1- Force 2

2- Energy & thermal energy transformation. 6

3- Earth and beyond 10

4- Speed 13

5- Sound 17

6- light 20

7-magnetismmagnetism 26

8-Pressure 31

9-Density 34

10-turning effect 37

11-Electricity 39

1
Force

2
 Force
 Force :- It is an effect that changes the shape , speed , state or direction of object
 .Examples of forces :-
A force arrow shows the direction of a force.

 Forces are measured using forcemeter Or newtonmeter

 Forces are measured in newton.
 The weight & the mass
The weight The mass
The force of gravity on an object. the amount of matter in an object
The unit of weight is Newton The unit of mass is kg
It is measured by using forcemeter 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑁 )
Mass(kg) =
10
Its direction toward the center of earth
Weight on earth (N ) = mass (kg) X 10
 The moon`s gravity is weaker than the Earth`s So you weigh a lot less up in the
moon.
 Your weight is zero in the space.
The reaction force
1- Contact force
 The earth`s gravity is pulling on us downwards , but we don`t fall through the floor
because the floor push up ward on us with a force called Contact force.
 Contact force is the pushing of one object on another when they are touching

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2- Friction force :-
 Friction acts to oppose motion.
 The factors that affect the size of the force
friction
1- Weight ( the friction force increases by weight

2- type of materials ( rough or smooth )

Rough objects have more friction force than smooth one )
 Oil , lubricating, snow , water decreasing friction force.
For example Rougher road surface increases the friction while oil or water on the
road surface decreases the friction.
The air resistance:-
It is a force that acts on objects moving through the air
The streamline shape decreases air resistance )
Force in balance ( resultant force = zero ) or force in equilibrium

( lifting force or reaction force )

( air resistance )
( force from engine )
Or driving force

( Weight )

When force B = Force D The plane is flying with constant speed

When force A = force C The plane is flying at constant height
When force D is more than Force B The plane is speeding up
When force B is more than Force D the plane is slowing down

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 When the skydiver falls from helicopter.
As his speed increases , the air resistance increases
Till the air resistance balance his weight,
It moves with constant velocity ( terminal speed )
When the skydiver opens his parachute, the air
resistance increases , so the speed decreases
until the forces are in balance again ( constant or terminal speed)
Weight

In the following figure the resultant force = 500 – 300 = 200 N
The car is speeding up

500 N

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Energy

Mrs / Safaa Owais

6
 Energy and thermal energy 
Energy is the ability to do work or make change.
The unit of measuring energy is joule
Sources of energy
Renewable sources Non- renewable sources
Sources can be grown or replenished Sources can`t be grown or replenished
Examples:- Sunlight , wind , tidal, Examples:-
waves , Hydroelectric fossil fuel :-Gas , Oil , Coal
Fossil fuel :- are sources of energy that
have developed within the earth over
millions of years.

Fossil fuel:- fuel formed from remains of old living organism which buried in earth for
million years.
Examples: 1- Coal 2- Oil 3 – Natural gas
The disadvantage of burning fossil fuel :- Causes pollution Or non-renewable ( will not
be available once they are fully used)

The changes of energy from one form to another

Instrument Energy used Energy produced
Electric fan Electric energy Kinetic energy
Solar cell Light (solar ) energy Electric energy
Solar heater Light (solar ) energy Heat energy
Plant leaf ( photosynthesis) Light (solar ) energy Chemical energy
Motor Electric energy Kinetic energy
Generator (Dynamo) Kinetic energy Electric energy
Gas oven ( Gas fire ) Chemical energy Heat energy
Solar oven Light (solar ) energy Heat energy
Electric oven Electric energy Heat energy
Battery Chemical energy Electric energy
Torch Electric energy from battery Light and heat
Human body Chemical energy ( from food ) Heat energy
Microphone Sound energy Electrical energy
Loudspeaker Electrical energy Sound energy

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Heat energy:- It is a form of energy transferred from higher temperature object to
lower temperature object.
Types of materials

Heat coductors Heat insulators

Examples:- Metals Examples :- wood , glass , plastic , air
(Iron , Copper , Aluminium )

The Ways of transffering heat

Conduction in solid
The energy is transferred
from one vibration
particle to the next ( the
particles don`t leave their
place
Convection in liquid and
gases
The warmer particles move up
( has low density ) the cold
particles move down has high
density )
Radiation in space ( vacuum ) &
gases
Heat energy transfers as an
infrared rays ( doesn`t need
particles )

Good and Bad radiators ( emitters )

Matt or black surfaces are good

emitters and good absorbed but bad
reflectors.

Shiny , white or silver surfaces are

poor absorbed and emitters but good
reflectors.

Evaporation and energy

the particles of water are moving around . some have enough energy to escape from the
surface ( becomes water vapour )
When water evaporate it takes energy and therefore has a cooling effect.

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Kinetic and potential energy
Kinetic energy:- energy of object due to its motion
Gravitational Potential energy:- ( depends on height )
By moving upward:-Potential energy increases with height
while kinetic energy decreases.
By moving downward:-Potential energy decreases
with height while kinetic energy increases.
In the dams or water falls
potential energy changes to kinetic
energy that can be used to generate
electrical energy .

The wasted energy:-

A wasted energy is an energy which
is transformed without significant use
as thermal energy
For example The wasted energy in
the motor is heat energy

The following figure is representing the energy transfers in light bulb

The waste energy is heat energy = 4 j
The efficient of the bulb is 16/20 = 0.8 X 100 = 80%
Electrical

(Heat
)

Conservation law of energy ;-

Energy neither created nor destroyed but it changes from one form to another
Or for one system the total input energy = total output energy

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Earth & Beyond

Mrs / Safaa Owais

10
 The earth and beyond

The solar system includes

Sun Eight planets ( dark bodies reflect sunlight)

Is a star which emits
heat and light ( Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars - Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus -Neptune

The planets orbit the sun due to gravitational force of the sun
The moon isn`t a source of light, it reflects sunlight.
The comets moves with high speed When it is closest to the sun due to increasing the
sun`s gravitational force.
The earth

Revolves around the sun Spins around its axis from west to east
- At fixed orbit (so the sun at the same size) -Every 24 hours (day & night )
-Every 365 days (year and 4 seasons) -The time of orbiting of any planet increases
-The time of orbiting of any planet increases as it as it moves away from the sun
moves away from the sun.
Some stars appear in the summer nights sky but
not in the winter nights sky

The moon orbits the Earth so there are phases of moon.

( full moon at the middle of lunar month – New moon at the beginning of lunar month )
The solar system is a part of a galaxy which is called MILKY WAY galaxy

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From 1500 years ago,
 The people thought that the earth is in the center and all planets orbit it.
 Copernicus suggested that the earth and the planets travel around the sun
(heliocentric model) Because some stars appear in the summer night sky but not
in the winter
 Galileo invented the telescope and he saw moon and planets.
 Galileo discovered that Jupiter has 4 moons.
 Galileo said that not everything orbits the earth but Earth and planets orbit the
sun.
 Some of the ideas that Galileo had about the solar system were not popular at
that time because he wasn`t trusted as a scientist conflicted with religion.

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Speed

Mrs / Safaa Owais

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 The speed

Speed is the distance moved by object in one sec

How can we measure the speed ? d
We need to measure two quantities
 Distance ( meter or kilometer) S t
 Time ( in second or hour or minute ) _
Then we calculate speed like this
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Average speed = Or simply speed =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

We have to say average speed because the runner`s speed may be changing as they run –
they may be speeding up or slowing down.
Distance travelled = average speed x time.
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅
 Time taken =
𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅

. The ticker timer prints dots on the tape at equal intervals of time

The ticker tape can show the pattern of movement of an object

Increasing
speed

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 Distance / time graph
Distance / time graphs for some moving objects

Graph A shows that the Graph C the object is

object is travelling equal Graph B Graph C speeding up.
distance in equal time The object which is slowing
Constant speed down
Distance

 the distance / time graph shows that the object`s speed is zero
( not moving )
Time

 From the graph , the speed of red car is

more than the speed of blue car
( The graph of red car is steeper than the graph of blue one )

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Example

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Sound

Mrs / Safaa Owais

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 Waves

Mechanical waves Electromagnetic wave

-Need medium to travel -travel through medium or space (vacuum )
-Eg:- water wave , sound wave & -Eg:- light , radio wave , Tv , x-ray
vibrating string

Transverse wave Longitudinal wave

-Particles vibrate to wave - Particles of medium vibrate in same
Propagation direction of wave.
- Formed of crest or trough - Formed of compression & rarefaction
Wave length
Crest

Compression Rarefaction

Trough Example :- sound wave

Wave length
Example :- water wave , light , x ray
Radio wave , infrared

THE SOUND
Sounds are produced by vibrating objects .

Sound is Mechanical waves which need a material to travel through

The material can be solid, liquid or gas.

Sound travels in solid faster than in liquid

Sound travels in liquid faster than in gas

Sound can`t travel through Space or vacuum.

Sound is longitudinal waves ( consists of compression and rarefaction )

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 The amplitude = Loudness ( the maximum distance that the wave moves from
the rest position

 Frequency = pitch = is the number of vibration per second

Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz)
1 hertz = 1 Hz = 1 vibration per second
1 kHz = 1000 Hz

 Changing amplitude:-
 Louder sounds have waves with a greater amplitude.
Sound in B has more amplitude than A So, Sound in B is louder than in A

( A ) (B)
Changing pitch:-
( B) has more number of waves than (A ) So it has more frequency And pitch .
.

(A) (B)
Low pitch sound High pitch sound
Hearing high and low
 Young people can usually hear sounds whose frequencies lie between 20 Hz to
20000 Hz ( 20 KHz)
Infrasonic :- the sound with frequency less than 20 Hz
Ultrasonic the sound with frequency more than 20000 Hz

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Light

Mrs / safaa Owais

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 The light
Light travels in straight lines.
 Forming shadow:-
A shadow forms when an opaque object blocks the light.
It forms because light travels in straight lines
If the object moves closed to source of light the size of shadow will increase

Pinhole camera
The image through pinhole camera is inverted
Because light travels in straight line.

The spot of light appears in the screen because all holes are in straight line

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 ) Bouncing ( Reflecting) light

Predicting the path of light :

If you shine a ray of light at a mirror , it
reflects off the mirror ,
Low of reflection
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

Seeing objects around us

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) Light refraction :-

Figure 1

The change of direction of a light ray when it enters or

leaves a transparent material.

Rays changing direction:

 A light ray bends towards the normal when it passes from air into a transparent
material.
 A light ray bends away from the normal when it passes from transparent material into
air.

The refraction of light through rectangular glass slab

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The dispersion (splitting) of light:-

- White light can be split up into seven spectrum colours by prism

- Dispersion happens because some colours of light are refracted more than
others.
- The colours of spectrum colours are
- Red- Orange – yellow – greed – blue – Indigo – violet.

Coloured light :-

- By adding primary colours of light ( Red, green and blue ) add to make white
light.
- By adding red and green , the produced colour will be yellow.
- By adding red and blue , the produced colour will be magenta.
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 - By adding blue and green , the produced colour will be cyan.
- Black opaque objects absorb all light colours and don`t reflect any colour
- White opaque object reflect all light colours and don`t absorb any colour.
- The coloured object absorbs all colour and reflects its colour
- For examples :-
- The green opaque object absorbs all light colours and reflects green

The colour of spot light The colour of object The colour of reflected light
Red Red
Green Green
White
blue Blue
Red Red
Green Black
Red
blue Black

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Magnetism

Mrs/Safaa Owais

26
The Magnetism
The shapes of magnet

Ring

Properties of magnet
1) Compass

2) Each magnet has a magnetic field around it.

( the magnetic field can be represented by magnetic field lines )
* The magnetic field is strongest, where the lines are closest together.
-The magnetic field can be identified by compass

3) Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.

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 4- The magnetic and non-magnetic materials
- Iron, Nickel, cobalt and steel are from magnetic materials.

- The force of magnet is strongest at the ends.

-A piece of iron or steel can be magnetized by stroking with one pole of a permanent
magnet.

- People use compass to help them find their way around.

- A compass needle points north- south because the earth has a
magnetic field.
Compass

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 The north pole of compass is always point to the north
geographic , because it is attracted to the south
magnetic pole of earth.

- The induced magnetism

- Iron loses its magnetism easily while steel isn`t

- The magnetism is permanent in steel while temporary in iron.

The electromagnet

- An electromagnet is made of copper wire

rotates around iron core.

- The core is made up or iron because it

loses magnetism easily.

- The strength of the magnetic field increases by

1- increases the electric current ( increases number of cells )
2- Increases the number of turns.

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- The electromagnet can be used in crane to lift scrap cars.

The magnetic field of electric current that moves

in straight wire

The solenoid :- ( The same idea of electromagnet )

The solenoid has magnetic field as a magnet

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Pressure

Mrs/Safaa Owais
31
Pressure 
The pressure is the force acting on unit area.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Pressure = the unit N/m2 ( pascal ) F
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Area and pressure P A

By increasing area , pressure decreases ( inverse relation )
,

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Pressure in gas and liquids :-
the pressure of liquid depends on
Depth and density
The pressure increases by increasing depth

The pressure of gas in a container :-

Due to the colliding of gas particles with the
wall of container

By heating the pressure increases due to increasing kinetic energy so more

collision between particles each other and the container.

Gauge is the device to measure pressure

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Density

Mrs / Safaa Owais

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 The density 

The density :- is the mass of unit volume M

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑘𝑔)𝑜𝑟 (𝑔)
The density =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒( 𝑚3 )𝑜𝑟 (𝐶𝑚3 )
V D
3 3
The unit :- g/cm or kg/m

Measuring mass
Solid object :- By digital balance directly
liquid :- digital balance
The mass of cylinder & liquid – The mass of empty cylinder

Measuring volume

Regular shaped Liquid irregular shaped

( cube –cuboid ) By measuring by immersing it in cylinder filled with
By ruler cylinder water
or measuring tape (The volume of water &object – the
(length x width x height volume of water only )

 Density doesn`t change ( at same temperature )

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
bec. it is constant for same material ( will not change )
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Density can change by changing temperature.
Eg :- Hot air has lower density than cold air

The materials float on water when its density less than water density.
The water density = 1 g/cm3

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 How to measure density
Liquids
1. Find the mass of an empty measuring cylinder by electronic balance ( m1 ).
2. Fill the cylinder to certain level of the liquid and read the volume
3. Find the mass of the cylinder and the liquid and record ( m2 ).
4. Find the mass of liquid only ( m2 – m1 )
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
5. Find density =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Irregular Solids
1. Obtain an irregular solid object find its mass . by electronic balance
2. Fill a graduated cylinder to 30 mL with tap water ( V1).
3. Drop the object into the graduated cylinder. Record the new water
level (V2 ).
4. find the volume of irregular shaped ( V2 - V1 )
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
5- find density =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Regular Block
1. Determine the mass of the block by electronic balance .
2. Using measuring tape to determine the volume of the block by accurately
measuring the length, width, and height.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
3- find density =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

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Turning effect

Mrs/Safaa Owais
37
 The turning effect
The turning effect :- the force that causes an object to turn about the pivot
The moment of force = Force ( N ) x distance ( m ) or (cm) or (mm)
The unit of moment :- Nm or Ncm
The moment increases by increasing distance ( at same force)

How can the children balance the seesaw :-

the girl can move toward the pivot ( decreases the distance so moment decreases )

The principle of moments states that

The clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

Examples of equipment the uses moments

Seesaw – wheelbarrow – spanner

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Electricity

Mrs/Safaa Owais

39
 The electricity
Types of electricity

Static electricity Current electricity

Dynamic electricity
1- The static electricity:-
The atom consists of
1-nucleus that contains + protons & ± neutrons
2- Electrons

By rubbing two different insulating materials , the electrons may be transferred from
one to the other so the materials become charged

The charged object attracts uncharged materials or materials that carry opposite
charge.
 The charged object repel with materials that carry like charges

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Charged by friction of different materials :
 By rubbing some materials lose electrons as Acrylic , Acetate and Perspex
)carry + charge )
 By rubbing Polythene holds its electrons strongly so it carries – charge

Van de Graaff :- Device to generate static electricity.

The current electricity

The electric current :- is the flow of charges in a conductor.

The two things which are required to get electric current are :
1- source of electric current as cell or batteries.
2-Complete circuit.
 The circuit symbols :-

41
The electric current ( I )
The Ammeter is the device which is used to measure the
electric current.
The ammeter is connected series in the circuit.
 Ampere ( amps ) the unit of measuring the current intensity.
The voltage ( V )
The voltmeter is the device which is used to measure the voltage.
The voltmeter is connected parallel in the circuit.
 Volt is the unit of measuring the voltage .
 By increasing the number of batteries , the voltage increases

The lamp B is brighter than lamp A

The electric resistance :-

Opposition that faces electric current when it moves in a wire.
The current decreases by increasing the resistance of the circuit.
Types of resistance

Variable resistors
Resistor
To control the amount of current
To decrease the electric current

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Materials can be divided into
1- Electric conductors as ( all metals – brass – graphite )
2- electric insulators as ( wood – glass – Plastic – air – pure water )

The series connection

We have no junction
 Same value of current ( I1 = I2 = I3 )
If one lamp is broken the other will not light because
the current will not pass through the circuit.

Connection of cells
The ( - ) terminal of the cell must be connected to the + terminal .
+ +
- -

Right connection (  ) wrong connection ( X)

The connection in parallel

The current splits by junction.
I1
I1
 I1 = I2 + I3 Junction I2

I3

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Examples

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