loading <110% (threshold for OGS Relay Setting) - OHL 500 kV Cilegon - Cibinong ckt #2
- Uprate CT Balaraja 2000 A to 4000 A
The other solution alternatives of overload problem are : - Rekonduktoring OHL 500 kV Suralaya Lama - Cilegon from
1. Reconductoring the ACSR 4xDove/Zebra to HTLSC ACSR 4xDove to HTLSC and uprate primary HV 4000 A capacity
(become twice capacity) and uprate the line bay EHV - OHL 500 kV Suralaya Baru - LBE - Balaraja ckt #3
Primary equipment (CT,CB,DS,etc) to equal the conductor - Rekonduktoring OHL 500 kV Gandul-Depok (HTLSC)
current capacity. But, the reconductoring option of the 2 Reconductoring Suralaya Baru - LBE - Jawa7-Balaraja :
2000 A’s Suralaya Baru – Balaraja transmission line is - Reconductoring OHL 500 kV Balaraja - Kembangan 4xZebra to
constrained by legal aspects because it has only just been HTLSC
operated in 2016. - Uprate primary HV 5500 A minimum capacity Suralaya Lama -
2. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) technology Balaraja (equal to HTLSC capacity)
which reveals up new opportunities for controlling power - Reconductoring OHL 500 kV Suralaya Baru - LBE - Jawa7-
and enhancing the usable capacity of present (stability and Balaraja and Uprate primary HV 5500 A minimum capacity (equal
increase line loadings closer to thermal limits). FACTS are to HTLSC capacity)
primarily classified into three categories such as : - Rekonduktoring OHL 500 kV Gandul-Depok (HTLSC)
a. Series FACTS Controller (enhance the network power 3 Series Capacitor :
flow distribution by means of changing the line - Reconductoring OHL 500 kV Balaraja - Kembangan 4xZebra to
impedances), HTLSC
b. Shunt FACTS Controller (control the reactive power - Uprate primary HV 5500 A minimum capacity Suralaya Lama -
flow as well as bus voltage for the transmission Balaraja (equal to HTLSC capacity)
capacity improvement and system stability - Uprate CT Balaraja 2000 A to 4000 A
enhancement), - Rekonduktoring OHL 500 kV Gandul-Depok (HTLSC)
c. Hybrid FACTS Controller, a combination of various - Series Capacitor
series and shunt controllers
4 TCSC :
- Reconductoring OHL 500 kV Balaraja - Kembangan 4xZebra to
HTLSC
- Uprate primary HV 5500 A minimum capacity Suralaya Lama -
Balaraja (equal to HTLSC capacity)
- Uprate CT Balaraja 2000 A to 4000 A
- Rekonduktoring OHL 500 kV Gandul-Depok (HTLSC)
- Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
III. BASIC THEORY
A. Fixed Series Capacitor
Fig. 4 FSC main circuit components[7]
A Fix Series compensation installation consists of a
parallel combination of capacitors bank, over voltage
protection (Metal Zinc Oxide Varistor/MOV, Fast Protective
Device/FPD) and a bypass breaker as shown in Fig. 4
below.[7]
Series compensation is used to increase power transfer under
steady and transient conditions . The main advantages of FSC
in the operation and control of power systems are below :
1. Increased real power transferred,
P= sin ø
It shows that the power transfer capability of TL is
increase by reducing the active reactance Xc of TL.[8]
FSC have the degree of compensation parameter
which is measured from ratio of capacitive reactance
and inductive reactance as in equation (2) :
K=
In TL, the range of compensation is usually preferred
0≤K≤1. Substituting the value of Xc in equation (1) :
P=
( )
sin ø
From equation (3), the increasing degree of
compensation due to FSC cause the power capability
is enhanced.
2. Reducing rotor angle separation
By maximize power transfer, the phase angle between
two ends reaches 90% as demonstrated in Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Pmax with all line in service[7]
3. power flow line control by improvement of steady
state load sharing among parallel lines[9]
4. Transient Stability improvement by self regulating[9]
B. Sub Synchronous Resonance
An IEEE committee report (1985) has defined SSR as
“sub synchronous resonance is an electric power system
condition where the electric network exchanges energy with
a turbine generator at one or more of the natural frequencies
of the combined system below the synchronous frequency of
the system”. There are three types of SSR interactions which
are :
• Induction generation effect (series capacitors can cause
self-excited oscillations at low frequencies due to low X/R
ratio)
• Torsional interaction (Torsional interaction occurs when
the induced subsynchronous torque in the generator is
close to one of the torsional natural modes of the turbine
generator shaft)[10]
• Transient Torque (When a series compensated system is
subjected to certain fault and is cleared simultaneously, it
results in storage of high amount of energy in capacitor
and its discharge through the generator armature in the
form of current which may be of frequency corresponding
to the natural torsional oscillation of the turbine generator
unit. These oscillations may vary and will result in
degradation of shaft operating life)[11]
(1)
Fig. 6 Relationship SSR between mechanical system in Generator and
Electrical system that have series compensation T/L[12]
All natural frequencies in mechanical mass shaft are all
less than synchronous frequency or power frequency.
Based on statistical data in the power generation utility in
the world, the shaft generator damage due to SSR impact are
(2)
Mohave CFPP 1580 MW, Southern Nevada, 1971,[10] South
Texas 1000 MWp Wind Farm (2009, Series capacitor
installed on long 345 kV T/L to allow full loading[13]).
Natural Frequency resulted from series LC combinations are
(3)
described below :
L= (4)
C= (5)
∗
Wn= =( Ws Xc)1/2 = Ws√ (6)
( )^ ,
= = √ (7)
Where s is degree of compensation. If s=0, there is no series
compensation. If s=1, the series compensation is 100%. If 0 <
s <1, then also 0 < √ <1 and fn<fs , There exit a risk of
SSR.[14]
There are several analytical methods available for
simulating and analyzing the phenomena of SSR. Three of the
most common are as follows[15]:
1. Eigen value analysis
 2. Frequency analysis technique • power oscillation damping
3. Transient torque analysis • post contingency load sharing with fast control
In this study, the writer use the frequency screening analysis. action
The frequency scanning technique involves the determination • sub-synchronous resonance damping[9]
of the driving point impedance minimum over the defined
frequency range of interest as viewed from the neutral bus of Modelling of TCSC :
the generator under steady. Frequency scanning approach is The dynamic modelling of TCSC is modelled as fig.5 below.
an effective way to screen out system conditions that are INmax
potentially hazardous from an SSR standpoint[16]. Xmax
1 sTw 1+sT2 +
1. Identification of potential transient torque problems. VAR(L)
1+sT1 1+sTw 1+sT3
K VAR(L+2)
+ X
The severity of the transient torque problem is a INmin VAR(L+1)
Xmin
function of both the dip which defined in Fig. 7 at a
Fig. 9 The block diagram of TCSC Model[6]
reactance minimum and its proximity to the 50 Hz
The control system of TCSC need a current input of T/L. If
complement of the modal frequency. The system conditions
the current value between the INmin and INmax setting value,
most likely to yield transient torque problems are
the TCSC is corresponding to thyristor mode. The first order
determined from frequency scanning studies by identifying
system step response are implemented with delay time,
those system conditions which have at least 5% reactance
washout time, and gain transducer filter. The output is
dip within ± 3 Hz of mechanical mode frequency different.
reactance value which is setted as Xmin and Xmax before.
The reactance value give the damping to grid due to power
oscillation and sub-synchronous interaction between system
frequency and the natural frequency in turbine mass generator
due to the installation of series capacitor. Xmin value is
similar with the X value in series capacitor and Xmax is setted
as 5-10% different.
IV. SIMULATION RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Fig. 7 Definition of reactance dip[17] A. Simulation Result of RUPTL Case
2. Identification of self excitation due to Induction
Generation Effect TABLE 3. N-1 AND N-2 CONTINGENCY T/L LOADING OF RUPTL CASE
N-1 Simulation RUPTL case
To find the possible cases of induction generator self TL Segment N-1 Contingency TL Segment monitored 2019 2020 2023 2024 2027
excitation one must look for reactance zero crossing Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1 Jawa 7 - Balaraja #2 121% 104%
frequencies and examine the net resistance at or near this Suralaya Lama - Balaraja #1 Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 104%
Balaraja - Lengkong #1 Balaraja - Lengkong #2
frequency. If the resistance is negative, it is indicative of self Balaraja - Cikupa #1 Balaraja - Cikupa #2 - -
excitation due to induction generator effect. On the other Depok-Gandul #1 Depok-Gandul #2
Suralaya 9 - Cilegon #1 Suralaya 9 - Cilegon #2 - - 100% 116% 120%
hand, if it is positive, it indicates the system is free from self N-2 Simulation RUPTL case
excitation due to induction generator effect.[17] TL Segment N-2 Contingency TL Segment monitored 2019 2020 2023 2024 2027
Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 Suralaya Lama - Balaraja #2
Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 118% 145% 110% 122%
C. Thysistor Controlled Series Capacitor Suralaya Lama - Balaraja #1&2 LBE - Jawa 7 #1&2
TCSC consists of two modules connected in series : Suralaya Baru - LBE #1&2
Balaraja - Lengkong #1&2 Cilegon - Cibinong #1 200%
• A Fixed series compensation module (as described Jawa 5 - Lontar - PIK - Mkrng
Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 - - 109%
Bab II above) #1&2
Suralaya 9 - Cilegon #1&2 Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 - -
• A module consisting of series capacitor in parallel : the TL loading <110% (threshold for OGS Relay Setting)
with a thyristor controlled, aircore reactor.[7]
The firing angles of the thyristors are controlled to adjust the Table 3 above show the power flow T/L loading simulation
TCSC reactance in accordance with a system control under N-1 and N-2 contingency cases. The RUPTL case
algorithm, normally in response to the system voltage. This still cause the overload condition. The transient stability
process can be modelled as a fast switch between two under N-1 and N-2 Contingency are remain to stable.
equivalent circuits, corresponding to the thyristor blocking or
conduction state.[12] B. Simulation Result of Reconductoring Case
Based on powerflow simulation, implementation of this
solution could avoid overload from all N-2 Contingency
cases. The transient stability under N-1 and N-2
Contingency are remain to stable.

C. Simulation Result of Series Capacitor Case

Fig. 8. The main circuit of TCSC[7]
TCSC is used also to control the reactance of transmission
lines. The other advantages of TCSC which FSC didn’t have
are :
a) Power Flow of Series Capacitor Case :
Based on N-1, N-1-1 and N-2 contingency power flow
analysis, the worst case degree compensation requirement
of reactance in order to not overloaded are 70% in
Suralaya Lama-Balaraja and 70% in Cilegon-Cibinong as
described on Table 4 below which is assumed COD at
year 2023 considering the long process of Feasibility and remain to stable comparing without SC for all N-1, N-
Study, EPC, etc. 1-1 N-2 contingency.

TABLE 4. THE DEGREE COMPENSATION REQUIREMENT OF SERIES c) Frequency Scanning Simulation of Series Capacitor :
CAPACITOR
Degree of compensation not overloaded
Contingency
2023, 2024 & 2027
N-2 Jawa7-Balaraja 0% in Suralaya Lama-Balaraja
N-1-1 Cilegon-Cibinong & Suralaya Lama-Balaraja 65% in Suralaya Lama-Balaraja
N-1-1 Cilegon-Cibinong & Jawa 7-Balaraja 65% in Suralaya Lama-Balaraja
N-1-1 Suralaya Lama-Cilegon & Jawa 7-Balaraja 65% in Suralaya Lama-Balaraja
N-1-1 Suralaya Lama-Balaraja & Suralaya 9 10-Cilegon 65% in Suralaya Lama-Balaraja
70% in Suralaya Lama-Balaraja
N-1-1 Suralaya Lama-Balaraja & Jawa 7-Balaraja
& 70% in Cilegon-Cibinong
N-2 Suralaya 9,10-Cilegon 65% in Suralaya Lama-Balaraja
overload (not considered
N-2 Suralaya Lama-Balaraja because 1 tower 1 circuit)

Based on result on Table 5 the implementation of Series

Capacitor in Suralaya Lama-Balaraja T/L with K=70%
and Cilegon-Cibinong T/L with K=70% could improve
and balance the power flow during normal condition and
N-1, N-1-1, N-2 Contingency. The mitigation of red Fig. 11 Frequency scanning simulation
highlight T/L loading is cascading to next trip circuit #2.
Fig. 11 above show the frequency scanning simulation for N-
TABLE 5. N-2 AND N-1-1 CONTINGENCY T/L LOADING OF SERIES 2 Suralaya Lama-Suralaya Baru which the frequency
CAPACITOR CASE
N-2 and N-1-1 Simulation Series Capacitor case resistance and reactance are monitored in the bus Suralaya
TL Segment N-2 Contingency TL Segment monitored 2019 2020 2023 2024 2027 Lama. The series resonance happen at 29,6 Hz dan at that
Suralaya Lama - Balaraja
Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 #1&2 time, the net resistance is positive 1,87 Ohm. So there is no
Suralaya Baru - LBE #1&2 95% self excitation due to induction generation effect. The other
Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 108%
Suralaya Lama - Suralaya Baru
Suralaya Lama - Balaraja contingency cases show the positive resistance when
#1&2
#1&2 reactance zero crossing frequencies. Identification of
Suralaya 9 - Cilegon #1&2 all
Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1 & Cilegon - all potential transient torque problems could’nt be got due to the
Cibinong #1 torsional frequency of mechanical mass spring model of turbo
Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1 & Suralaya Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2
9,10 - Cilegon #1 Suralaya 9,10 - Cilegon #2 115% 118% 111% generator can’t obtained.
Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1 & Suralaya Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2
9,10 - Cilegon #1&2 Suralaya 9,10 - Cilegon #2
TABLE 6. FREQUENCY SCANNING SIMULATION RESULT
Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1 & Suralaya Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 100% 111%
Lama - Balaraja #1 Cilegon - Cibinong #1 104% 101% 104% Potential for self
series resonance
excitation due to
No. Monitored Bus Contingency Case
N-2 and N-1-1 Simulation Series Capacitor case induction gen.
Fe (Hz) R (Ohm)
TL Segment N-2 Contingency TL Segment monitored 2019 2020 2023 2024 2027 effect
Suralaya Lama - Balaraja #1 & Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 99% 1 Suralaya Lama N-2 Suralaya Baru-Suralaya Lama 29,9 1,85 No
Cilegon-Cibinong #1 Suralaya Lama - Balaraja #2 101% 99% 108% 2 Suralaya 9&10 N-2 Suralaya Baru-Suralaya Lama 29,8 1,87 No
Suralaya Lama - Balaraja #1 & Suralaya Lama - Balaraja #2 3 Suralaya Lama N-2 Jawa 7 - LBE 29,2 2,00 No
Suralaya 9,10 - Cilegon #1 Suralaya 9,10 - Cilegon #2 127% 129% 123%
4 Suralaya Baru N-2 Jawa 7 - LBE 29,0 2,07 No
Jawa 7 - Balaraja #1&2 94% 101%
Suralaya Lama - Balaraja #1 & 5 Suralaya 9&10 N-2 Jawa 7 - LBE 29,1 2,03 No
Suralaya Lama - Balaraja
Suralaya 9,10 - Cilegon #1&2 103% 102% 111% 6 LBE N-2 Jawa 7 - LBE 28,7 2,19 No
#1&2
: the TL loading <110% (threshold for OGS Relay Setting) 7 Suralaya Lama N-2 Suralaya Baru - LBE 29,6 1,91 No
8 Suralaya Baru N-2 Suralaya Baru - LBE 29,4 1,97 No
9 Suralaya 9&10 N-2 Suralaya Baru - LBE 29,5 1,93 No
b) Transient Stability Simulation of Series Capacitor : 10 Suralaya 9&10 N-2 Suralaya Lama - Cilegon 36,4 5,59 No
Rotor Angle (Before and After Series Capacitor); N-1 Jawa7-Balaraja
45

40
D. Simulation Result of TCSC Case
a) Power Flow of TCSC :
Steady state power flow result of TCSC is similar with
35

30 Series Capacitor Table 5 above.

Rotor Angle (degree)

25

b) Transient Stability of TCSC :

20
Based on modelling of TCSC described on Fig. 9 and
15 its parameter in appendix, we got the results in Fig. 12 below
10
for the N-1-1 contingency on Jawa7-Balaraja #1 and
Suralaya-Balaraja #1. For normal condition, the reactance has
5
0 5 10 15
Time (seconds)
20 25 30 change to Xmax and as triggered fault condition, the
: Suralaya #1; before Series Capacitor : Suralaya #1; after Series Capacitor reactance has change to Xmin. The maximum capacity
Fig. 10 Transient stability before and after series capacitor Jawa7-Balaraja T/L are 2000 MW/circuit, Suralaya Lama-
After installation of series capacitor in Suralaya Lama- Balaraja T/L are 4400 MW/circuit, and Cilegon-Cibinong is
Balaraja T/L with K=70% and Cilegon-Cibinong T/L with 2000 MW/circuit. Based on power at 30 seconds, the value
K=70% could improve reducing rotor angle separation are not exceed to its maximum capacity. This condition
indicates equal to Table 5 results above.
 5.500
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0
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
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V. COST ESTIMATION
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