MINI RESEARCH

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN GOENAWAN MOHAMAD'S

POETRY

Anita Basrah
English Applied Linguistic Study

Postgraduate Program

of Universitas Negeri Medan

ABSTRACT

The objectives of the study is to find out translation procedures are used by

the translator to translate Goenawan Mohamad's poetry. The data were analyzed

through a translation procedure by Vinay and Darbelnet’s (Zare-Behtash 2009: 1579),

they were borrowing, literal translation, transposition, modulation, adaptation, omission

and addition . This research was a qualitative research approach to describe the results of

the analysis of translation procedure in Goenawan Mohamad's poetry. The data were

taken two Goenawan Mohamad's poetry entitled are Z; and Senja Pun Kecil,Kota Pun

Jadi Putih, and Dingin Tak tercatat in book “Contemporary Indonesian Poetry"

published by university of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland, 1975” . The result

shows that there are 7 translation procedures applied by the translator in order to translate

the poetry. The translation procedures are Borrowing Translation which applied 1

times (5,56%), Literal Translation 7 times (38,89%) transposition 1 times

(5,56%), Modulation which applied 2 times (11,11%), Adaptation translation

procedures which applied 1 times (5,56%), Omission which applied 4 times

(22,22%), and addition translation procedure which applied 2 times (11,11%). it

can be concluded that all translation procedures are found, they are Borrowing,

Literal Translation, Transposition, Modulation, Adaptation, Omission, and Addition.

Key : Translation procedures, Goenawan Mohammad’s Poetry

 I. INRODUCTION

Translation has an important role in communication. Translation is a

medium to transfer the knowledge or information. It can be a bridge which

connects the people from the different languages and cultures. By using

translation, people can learn and understand each other’s languages and cultures.

Translation is not merely at changing words, but also transferring of cultural

equivalence with the culture of the original language and the recipient of that

language as well as possible. The better translation must be accepted by all people

in logic and based on fact; thus, the message which contained in the source

language (SL) can satisfy the target language (TL) reader with the information

within

Nida and Taber (1982:12) state that translating consists of reproducing in

the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language

message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Meanwhile, as

stated by Newmark (1988:5), translation is rendering the meaning of a text into

another language in the way that the author intended the text. By language, the

translation appears as the significant scope to overcome the language border,

which makes the process of communication becomes better.

Translating a text is not only in scientific field but also in non-scientific

fields. One of them is translating the poems. Nowadays there are many poems

which are translated to another language, of course in purposing to convey the

messages of the poems and easier to understand in target language, so not only the

people who live in the same area with the poets but also the people who live in

different area, have different language and have different culture can enjoy the

beautifulness of the poems. In some ways reading poetry is much like reading

fiction: we observe details of action and language, make connections and

inferences, and draw conclusions.

Newmark (1988; 163) states Poetry is the most personal and concentrated of
the four forms, no redundancy, no phatic language, where, as a unit, the word has

greater importance than in any other type of text. Poetry can be said as an

extraordinary literary work. As one of literary works, poetry has a special

characteristic. Not like words in prose which have a descriptive character, the

words in poetry have very solid meaning. So denseness of word mean it make a

word in a poetry has many kinds of meaning or sense.

Research conducted by Ayu and Indrawati (2018) showed that the

dominant translation strategy applied by the translator in translating Sapardi’s

poem is literal translation strategy. Rachmawati (2014) shows that the general

translation strategy used in the translation of Chairil Anwar Poetries are

modulation translation, calque or literal translation, descriptive equivalence

translation, generic words translation, additional translation and interpretation

translation

The reason why the writer chose poetry written by Goenawan Mohamad is

because he is well known as a living legend and one of the best indonesian poet.

His poetry has drawn many praise and admiration from public. A number of his

poems have become highly popular after being set to music, while many of his

works also widely distributed on social media. One of the reasons why he is very

famous is because his ability to uses simple and endearing language in his work.

He is one of indonesian talented writer which a lot of his works has been

translated into English.

This research was analyzed the translation of three Goenawan Mohamad's poetry

translated by Harry Aveling, they are Z; and Senja Pun Kecil,Kota Pun Jadi Putih and

Dingin Tak tercatat. The objectives of the study are to identify the types of translation

procedures of Goenawan Mohamad's poetry

The aim of this research is to discover the translation procedures used the

translation procdure theory by Vinay and Darbelnet (Zare-Behtash 2009: 1579).

The theory is divided into 7 procedures, they are: borrowing, literal translation,
transposition, modulation, adaptation, omission, addition. Therefore the research

will complete and give more information about translating the literary work

generally and translating poetry especially for the writer herself and for the others

who concern in translating the literary works.

From the explanation above, the writer wants to analyze further more

about the translation of Goenawan Mohamad's poetry. Especially about the

procedures of translation,. This research entitled "Translation Procedures in

Goenawan Mohamad's Poetry"

 II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. The definition of translation

In general, translation was changing a text from one language into another

without changing the meaning or the idea that occur in the source language. The

following definitions of translation proposed by linguists around the world will be

explained below.

According to Newmark (1988:5) translation is rendering the meaning of a

text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Newmark

gave more explanation from his statement above that translation was not only

translating the language but also the translator should transfer the meaning of the

text, so the reader knew about the author intention.

From the definition of translation above, the researcher concluded that

translation was a process of changing the language (source language) to another

language (target language) by considering equivalence and language structures, so

the information from the source language still remained.

Massoud (1988) in Sadeghi (2010:3) argued that the requirement of good

translation is as follows;

a good translation is easily understood, fluent and smooth, idiomatic,

translation conveys to some extent, the literary subtleties of the original,
distinguished between the metaphorical and the literal, reconstructs the
cultural or historical context of the original, a good translation makes
explicates what is implicit in abbreviations, and an illusions to saying, songs
and nursery rhymes, for last criteria that good translation will convey, as
much as possible, the meaning of the original text

Based on the opinion above the translator has to learn not only the way or

technique of translation but also the history of language and proper meaning of one

word, phrase, sentence and even more on the target language.

Catford (1965:20) said that translation was the replacement of textual

material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language.

This definition concerned in two keywords in understanding translation. These are

textual material (where text might have been expected) and equivalent. The use of
these terms concerned in idea that translation transposed the Source language

grammar (clauses and groups) into target language equivalents and translated th

lexical units into proper and right sense in the context of the sentence.

Crystal (Khrisna Regmi, 2010:17) defined translation as a process where

“the meaning and expression in one language (source) is tuned with meaning of

another (target) whether the medium is spoken, written, or signed”. Torop (in

Krishna Regmi, 2010: 18) has argued that translation, as a process of converting

ideas expressed from one language into another, was embedded in the

sociocultural language of a particular context and also described the translation

process as basically a boundary-crossing between two different language. Based

on those idea, it was clear explanation that when translator transfered the message

or idea from source language into target language it also transfered Sociocultural

aspect from source language into target language.

Next, Sperber and Wilson in Hartono (2012) stated that translation was the

replacement of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in

second language. This definition means that by translating a text into another

language, translator should create the target text as the representation of the

equivalent source text.

A. Poetry Translation

The researcher divides the section of the poetry translation thoery into

three parts, they are definitions of poetry translation, elements of poetry, and

strategies in poetry translation.

a. Definition of Poetry Translation

Poetry is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through

meaning, sound, and rhythmic language choices so as to evoke an emotional

response. Poetry is defined as kind of a text that that its language use is totally

different from what people use in a daily conversation. Moreover, poetry is also

different from a novel or drama. The differences lay on its meticulous

composition and its restrictive convention. Therefore, it creates a narration

that the translator is not allowed to create their own language freely by using

random simple words, the translator should be able to use the language that

express something much more than the word itself to create a meaningful poetry

sense (Siswantoro, 2010, p.23).

Poetry translation is a product of translation which delivers the author’s

feeling in the target language context associated with the target culture. Poetry

translation is making a new poem in the target language (Newmark,1988, p.58).

Besides, Rodda defines poetry translation as bellow:

The translation of any poem is necessarily a sort of cross-word puzzle

because of the necessity of attempting to reproduce the form, the

meaning, and the feeling of a work which was conceived in different

form. When the poem has been set to music and of making the right

words come out on the right notes for the expressive values of the poem

is added to the problems of meter, rhyme, sense, and atmosphere, and

the problem becomes sort of three-dimensional cross-words puzzle

(Rodda, 1981, p.150).

The definitions above prove that poetry translation is quite problematic

compared with other any kind of translations. Poetry has many different kinds

and various of figurative languages, and distinctive elements such as rhyme,

stanza, meter, in the text that need to be taken seriously due to its contribution in

creating the meaning and the sense of the poetry. Therefore, to get the most

accurate and equal meaning of literary works, especially poetry translation is

really difficult. Moreover, the form and the meaning in the poetry are relatively

connect to each other, the form of literary works also include meanings. And the

translator need to work hand in hand with those both to get a good translation.

Thus, it can be concluded that poetry translation is not merely translating a poem

but creating a new poem using the target language context adjusted with the
target culture.

B. Procedures of Translation

According to Vinay and Darbelnet’s procedures (Zare-Behtash 2009:

1579), In translating the texts there are many procedures that can be used by the

translators as described below:

a) Borrowing.

Borrowing is to adopt SL text when the TL has no equivalent for the SL

text. It is a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and

used in the TL., that is, it is made to conform to the rules of grammar or

pronounciation of the TL, it occurs when there is no changing meaning

from SL into TL. For example the word formula is translated into formula

too in Bahasa Indonesia

b) Literal translation.

Literal translation is a direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and

idiomatically appropriate to TL text. Principally, literal translation is a

unique solution in which is reversible and complete in itself. For examples,

“black market” in English is translated to be pasar gelap in Bahasa

Indonesia. Honey moon is translated to be bulan madu.

c) Transposition.

Transposition involves replacing one word class with another without

changing the meaning of the message. The method also involves a change

in the grammatical change that occurs in translation from SL to TL

(singular to plural, position of adjective, changing the word class or part of

speech). For instance, a compound “keyword” in English is translated

as Kata kunci (Phrase) in Bahasa Indonesia.

d) Modulation .
Modulation is a change in point of view that allows us to express the same

phenomenon in a different way. Modulation as a procedure of translation

occurs when there is a change of perspective accompanied with a lexical

 change in the TL. There are two types of modulation, i.e. Free or Optional

Modulation and Fixed or Obligatory Modulation. For instance, “He was

killed in the war” in English is translated as Dia gugur dalam perang in

Bahasa Indonesia. ‘Negated contrary’, which is a procedure that relies on

changing the value of the ST in translation from negative to positive or vice

versa, is also considered as fixed modulation. For example, “It isn’t

expensive” is translated to be It’s cheap.

e). Adaptation.

It is used in those cased where the type of situation being referred to by SL

message is unknown in the TL culture. For example, Dear Sir is translated

into dengan hormat

f). Omission.

This means that there is no translation in SL word to TL word. For

example, Awas anjing galak is translated into Beware of the dog

g). Addition.

Addition is normally cultural (accounting for difference between SL and

TL culture), technical (relating to the topics) or linguistic (explaining

wayward use of words), and is dependent on to the requirement of his, as

opposed to the original, readership. For example, mengusir; tapi kita tetap

saja is translated into driving us away, yet we stay ( to add personal

pronoun us)
 III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research was designed as a descriptive research. Marshall and

Rossman (1999:111) define that qualitative data analysis is a search for general

statements about relationships between categories of data. In this study, the

qualitative method will be used because the data which is analyzed is explained

descriptively. The data to be analyzed are in the form of words, phrase, and clause .

The data were taken from the poetry in bilingual version, Indonesian

version and its English Translation. Indonesian version poetry is as source

language (SL) and English version poetry is a target language (TL). The source

data used in this research are two poetry in book Contemporary Indonesian

Poetry to be analyzed. The poetry is written by Goenawan Mohamad entitled Z;

and Senja Pun Kecil Kota Pun Jadi Putih they are translated into English by

Harry G Aveling. The poetry was taken from " Contemporary Indonesian

Poetry" published by university of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland,

1975. The sample of data will use simple random sampling by Prof. Sugiyono.

He said taking the sample from population doing randomly without mind the

level in population doing randomly without mind the level in population.

The data were collected through five steps, The first step was to collect

the data from book and then the researcher chose three from eleven Goenawan

Mohammad poetry. Second reading the script of poetry, third Making a table of

comparison from the Source Text and the Target Text to gather the raw data,

fourth collecting all the resources in the poetry from both versions and the last

Reducing resources by selecting words/sentence which might contain

translation procedures in the translation process

The data collected were analyzed descriptively. As stated by William and

Chesterman (2002), “The analysis of the translated texts involves the

textual comparison of a translation with its original”. Therefore, the

researcher provided the selected data in a table of comparison between the

 Source Text and the Target Text. The researcher created several steps of

data analysis techniques were Making a table of comparison between the

Source Text and the Target Text for the selected utterances which might be

translated using certain translation procedures, then classifying the selected

data into several categories such as word, sentences, phrase and classifying

tables for the selected data into more specific categories based on the

translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet. Provide its

description then calculates total number and percentage of each procedure

to find out the amount of each procedure based on the following formula:

P = F x 100%
N
P: number of percentages
F: frequency of translation procedures
N: number of the whole sample
 IV. FINDING AND DISCUSSION

4.1 FINDING

After reading two Goenawan Mohamad’s poetry entitled are Senja Pun

Kecil,Kota Pun Jadi Putih , Z , and Dingin Tak tercatat that translated into English by

Harry G Aveling the writer listed down some source languages (SL) and TargeT

Languages (TL) whereas from Indonesia into English . After that, the data were

analyzed into Borrowing, Literal Translation, Transposition, Modulation,

Adaptation, Omission, and Addition. It was analyed can be seen as follows:

1. Borrowing

Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) define borrowing as a procedure that involves

using the same word, phrase, or expression in the original text into the target

text without translation

Table 4.1 The Data Table of Borrowing Procedure

Source Text Target Text Type of Procedure
Page. Di subway Page. In the subway Borrowing
220 221

Table 4.1 showed the borrowing procedure is applied. The source language is

borrowed directly into the target language without any grammatical change.

It can be said that this procedure is a pure borrowing since there is no

naturalized form found in the result of the target language translation. The

borrowing procedure, because word subway in the Source Text and in the

Target Text is not communicatively equivalent in terms of style which aims

at expressing the message of the sentence. In conclusion, the borrowing

procedure does not transfer the message in the sentence from Source Text

into the Target Text effectivel

2. Literal Translation

Vinay and Darbelnet stated literal translation is a procedure of translating the

Source Language directly word-by-word grammatically and idiomatically.

Literal translation is acceptable if the translated language contains the same

 word, phrase, or sentence structure, the same meaning, and the same style as

in the Source Language

Table 4.2 The Data Table of Literal Translation Procedure

Source Text Target Text Type of Procedure
Page. Aku tak tahu saat Page. I have no idea of Literal Translation
220 pun sampai 221 when we arrive

Page. Dari sayap langit Page. From the frozen Literal Translation
206 yang beku 207 wings of the sky

Page. Ketika burung- Page. As the birds on Literal Translation

206 burung, di rumput 207
dingin the cold grass

Page. Menunggu seluruh Page. Waiting for Literal Translation

206 usia 207 death

Page. Menghitung Page. Balancing Literal Translation

206 ketidakpastian dan 207 uncertainty and
bahagia pleasure

Page Dibawah bulan Page. Beneath Marly Literal Translation

208 Marly 209 moon

Page Dingin tak tercatat Page Cold Literal Translation

198 199 unregistered

Table 4.3 showed that Theses translations are not necessary to make any

change other than the obvious one, like those concerning grammatical

concord or inflectional endings. In translating this word, the translator applied

literal translation. The translator perfectly translated the word into the target

language without any borrowed word

3. Modulation

Modulation is a translation procedure that occurs in the translation process

which involves changing the point of view of the Source Language in the

Target Language in the semantic realm.

Table 4.3 The Data Table of Literal Modulation Procedure

Source Text Target Text Type of Procedure
Page. Ketika berayun Page. As the season Modulation
220 musim 221 falls Translation

Page Gerimis raib Page Rain Invisible Modulation

198 199 Translation

Table 4.4 showed that the translator translates the word into falls. It is called

modulation. In an English-Indonesian dictionary by John M. Echols and

Hassan Shadily the word fall means jatuh, tumbang , turun, runtuh etc, there

is no word berakhir. If it is translated again literally into Indonesian

becomes Seketika jatuh musim of course it becomes inappropriate to the

original. But the writer thinks falls is still appropriate to render berayun

because This change does not give different meaning. The readers will know the

same meaning either in SL or TL. Second case the translator translates gerimis

into rain. It is a shift from general meaning into specific meaning. In

Indonesia there is a term gerimis and hujan lebat from the general term

hujan, whereas in English there are term drizzle(gerimis) and pouring(hujan

lebat) from the general term rain. The translator uses modulation when he

translates gerimis into rain, it seems that the translation is inappropriate

because there is different between gerimis and hujan when we look up the

definition in dictionary. But the translator thinks that gerimis(drizzle) and

hujan(rain) is equivalent enough. So there is no problem when the translator

uses rain to render gerimis, because it doesn’t break the real meaning of the

poem.

4. Omission

In this procedure, the translator deleted a certain part or parts of a source

text while transferring it into target language

Table 4.4 The Data Table of Omission procedure

 Source Text Target Text Type of procedure
Page. Senja pun jadi kecil Page. Twilight fades Omission
220 221 Transaltion

Page. Begitu bergegas Page. Suddenly Omission

208 209 Transaltion

Page. Kota hanya basah Page. City wet Omission

198 199 Transaltion
Page. Di sana, seakan- Page - Omission
198 akan 199 Transaltion

In SL there are three words, but in TL there are just two words, so there is a

word which is omitted by the translator. It is the word jadi. In procedure of

translation it is called omission. The writer thinks that this omission is still

appropriate, because the omission doesn't change the meaning of the original

poem. But it doesn't mind if the word jadi is also translated, so the translation

becomes Twilight fades and The city white. The third case the translator

omits or doesn't translate the word begitu. It is called omission. In translating

a poem, omission is very common as far as it doesn’t break the real meaning

of the original. The fourth case In this case the translator translates the

sentence Kota hanya basah into City wet. The writer thinks that it is

appropriate enough. In SL there are three words, but in TL there are just two

words, so there is a word which is omitted by the translator. It is the word

hanya. In procedure of translation it is called omission. If the translator used

City wet it means Kota basah not Kota hanya basah., but the writer thinks

that it doesn’t break the real meaning of the original poem, so it is not a big

problem. The fifth case the translator doesn’t translate the words di sana,

seakan- akan.. By omitting those words it caused the poem lost the poetic

element, because there was one line lose. It is called omission

 5. Adaptation

Adaptation procedure is used when certain word, phrase or expression in the

Source Language is not suitable or appropriate culturally in the Target

Language. The translator must replace the word, phrase, or expression in the

Source Language by adapting the suitable or appropriate word, phrase, or

expression of the Target Language

Table 4.5 The Data Table of Adaptation Procedure

Source Text Target Text Type of Procedure

Page. Dan pohon musim Page. And summer Adaptation
220 panas 221 trees Translation
(line :2)
Table 4.7 above that the word “ musim panas‟ in the SL translated into

“summer” . it is adaptation. Because this case where the type of situation

being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. the

translators have to create a new situation that can be considered as being

equivalent.

6. Addition

Addition is normally cultural (accounting for difference between SL and TL

culture), technical (relating to the topics) or linguistic (explaining wayward

use of words), and is dependent on to the requirement of his, as opposed to the

original, readership

Table 4.6 The Data Table of Literal Addition Procedure

Source Text Target Text Type of Procedure
Page. Ada seribu kereta Page. A thousand trains Addition
220 api 221 stand ready Translation
(line:3)
Page Mengusir, tapi kita Page Driving us away, Addition
198 tetap saja 199 yet we stay Translation

Table 4.5 showed ,that in n this case the translator adds the words stand ready

in the end which means bersiap. It is called addition. The writer thinks that it

doesn't matter to add those words. The writer thinks why the translator adds

the words stand ready in the end, because the translator wants to get the same
 sound of last word in the original (api). Second case the translator adds the

personal pronoun us in his translation. The writer thinks it is appropriate,

because the translator just wants to give more information, and it doesn’t

break the meaning of the original. This case is called addition.

7. Transposition

Transposition involves replacing one word class with another without

changing the meaning of the message. The Procedure also involves a change

in the grammatical change that occurs in translation from SL to TL (singular

to plural, position of adjective, changing the word class or part of speech).

Table 4.7 The Data Table of Literal Addition Procedure

Source Text Target Text Type of Procedure
Page. Lalu jatuh daun Page. Then the Mulberry Addition
220 murbe 221 leaves fell Translation
(line:9)

Table 4.7 showed that the transposition procedure is applied to transfer the

message contained the selected sentence by changing The word jatuh is

intransitive verb, in English the intransitive verb have to be put in the end. The

word jatuh is translated into fell, so it is appropriate to put the word fell in the

end and without changing the message in the sentence

4.2 Discussion

According to Vinay and Darbelnet’s strategy (Zare-Behtash 2009: 1579).

there are 7 translation procedures which can be applied in translating poetry. The

translation procedures are they are: borrowing, literal translation, transposition,

modulation, adaptation, omission, addition.

The following Table 4.2 presents the amount and percentage of each

translation procedure applied by the translator in translating Goenawan

Moehammad’s poetry
 Table 4.2

No Translation strategies Total Percentage (%)

1. Borrowing 1 5,56%

2 Literal translation 7 38,89%

3 Transposition 1 5,56%

4 Modulation. 2 11,11%

5 Adaptation 1 5,56%

6 Omission 4 22,22%

7 Addition 2 11,11%

Total 18

The table above showed the amount and percentage of 7 translation

Procedures applied by the translator in order to translate Goenawan Moehammad’s

poetry. Those are Borrowing Translation which applied 1 times (5,56%), Literal

Translation 7 times (38,89%) transposition 1 times (5,56%), Modulation which

applied 2 times (11,11%), Adaptation translation procdure which applied 1 times

(5,56%), Omission which applied 4 times (22,22%), and addition translation

procedure which applied 2 times (11,11%). .Based on the data finding, it can be

concluded that all translation procedures are found, they are Borrowing, Literal

Translation, Transposition, Modulation, Adaptation, Omission, and Addition.

.
 V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

The objective of this analysis is to find out what is the translation procedures applied by the

translator in translating Goenawan Moehammad’s poetry entitled Senja Pun Kecil,Kota Pun Jadi Putih ,

Z , and Dingin Tak tercatat. Translation procedures stated by Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory .Based on

the data finding, it can be concluded that all translation procedures are found, they are Borrowing,

Literal Translation, Transposition, Modulation, Adaptation, Omission, and Addition.

The researcher found Those are Literal Translation which applied 2 times (16,67%), transposition

which applied 3 times (30%), Modulation which applied 2 times (20%), Adaptation translation strategy

which applied 1 times (10%), Omission which applied 3 times ( 30%), and addition translation strategy

which applied 1 times (10%).

5.2 Suggestion

From the statement above, the suggestion would like to be given to the students. the people and

the translators who want to translate Indonesian text into English. They have to comprehend and master

the basic theory of translation, especially translation procedures. Furthermore, the translators should pay

attention to the following suggestion:

1. They must be more careful in using translation Procedures in order to make a better translation

2. They must choose the closest and the most appropriate procedures in translating a text so that the

result of the translation can be understood easily.

3. Hopefully the result of this study will be able to provide valuable information and knowledge

about translation, especially the translation procedures

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