HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 T I M E L I N E LATIN TERMS

1.Prehistoric Architecture PALEO – “Old”

2.Mesopotamian Architecture MESO – “Middle/ Between”

3.Egyptian Architecture NEO – “New”

4.Greek Architecture LITH – “Stone”

5.Roman Architecture MEGA – “Large/ Great”

6.Early Christian Architecture HISTORY

7.Byzantine Architecture  Direct

human
ancestors
FACTORS AFFECTING HISTORYOF evolved in
ARCHITECTURE Africa from
2.3 million
1.Geography years ago - Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus,
2.Geology Homo Sapiens,

3.Society •Success of humans due to development of

4.Climate
5.History
PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE – refers to the
time before people could write/ time before
written records
- objects are documented for records
- challenge is to read non-verbal info found
in the object
STONE AGE
1.Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) c40,000-8,000
BCE - Nomadic Hunters; - Hunting as Source
of Food
2.Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) c8,000-7,000
BCE
3.Neolithic (New Stone Age) c7,000-2,300
BCE - Began to settle year-round - Built
houses - Stones as tools
tools – wood, stone, animal bone
•Humans spread from Africa into Southern
Europe and Asia.
• Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting &
food gathering
• By 9000 BC, farming and agriculture was
practiced
• First villages in the Middle East, South
America, Central America, India and China
• First villages in the Middle East, South
America, Central America, India and China
RELIGION
•No organized religion
• The dead are treated with respect - burial
rituals and monuments.
EARLY DWELLINGS

1.Rock Cave –
Earliest form of
Dwelling
(Natural/
Artificial)

 LASCAUX CAVE in France famous for

Paleolithic Cave Paintings 17,300 years
old – SKARA BRAE, SCOTLAND
estimated
age, 5. Igloo (Eskimo) -
image of house constructed
animals of hard-packed
and fossils snow blocks built up
spirally.

 CHAUVET
CAVE ART 6. Trullo (Italy) - dry
in France – walled rough stone
image of shelter with
extinct corbelled roof
animals
Paleolithic
era – 13000 BC. Best preserved figurative 7. Yurtz (Mongolia) -
cave paintings in the world dry walled rough
stone shelter with
corbelled roof
2. Huts – made
up of reeds,
brushes and CATAL HUYUK, TURKEY-Largest and Best
wattles Preserve Neolithic Settlement in the World.
Beehive Hut Made of Clay – a UNESCO World Heritage
Brushwood hut Site

Characteristics:
3. Tents – made
from tree barks, 1.No Roads
animal skins &
2.Flat Roof
plant leaves
3.Doors in Roof Decks
Stilt house
4.Ladders
4. Wigam/
Tepee –conical FEMALE FIGURES- Most prominent part of
tent with Catal Huyuk Female Figures is a
wooden poles representation that they have outnumbered
as framework. the male & women are a powerful person.
Round house
RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES

No organized Religion, the dead are treated

with respect – burial rituals and monuments

MENHIR –1 DOLMEN –2 or more w/ horizontal slab

CROMLECH 3 or more in a circular form

STONEHENGE -
The most famous
prehistoric
TUMULUS - an ancient burial mound Neolithic
Monument in the
TUMULI - an ancient earthen burial mounds
world (UNESCO
use for burials of several couple hundreds of
W.H.S.)
ordinary persons. It has a corridor inside
leading to an underground chamber - Used as astronomical observatory or as a
religious site (worship place)

- Parts: Outer ring, Inner ring, Horse shoe

- Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England

2 TYPES OF RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES

DRUIDS (a priest, magician, or soothsayer in

the ancient Celtic religion) celebrating
summer solstice.

1. MONOLITH – Single upright stone aslo

known as “MENHIR”

2. MEGALITHIC– Several Number of Stones

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 T I M E L I N E Relief – embossed stone

1.Prehistoric Architecture

2.Mesopotamian Architecture

3.Egyptian Architecture

4.Greek Architecture

5.Roman Architecture

6.Early Christian Architecture

7.Byzantine Architecture
1.NEO SUMERIAN
A. Sumerian - City of UR (first independent
MESOPOTAMIA city-state)
• Considered as one of the Oldest –Anu and Nanna Ziggurats
Civilization
–developed 1st writing system
• It is from the GREEK means BETWEEN TWO
–VOTIVE FIGURES
RIVERS
–Cylinder seals for stamping
• Mesos (Middle) and Potamos (River)
–EPIC OF GILGAMESH –invention of the
• These two rivers are: wheel
B. Arkadian - Sargon I defeats Sumerians
–Stele of Naramsin – heiratic scale
2. NEO BABYLONIAN
A. Babylonian - United Sumer under
Hammurabi (1792 –1750 BCE)
Tigres River Euprates River
–Stele of Hammurabi with his Code of Laws
MESOPOTAMIAN HISTORY –Creation Myths
- each state is surrounded by walls inside a B. Assyrian - Took control around 1400 BCE
large temple
–King Assurbanipal
- society of kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers,
priest – kept library, ziggurat form & Sumerian texts

Ziggurats – –Human- head lion LAMASSUs guard palace

“The Holy
3. PERSIAN – Persepolis (Cyrus and the
Mountain” a
Citadel)
rectangular
stepped
tower,
- Each state
has their own ziggurat and they believe that
Gods lived in the sky they need to get closer
to them surmounted by temple on top.
1. SUMERIAN
 Mesopotamia is also known as the
“Cradle of Civilization” primarily
because of two developments
occurred in the Region of Sumer, in
the 4th century BCE:
A. The rise of the city
B. The invention of writing
 Cuneiform – the first writing system
- it contains the standard of UR at the
topmost temple of Ziggurat.
STANDARD OF UR (FOUND IN 1920s)
- an ancient Sumerian Box where it shows the
upper side as PEACE
- the lower side shows WAR. Found besides
the box is a tomb of a man hint as its
former holder/ bearer.

2. ARKADIAN
 developed ROADS and Wheels
 VOTIVE FIGURES  Sargon I – ruler of Arkadians, defeats
- images of men and women Sumerians
Worshipers or image of their  STELE OF NARAM-SIN It is a victory
GODS monument which depicts depicts
 Naram-sin as a God-king climbing a
ERIDU mountain above his soldiers and his
considered as first city in the world by enemies the Lullubi
Sumerians  Naram-sin – the 3rd ruler of arkadians
- they and grandson of Sargon
thought it
 Heiratic Scale – a term representing
was
the sizes of things according to their
created by
importance, rather than they appear
Gods and
home to in the real World.
water god
ENKI CITY OF LAGASH
- “The City of Kings” - ruled by
King Gudea
ZIGGURAT of Ur known to
many stone
-the most
famous sculptures of
Ziggurat in him
the World. - elevated
Religious city because of flood surroundings
ceremony
held on top
and priests
collect gifts as
they are representative of Gods in earth
3. BABYLONIAN ETEMENANKI (Ziggurat)
CREATIONOFMYTHS
 KING HAMMURABI – ruler of the
Babylonians where he united
various Mesopotamian ethnic
groups
 Unification laws – to protect
people “The Code of Hammurabi”

3.1 NEO-BABYLONIAN
ETEMENANKI – Temple of the
KING NEBUCHADNEZZAR II – Destroyer of
foundation of Heaven and Earth
Cities.
- dedicated to Mesopotamian God
 King Nebuchadnizzar II was the ruler
Marduk
of Neo-Babylon, he has a wife
named Amyitis of Media, from a
TOWER OF BABEL
green rugged mountains, when she
- The origin of
lived in Mesopotamia (flat and
different
sunbaked terrain) she became
language
depressed.
- The book of
 HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
Genesis

4. ASSYRIAN
KING ASHURBANIPAL – ruler of
Assyrians. He conquered
Mesopotamia,
Syria, Palestine and Egypt

LAMASSU
 ISHTAR GATE
THE GUARDIANS OF THE GATE
-The 8th gate in the inner City of
An Assyrian protective deity.
Babylon North Side
Body – Lion/ Bull
- Built by King
Wings – Eagle
Nebuchadnezzar
Head – Human
-Dedicated to Goddess of love, war
– 5 FEET (2 in front, 4 in sides)
and fertility ISHTAR
-Made of glazed brick with
5. PERSIAN
alternating row of Bas Relief.
CYRUS II- 559 – 529 BC
DARIUS I- Ruled by a satrap, who
CHALDEAN PALACE
guarded roads, collected taxes and
controlled army.
PERSEPOLIS- PERSIAN CITY
GATE OF ALL NATIONS- The Gate of
Xerxes
APADANA OF XERXES- Is a large
hypostyle hall,best known example
being the great audience hall .
THE THRONE HALL-It is the 2nd largest
building in Persepolis Next to
Apadana, built by King Xerxes and
continued by his son Artaxerxes I.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 T I M E L I N E POLITICAL INFLUENCE
1. Pharaoh – King of Egypt, ruler, highest
1.Prehistoric Architecture priest
2.Mesopotamian Architecture 2. Son of Pharaoh – successor
3. Vizier – most powerful official
3.Egyptian Architecture 4. Chancellor – controls treasuries and
census
4.Greek Architecture 5. Chief Steward – in charge of Kings Personal
5.Roman Architecture estate and household
6. Monarchy – form of government.
6.Early Christian Architecture
EGYPTIAN TOMBS
7.Byzantine Architecture 1. MASTABA
EGYPT - a transcontinental country spanning 2. STEPPED PYRAMID
3. BENT PYRAMID
the NORTHEAST corner of Africa and
4. GREAT PYRAMIDS
SOUTHWEST corner of Asia.

- has SANDY dessert with a strip of fertile on MASTABA

the banks of NILE. • It is the
earliest form of
Nile River Egyptian tomb
• Rectangular,
- Longest River in the world
flat roofing
- Green River
• Battered walls for stability
- With Ornaments
• Burial chamber below ground
CLIMATE:
-Storm, fog and rain are rare
-No downspout,
drainage and gutters
due to absence of
rain

HIEROGLYPHICS
An ancient Egyptian writing system using
pictograph and alphabetic elements

ROSETTA STONE
Discovered in Rosetta
Coast in Mediterranean
1799 by Napoleon’s OFFERING TABLE
soldiers with STELE or an upright stone
3 LANGUAGES: containing the name of the deceased.
1. Egyptian Hieroglyphs SERDAB
2. Demotic (Late Egyptian) • Is a chamber that contains
3. Classical Greek the Ka statue of the
- This stone is the key of deceased person
solving the mystery of
• Ka – “Egyptian Soul”
Egyptian Hieroglyphs.
SHAFT
A well leading to the
EGYPTIAN LIVING
- 1/3 year for agriculture underground chamber
-2/3 year for building (for Pharaoh)
SARCOPHAGUS-Egyptian Coffin
MUMMY PRESERVATION TO IMMORTALITY–
mummified
PYRAMIDS
• Royal Tombs of Kings
• Built because they believe in
life after death
• believe that the soul would
once more return to the body
• evolution of Mastaba
• 4 sides facing Cardinal Points
(NEWS)
IMHOTEP
• An Egyptian High Priest
• First known Architect in the World
BENT PYRAMID
PYRAMID OF SNEFERU
-the second pyramid built
by King Sneferu
GREAT PYRAMIDS
THE GREAT PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH
• The oldest and largest Pyramid complex
in El Giza, Egypt
• The oldest in the Seven (7) Wonders of
Ancient World
• Equilateral triangle in shape sloping and
meeting in one point
• Four sides are facing all cardinal points
Khufu – son of Sneferu and a pharaoh who
built the Pyramids of Gizeh
The Three (3) Great Pyramids:
1. Cheops – Khufu (Largest)
2. Chephren – Khafre (Second Largest)
3. Mykerinos – Menkaure (Smallest)
PARTS OF PYRAMID
1. Entrance
2. Descending Passage
3. Ascending Passage
4. Subterranean Chamber
5. Grand Gallery
6. King’s Chamber
7. Queen’s Chamber
8. Air Shaft
SPHINX- an Egyptian symbol of strength
and wisdom often depicted as
guardians of temples
THE GREAT SPHINX- SHOWS KING CHEFREN
AS MAN-LION PROTECTING HIS COUNTRY.
CLEOPATRA
-The last active pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt
before Roman Empire
-Famous for her perfect Nose
RAMPS/ LEVEL RAMPS
THEORIES IN CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS.
CANARY WHARF TOWER
LONDON – INSPIRED FROM PYRAMID
BY AR.CESAR PELLI – PETRONAS TOWER
THE LOURVE MUSEUM
PARIS FRANCE – INSPIRED FROM PYRAMID
I.M. Pei
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD – GOD ANUBIS
- it enables the soul of the deceased to
navigate the afterlife.
EGYPTIAN TEMPLES
Temples – are sanctuaries that only Kings
and Priests can penetrate
Two (2) Types of Temples:
1. Mortuary – built in honor of the Pharaohs
Only high priest
2. Cult – built for the worship of the Gods an
enter both
Rock – Cut Temples – cut deep into
mountain rocks along side of hill;
common burial of the wealthy
Parts of Temple:
1. Pylon – Egyptian Gateway
2. Hypaethral Court – large outer court
open to the sky
3. Hypostyle Hall – a pillared hall in which
the roofs rest on columns
4. Sanctuary – surrounded by passages and
chambers
5. Avenue of Sphinx – where mystical
monsters where placed.

TEMPLE OF KHONS

RAMESSEUM-Standing Figures by Rameses II

TEMPLE OF
PYLON – Temple of Khons.
QUEEN
HYPOSTYLE HALL
HATSHEPSUT
Second
Female
Pharaoh

TEMPLE OFAMON-RA
THEBES - BUD CAPITAL
ROCK CUT TEMPLE OF ISIS
TEMPLES-The NUBIA - PALM CAPITAL
Tombs of the
Kings
Thebes

EXAMPLE OF TEMPLES
1. Great Temple of Abu Simbel
2. Ramesseum TEMPLE OF AMUN-KARNAK
3. Temple of Queen Hatshepsut Grandest Temple in Egyptian Planning by
4. Temple of Amon-ra Amenemhet I
5. Temple of Isis
6. Temple of Amun-Karnak
TEMPLE OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 T I M E L I N E
AMUN-
1.Prehistoric Architecture
KARNAK
Grandest 2.Mesopotamian Architecture
Temple in
Egyptian 3.Egyptian Architecture
Planning by 4.Greek Architecture
Amenemhet I
(HYPOSTYLE HALL) 5.Roman Architecture

6.Early Christian Architecture

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES 7.Byzantine Architecture
1. Engaged Columns
2. Obelisk Greek Architecture
3. Torus Moulding Acropolis – High City; Icon
4. Gorge Moulding
5. Fresco Secco CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
6. Painted Limestone Relief -architecture which is more or less
consciously derived from the principles
Architectural Character includes: of Greek and Roman architecture of
1. Simplicity classical antiquity.
2. Monumentality
3. Massiveness Greece is a country in southeastern Europe
with thousands of islands throughout the
ENGAGED COLUMN Aegean and Ionian seas.
(FALSE COLUMN)
EMBEDED TO THE WALL
GREEK GODS
PAPYRUS CAPITAL
& GODDESSES
• Zeus • Dionysus
• Hera • Demeter
• Aphrodite • Athena
• Hephaestus • Hermes
• Ares • Hades
OBELISK • Poseidon
• Apollo
• Are monumental
• Artemis
pillars pairs found at
TEMPLES
the temple
• These are buildings built as a shrine to the
entrances
ancient Greek God or Goddess. it is the
considered as
chief building type in Greek Architecture
symbol of
“Heliopolis” the Sun
God
• Square in plan and
stand the height of 9-10
times the perimeter of
the base
• top a small pyramid
-END OF EGYPTIAN ARCH
HOW TO DESCRIBE TEMPLES
By number of columns at entrance
(Front)
Column Name
1 – hemostyle
2 – distyle
3 – tristyle
4 – tetrastyle
5 – pentastyle
6 – hexastyle
7 – heptastyle
8 – octastyle GREEK TEMPLE FORMS
9 – enneastyle 1. In-Antis – temples that have one to four
10 – decastyle columns in between antae at the front
12 – dodecastyle 2. Amphi-Antis/ Double Anta – one to four
columns between antae at the front and
PARTS OF GREEK TEMPLE the rear.
1.Naos – the principal chamber containing 3. Prostyle – has portico of columns at front
the statue of the god or goddess 4. Amphi-Prostyle – has portico of columns
2. Pronaos – The portico in front of Naos at front and rear
3. Epinaos – treasury chamber. Also 5. Peripteral – has single line of columns all
called Opisthodomos. around
6. Dipteral – have double line of columns all
around
7. Pseudo-Peripteral – have planke of
columns attached to naos
8. Pseudo-Dipteral - the last; inner range of
range of columns is omitted on the flanks of
naos.

PERISTYLE
-IS a continuous
porch formed by a row of
columns surrounding the
perimeter of building or a
courtyard.
Tetrastoon
-is a rarely used archaic term for
this feature. The peristyle in a
Greek temple is a peristasis.
INTERCOLUMNATION a.1 Necking
It is the spacing between columns in a a.2 Annulet
colonnade, as measured at the b. Capital
bottom (diameter) of their shaft. b.1 Abacus
b.2 Echinus
c. Flute
2. Entablature
a. Architrave/
Epistyle
a.1 Taenia
a.2 Regula
b. Frieze
b.1 Triglyph
Pycnostyle = 1.5 D Diastyle = 3D b.2 Metope
Systyle = 2D Areostyle = 4D Eustyle = 2.25D c. Cornice
c.1 Raking Sima
ORDERS c.2 Raking
The Architectural Orders are the ancient Gerson
styles of classical architecture, c.3 Gerson
each distinguished by its proportions and
characteristic profiles and ENTASIS -a slight convex curve in the shaft
details, and most readily recognizable by of a column.
the type of column employed.
THE PARTHENON
Location: Athenian,
Acropolis, Greece
• Largest Greek
Temple
• Doric, Peripteral,
Octastyle
• Architect: Ictinus & Callicrates
• Master Sculptors: Phedias

ORDERS (with Greek Temples) Zophorus-a frieze having representations of

1. Doric Order people or animals.
a. The Parthenon
b. Temple of Zeus Olympus
2. Ionic Order
a. The Erechtheion
b. Temple of Nike Apteros
c. Temple of Artemis
3. Corinthian Order
a. Temple of Apollo Epicurius

DORIC ORDER
- The oldest and the simplest of all
- No base, plain cushion-shaped capital;
basic parts:
1. Column
a. Shaft
 THE ERECHTHEION, ATHENS
- Ionic, Apteral, Irregular Plan. Uses
Caryatids porch

GOLDEN RATIO – GOLDEN RECTANGLE

(PROPORTION)
Caryatids
- Female figure support
WITHOUT a basket on
her head.

Canephorae
- Female figure support WITH a
basket on her
head
TEMPLE OF ZEUS OLYMPUS
Doric, Psudo –
Peripteral,
Atlas - Male figure
Heptastyle
support carrying the world
Second
in kneeling
Largest Greek
position
Temple
Used Atlantes – carved male figure
Architect: Theron
Telamones
- Male figure support in
IONIC ORDER
standing position
•
Characterized
by the spiral
or
TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE
scroll volutes
In Athens -
of its capital
Ionic,
• Has molded
Amphi-
base
prostyle,
• rich ornamented frieze
Tetrastyle
• cornice corbelled out on egg
Dedicated
and dart and dentil moldings
to the
“wingless
SHAFT DESIGNS
victory” Nike
- victory
Architect: Callicrates
The Temple of Artemis TEMPLE OF APOLLO EPICURIUS, BASSAE
-or Artemision also known less precisely as • UNESCO World heritage Site
the Temple of Diana • Dorc/ Ionic/ Corinthian
-was a Greek • for god of healing and the sun
temple • Architect: Ictinus
dedicated to • before the protective tent
an ancient, • was erected in 1987
local form of
the goddess
Artemis.
-It was
located in Ephesus
-rebuilt three times
- its final form was one of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient
-Only foundations and fragments of the last
temple remain at the site.

CORINTHIAN ORDER
• The most
ornate of the
classical orders
• has deep bell
shaped capital
decorated
by Acantuhus
Leaves
• Callimachus –
of Corinth is the inventor of
Corinthian Capital

KEY
MOULDING
 C. MYCENEAN
HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
AEGEAN ART – the term used to describe LION’S GATE
the Bronze Age that occurred in the land in • Most ancient stone sculpture
and around Aegean Sea in Europe.
GREEKPERIODS: • Located in Ancient Mycenae
1. AEGEAN/ EARLY PERIOD – ROUGH AND • Corbelled Arch
MASSIVE • Post and Lintel
A. CYCLADIC (Cyclades Island) 3000-1600 • Heads are now GONE
BCE
B. MINOAN (Crete) 3000-1400 BCE PALACE OF TYRINS
C. MYCENAEAN (Mainland Greece) It is a Mycenaean archeological site and
1400-1100 BCE a cyclopean fortress on a low
2. HELLINIC PERIOD hill in the center of Argolis plain.
3. HELLINISTIC PERIOD
2. HELLENIC PERIOD
A. CYCLADIC ART - City-states developed on the plains
Most examples are from the NEOLITHIC between mountains
period and are usually - The POLIS (city) emerge as the basis of
female Cycladic Islands rich in metal Greek society
ores and marble. - Each had its own ruler
- Philosophers - Socrates, Plato and
The Discovery of Aristotle
Akrotiri (Greek - Mostly religious architecture
Island - Carpentry in marble - timber forms
Settlement) - imitated in stone with remarkable
Late Cycladic, Exactness
possibly Early
Minoan) 3. HELLENISTIC PERIOD
- The period between the death of
B. MINOAN SETTING ALEXANDER THE GREAT in 323BC and
The reverse Entasis the annexation of the classical Greek
heartlands by Rome in 146 BC.
- Not religious in character, but civic - for
the people
- Provided inspiration for Roman building
types
- Dignified and gracious structures
- Symmetrical, orderly

GREEK BUILDINGS AND

PALACE OF KING MINOS, KNOSSOS GENERAL TERMS
• Knossos is the largest city in Aegean 1. Acropolis 8. Prytaneion
Period, known for its magnificent palace 2. Propylaea 9. Stadion
• Known for its labyrinth (maze) layout 3. Agora 10. Hyppodrome
4. Stoa 11. Quadrigas
5. Palaestra 12. Bouleuterion
6. Amphitheater 13. Tombs
7. Odeion 14. Mausoleum
ACROPOLIS
• High City
• Icon of Greek Architecture
PROPYLAEA
Greek
Entrance
Gateway
AGORA-“Market Place” – “I shop”
The Central Spot – Gathering Spot –
Assembly.
STOA- A covered public walkway or
Portico with Colonnades.
PALAESTRA-Greek Wrestling School
(Court)
AMPHITHEATER-THEATER OF EPIDAURUS –
open air structure
ODEION- building for musical
competitions
PRYTANEION-A SENATE HOUSE FOR THE
CHIEF (PRYTANEIS)
STADION
- used for foot race
- latin word of stadium
HIPPODROME-It is similar to stadium but
longer – horse and chariot racing.
QUADRIGAS-Chariot drawn by Four
Horses
Trigas – a chariott drawn by
Three Horses
BOLEUTERION-Council house, covered
meeting place of elected councils.
TOMB OF AGAMEMNON
also known as “treasury of atreus”
famed from “tholos” or behive shaped
tombs. Agamemnon was a King of
Mycenae.
THOLOS DROMOS
HALLICARNASSUS MAUSOLEUM
-7 wonders of ancient world
architects: Pythius and Satyrus
-Erected to king Mausolos
by his widow Artemesia
-END OF GREEK ARCH
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 T I M E L I N E
1.Prehistoric Architecture
2.Mesopotamian Architecture
3.Egyptian Architecture
4.Greek Architecture
5.Roman Architecture
6.Early Christian Architecture
7.Byzantine Architecture
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
The Colosseum – Roman Amphitheater
Spartacus – Thracian Gladiator ended
slavery.
ROMULUS & REMUS
-Twin brothers, sons of Rhea Silva and Mars
(God of War)
-Belief says they are the founders of Roman
City
-Discovered by Lupa or She-wolf
ROMAN RELIGION - derived from Greek Gods
to Roman Gods
- controlled by EMPERORS and not Gods
- resulting to less temples for worship
AUGUSTUS
First Roman Emperor

CONCRETE
- Roman’s invention/ greatest contribution in
Construction
- Consist of Volcanic Ash which creates a
crystal structure that prevents tiny crack from
spreading
- Volcanic Ash + Aggregates

HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT:

1.ETRUSCANS
- The earliest civilization
-The great builders “Radiating Arch”
- Inventors of concrete
- Inventors of Tuscan Capital

2. ROMANS
- adopted Columnar and trabeated style of
Greeks
- developed the Arch, Vaults & Etruscans
- - Complex builders/ multi storey

CONSTRUCTION METHOD
1.Opus Quadratum – made up of
rectangular blocks of stone with or w/ out
mortar joints but frequently secured with
dowels and cramps.
2. Opus Incertum – made up of small stones
laid in a loose pattern roughly assembling
the polygonal work.
3. Opus Recticulatum – fine joints were in
diagonal lines like the meshes of a net.
4. Opus Testaceum – triangular bricks (plan)
specially made for facing the walls.
5. Opus Mixtum – consisted of bands of
“tufa” introduced at intervals in the ordinary
brick facing or alteration of rectangular
blocks with small squared stone blocks.
ASINTANG IGLESIA
- Masonry Alignment
- Uses 10mm deformed bars at every 2
layers of CHB
- unconventional
ROMAN ORDERS
4. TUSCAN
ORDER-
COUNTERPART
OF DORIC
ORDER
5. COMPOSITE-
COMBINATION OF IONIC &
CORINTHIAN
ROMAN BUILDINGS
1.Domus - Roman House
2.Insulae - Roman Apartment
3.Forum - Roman Market Place
4.Thermae - Roman Public Bath
5.Balneum - Roman Private Bath
6.Curia - Roman Senate House
7.Pons - Roman Bridges
8.Aqueducts - Water Supply
9.Triumphal Arches - Emperor’s Victorious
campaign
10.Roman Basilica - Indoor Public Place
11.Roman Theater - Semi Circular in Plan
12.The Colosseum - Largest Roman
Amphitheater
13.Roman Temples - Rectangular or Circular
14.Pantheon - Roman Temple/ Church
PARTS OF DOMUS
a) Prothyrum or Entrance passage
b) Atrium or Entrance court, open to the sky
& at the center is a “Impluvium” a water
cistern collector
c) Tablinum or open living room
d) Peristyle – an inner collonated court w/
garden
e) Cubicula or bedroom
f) Oecus or reception room
g) Alae or recesses for conversation
h) Kitchen & Pantry
INSULAE
- Roman Apartment Building
- 3 to 4 Storey tenement type building
- Prototype for the modern condominium
ROMAN FORUM
-An open space used as a meeting place,
market place or rendezvous for political
demonstrations
-an open space called the forum
Surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts
and shops.
TRAJAN’S FORUM-Largest Forum in Rome
THERMAE
 A public palatial bath
• Romans liked to keep clean and fit
• Built elaborate public baths throughout
the empire
AQUEDUCTS
Use for water supply, w/ smooth channels
or “specus” lined w/ hard cement & carried
on arches, in several tiers.
TRIUMPHAL ARCH
Erected to commemorate the victorious
campaign of Emperors and generals
TRAJAN’S COLUMN
PILLARS OF VICTORY

Parts of the thermae

• Apodyteria – dressing room
• Laconicum (sudatorium) - sweat room, ROMAN BASILICA
rubbing with oil INDOOR PUBLIC PLACE
• Tepidarium – warm bath
• Frigidarium – cold bath ROMAN THEATER
• Unctuaria – oils and perfumes room SEMICIRCULAR IN SHAPE
THE COLOSSEUM
BALNEUM -An oval amphitheater in city center in
- A Roman private bath Rome, Italy
- Hadrian’s Villa - the largest amphitheater ever built
Parts of the balneum - 50k to 80k spectators
1.Tepidarium - used for gladiatorial contest
2.Calidarium
3.Frigidarium SUPERIMPOSITION
ALL ORDERS IN ONE STRUCTURE
CURIA-A Roman Senate House/ Building
PONS SUBLICIUS ROMAN TEMPLES
1. RECTANGULAR TEMPLE
2. CIRCULAR TEMPLE

THE PANTHEON
Roman Temple/ Church – Oldest Dome
Rome, Italy

Oculus- 30ft in
diameter
PONS
-END OF ROMAN ARCH
Roman Bridge, a simple, solid & practical
construction designed to resist the rush of
water.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 T I M E L I N E

1.Prehistoric Architecture

2.Mesopotamian Architecture

3.Egyptian Architecture

4.Greek Architecture

5.Roman Architecture

6.Early Christian Architecture

7.Byzantine Architecture

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE

 It refers to the preserved works of the first 5

centuries CE (Common Era).
 For the first 3 centuries after Christ’s death,
Romans banned Christianity and often
persecuted Christians.
 During this period, Christians concealed
their religious practices by digging tunnels
outside of Rome.

CATACOMBS - are tunnels were underground

passageways where early Christians could
worship and bury their dead extended up to
90 miles and 5 level deep.

CONSTANTINE THE GREAT

- A roman emperor who ended the slaying of
Christians
- Officially turned Christianity into a Religion

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Early Christian Architecture
- Inspired from Roman Architecture
- they use ROMAN BASILICAS as models
- converted it into CHURCH to house worship
of its disciples called BASILICAN CHURCHES
- above the burial place of saints
- Entry at WEST
- Altar at EAST
BAPTISTERY
• Used only for sacrament of baptism, on
festivals of Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany
PARTS OF BASILICAN CHURCH TRIFORIUM – roof over the aisles below the
1.ATRIUM – open rectangular forecourt clerestory
,surrounded by arcades which formed as the SEPULCHER – a tomb or a receptacles for
approach to the church w/ a fountain at the relics especially in a Christian altar.
center, containing water used for “ablution”
(a form of cleansing). -END OF E. CHRISTIAN ARCH
2. NARTHEX – covered area between the
atrium & the church and which was assigned
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 T I M E L I N E
to the penitents.
3. NAVE and THE AISLE – the nave is the 1.Prehistoric Architecture
central aisle usually lighted by a clear storey
of small windows, w/ an aisle on either side 2.Mesopotamian Architecture
usually half the width of the nave. 3.Egyptian Architecture
4. SANCTUARY – preceded by the “ arch of
triumph ” with a high altar in the center 4.Greek Architecture
standing free under its “ baldachino” upheld 5.Roman Architecture
by marble columns.
5. CHOIR – placed in front of the & was 6.Early Christian Architecture
enclosed by a low screen walls known as
7.Byzantine Architecture
“cancelli” ( hence chancel ) & was provided
w/ a pulpit or “ambo” on either side use for BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
reading the epistle and gospel. HAGIA SOPHIA – “Holy Wisdom/ Divine
6. APSE – terminal of the church, where “ Wisdom”
sanctuary “ is located and the bishop took
It is the architecture of Byzantine Empire also
the central space. Apse orientation at the
known as “Later Roman” or “Eastern Roman
east , while the entrance, at the west.
Empire”
Byzantium – became Constantinople, now
TERMINOLOGIES:
Istanbul is the capital city of Roman/
AMBULATORY – a passageway around the
Byzantine Empire in 4th century DESCRIPTION
apse of church.
• First buildings constructed were churches
ANTEPODIUM – a seat behind the choir
• Dumped Early Christian style for new
reserved for the clergy.
domical Byzantine style
BEMA – a stage reserved for the clergy.
• Byzantine is still official style for Orthodox
CHEVET – the apse, ambulatory, & radiating
church
terminal of a church.
CLERESTOREY –an upper stage in the church
JUSTINIAN I – emperor, He regained control
w/ woos. above the adjacent roof
of lost lands of the Western Roman Empire,
CLERGY – priest with the religious elders.
such as Northwest Africa, Italy and Spain
DAIS – a raised flat form reserved for the
Responsible for rebuilding Hagia Sophia
seating of speakers or dignitaries.
ORATORY – a small private chapel furnished
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
w/ an altar and a crucifix.
- Plans for churches & baptisteries; rounded
REREDOS – an ornamental screen or wall at
arches, elaborated columns & colors.
the back of an altar.
- Features the grouping of small domes or
TRANSEPT – the portion of a church crossing
semi-domes around a large central dome.
the main axis at the right
- Extensive use of “ mosaic decoration”.
angle & forming a cruciform plan.
- They don’t use campanile and atrium in
TRIBUNE – a slightly elevated flat form or Dais
their churches.
for the speaker.
DOMES AND CAPITALS

SQUINCH

BYZANTINE CHURCHES/ MOSQUES

Dosseret Block 1. Cathedral of St. Demetrius,Vladimir
- deep abacus 2. MOSQUE OF SELIM II,Meydan, Turkey
3. ST. MARK’S CATHEDRAL
4. SULEYMANIYE MOSQUE
 Istanbul Turkey
 2nd largest in the city
 2 Minarets – allowed
5. HAGIA SOPHIA “Holy Wisdom/ Divine
Wisdom”
Church – Mosque – Museum
1. Isidore of Miletus
2. Anthemius of Tralles

6. ST.BASIL’S CATHEDRAL

-END OF BYZANTINE ARCH

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 T I M E L I N E

1.Medieval Architecture
2.Romanesque Architecture
3.Gothic Architecture
4.Renaissance Architecture
5.Mesoamerican Architecture
6.Revivalism and Industrial Revolution (19th)
7.20thCentury Architecture
8.Modern and International Style
9.Contemporary Architecture

MEDIEVAL/ MEDIAEVAL
CASTLES
T H E M I D DL E A G E
-notable building in Medieval Architecture
-Medi–middle;
-Built on mounds above rivers
Ev–age; also called as ENGLISH MEDIEVAL
-Thick walls and small windows to resist
-Between Roman Empire and the
attacks
Renaissance
-many were adapted to make convenient
- the “Fall” of Romans and “Re- birth” of
residences in later periods.
culture
-King and Queen’s Residence
-The Dark Age/ Migration Age – no emperor
-Fortress at times of war

MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE
3 TYPES OF CASTLES:
-Medieval architecture simply refers to
1.Motteand Bailey Castle
architectural styles in medieval Europe
2.Stone Keep Castle
during the middle ages.
3.Concentric Castle
-started from Romanesque to Gothic
Architecture.

VIKINGS
Sea Warriors

CRUCK FRAMED HOUSE

Hook –Bent
No chimneys in medieval houses, just a hole
in the roof
•Roof –made of Thatched with tile or slates
•Walls –made of wattle and daub
MOTTE & BAILEY
Earliest form of Castle

BALISTRARIA
PARTS OF CATLES Cross shaped opening
1.Donjon/ Keep/ Tower
2.Peel BARTIZAN
3.Battlement an overhanging corner
4.Merlon turret at the top of a
5.Crenel castle or church tower
6.Allure
7.Balistraria
8.Bartisan MACHICOLATION
9.Machicolation an opening between the supporting corbels
10.Bastea of a projecting parapet or the vault of a
11.Bajnitsa gate, through which stones or burning
objects could be dropped on attackers.
TOWER
At first towers were built as self-suficient
fortification units. The towers had everything
to keep enemy away for long weeks of the
siege -water, food, gun powder and other
artillery supplies.

DONJON/KEEP/ TOWER
A stronghold of Medieval Castle; usually in
the form of a massive tower.
BASTEA
PEEL artificial soil elevation or stone wall which is
In Northern England and Scotland in the semi-round or horse shoe -shaped in plan.
middle ages, it is a small emergency defense Allows for good shooting access of troops.
structure, generally a low fortified tower
BAJNITSA
BATTLEMENT Loophole/ Small Window/ Shooting Window
in defensive architecture, such as that of city
walls or castles, comprises a parapet.
 = 2 gateways guarded by machicolations,
drawbridge and porticullis.

2. WINDSOR CASTLE, England

-A royal
residence
and It is in
essence a
Georgian and
PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT Victorian
design based
1.Anglo-Saxon Period –characterized by the on a medieval structure, with Gothic features
use of the timberfor domestic building reinvented in a modern
2.Norman or Transition Period –characterized style.
by bold and massive architecture with 4. TOWER OF LONDON
distinct piers and flat buttresses
3.Early English or Lancet Period –less massive,
simple ornamentwith tall ad narrow lancet
openings
4.Decorated or Geometrical and Curvilinear
Period –more ornate and elaborated
decoration 5. KRAK DES CHAVALIERS, SYRIA
5.Perpendicular Period –Rectilinear/ late
pointed/ Lancastrian Period 6.Coca, Segovia
6.Tudor Period –used in domestic building,
similar in perpendicular style 7. BODIAM CASTLE England
MoatedCastle in
EXAMPLE OF CASTLES East Sussex,
MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE England. Built in
1.Carcassone 1385 by Edward
2.Windsor Castles Dalyngriggeto
3.Warwick Castle defend the area
4.Tower of London –White Tower against French invasion during the Hundred
5.Krakdes Chavaliers Years War.
6.Coca, Segovia 8. EDINBURGH CASTLE SCOTLAND
7.BodiamCastle Itis a historic
8.Edinburgh Castle fortress which
dominates the
1. CARCASSONE France skyline of the city
-Built in 13thCentury AD of Edinburgh,
-Double wall, inner one made in 600 AD Scotland, from its position on the Castle
-50 towers and moat Rock.
-END OF MEDIEVAL ARCH
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 T I M E L I N E
1.Medieval Architecture
2.Romanesque Architecture
3.Gothic Architecture
4.Renaissance Architecture
5.Mesoamerican Architecture
6.Revivalism and Industrial Revolution (19th)
7.20thCentury Architecture
8.Modern and International Style
9.Contemporary Architecture
ROMANESQUE
ROMAN LIKE/ ROMAN DESCENDANTS
•800 years after Roman
•First distinctive style since Roman
•Art and Civilization was restored
•Pilgrimage –to save church from Islamic
Control
•Spread of Christianity/ Rose of Papacy
•Rise of Religious Orders focuses of art and
architecture
•Adapted the Medieval Concept (Castles)
•Moved away from woods
•Stone and Masonry Construction
•Focus on Churches –3 to 4 levels in height
•Charlemagne “Charles the Great” -father of
Europe
INFLUENCES
Countries that have been influenced by
Romanesque Architecture
1.Northern Italy
2.Southern Italy
3.Central Italy
4.France
5.Germany
6.Spain
7.England
8.Central Europe
Northern Italy
•Ornamental arcades all over façade
•Wheel window
•Central projecting porch, with columns on
roughly-carved grotesque figures of men
and beasts (shows Northern European
influence)
Southern Italy
•Richer in design and color
•Elaborate wheel windows–made of sheets
of pierced marble
•Greater variety in columns and capitals
•Elaborate bronze doors and bronze pilasters
•Byzantine influence : mosaic decorations,
no vaults, used domes
•Muslim influence: use of striped marbles,
stilted pointed arches, colorful, geometric
designs as predominant interior decoration.
Central Italy
•Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa–cities rich in
pagan influence
•Pisa had commercial links with the Holy
Land; fought with Muslims
•Great stone and mineral wealth, brilliant
atmosphere.
France
•Remains of old buildings were less
abundant–they had greater freedom of
developing new style
•Rib-vaults and semi-circular or pointed
arches over the nave and aisles
•Timber-framed roofs of slate finish and
steep slope to throw off snow.
Central Europe
Worms Cathedral
•Eastern and western apses and octagons
•2circulartowersflankeach
•Octagon at crossing ,with pointed roof
Spain
•Use of both Basilican and Greek-cross forms
•Use of horse shoe arch
England
3foundations:
•Old foundation- served by secular clergy
•Monastic foundation-served by regular
clergy or monks
•New foundation-to which bishops had
been appointed.
PROMINENT BUILDINGS Campo Santo
1. Cathedrals –Basilica in Plan. It symbolized •Holy Field
God’s kingdom. The holiest part was the •also known as Campo santo Monumentale
apse. Symbolism was important: ("monumental cemetery") or Camposanto
Vecchio ("old cemetery"), is a historical edifice
a. Circular parts reflect perfection so they
at the northern edge of the Cathedral Square
were linked to God
in Pisa, Italy.
b. Squared parts are related to the
human. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
2. Campaniles –are straight tower shaft Based from Roman Architectural Elements
Straight towers shafts, generally standing 1.Round/ semicircular arches/ Arcades
alone 2.Blind Arches
3. Baptisteries -Large, separate buildings 3.Massive Thick Walls
usually octagonal in plan and connected to 4.Small Windows
the cathedral by the atrium 5.Dark Solemn Interiors
6.Vaults –high ceiling from flat of Romans
Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost
7.Buttress
,Epiphany
8.Wheel/ Rose Window
4. Monasteries -Sometimes also functioned 9.Piers –supporting vaults
as cathedrals, and the cathedrals that had 10.Towers –Double towers
bodies of secular clergy often living in 11.Multiple Units
community, were a major source of power in 12.Capitals
Europe.

PIAZZA DEI MIRACOLI 1.ROUND ARCHES/ 2. BLIND ARCHES

ARCADES

3. MASSIVE THICK WALLS 4. SMALL WINDOWS

PIAZZA DEI MIRACOLI

Pisa, Tuscany, Central Italy (Square of Miracle)
Cathedral
•Forms one of most famous building groups in
the world- Cathedral, Baptistery, Campanile,
and Campo Santo
•Resembles other early Basilican churches in
plan
•Exterior of red and white marble bands
Baptistery 5. DARK SOLEMN INTERIORS
•39.3mcircularplanbyDiotiSalvi 6. VAULTS 7. BUTRESS
Campanile
•aka The “Leaning Tower of Pisa”
•8 storeys,16 min diameter
•Due to failure of foundations, overhangs 4.2m
•Took 199 years to build since 1173
8. WHEEL/ ROSE WINDOW 9. PIERS Capital of simplified
concave
- Corinthian form with
billeted abacus,
simple dosseret and
pronounced annulet.

Simple capital of a
10. TOWERS/ DOUBLE TOWER 11. MULTIPLE
Doric form supporting
UNITS
a Mozarabic arch.

CHURCH DETAILS
1.Church Plan
2.Church Interior
3.Church Portal
12. CAPITALS 4.Cloister
•The Corinthian 5.Porches
capital is 6.Crypts
essentially round 7.Chapter Houses
at the bottom
where it sits on a
circular column
and square at the top, where it supports
the wall or arch.
•This form of capital was maintained in the
general proportions and outline of the
Romanesque capital.

Capital of amorphous
-form surmounting a
cluster of shafts.
- shows a winged CHURCH INTERIOR
devil directing Herod Interior elevation: it consists of three levels:
to slaughter the •First floor with columns or cross-shaped
Innocents. pillars
•Second floor with the tribune (corridor
overlooking the nave, over the aisles)
•Clerestory: area of windows opening to
Capital of the outside.
Corinthian
-form with Byzantine
decoration and
carved dosseret.
CHURCH PORTAL
Tympanum
last
judgment/
mission of the
apostles
VEZELAY,
FRANCE –
tympanum

TRUMEAU –CHRIST/ MARY/ SAINTS

 CHAPTER HOUSES
•Often occur
adjacent to
monastic or
cathedral
churches.
•Early chapter
houses were
rectangular in
shape, with the larger ones sometimes
having groin or ribbed vaults supported on
columns.
•Abuilding or room that is part of a
cathedral, monastery or collegiate church
in which larger meetings are held.

CRYPTS
•Are often
present as an
underlying
structure to a
substantial
Other Images church
•SIN  Are
•VICES generally a completely discrete space, but
CLOISTERS occasionally, as in some Italian churches,
may be a sunken space under a raised
chancel and open, via steps, to the body
of the nave.
•Typically contains coffins, sarcophagi, or
religious relics.

-END OF ROMANESQUE ARCH

PORCHES HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 T I M E L I N E

• original design of a façade
1.Medieval Architecture
 usually only one bay deep and are
2.Romanesque Architecture
supported on two columns, often resting
3.Gothic Architecture
on couchant lions, as at St Zeno, Verona.
4.Renaissance Architecture
•Porches of various dates have been
5.Mesoamerican Architecture
added to the facade or side entrance of
6.Revivalism and Industrial Revolution (19th)
existent churches and may be quite a
7.20thCentury Architecture
substantial structure
8.Modern and International Style
 with several bays of vaulting supported on
9.Contemporary Architecture
an open or partially open arcade, and
forming a sort of narthex.
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE SEVILLE CATHEDRAL
12th–16thCentury •Seville, Andalusia, Spain
•An architectural style evolved from •Largest Gothic Cathedral in the world
Romanesque and succeeded to •Third largest cathedral in the world
Renaissance Architecture •Replaced HagiaSophia in its completion
•Goth –barbaric tribe in various regions in •Burial place of Christopher Columbus
Europe who wreck havoc hundred years •Architects: Alonso Martínez, Pedro
earlier Dancart, CarlesGaltésde Ruan, Alonso
•expressed their disgust for an architectural Rodríguez
style that they felt had blighted the face of
Europe NOTRE DAME de PARIS
•Gothic designers/ builders has •Notre Dame Cathedral
revolutionized the method of construction •One of the oldest French Gothic Church
•Started by Bishop Maurice de Sully
GOTHIC CHURCHES •Famous from Victor Hugo’s Novel the
1.Amiens Cathedral HunchbackOf Notre Dame.
2.Seville Cathedral
3.Notre Dame de Paris COLOGNE CATHEDRAL
4.Cologne Cathedral •Largest Gothic Church in Northern Europe
5.Milan Cathedral •515 ft tall cathedral tower s and 91,000.00
6.Siena Cathedral floor area
7.Chartres Cathedral
8.Reims Cathedral MILAN CATHEDRAL
9.York Cathedral •Milan, Italy
10.Ulm Cathedral •Also known as the Duomo
•The 5thlargest Cathedral in the world
•The largest church in Italy
•It has the most statues/ spires
•HenrichVon Gmunden

CHARTRES CATHEDRAL
 A masterpiece and high point of
 French Gothic ArtFamous for its 160
stained glass windows
 Unidenticaltowers

REIMS CATHEDRAL
 Place du Cardinal Luçon, 51100
Reims, France
 Coordination church of Francewhere
Kings were crowned
 West façade 500 statues

YORK CATHEDRAL
It is the seat of an archbishop second in
rank only to that of Canterbury and
boasts a huge collection of medieval
stained glass.
 ULM CATHEDRAL
 It is the tallest cathedral in the world
 4thtallest structure built before the
20thCentury
 The tallest gothic spire in Europe
 Its not a cathedral as it has never
been seat of a bishop.

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
1.Large Windows
2.Stained glass 9.Rose Window
windows 10.Tracery
3.Thin walls 11.Foils
4.Vaulted Ceiling 12.Cimborio
5.Flying Buttresses 13.Crockets
6.Tall Thin 14.Steeple
Columns 15.Epi
7.Pointed Arches 16.Finial
8.Spires
SPIRE STAINED GLASS
Steeply pointed pyramidal or conical Are colorful glass patterns illustrating stories
termination to a tower. from the bible.

GARGOYLE
Are waterspout projecting from the roof
gutter of a building.

SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH

•The first all steel church in the Philippines
•Neo Gothic
•Revival ofGothic
•Quiapo, Manila
•GenaroPalacios
•No weld, all bolts
•Interior painted to look like stones
•Gustav Eifel myth

-END OF GOTHIC ARCH

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 T I M E L I N E

1.Medieval Architecture
2.Romanesque Architecture
3.Gothic Architecture
4.Renaissance Architecture
5.Mesoamerican Architecture
6.Revivalism and Industrial Revolution (19th)
7.20thCentury Architecture
8.Modern and International Style
9.Contemporary Architecture

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
15th–18thCentury
•The “Rebirth” or “Revival” or “Born Again”
of Classical Arts (Greek and Roman)
depends on the form and purpose of the
building.
•Now applied to various types of buildings –
churches, chateau, domestic buildings,
villas, palaces

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Domes Walls
Vaults Doors
Ceilings Balusters
Arch Windows
Columns Balusters
Pilasters Parapets
 WALLS
•EXTERIOR
-Rusticated Ashlar
Masonry
-Basement to the Ground
•CORNER -Quoins
•INTERIOR
-Smoothed Plastered
Surfaces decorated with
Frescoes

Fresco
Is the method of painting in which color
VAULTS pigments are mixed solely with water and
then applied directly onto freshly laid lime-
Barrel or Semi-
plaster ground.
circular/
segmental on
DOORS
a square plan
Semicircular/ segmental/
(No Ribs)
triangular pediment with
square lintels. Openings
CEILINGS
without doors usually
Flat or coffered
arched and have a large
or painted
or decorative keystone.

ARCHES
WINDOWS
Semi Circular or Segmental
Paired within a semicircular arch. Used
triangular and segmental pediments often
used alternately.

PARAPETS WITH BALUSTERS

 ALTERNATING PEDIMENTS
Triangular and Segmental
NOTABLE PERSONS AND WORKS
•Filippo Bruneleschi
•Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
•Leonardo daVinci
•Leon Battista Alberti
•Michaelangelo
•Andrea Palladio
•Donatto Bramante
•Christopher Wren
FILIPPO BRUNELESCHI
FATHEROFRENAISSANCEARCHITECTURE
 Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the
leading architects and engineers of the
Italian Renaissance, and is best known for
his work on the Cathedral of Santa Maria
del Fiore (the Duomo) in Florence.
Considered as the first renaissance
architect and known for his discovery of
onepoint perspective.
FLORENCE CATHEDRAL
The project left unfinished also the Dome,
since in 1421only the frame (polygonal base)
had been erected. Two architects, Lorenzo
Ghiberti (1368-1445) and Filippo Brunelleschi
(1377-1446) won the competition although it
was the latter who actually built the dome,
showing a great mastery of technical
knowledge, in 1436.
VITRUVIUS
-Marcus Vitruvius Pollio was a Roman Military
engineer and architect
-who wrote De Architectura (On
Architecture)
DE ARCHITECTURA
THE10BOOKSONARCHITECTURE
Is a treatise on architecture written by the
Roman architect Vitruvius and dedicated to
his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus as
a guide for building projects.
VITRUVIAN MAN
-Drawn by Leonardo da Vinci in 1490
-depicts a man in two superimposed
positions with his arms and legs apart and
inscribed in a circle and square.
-The Proportion of Human Body in relation to
building design and environment by
Vitruvius.
-Ideal body = 8 heads high
LEONARDO DAVINCI
-ITALIAN POLYMATH / RENAISSANCE ARTIST
-Father of palaeontology, ichnology, and
architecture
-Considered one of the greatest painters of
all time.
LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI
-Italian humanist, architect, and principal
initiator of Renaissance Art Theory.
-He is considered the prototype of the
Renaissance “universal man”.
MICHAELANGELO
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni
was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect,
and poet of the High Renaissance who
exerted an unparalleled influence on the
development of Western art.
ANDREA PALLADIO
-Italian architect, regarded as the greatest
architect of 16th-century northern Italy. His
designs for palaces(palazzi)and villas,
notably the Villa Rotonda.
-Most Copied Architect.
DONATO BRAMANTE
 one of the greatest architects of the
Italian Renaissance
 was considered by his
contemporaries to have restored the
true principles of ancient
architecture, and is acknowledged
today as the founder of the High
Renaissance architectural style.
SAINT PETER’S SQUARE
 Redesigned by Gian Lorenzo Bernini
with colonnades and a red granite
Egyptian obelisk 25.50m tall originally
located in Heliopolis, Egypt
SAINT PAUL’S CATHEDRAL
 Located in London, England
designed by Sir Christopher
Wren6000 floor area with large
central space under dome for big
congregation.
TAAL BASILICA
 Basilica of Saint Martin of Tours
 Taal, Batangas
 Asia’s largest catholic church
 Renaissance Architecture
-END OF RENAISSANCE ARCH
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 T I M E L I N E
1.Medieval Architecture
2.Roanesque Architecture
3.Gothic Architecture
4.Renaissance Architecture
5.Mesoamerican Architecture
6.Revivalism and Industrial Revolution (19th)
7.20thCentury Architecture
8.Modern and International Style
9.Contemporary Architecture
MESOAMERICAN ARCHITECTURE
Is an architectural era and building traditions
of the indigenous cultures in parts of Mexico
and Central America before the 16th-
century Spanish conquest result of intensive
cultural exchange between the different
cultures of Mesoamerican History.
PeriodsofDevelopment: Civilizations:
•Pre-Classic(1500BC-AD300) 1.Mayan
•Classic(300-900) 2.Aztec
•Post-Classic(900-1500) 3.Incas
HUTS
Houses
MAIZE
Corn –Source of Food
MAYAN
-In between two (2) continents: North
America and South America
-Excellent Medical Techniques
-Has advanced writing skills
-They were fond of jewelry
BALLCOURT
Ball Game

POK-A-TOK
Ball Game
Rubber Ball

MADRID CODEX
Pictograph of Mayans
The Madrid Codex is the longest of the
surviving Maya codices. Its content mainly
consists of almanacs and horoscopes used TEMPLE OF THE SUN
to help Maya priest in the performance of Biggest Mayan Pyramid
their ceremonies and divinatory rituals. PYRAMID OF THE MOON
Second Largest Temple in Teotihuacan
CHICHEN ITZA AZTEC
"at the mouth of the well of theItza people" -Brutal People
was a largepre-Columbian city built by
theMaya Peopleof the Terminal Classic AZTEC CALENDAR
period. Located in Yucatan, Mexico  The calendar consisted of a 365-day
calendar cycle called xiuhpohualli
EL CASTILLO (year count) and a 260-day ritual
Center of Chichen Itza cycle called tonalpohualli (day
count).
 18 terraces on each side  These two cycles together formed a
 the number of months in the Mayan 52-year "century," sometimes called
year the calendar round
 There are four staircases, each with 91
steps, with one final step to the summit CHINAMPAS
temple making 365 steps, one for each AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM
day of the year. CODEX BORBONICUS
Pictograph of Aztecs
TEOTIHUACAN  The Codex Borbonicusis a single
 Is an ancient Mesoamerican city 46.5-foot (14.2m) long sheet of
located in a sub-valley of the Valley amati"paper"
of Mexico.  the calendar pictures all contain
 Located in the State of Mexico40 room above them for Spanish
kilometers (25mi) northeast of modern- descriptions.
day Mexico City.
 Known as the site of many of the most INCAS
architecturally significant -Kind Ones
Mesoamerican pyramids built in the
pre-Columbian Americas.
MACHU PICCHU
 CITY ON TOP OF THE MOUNTAIN
 CUZCO REGION, PERU
 INCAN CITY/ CITADEL
 600 TERRACES (KEEPS CITY FROM
SLIDING DOWN THE MOUNTAIN)
 USED FOR AGRICULTURAL
 170+ BUILDINGS
 THOUSANDS OF STEPS
 SEVERAL TEMPLES
 16 FOUNTAINS INCA QUIPU
 HUNDRED OF THOUSANDS OF STONES Record keeping
 MADE OF MASSIVE GRANITE device by tying
 NEAR SITE WITHOUT TOOLS knots which
 USED RIVER ROCKS (HARDER) TO indicated debt,
CARVED ROCK tax or obligations.
 RAINS MOSTLY THROUGOUT THE YEAR

TWELVE CORNER STONE

 An archeological artefact in Cuzcom
Peru
 It was part of a stone wall of an Inca
palace, and is considered to be a
nationa lheritage object. The stone is
currently part of a wall of the palace
of the Archbishop of Cuzco.

INTIHUATANA
 The place when the sun gets tied
 It was a religious construction,
conformed of 4 sides, considering like
the 4 cardinals points
(north,south,eastandwest) -END OF MESOAMERICAN ARCH
 Located at the top of the sacred
mountain.

TEMPLE OF 3 WINDOWS
 Just 3 of the 5 windows are remaining,
and these 3 windows represent each
part of the world: The underground
(Uku-Pacha) the heaven (Hanan-
Pacha) and the present or the actual
time (Kay-Pacha)
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 T I M E L I N E NEUSHWANSTEIN CASTLE
Romanesque Revival
1.Medieval Architecture
 A picturesque castle on a mountain
2.Romanesque Architecture
located in Hohenschwangau,
3.Gothic Architecture
Germany designed by Eduard Reidel.
4.Renaissance Architecture
 Inspiration of Disney Land’s Snow
5.Mesoamerican Architecture
White Castle
6.Revivalism and Industrial Revolution (19th)
7.20thCentury Architecture
PALAIS GARNIER
8.Modern and International Style
 Roman/
9.Contemporary Architecture
Renaissance
Revival Beaux
Arts
REVIVALISM is the use of visual styles that
 Place de
consciously echo the style of a previous
I’Opera, 9th
architectural era.
• Romanesque Revival
arrondissement Paris, France
• Renaissance Revival
 Is an Opera House built and Home for
• Neoclassicism/ Neo Classical
“Paris Opera” designed by Charles
• Gothic Revival
Garnier.
• Islamic Revival Europe – Roman Style
America – Greek Style
ESCALIER D’ HONNEUR
The Grand Staircase
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Escalier – Stairs in French
 The biggest impact of the Industrial
The Opera
Revolution on 19th century
architecture was the mass-production
PANTHEON NEOCLASSICISM
of iron and later steel in quantities
Neoclassicism - Higest Rank of Classical
where it became an economically
Architecture
plausible building material (as
opposed a limited material for
weapons and tools). This magical
material, steel, was a game changer
in architecture.

1.Neushwanstein Castle
2.Palais Garnier
3.Pantheon in Paris
4.Le Madeleine
LE MADELEINE
5.Arch De Triomphe
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
6.Grande Arche La Defense
 Located in 8th Arrondissement Paris, France
7.Newton Monument
 Architect: Pierre-Alexandre Vignon
8.Monticello
Designed as a temple of Glory of Napoleon’s
9.Rotunda at University of Virginia
Army.
10.The Capitol
11.Lincoln Memorial
12.The Pentagon
13.The White House
14.Westminster Palace
15.Buckingham Palace
16.Brighton Pavilion
 NEWTON MONUMENT
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE – Revived Roman Etienne-Louis Boullee
Neo Classical Architect
Cenotaph - an
empty tomb or
future tomb to
commemorate
the deceased
150m tall
sphere bigger
QUADRIGAS than the pyramids (though never built)
FOUR HORSE STATUES ON TOP OF A BUILDING
TRIGAS – 3 HORSES THOMAS JEFFERSON
BIGAS – 2 HORSES 3RD AMERICAN PRESIDENT AND ARCHITECT

MONTICELLO
 was the
primary
plantation of
Thomas
excellent injured dead Jefferson, the
third who
ARCH DE TRIOMPHE
began designing and building Monticello.
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
 The Arc de
THE CAPITOL
Triomphe
Washington DC
honours
WASHINGTON MONUMENT
those who
World’s Tallest Obelisk – 169m
fought and
died for
France in
the French

Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

 The names of all French victories and
generals inscribed on its inner and outer
surfaces.
 Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the
Unknown Soldier from World War 1.
NEO CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
A reaction to Rococo and Baroque
GRANDE ARCHE LA DEFENSE
architectural styles. New discoveries of Greek
The 20th Century version of Arc de Triomphe
and Roman architecture led Neoclassical
designed by Johann Otto von Spreklesen.
period, which lasted 1850-1900.

Neoclassical buildings have few defining

characteristics:
•Clean, elegant lines
•Uncluttered appearance
•Free standing columns
•Massive buildings
LICOLN MEMORIAL, Washington DC THE PALACE OF WESTMINSTER
Neo Classical WESTMINSTER,
Ar. Henry Bacon LONDON
“THE
PARLIAMENT”
GOTHIC REVIVAL
The meeting
place of the
House of Commons and House of the
Lords of the United Kingdom.

BIG BEN – 7M DIAMETER. 13.5 TONS, 1859

Central Post Office Building
Liwasang
Bonifacio
(Plaza
Lawton)
designed by
Architect
Juan Arellano
in Neo BUCKINGHAM PALACE LONDON,
Classical Style damaged during world war 2 ENGLAND NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
rebuilt in 1946 preserving its original design. THE QUEEN’S HOUSE ROSE GARDEN

OLD LEGISLATIVE BUILDING

PADRE BURGOS
AVE, ERMITA,
MANILA DESIGNED
BY AR. ANTONIO
TOLEDO
NEOCLASSICAL
ARCHITECTURE
NOW – NATIONAL MUSEUM ECLECTICISM
ARCHITECTURE
A stylized DNA double helix is the focus of mixture of elements from previous
the glass-covered central courtyard, the historical styles to create something that is
symbolic center of the new Museum of new and original.
Natural History.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
THE PENTAGON CONCENTRIC WALLS - The biggest impact of the Industrial
MEDIEVAL Revolution architecture was the mass-
Headquarters of the United States production of iron and later steel.
Department of Defense by George Edwin Example:
Bergstrom 1.Eiffel Tower
2.St. Pancras Station
THE WHITE HOUSE 3.King Cross Station
 James Hoban and Benjamin Latrobe 4.Iron Bridge
 The White House is the official residence 5.Ponte De Artes
and principal workplace of the President 6.Crystal Palace
of the United States 7.Lloyd’s Building (Modern)
MAJOR INVENTIONS CRYSTAL PALACE
Roads- To easily transport people and -was a cast-iron and
goods plate glass structure
Railways- To connect larger cities and originally built in
Hyde Park, London,
town
to house the Great
Canals- Improved drainage and
Exhibition of 1851.
sanitation
Ship- To transport goods overseas ELISHA OTIS
Inventor of Elevator exhibiting his creation
EIFFEL TOWER inside the crystal palace cutting his cord
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel In 1889, preventing it from falling.
 Paris hosted an Exposition Universelle
(World’s Fair) to mark the 100-year LLOYD’S BUILDING
anniversary of the French Revolution By Richard Rogers and
Partners is the home of the
and Eiffel’s company won over 100
insurance institution Lloyd’s
entries for exhibit’s gateway.
of London completed in
 Maurice Koechlin – Conceptualize (an 1986.
employee of Gustav Company)
-END OF REVIVALISM & INDUSTRIAL REVO.

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 T I M E L I N E

1.Medieval Architecture
2.Romanesque Architecture
3.Gothic Architecture
4.Renaissance Architecture
5.Mesoamerican Architecture
6.Revivalism and Industrial Revolution (19th)
7.20thCentury Architecture
8.Modern and International Style
ST. PANCRAS STATION 9.Contemporary Architecture
-The station takes its name from a 4th
century saint who was beheaded by the MODERN ARCHITECTURE
Roman Emperor Diocletian.
Is the term given to the range of
approaches in architecture, first appearing
KING CROSS STATION -London’s King’s at the beginning of the 20th century, that
Cross Station opened in 1852 as part of rejected historic precedent.
the Great Northern Railways and the
terminus of the East Coast Main Line. MODERNISM STYLES:
1.Arts and Crafts Movement
IRON BRIDGE 2.Art Nouveau
First Steel Bridge in the World that cross the 3.De Stijl
River Severn in Shropshire, England
4.Bauhaus
5.International Style
6.Art Deco
7.Metabolism
Dovetail 8.Brutalism
Joints 9.Post Modernism
10.Deconstructivism
FLAT SLAB
A suspended slab with no structural beams
often has capital on top to avoid punching
shear. PARC GUELL
The Park
1. ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT Güell is a
public park
The use of indigenous materials and
system
picturesque look. It was an international
composed of
movement in the decorative and fine
gardens and
arts. architectonic
elements.
THE RED HOUSE
BEXLEYHEATH, LONDON, ENGLAND CASA BATTLO
Located in
Barcelona, Spain also
called as Casas Dels
Ososor “The House of
Bones”

CASA MILA
Located in
2. ART NOUVEAU Barcelona, UNESCO
It is an international style of art, architecture WHS. It has an
and design that peaked in popularity at the Elephant Skin like facade and has no
beginning of the 20th century(1880-1914) straight lines.
Art Nouveau–French for NEW ART
SAGRADAFAMILIA
HOTEL TASSEL Church of the Holy
Considered as the very Family; located in
first ART NOUVEAU Barcelona, Spain
building in the world now declared as a
designed by Victor Minor Basilica
Horta housing a Bishop.

3. DE STIJL
ST.CYR HOUSE  Dutch for “The Style” (also known as Neo
The maison Saint-Cyr is plasticism) 1917-1931
Gustave Strauven's most  Sought to express a new utopian ideal of
important building spiritual harmony and order.

METROPOLITAIN PARIS 4. BAUHAUS

A rapid transit system in Paris
Metropolitan Area designed
by Hector Guimard
ANTONI GAUDI
He was a Spanish Architect best
known for Catalan Modernism
reflects a distinctive style.
“Form does not necessarily
follow function.”
“Straight lines belong to man, curve lines
belong to God”
An art and architecture school in Germany
founded by Walter Gropius (Dean). 1919-
1933 stopped due to World War II
transferred to US.
5. INTERNATIONAL STYLE
Is the name of a major architectural style
that is said to have emerged in the 1920s
and 1930s
 PAPYRUS DOOR
VILLA SAVOYE CHRYSLER BUILDING ELEVATOR
By Charles-ÉdouardJeanneretor Le Construction during the discovery of the
Corbusier represents the five points of New tomb of Tutankhamen Egypt.
Architecture. 1928-1931
ROCKEFELLER CENTER
Ar. Raymond Hood
Modern/ Art Deco Building in Manhattan
New York

7. METABOLISM
 Japanese modern movement
combination of mega structures to
biological growth.
 Under the influence of Kenzo Tange
LOUIS SULLIVAN design the future of the city.
"Form follows function”
KENZO TANGE
“Modern architecture need not to be Western”

FLATIRON BUILDING FUJI TV HEADQUARTERS

Fuller building is a 22 storey triangular The 3rd and current headquarters of Fuji TV
building an iconic and groundbreaking designed by Kenzo Tange in Tokyo, Japan
skyscraper designed by Daniel Burnham
completed in 1902

PRITZKER PRIZE
To honor a living architect or architects
whose built work demonstrates a
combination of those qualities of talent,
vision, and commitment.

6. ART DECO
A combination of many different styles and
movements of the early 20th century,
including Constructionism, Cubism,
Modernism, Bauhaus, Art Nouveau, and
Futurism. Its popularity apexed during the 8. BRUTALISM ARCHITECTURE
1920s. RAW / PURE CONCRETE/ NAKED

LE CORBUSIER
"The house is a machine for living in“
“Cube within a cube”
“5 points of architecture”
 FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT JOHNSON WAX BUILDING
 Organic Architect
 Student of Louis Sullivan
 America’s most famous architect
 "Form follows function that has been
misunderstood. Form and function
shouldbe one, joined in a spiritual
union”
 “Every great architect is –necessarily-
a great poet. He must be a great
original interpreter of his time, his
day, his age.” TALIESIN WEST
 “I believe in God, only I spell it Frank Lloyd Wright’s school of architecture
nature”
 “Less is more only when more is too LIRA LUIS
much” The first Filipino Architect/ graduate of the Frank
Lloyd Wright’s school of architecture in Taliesin
THE FALLING WATER
LUDWIG MIES VAN DE ROHE
o “Less is more”
o "Architecture is the will of an
epochtranslated into space"
o "Architecture starts when you carefully put
two brickstogether. There it begins“
 “God is in the details”

FARNSWORTH
HOUSE
ROBBIE HOUSE One room glass
and steel retreat
house in Chicago.

PHILIP JOHNSON
"All architects want to live beyond their deaths“
“Architecture is the art of how to waste space ”

9. POST MODERNISM
 Is a style or movement which emerged in
the 1960s as are action against the
GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM austerity, formality, and lack of variety of
modern architecture.

OSCAR NIMEYER
 Brazilian Architect
 “Form follows beauty.”
 “Architecture is invention.”

EERO SAARINEN
“Function influence but does not dictate form”

TWA FLIGHT CENTER

By Eero Saarinen at Queens, New York CityTrans
World Airlines
Bird Concept
SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE SANTIAGO CALATRAVA
 Sydney Australia by Danish Ar. Jorn Utzon  Bridge Architect
 A multi-venue performing arts center one  “I have tried to get close the frontier
of the most between architecture and sculpture
 Famous 20thcentury modern architecture And to understood architecture as
UNESCO WHS an art.”
SATOLAS TGV STATION
THE LOURVE MUSEUM Garede Saint-Exupéry TGV is a railway
PARIS FRANCE –INSPIRED FROM PYRAMID station near Lyon, France, directly attached
I.M. PEI to Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport.

CENTER POMPIDOU LONDON CITY HALL

Paris, France by Italian Ar. RenzoPiano
It is a complex building that houses a vast public
Library and museum. Utilities are in the outside
And exposed.
TJIBAOU CULTURAL CENTER
Noumea, New Caledonia by Italian Ar. Renzo
Piano namlinguistic and artistic heritage of the
Kanak peopled after Jean Marie Tjibaou, the
leader of the independence movement who was
assassinated in 1989 and who had a vision of
establishing a cultural centre which blended the
linguistic and artistic heritage of the Kanak
people.
Foster and Partners –Green Architecture
ZAHA HADID
“I started trying out to create buildings that
would sparkle like isolated jewels, now I
want them to connect to form a new kind of
landscape, to flow together with
contemporary cities and the lives of their
people.”
VITRA FIRE STATION2004 PRITZKER PRIZE
AWARD Weil am Rhein, Germany

FRANK GEHRY
“Architecture should speak of its time and place
but yearn for timelessness”
“I don’t know why people hire Architects and
then tell them what to do”

10. DECONSTRUCTIVISM ARCHITECTURE

Deconstructivism is a movement of
postmodern architecture which appeared -END OF 20th CENTURY ARCH
in the 1980s, which gives the impression of
the fragmentation of the constructed
building. It is characterized by an absence
of harmony, continuity, or symmetry.

BINOCULARS BUILDING
CHIAT DAY BUILDING
An office building in Los Angeles, California
designed by Frank Gehry