MAKALAH

Basic English

Oleh :

Putri Rahmadani 17400018

Dosen :

Neneng Yuniarty, S.S., M. Hum

POLITEKNIK PIKSI GANESHA

BANDUNG
2017
 TENSES

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

We use the present tense to talk about:

 something that is true in the present:
 something that happens again and again in the present:
We use words like sometimes, often. always, and never (adverbs of frequency) with the
present tense:
 something that is always true:
 something that is fixed in the future.

General form

a. Affirmative : Subject + V1

o For third person, V1 + s/es.

Example:

 For habits
He drinks tea at breakfast.
They watch television regularly.
 For repeated actions or events
We catch the bus every morning.
They drive to Monaco every
summer.
 For general truths
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
 For instructions or directions
Open the packet and pour the
contents into hot water.
 For fixed arrangements
The school term starts next week.
The train leaves at 19.45 this
evening.

b. Negative : Subject + don’t/doesn’t + V1

o With the present tense we use do and does to make negatives. We use does not
(doesn’t) for the third person (she/he/it) and we use do not (don’t) for the others.
o For irregular verb (am, is, are), we don’t use don’t/doesn’t but just add not after
the irregular verb (am, is, are)

Example: They don’t work at the weekend.

c. Interrogative : Do/does + Subject + V1+?

 o With the present tense, we use do and does to make questions. We use does for the
third person (she/he/it) and we use do for the others.
o We use do and does with question words like where, what and why

Example: Where does he come from?

Who plays football at the weekend?

2. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

it’s used to talk about things or situations which happened in the past, that is, before the present
time of speaking.
Its main uses are as follows:
 to refer to an event or situation which happened once and is now finished.
 to describe a situation that lasted for a longer time in the past but is now finished.
 to talk about an event that happened regularly or repeatedly but is now over.

General form

a. Affirmative : Subject + V2

o For regular verb, V2 = V1 + d/ed

o For irregular verb (am, is, are) become (was, were)

Example:

 For an event which happened once and is now finished

I met Lisa yesterday
we ate a huge breakfast this morning
 For a situation that lasted for a longer time in the past but is now finished.
he went to college for four years
my family lived in Oxford in the 1980s
 For an event that happened regularly but now is over
she called for help over and over again
we ate out every night last week;
I phoned him three times today.

b. Negative : Subject + did not + V1

o For irregular verb (am, is, are) become (was, were) + not

Example: They weren't in Rio last summer.

We didn't have any money.
 c. Interrogative : Did+ Subject + V1+?

Example: Were they in Iceland last January?

Did you have a bicycle when you were young?

3. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

used to refer to things that haven’t yet happened at the present time of speaking, but which are
due, expected, or likely to occur in the future.

Here are the main situations in which the future is used:

 to give or ask for information about the future
 to talk about things that we think are likely or possible to happen in the future, but which
aren’t completely certain
 to refer to conditional situations, namely things that will or may happen if something else
occurs
 to make promises or threats, or to state decisions at the time of speaking

General form

d. Affirmative : Subject + will + V1

o use V1 without s/es for third person

Example: you will be in California tomorrow

I think she’ll retire soon
you’ll get stressed out if you work all the time.
Fine, I’ll call you soon

e. Negative : Subject + will not + V1

Example: he won’t [will not] stay married to her for long

f. Interrogative : Will+ Subject + V1+?

Example: how long will the journey take?

4. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

These tenses (also called progressive tenses) are used to talk about actions that continue for a
period of time. They are formed with the relevant tense of the auxiliary verb to be and the
present participle of the main verb.

Here are the main situations in which this tense is used:

 for something that is happening at the moment of speaking:
I’m just leaving work. I’ll be home in an hour.
Please be quiet. The children are sleeping.
 for something which is happening before and after a given time:
At eight o’clock we are usually having breakfast.
When I get home the children are doing their homework.
 for something which we think is temporary:
Michael is at university. He’s studying history.
I’m working in London for the next two weeks.
 for something which is new and contrasts with a previous state:
These days most people are using email instead of writing letters.
What sort of clothes are teenagers wearing nowadays? What sort of music are they
listening to?
 to show that something is changing, growing or developing:
The children are growing quickly.
The climate is changing rapidly.
Your English is improving.
 for something which happens again and again:
It’s always raining in London.
They are always arguing.
George is great. He’s always laughing.
Note: We normally use always with this use.

General form

g. Affirmative : Subject + (am, is, are) + V+ing

Example: The summers are getting warmer.

h. Negative : Subject + (am, is, are) + not + V+ing

Example: I am not going

i. Interrogative : (am, is, are) + Subject + V+ing +?

Example: Are you still working for the same company?

5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Perfect tenses are typically used to talk about actions that are completed by the present or a
particular point in the past or future. They are formed with the relevant tense of the auxiliary
verb to have and the past participle of the main verb.

Here are the main situations in which the tense is used:

 An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present.
I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)
 An action performed during a period that has not yet finished.
She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.)
 A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now.
We have visited Portugal several times.
 An action that was completed in the very recent past, expressed by 'just'.
I have just finished my work.
 An action when the time is not important.
He has read 'War and Peace'. (= the result of his reading is important)

We often use the present perfect with time adverbials which refer to the recent past: just; only
just; recently;
Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.
We have just got back from our holidays.
or adverbials which include the present: ever (in questions); so far; until now; up to now; yet
(in questions and negatives)
Have you ever seen a ghost?
Where have you been up to now?
Have you finished your homework yet?
No, so far I’ve only done my history.

WARNING:
We do not use the present perfect with an adverbial which refers to past time which is finished:
I have seen that film yesterday.
We have just bought a new car last week.
When we were children we have been to California.
But we can use it to refer to a time which is not yet finished:
Have you seen Helen today?
We have bought a new car this week.

General form

j. Affirmative : Subject + have/has+ V3

o We use has for the third person (she/he/it) and we use have for the others.

Example: They’ve been married for nearly fifty years.

 k. Negative : Subject + have/has+ not + V3

Example: They haven't lived here for years.

l. Interrogative : Will+ Subject + V1+?

Example: Have you ever seen a ghost?

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

British Council. 2018. Verbs. [online]. (https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-

grammar/verbs, diakses tanggal 28 Februari 2018 pukul 14.32 WIB)

Education First. 2018. Verbs. [online]. (https://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-

grammar/verbs, diakses tanggal 28 Februari 2018 pukul 14.41 WIB)

English Oxford Living Dictionary. 2018. Verb Tenses. [online].

(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses, diakses tanggal 28 Februari 2018
pukul 14.54 WIB)