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Showing how a logic gate can be used as an audio interference, require a positive
amplifier and a voltage switch. and negative supply, which is
not often available in logic cir-
Sound activated switches are meet their own requirements. cuits.
useful in many circumstances, This circuit overcomes the
especially when “hands free” op- CONSIDERATIONS difficulties encountered in using
eration of a piece of equipment is Most circuits of this type opamps and provides a variety
required. They are often used, for published over the years use a of outputs for virtually any appli-
example, to automatically switch microphone signal, which is am- cation. The component count is
on a tape recorder (or a digital plified to a suitable level by an very low only 17 low cost
solid state equivalent) to record a opamp. The signal is then recti- components are required (and
sound or conversation without fied and fed to a comparator, that includes the microphone).
“wasting” tape during quiet peri- which switches when the signal The circuit will operate
ods. exceeds a certain level. This is down to about 3V, drawing a
Many inexpensive cassette then used to switch a relay or current of less than 0 5mA. At
¬
recorders have a remote switch other device, which in turn con- 5V, the supply current is around
input to enable the recorder to be trols an appliance. 1mA and even at 9V is only
switched on from the microphone The problem with using around 5mA, which compares
and a circuit of this type can eas- opamps with digital logic is that quite favorably with an opamp
ily be connected to it to start the the output of most opamps does design. The circuit can be used
recording automatically. not switch fully between the at up to 15V, although the cur-
As well as this, sound acti- supply rails. Thus, with a 5V rent drain is then a bit exces-
vated switches can be useful in supply for instance, the output sive.
applications such as intercoms, will typically switch between
baby alarms, security alarms or 0 5V and 3V. This is not too
photographic work, and there are
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increased slowly but, despite this, the sensitivity of
until (typically) the unit is sufficient to enable it to
the mid-point is respond to a sound at normal
approached, conversation level within one or
when the p-
two meters.
D % &026 ,19(57(5 E 8% &026 ,19(57(5 channel device The electret microphone used
Fig.2. Comparison of switching slopes for will begin to turn also has a built-in amplifier to re-
buffered (a) and unbuffered (b) CMOS off and the n- duce its output impedance and
channel device noise pick-up, and this no doubt
inverters. helps. A problem is that, because
turn on. The sup-
as the input amplifier. The cir- ply current will the gain tends to be somewhat
cuit uses two of the six inverters also begin to rise because both higher at low voltages, the sensi-
inside a 4069 CMOS chip to transistors are now conducting. tivity of the unit is higher with a
amplify the signal, which is The device will now operate as 5V supply than at 9V. This can
picked up by a small electret a linear amplifier and as the in- also be seen from Fig.2b, which
microphone. The 4069 is one of put voltage is further increased, shows the transfer characteristic
the cheapest devices in the the output will continue to fall. for the 4069UB at 5V and 10V.
CMOS range, and with the addi-
tion of a single feedback resis- SLOPING OFF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
tor (which effectively biases the
output to mid-supply voltage) it Because a buffered device has The circuit diagram of the
makes a very useful amplifier. a fairly high gain (especially if two Sound Activated Switch is shown
such devices are cascaded) a small in Fig.3. The microphone is bi-
The internal circuit of one increase in the input voltage will ased by resistor R1 and the AC
CMOS 4069 inverter (excluding cause such a large output swing signal coupled to the input of the
the input protection compo- that the output will switch com- first inverter, IC1a, which is bi-
nents) is shown in Fig.1 and pletely, with the n-channel device ased into its linear mode by resis-
consists of two transistors: a p- hard on and the p-channel transis- tor R2.
channel and an n-channel tor hard off (see Fig.2a) and the
MOSFET. The output of this stage con-
circuit drawing a microamp or less. sists of an amplified version of
It must be noted, however, With the UB device, this ac- the sound signal and this is fed to
that most devices in the 4000 tion is more gentle (as shown in a similar stage built around an-
CMOS series contain a buffer Fig.2b) and a situation can easily other inverter (IC1b), which am-
following the logic function, uti- be arranged where both transis- plifies it further. The output signal
lizing two cascaded inverters of tors are conducting and the de- from IC1b can be tapped at test
the type shown to achieve vice functions as a stable linear point TP1, from where it may be
sharper input-output voltage amplifier, with the output at about used to feed a suitable power am-
characteristics and reduced the mid-supply voltage. Since plifier, depending on the applica-
switching times. They are la- both transistors will be conducting tion.
beled “B’’ for buffered (e.g. in this state, the current flow will
4049B), whereas the unbuffered As mentioned earlier, this sig-
be in the low milliamps range and nal is not by any means in the hi-
types are labeled “UB’’ (e.g. will depend on the supply voltage.
4069UB). fi category. It will be about 1V
The major limitation of this peak-to-peak for normal conver-
In normal operation, if the circuit as an amplifier is that its sation levels. Louder sounds will
input is held at 0V, the output of gain also depends to a large ex- obviously result in a larger output
a logic inverter will be at the tent on the supply voltage, as (with increasing distortion) limited
positive supply rail with the p- does its relatively high output by the supply voltage.
channel transistor conducting impedance, which, together with
and the n-channel device cut Interestingly, while distortion
any load capacitance, determines obviously increases as the output
off, with the device drawing only the bandwidth.
Copyright © 1999 Wimborne Publishing Ltd and EPE Online, August 1999 - www.epemag.com - 804
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age is exceeded, the output of
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this stage will switch to a low
level. This is illustrated in Fig.4,
which shows the waveforms at
different points in the circuit.
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Here, output TP4 would be used 0,&
to control the output of an audio COMPONENTS
amplifier switching it (or the 5 9 Resistors
loudspeaker) on when a sound 5 R1 10k
&
& &
is detected. & 5 & R2, R4, R7 47k (3 off)
R3 1M
5
The actual sound (from out- R5 330k (see text)
5
put TP1) would be fed to the 73 5 R6 4M7 (see text)
5 & 5
amplifier input allowing the baby R8 470k
73 All 0.25W 5% carbon film
sitter to hear if the baby was N D 9
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crying or simply stirring and 73 73 Capacitors
thus determine whether or not it C1, C3, C4 100n ceramic (3 off)
C2, C5 100p ceramic (2 off)
needed attention. C6 10u radial electrolytic, 16V
Semiconductors
PA CONTROL D1 1N4148 signal diode
IC1 4069UB hex inverter
A similar application could
Miscellaneous
be devised where, for example, MIC1 electret microphone,
public announcements need to 2-terminal
be made during which the nor-
mal background music has to Printed circuit board available
from the EPE Online Store , code
be interrupted. It should be ap- Fig.5. PCB component lay- 7000240 (www.epemag.com);
preciated, however, that al- out and (approximately) full- terminal pins; 14-pin DIL socket;
though the circuit is fast, it still size copper foil master connecting wire, solder, etc.
takes time to operate, especially track pattern.
if a relay is used for the switch- See also the
ing. It could be found that the SHOP TALK Page!
beginning of any announcement
is not transmitted. Approx. Cost
In such applications, the Guidance Only $15
use of a transmission gate such would, of course, have to be de-
as the 4066 quad analog multi- coupled to ensure that there
plexer is recommended to were no sudden thumps when
switch the signal. A possible the speaker or the inputs were
scheme is shown in Fig.8. Here switched. The values of R6 and/
the four gates within the 4066 or C4 may also need to be ad-
are used in pairs and controlled and announcement signals can
therefore be set as required. justed for best results.
by outputs TP3 and TP4.
Note that neither of these In this application, the per-
Since TP3 is normally high, son making the announcement
the signal at the music input will circuits take into account any
DC offset voltages which may would, no doubt, be very close
be transmitted to the volume to the microphone and so the
control, while its lower end will exist in the signal path. These
be held at 0V by the other trans-
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the other two gates. 5(/$<
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microphone will then be applied 63($.(5
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the flash operates.
Finally, the circuit could However, since such uses
also be used as a sound- 9
were not the author’s primary
operated flash trigger to photo- reason for building the circuit,
Fig.8. Suggestion for
graph such things as bursting the above applications are only
balloons, breaking glass etc. PA control. given as “design ideas” and
Most flash guns operate by have not been built or tested.
placing a short circuit on an in- Other uses for the circuit will no
put and, as in this case the 07 doubt occur to readers.
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speed of operation is important,
73 N J
a thyristor is a better device to 07
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use than a relay. )/$6+
Copyright © 1999 Wimborne Publishing Ltd and EPE Online, August 1999 - www.epemag.com - 808
Maxfield & Montrose Interactive Inc