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Silkworms live for only two or three days after laying eggs. About 36,000 to 50,000
eggs are laid, and these are carefully stored at the silkworm farm until they are ready to hatch.
The eggs hatch into caterpillars, which feed on mulberry leaves. Soon, the caterpillars are
ready to spin their cocoons. Not all caterpillars can spin silk cocoons. Only the caterpillars of
a silkworm moth known as ‘Bombyx mori’ can do such spinning.

This caterpillars has special glands which secrete liquid silk through its lower lip. The
liquid produced later cocoons using these strands. The threads on the outside of the cocoon
are rough, while those inside are soft and smooth.

Some fully-spun cocoons are heated. This kills the pupa inside. The cocoons are then
put into hot water to loosen the fine threads. Finally, these threads are reeled off the cocoons.

The length of unbroken thread produced by a single cocoon measures about one-and-
ahalf kilometers. Being twisted together several of these threads make single woven materials.

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Gold is a precious metal. Gold is used ornaments or as money.

Gold is found in many places, but in a small supply. It is often found on the surface of
the earth. Since gold is a heavy substance, it is sometimes found loose on the bottom of rives.
The gold is found together with sand and rocks, and must be separated from them. It is simple
to search for this type of gold.

It is not usually necessary to drill a hole into the ground. Engineers have developed
modern processes for removing gold from rocks.

Since gold is not very hard, it is sometimes melted and added to other substances for
making rings, coins, and art objects. It will be priced forever because it is beautiful, rare, and
useful.
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Mangrove Trees

A mangrove is a tropical marine tree or shrub of the genus Rhizopora. Mangroves

have special aerial roots and salt-filtering tap roots that enable them to thrive in brackish water
(brackish water is salty, but not as salty as sea water).

There are several species of mangrove trees found all over the word. Some prefer
more salinity, while others like to be very close to a large fresh water source (such as a river).
Some prefer areas that are sheltered from waves. Some species have their roots covered with
sea water everyday during high tide. Other species grow on dry land, but are still part of the
ecosystem.

Mangroves need to keep their trunk and leaves above the surface of the water. Yet
they also need to be firmly attached to the ground so they are not moved by waves. There are
three types of mangrove roots that play an important role for it:

(1) support roots which directly pierce the soil.

(2) Level-growing roots which twist upwards and downward, with the upward twist emerging
on the water surface.
(3) Level-growing roots whose downward twists (sub-roots) appear on the water surface.

Any part of a root that appears above the water flows oxygen to the plant under water
surface. As the soil begins to build up, these roots produce additional roots that become
embedded in the soil.

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Petroleum product, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil and
lubricating oils, come from one source. Crude oil is found below the earth surface, as well as
under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as by
drilling a holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source, or pumping, forces
the crude oil to the surface.

Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petro-
leum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent, or opaque. Their
chemical compositions are made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form
compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in the union with the
hydrocarbons are also found, but these are of such minute quantities. Trace elements are also
found, but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded.

The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and con-
densing the vapors of crude oil. These product are called light oils such as gasoline, kerosene
and distillate oil.
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The Incas used to be a large empire of 990.000 km2 in Peru of South America. Their
city was high up in the Andes Mountains. They were well-know for their great wealth,
especially gold. This great empire was unfortunately destroyed in an attack by the Spaniards
who were searching for their famed gold. Altought this empire existed way back in 1493, it
was not backward but complex and well-organized.

The empire was ruled by the Sapa Inca, Lord of the World, Son of the Sun. He owned
everything in the empire - the land, soil, gold and even the people. The people, therefore, had
no freedom.

Boys and girls were to life of obedience and tradition. They began working in their ayllu
or family groups. The rule was Ama sua, ama llulla, ama sheklla, which means, “Do not steal,
do not lie, do not be lazy.”

Despite this difficult way of life, the Incas were very skilful.

They constructed drainage system and underground water reservoirs.

Thier buildings were made from huge stones. These were cut to fit perfectly together
so that no mortal was needed. Their rope bridges were so strong that even a horse could
gallop across them!

The Incas had no written language. information was recorded on knotted strings called
quipus. These were also used as calculators. Strong and healthy young boys were chosen as
chasquis or couriers to carry messages from one place to another.