AP LAB bones

Bones
Skeletal System Skeleton is divided into two parts:

- framework of the body

- Axial skeleton — 80 bones (skull, ribcage
- Adult - 206 bones
and vertebrae)

- Infants - 350 bones

- APPENDICULAR skeleton — 126 skeleton

- Children - 270 bones

Axial
Functions - 80 bones that form the central axis of the
- Support
skeleton

- Protect
- 28 skull bones

- Movement
- 1 unattached bone in the throat (hyoid)

- Storage of elements such as calcium & - 26 vertebrae

phosphorus; important for teeth - 25 ribcage

development
Appendicular
- Blood cell production
- 126 nonaxial bones: extremities/
appendages (arms and legs)

Components of Skeletal System - 64 in the upper (shoudlers and arms)

- Bone
- 62 in the lower (hips and legs)

- Cartilage

‣ Soft gel like padding between bones

Skull Bones divided into:

- Tendons
- cranial bones

‣ bone to muscle
- Facial bones

- Ligaments
- Auditory ossicles of middle ear

‣ Bone to bone

8 cranial bones
Classification of Bones - frontal (1)

A. Long bones (humerus of arm)

- Parietal (2) (upper side)

B. Short bone (carpal of wrist)

- Temporal (2) sintido

‣ cuboidal
- Occipital (1) likod taas batok

C. Flat bone (sternum & ribs)

- Sphenoid (1) butterfly shape inside

D. Irregular bone (vertebra)

- Ethmoid (1) under attached to the
sphenoid/maliit lang sya

Bone Shapes
• Long: Femur, tibia, fibula
Fontanels - soft spot (bunbunan

• short: carpals, tarsals

Posterior fontanel 8-10 weeks (triangular/
• flat: ribs, sternum, skull
smaller)

• irregular: verterbrae and facial

Anteior fontanel 12-18 months of life
(diamond shape)

Long Bone Structures

- Diaphysis
Suture: (may picture)

‣ Shaft
1. Coronal

‣ Compact bone tissue (outside)

2. Saggital

- Epiphysis
3. lambdoid

‣ Ends

‣ Spongy bone tissue

Sagittal suture connect the two parietal
- Articular cartilage
bones

‣ Covers epiphyses

‣ Reduces friction
Increased ICP (may picture)
- Epiphyseal plate
- Headache

‣ Site of growth
- Confusion

‣ Between diaphysis and epiphysis

- Increased blood pressure

- Medullary cavity
- Shallow breathing

‣ Center of diaphysis
- Nausea

‣ Red or yellow marrow

- They forget their names, time, and where
they are

Hydrocephalus is evident in babies kasi di pa

formed ang ulo

1
 AP LAB bones

14 facial bones
- nasal (2)

- Lacrimal (2)

- Inferior nasal concha (2)

- Maxilla (2) above teeth

- Mandible (1) jaw

- Vomer (1)

- Zygomatic (2) cheek bones

- Palatine (2) under

If palatine is not fused together due to

congestal defects (nagbibisyo) nabibingot
ung baby (cleft lip)

Spine bones
- cervical (7) kailangan imobilized dahil
kapag may naipit or fracture, the patient
can die or might be paralyzed;

‣ c1 - atlas; carry the skull; directly

connected sa skull

‣ C2 - axis

- Thoracic (12) start with t1 down to t12;

corresponds to each rib; dito pumapasok
ung spinal abnormalities

‣ Normal

‣ Lordosis (for pregnants)

‣ Kyphosis (hunch back)

‣ scoliosis

- Lumbar (5) L1-L5; weight bearing; inward

- Sacrum (5, fused) its curvature is medyo

nakaumbok palayo from the body;
outward

- Coccyx (4, fused) parang tail nung baby

but eventually shrinks

Thoracic cage (may picture)

- Sternal angle of Louis (elevated; 2nd rib;

2nd ics and below that is the 2nd
intercoastal space)

‣ 5th is where the apex is (heart)

- sternum (flat)

‣ Manubrium/sternal notch (top) dito

nilalagay ang mga rulers for jugular vein
distention

‣ Body

‣ Xyphoid process (cpr sa taas ng xyphoid,

not in the xyphoid directly)

- True ribs - connected to the sternum (1-7)

- False ribs - (8-10)

- Floating ribs - (11-12)

- Coastal cartilage - so u can inhale properly

Chest and neck retractions

Appendicular skeleton…to be continued