bandwidth of about 3.3 GHz at room temperature.
The voltage noise wideband amplifiers, IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II 59 (2012),
gain will be 6 dB higher than S21 considering the 50 X output
matching, which is around 23.8 dB. The S parameter measure-
ment starts from 100 MHz while the low-end 23 dB cutoff fre-
quency of the proposed LNA is designed to be 2 MHz
according to simulation which is determined by the AC coupling
capacitor C2. The NF measurement starts from 300 MHz that is
limited by our measurement equipment. The measured NF is
1.9–2.5 dB within the bandwidth at room temperature.
Figure 6 shows the measured S11, S12, and S22 versus frequency at
room temperature. Figure 7 shows the measured S21 and NF at differ-
ent temperatures at 1 GHz frequency. The measured S21 gain at 1
GHz is 17.5 6 60:4 dB within 240 to 1 80 8C. Figure 8 shows the
measured input referred IP3 versus temperature at 0.9, 1.5, and 2.4
GHz frequencies of the proposed BiCMOS LNA. The measured IIP3
at room temperature is about 22 dBm at 2.4 GHz frequency. The rel-
atively good linearity of this circuit is also due to the feed-forward
configuration of this circuit topology. The measured DC current con-
sumption at room temperature is about 8 mA from a single 1.8 V sup-
ply. The measured S11 and S22 throughout 240 to 1 80 8C is well
below 210 dB which is not shown in figures for simplicity.
Table 1 summarizes and compares the proposed BiCMOS
LNA to some reported CMOS wideband thermal noise canceling
LNAs. A simple Figure-of-Merit (FoM) is defined in terms of
gain-bandwidth-product per DC power (GHz/mW), which
focuses on the several basic performances of wideband ampli-
fiers. According to the comparison table, the proposed BiCMOS
thermal noise canceling wideband LNA is able to achieve high
gain, wide bandwidth, low power and low noise at the same
time, which leads to a very good FoM.
4. CONCLUSION
A novel BiCMOS wideband thermal noise canceling low noise
amplifier is implemented, which is able to achieve thermal noise
cancelation with significant current consumption reduction com-
paring to the pure CMOS solution. A unique temperature com-
pensation biasing circuit is proposed for this BiCMOS LNA to
achieve very small gain variation over a wide temperature
range. The designed LNA is suitable for various wideband
applications for wireless communications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work is partially supported by Natural Science Foundation
of Jiangsu Province of China under Grant Number BK2012644.
REFRENCES
1. M. El-Nozahi, A.A. Helmy, E. Sanchez-Sinencio, and K. Entesari,
An inductor-less noise-cancelling broadband low noise amplifier
with composite transistor pair in 90 nm CMOS technology, IEEE J
Solid-State Circuits 46 (2011), 1111–1122.
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Nauta, Wideband balun-LNA with simultaneous output balancing,
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ing technique for a feed-forward noise-canceling CMOS low-noise
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8. Y.P. Tsividis, Accurate analysis of temperature effects in IC-VBE
characteristics with application to bandgap reference sources, IEEE J
Solid-State Circuits 15 (1980), 1076–1084.
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junctions, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2009.
10. N.H. E. Weste and K. Eshraghian, Principles of CMOS VLSI design:
A systems perspective, 2nd ed., Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 2000.
C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
DESIGN OF COMPACT TRIPLE
FREQUENCY MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
FOR WLAN/WiMAX APPLICATIONS
Aparna Kundu and Anup K. Bhattacharjee
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National
Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India;
Corresponding author: aparna_kundu27@rediffmail.com
Received 12 February 2015
ABSTRACT: A compact triple frequency microstrip antenna for WLAN/
WiMAX applications is presented in this work. The proposed antenna
consists of a rectangular microstrip patch embedded with an inverted L-
shaped open ended slot and a ground plane with horizontal H shaped
and rectangular slots. The designed antenna operates over the frequency
ranges 2.30–2.751, 3.199–3.816, 5.06–6.15 GHz necessary for 2.4/5.2/
5.8 GHz WLAN and 2.3/2.5/3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX applications. Maximum
size reduction of the proposed antenna obtained is about 83.17%. Good
agreement is achieved between simulated and measured results. V C 2015
Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:2125–2129,
2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/
mop.29284
Key words: compact; triple band; worldwide interoperability for micro-
wave access; wireless local area network
1. INTRODUCTION
Recently demands for low profile compact triple band or multi-
band antennas in modern wireless communication system plays
an important role for high mobility miniaturized system applica-
tions. Different frequency ranges or communication standard are
used for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide
interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX). For WLAN,
the lowest frequency band is 2.4–2.484 GHz that maintains the
IEEE 802.11b/g standard and two other frequency bands 5.15–
5.35 GHz and 5.725–5.825 GHZ follow the IEEE 802.11a
standard. According to the IEEE 802.16 standard, the WiMAX
frequency ranges are 2.3–2.4, 2.5–2.69, 3.2–3.8, and 5.2–5.8
GHz. However, recent advancement in wireless communication
engineering demands small sized antenna. Therefore, researchers
are more interested in reducing the physical size of the antenna
yet covering WLAN/WiMAX operations bands to integrate
many communication standards in an extremely compact sys-
tem. Therefore, one of the design considerations of small multi-
band antennas is to fulfill the operating bandwidth(s) of
particular application standard(s). Several recent works of multi-
band WLAN/WiMAX antennas are reported in [1–9]. Design of
dual band antennas with compact radiator size for WLAN appli-
cations have been proposed in Refs. [1,2]. Design of triple/quad
2125
 Figure 3 Simulated S11 (dB) characteristics for different values g.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

frequency antennas with compact radiator size and L shaped slot

have been proposed for WiMAX/WLAN applications in [3–6].
By the use of rectangular strips and circular strips, triple
band compact antennas have also been presented in [7,8]. Sim-
ple structures of compact dual/triple band antenna for WiMAX/
WLAN applications have been designed and presented with H-
shaped slot and defected ground structure in [9,10].
This article presents a compact rectangular microstrip
antenna which covers the frequency ranges of 2.30–2.751,
3.199–3.816, 5.06–6.15 GHz necessary for 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz
WLAN and 2.3/2.5/3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX applications. Each res-
onant band can be separately tuned by three different investi-
gated parameters of the proposed antenna. Maximum area size
reduction of the proposed microstrip patch obtained is about
Figure 1 Proposed antenna (a) front-view (b) back-view 83.17% at the lower operating band. The proposed design was
optimized by IE3D software followed by experimental
verifications.

Figure 2 Simulated S11 (dB) characteristics for each modification Figure 4 Simulated S11 (dB) characteristics for different l3. [Color figure
stage of the proposed antenna. [Color figure can be viewed in the online can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.
issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com] com]

2126 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 9, September 2015 DOI 10.1002/mop

Figure 5 Simulated S11 (dB) characteristics for different values l2.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 7 Gain versus frequency plot of the proposed antenna. [Color figure
can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.
com]

2. ANTENNA DESIGN AND SIMULATED RESULTS

Configuration of the proposed antenna is shown in Figures 1(a)
and 1(b). Area of the rectangular patch of the antenna is
LP 3 Wp mm2 and ground plane is Lg 3 Wg mm2. The antenna
uses an FR4 (Er 5 4.4) substrate with thickness of 1.5875 mm
and loss tangent of 0.02. Excitation is made by a coaxial probe

Figure 8 Prototype of the proposed antenna (a) front-view (b) back

view. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available
at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

(inner radius 5 0.5 mm) and the position of the feed point is
1 mm away from the lower edge of the patch as shown in Figure
1(a). The proposed structure is designed by inserting one

Figure 6 Surface current distribution (a) patch surface at 2.45 GHz,

(b) ground plane at 2.45 GHz, (c) patch surface at 3.70 GHz, (d) ground
plane at 3.7 GHz, (e) patch surface at 5.8 GHz, and (f) ground plane at Figure 9 Comparison of simulated and measured S11 (dB) characteris-
5.25 GHz. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is tics of the proposed antenna. [Color figure can be viewed in the online
available at wileyonlinelibrary.com] issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 9, September 2015 2127
TABLE 1 Optimized Parameter Values of the Proposed Antenna

Parameter Lg Wg Lp Wp l5 w5 16 w6 h P g
Value (mm) 37 40 15 12 8.137 1.525 2.025 1.405 1.525 1 0.6

Parameter l1 w1 w2, w3 12 l3 b c d E w4 l4

Value (mm) 31.5 1.09 1 18.29 22.34 0.633 16.367 2.05 1.65 1.35 6.833

L-shaped slot inside the patch and one H-shaped slot and one
corresponding 210 dB impedance bandwidths are 139 MHz
rectangular slot inside the ground plane. Dimensions of the L
(2.386–2.525 GHz), 155 MHz (3.62–3.775 GHz), and 1090 MHz
shaped slot L5 (l5 3 w5) (open ended) and L6 (l6 3 w6) are
(5.06–6.15 GHz), respectively.
shown in Figure 9(a). Dimensions of ground slots L1 (l1 3 w1)
(open ended), L2 (l2 3 w2) and L4 (l4 3 w4) and L3 (l3 3 w3)
Parametric studies on g, l3, and l2 have been investigated.
(open ended) are shown in Figure 9(b). Optimized parameter
Simulated S11 (dB) characteristics for different values of param-
values are given in Table 1.
eter g is shown in Figure 3. The middle band resonant fre-
The proposed antenna is designed in four stages of modifica-
quency is found to be shifted to lower values as the value of the
tions. Simulated S11 (dB) versus frequency plot for each modifi-
parameter g is increased (Fig. 3). However, the lower band (2.4
cation stage is shown in Figure 2. Description of each
GHz) and the higher band (5.2/5.8 GHz) are remaining same
modification stage is given below:
(Fig. 3). Different values of g are taken as 1.9, 1.6, 1.3, 1, 0.6,
and 0.5 mm and corresponding middle band resonant frequencies
1. Step (i): The antenna is considered as reference antenna
are 3.246 (3.199–3.294) GHz, 3.33 (3.28–3.38) GHz, 3.445
that is without any slot in patch and ground plane. The dimen-
(3.39–3.50) GHz, 3.525 (3.47–3.58) GHz, 3.6975 (3.62–3.775)
sion of the patch is Lp 3 Wp mm2 and the dimension of the
GHz, and 3.733 (3.65–3.816) GHz, respectively. Therefore, the
ground plane is Lg 3 Wg mm2 (Table 1). It is found that the S11
antenna can cover the 3.5 GHz WiMAX band by tuning the res-
(dB) characteristic does not touch the 210 dB line within the
onant frequency of the middle band. Simulated S11 (dB) charac-
specified range of frequencies (Fig. 2). Therefore, the 10 dB
teristics for different values l3 are shown in Figure 4. In this
impedance bandwidth of the reference antenna is zero.
study, it is found that impedance bandwidths of the lower band
2. Step (ii): Two rectangular open ended slots L1 and L3 are
and the middle band remain unchanged with the variations of
inserted in the ground plane of the reference antenna that is
the parameter l3 while the higher band is divided into two dif-
described in Step (i) [Fig. 9(b)]. The resonant frequency of the
ferent bands when the value of the parameter l3 is increased
antenna is found at 2.06 GHz with impedance bandwidth more
(Fig. 4). Here, the higher band impedance bandwidth of 1.09
than 100 MHz (Fig. 10). It is observed that the ground plane
GHz for l3 5 22.34 mm (proposed antenna), 1.37 GHz for
acts as signal return path thus the resonant frequency of the
l3 5 23.34 mm, 540 MHz and 480 MHz for l3 5 23.84 mm and
antenna is shifted to lower value for the enhancement of the
560 MHz and 440 MHz for l3 5 24.34 mm are obtained. A sig-
current path length in the ground plane due to the addition of
nificant impact is found to the return loss of the highest reso-
two open ended ground slots [2].
nance for 5% change in l3. Simulated S11 (dB) characteristics of
3. Step (iii): Two rectangular slots L2 and L4 are inserted
the antenna for different values l2 are shown in Figure 5. As a
again in the ground plane [Fig. 1(b)]. 210 dB impedance band-
result, the impedance bandwidths of the middle band and the
widths of the antenna are 140 MHz (2.37–2.51 GHz), 230 MHz
upper band are remaining almost same for the variation of the
(3.97–4.20 GHz), and 920 MHz (5.01–5.93 GHz). Therefore,
parameter l2 while the lower band resonant frequency is shifted
the antenna does not fulfill the bandwidths of the WiMAX triple
to lower values as the parameter l2 is increased (Fig. 5). Values
band but satisfy the bandwidth requirement of the WLAN triple
of l2- are taken as 19.29 mm, 18.29 mm (proposed antenna),
band (Fig. 2).
17.29, mm and 16.79 mm and corresponding impedance band-
4. Step (iv): Later, one inverted L shaped slot which consists of
widths are 128 MHz (2.30–2.428 GHz), 139 MHz (2.386–2.525
two rectangular slots L5 and L6 are inserted in the patch [Fig.
GHz), 176 MHz (2.494–2.67 GHz), and 211 MHz (2.54–2.751
1(a)]. This antenna structure is considered as the proposed
GHz), respectively.
antenna. It is found from the Figure 2 that the proposed antenna
The operation of the proposed antenna can further be real-
has three resonant frequencies at 2.455, 3.62, and 5.065 GHz and
ized by current distribution analysis [as shown in Figs. 6(a)–
6(f)]. The surface current distribution at 2.45 GHz is shown in
Figures 6(a) and 6(b). It is found that, at 2.45 GHz the current
TABLE 2 Simulated and Measured Results of the Proposed is mainly distributed around the “H”-shaped ground slot and
Antenna more strongly around the L2 slot. Therefore, the “H”-shaped
Operating BW BW Compactness ground slot contributed to the resonance of the WLAN 2.4
Simulated bands (GHz) (MHz) (%) 5A2A2A 1
3100%a GHz band. In Figures 6(c) and 6(d), the surface current at
2
3.70 GHz is mainly found around the L6 [Fig. 1(a)] slot (on
2.386-2.525 139 5.66 83.17
the patch) which contributed to the resonance of the middle
3.62-3.775 155 4.19 61.38
band of the proposed antenna. Figures 6(e) and 6(f) show that
5.06-6.15 1090 19.468 9.29
Measured 2.36-2.59 230 9.29 82.9 maximum current is distributed on the patch surface at 5.8
3.625-3.76 135 3.66 61.49 GHz, however, at 5.25 GHz, maximum current is mainly
5.15-6.07 920 16.399 9.14 found around the L3 slot. Therefore, the higher part of the
a
A15 Area of the proposed radiator, A25Required radiator area of upper band (WLAN 5 GHz band) is responsible for patch res-
unslotted microstrip antenna at the centre frequency of the band. onance and the lower part of the upper band is responsible for
Required radiator area at the lower band is 37.18 328.77 mm2. the L3 slot.

2128 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 9, September 2015 DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 10 Measured and simulated normalized y-z plane radiation pattern at (a) 2.45 GHz (b) 3.70 GHz, and (c) 5.80 GHz of the proposed antenna.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Simulated and measured gain versus frequency plot of the
proposed antenna is shown in Figure 7. Maximum simulated
gain of the antenna is obtained around 3 dBi at 5.92 GHz.
3. MEASURED RESULTS
The proposed antenna is fabricated and tested using Vector Net-
work Analyzer Agilent N5 230A. Fabricated prototype is shown
in Figures 8(a) and 8(b). Discrepancy between simulated and
measured S11 (dB) characteristics (as shown in Fig. 9) is due to
the partial coverage of the L3 slot by the SMA connector and
fabrication tolerance. Results are briefly given in Table 2.
Measured and simulated normalized radiation pattern of the
proposed antenna for Eh and EU in y-z plane at 2.45, 3.70, and
5.80 GHz are shown in Figures 10(a)–10(c). Resolution of the
measurement is 10 8. Pattern shapes are found asymmetric type
due to the asymmetric structure of the proposed antenna. It is
found that the EU pattern becomes omnidirectional as the fre-
quency is increased whereas the back radiation of the Eh pattern is
decreased at 5.80 GHz as the surface current in the patch takes
part dominant role in radiation than the ground plane [Fig. 6(e)].
4. CONCLUSION
The design of a compact triple band microstrip antenna is pre-
sented using slot loading technique in this work. The antenna
can operate over the frequency ranges of 2.30–2.751, 3.199–
3.82, and 5.06–6.15 GHz that fulfills the bandwidth require-
ments for 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN and 2.3/2.5/3.5/5.5 GHz
WiMAX applications. Three different parameters of the antenna
have been investigated for tuning the each resonant band sepa-
rately. Maximum simulated gain of the antenna is found around
2.08 dBi (measured 2.50 dBi) at the lower band, 1.08 dBi
(measured 0.824 dBi) at the middle band, and 3 dBi (measured
2.02 dBi) at higher band. Maximum size reduction of the pro-
posed microstrip patch (at lower band) obtained is about
83.17%. Simulated results are in good agreement with measure-
ment results.
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monopole antenna with symmetrical L- and U-shaped slots for
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C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
SIMPLE DUAL BAND-NOTCHED UWB
ANTENNA LOADED WITH SINGLE
U-SHAPED RESONATOR
Hui Li, Le Kang, Da-Wei Mi, and Ying-Zeng Yin
Science and Technology on Antenna and Microwave Laboratory,
Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710071, People’s Republic of
China; Corresponding author: huiyuezai@163.com
Received 16 February 2015
ABSTRACT: A simple dual band-notched antenna is proposed for
ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. The basic UWB antenna, which
consists of a half ring-shaped patch and a trapezoidal ground, occupies
a compact area of 25 3 25 mm2. By introducing a single U-shaped res-
onator on the patch, dual band-notched function is realized without
increasing the antenna size. An additional resonance near 3 GHz can be
excited by the U-shaped resonator combined with the half ring-shaped
radiator. And the antenna impedance at 3.5 GHz is also affected which
leads to a notched band. Besides, reverse currents can be produced
along the resonator to produce the other notched band at 5.5 GHz.
Experimental results show that the designed antenna has a wide imped-
ance bandwidth (return loss 10 dB) ranging from 2.97 to 12 GHz with
two rejection bands operating at 3.5 and 5.5 GHz. Meanwhile, the
2129