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HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF WESTERN HARMONY
-Vatsal Bakhda
Western classical music has played a very important role in developing the music as we know of it as of
today. The various different eras, right from the eras of the Gregorian Chants, where music was only
used for the purpose of worship to the impressionist era of classical music have all, in many ways
influenced the music of today.
Hereunder, there’ll be a brief discussion from the Gregorian Chants till the Romantic Era of Western
Classical Music which roughly covers a timeline of 1300 years.
GREGORIAN CHANTS
History
It is said that the Gregorian chants developed between the time of Gregory, the Great papacy(590604
A.D.) and for the coming few decades, which included the reign of Pepin the short, and his son
Charlemagne(768814 A.D.)
Eventually, during 800 A.D., Charlemagne was coronated by Pope Leo III. He decided to unify the
musical and liturgy habits of the Empire, that is, unify the Francs musical tradition, or the Gallican
Chants and the Plainchant, which eventually gave rise to Gregorian Chants.
About the Gregorian chants..
● The language of Gregorian chants is Latin.
● An important thing to keep in mind was that they were plain chants. There would not be any sort
of accompaniment.
● It did not have a rhythmic structure.
● It would be a monotone on most occasions, i.e, there did not exist a concept of harmony as
everyone would be singing the same melody.
● The melody lines that were sung were very simple.
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RENAISSANCE ERA
History
The Renaissance Era of Music lasted approximately from 1400 A.D. to 1600 A.D. It continued to be
sacred music for most parts until the later stages of the 16th century, when there was a transition from
this era of music to the Baroque Era of music.
The invention of the printing press took place during this era. This made it possible for music to be
distributable which could be said to be a very important invention for the history of music.
Characteristics
● It continued to use modes as it did in the era of Gregorian Chants.
● There would be bigger interval leaps in the music of this era. Leaps of fourths and fifths started
occurring more frequently.
● The concept of instrumental music was introduced in the later part of this era, which plays a
significant role in the Baroque Era of music.
● The music was in two forms mostly; either in Monophony or in Polyphony. The concept of
Polyphony was greatly developed further in the Baroque Era. This also meant that there was
introduction to the concept of counterpoints and harmony.
● There was an idea of rhythmic structure in the music of the Renaissance since we can feel a
downbeat in this era of music.
Renaissance Music laid as a foundation and a stepping stone for the Baroque Era of music. The ideas of
Renaissance Music played a significant role in the development of music of the Baroque Era.
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BAROQUE ERA
History
The Baroque Era of classical music lasted approximately from 1600 A.D. to 1750 A.D. It was preceded
by the Renaissance era of music. The term “baroque” comes from the Portuguese word “barocco” which
means misshapen pearl. It was so called because of the heavily ornamented architecture of that era,
which eventually also resulted in the music of that era to be called Baroque Music.
The Baroque Era of music continued to have a strong religious tradition, but it also brought into picture
secular music as there was development of various different forms of music such as Sonatas, Concertos
and Opera. This era also marked a beginning of concert music.
About the Baroque Era of Music..
● Baroque music introduced the concept of Tonality over modality. It means that there was
development of using of particular keys to write music.
● Baroque music was mostly linear, which gave rise to musical forms such as fugue.
● The melody lines were continually moving. It normally had a lot of intertwingled notes making
it very complex.
● The music during this period was very repetitive.
● The Baroque era of music involved playing of multiple melody lines together. What is important
for us to know is that no melody line was given more importance over the other and all the
melody lines were treated equally important.
The various lines would be very clear and distinct.
● There was always a constant rhythmic pattern in the Baroque era. There were no giveandtake
or playing around with rhythm. It was very constant.
● There was a development in the concept of Figured Bass, which meant numbers or accidentals
were placed above the bassline which were to be read by the player of the keyboard instruments.
The numbers and the accidentals indicated the player to play a particular interval, the voicing to
which was improvised by the player.
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● There were a lot of major establishments during the Baroque era of Music. Baroque Music had
evolved from the phase of Monophony, resulting in various different concepts such as
counterpoints, harmony, etc.
● Baroque music usually involved usage of a lot of counterpoints. Articulation was also very
important.
● A lot of attention was paid to ornamentation, which, also could be called improvisational
elements(Trills, Mordents, Turns).
The various forms of Music developed during the Baroque Era :
Suites : A suite is a collection of two or more pieces, generally in the same key and contrasted. It meant
grouping of two contrasting dances, one slow and one fast. Sometimes they were linked by a common
theme. The contents were almost entirely of dance tunes written for keyboard or for an instrumental
group. There were various kinds of dances of the suite.
Concertos : The word “concerto” comes from the Italian word “concertare”. Concertos underwent a
number of developments during the Baroque era. At its earlier stage it meant unifying the ensemble of
voices, instruments or both. During its later stage, it began to assume the meaning as we know of it
today; a multimovement work for a solo instrument(or a group of solo instruments) accompanied by an
orchestra.
Opera: Operas could be simply said to be a piece of dramatic work for theatre which was performed by
singers and musicians. Opera would normally be in two parts; recitative, speechlike song, or more of a
dialogue, and arias, which was more of an expressive melody, usually performed by a singer.
Sonata : The Sonata of the Baroque era was described as sonata da camera or sonata da chiesa, i.e,
chamber sonata or church sonata. The sonata da camera was a collection of dance movements from the
dances of the suite, while the sonata da chiesa was a more serious collection of movements suitable to
be performed in a church.
Fugue: It is a musical structure which involves subject and countersubject. A fugue has a main melody
to it, which can be referred to as a theme which appears in different voices of Soprano, Alto, Tenor and
Bass as subject or countersubject. Subject, here refers to theme in the home key while the counter
subject refers to the theme in a different key. It usually follows the structure of
subject:countersubject:subject:countersubject. This whole section could be referred to as the
exposition section which is followed by the development section which consists of new ideas or the
same subject previously played, but in different ways. The different lines played together, form various
different harmonies. It also shows how important a role counterpoints played in fugues.
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Influential Composers :
Although it is not possible to list down all of the great composers and their works, here are a few :
Claudio Montiverdi
Girolamo Frescobaldi
Arcangelo Corelli
Antonio Vivaldi
Domenico Scarlatti
Alessandro Scarlatti
JeanPhillippe Rameau
George Frederic Handel
Johann Sebastian Bach
Henry Purcell
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CLASSICAL ERA
History
It can be said that the classical era of music lasted from approximately 1750 A.D. to 1820 A.D. It was a
period of intellectual exchange in Europe during the 18th century. During the period, there was a desire
to bring about political and social change. Intellectuals started reasoning, and thought it would bring an
improvement in the society. People started becoming more tolerant towards each other and their ideas.
Classical Era of music was significantly different from the Baroque Era of music. The people began to
reject the complexity of the Baroque Era and shifted more towards the simplicity of the Classical Era of
music. It is also said that Bach’s sons became more popular than Bach during the beginning of the
Classical Era of music as Bach’s music was much more complex and was started to being rejected.
About the Classical Era of Music..
● The Classical Era had it’s own distinct style as compared to the Baroque period. There was a lot
more clarity in the structure of the music. The different sections were much more well defined.
● A lot more emphasis was given on melodic expression and instrument color.
● Orchestral literature was performed on a much larger scale, although operas and other forms of
music continued to exist.
● Woodwind and brass sections were introduced on a broader scale. Instruments like clarinet,
flute, oboe and bassoon became permanent members of the orchestra. The size of the orchestra
was also increased considerably.
● There was a shift from the concept of Polyphony to Homophony. It means that the concept of a
single melodic line, dominating the texture came into existence. The melody lines became much
more simple. The melodic line would be accompanied by the rest of the orchestra.
● The concept of counterpoint started becoming more and more minimal. It can be said there were
slowly becoming non existent in the music of the Classical Era.
● The melodies of the Classical Era were more compact and diatonic. There was a lot of usage of
the IIVV in the harmony.
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● Diatonic harmony, that is, harmony involving only notes of the prevailing key was more
common than harmony involving the chromatic notes.
● The music was of a simple pattern which had a lot of repetition and contrast.
How is the Classical Era different from the Baroque Era?
There are various differences which can be spotted if we were to compare the music of the Baroque Era
and the Classical Era. A few of them could be said to be as follows :
● The Baroque Era of music had a much more rigid rhythmic structure. There were no give and
takes in rhythm, while the Classical Era had a much more flexible and constantly changing
rhythm.
● There were not too many dynamics prevailing during the Baroque Era of Music. It mostly dealt
with piano and forte(soft and loud) as the main dynamics. The Classical Era saw a lot of usage of
crescendo and decrescendo as well.
● The Baroque Era had a much more stringedinstrument dominated orchestra, while brass and
wind sections become permanent members of the orchestra in the Classical Era.
● The melodies of the Baroque would be complex, and highly ornamented. The counterpoints, and
the fact that equal importance was given to all the lines made it a much more complex melody.
During the Classical Era, the melodies became much more simple, were stated much more
clearly and could be said to be easily memorisable.
● THE SONATA FORM : There was a major difference in the Sonata form of the Baroque Era
and the Classical Era. The Sonata form of the Baroque Era were either dance movements, or
movements written for the church. The Sonata form of the Classical Era (which we refer to as
popularly today) was very different to the Sonata form of the Baroque. The Sonata form of the
Classical Era is a multimovement work. It’s form could be described to be as follows:
ABC; A: Exposition, B: Development, C: Recapitulation
Exposition : It basically means exposing the main theme of the piece. During the exposition,
there is also a movement of the main theme to another theme, which would on most occasions,
be in the dominant key.
Development : During this section in the Sonata, the composer tends to play around with theme
1 and theme 2 of the exposition. He uses the theme in various different ways.
Recapitulation : In this section, the composer returns to the theme, such that he can end the piece
in the key began it in.
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Various styles of music introduced during the Classical era :
Sonata Form: As discussed above, the Sonata form of music was developed in the Classical Era of
music.
Trio : It could be said to be a composition for a group of three instruments or voices. A few common
forms can be said to be the Piano trio ( a piano, a violin and a cello) or the string trio ( 2 violins and a
cello, or a violin, a viola and a cello).
String Quartets : It is a piece written for an ensemble of four stringed instruments; two violins, one viola
and one cello.
Symphony : It is a multi movement piece of composition written for an orchestra. It generally has four
movements, the first being in a Sonata form, the second a generally slow movement, the third being a
dance form and the fourth, sounding the grandest of all, a very quick movement.
Influential composers of the Classical Era of music :
Just a few names of the many great composers are being mentioned hereunder.
Franz Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Antonio Salieri
Christoph Willibald Gluck
Muzio Clementi
Luigi Boccherini
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
Ludwig Van Beethoven(transition from Classical Era to Romantic Era)
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ROMANTIC ERA
History
The Romantic Era of music lasted from approximately 1780 to 1910. There were a lot more changes
occurring in the Romantic Era. People started thinking differently. It can also be said that there was a
major shift in the attitude of people and there were a lot of changes occurring politically and socially.
People were becoming more and more aware of their rights, and all such other factors. There was a huge
influence of Nationalism on the kind of music written during this era due to the Industrial Revolution
happening during that time.
There was a rise in the number of public concerts that were taking place. There was establishments of
schools, conservatories, etc. which made it possible for musicians to learn and hence enable them to
have a steady living. Composers would no longer have to be under the patronage of kings for them to
able to write music, because more and more people were becoming wealthier and were willing to pay,
which also resulted in an increase in the number of public concerts taking place. This made it possible
for anyone to attend such concerts, even for the layman.
About the Romantic Era of Music..
● The Romantic Era music was even more dynamic than the Classical Era music. It had a lot of
tempo rubato, which means stealing of time, and many other such new dynamics.
● The composers used a lot of chromatic notes during this era making it significantly different.
● A lot of the musical works were based on literature works. It would depict a story, which could
be felt while listening to the music of this Era.
● There was a lot of music which involved patriotism. For example, Beethoven originally wrote
the Symphony No. 3 for a newly crowned ruler, Napoleon Bonaparte. Another example would
be Chopin’s Mazurkas which was a traditional folk dance in Poland.
● Every composer started to develop his own style of music. If we pay careful attention to the way
the compositions were written, we can perhaps guess who the composer is merely by listening to
the composition.
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