DETERMINATION OF SLUMP OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

(AASHTO T 119-97)
(ASTM C 143-05a)

This test method is intended to provide the user with a procedure to determine the
slump of plastic hydraulic cement concretes.

Apparatus

1. Slump mold – made of galvanized metal not thinner than 1.5mm(0.060in.) gage in
the form of the lateral surface of the frustum of a cone with the base 203 mm (8 in.)
in diameter, the top 102 mm (4 in.) in diameter and the height 305 mm (12 in.).
The base and the top shall be open and parallel to each other and at right angles to
the axis of the cone. The mold shall be provided with foot pieces and handles. A
mold which clamps to a non-absorbent base plate is acceptable.

2. Tamping Rod - made of a round, straight steel rod 16 mm (5/8 in.) in diameter and
approximately 600 mm (24 in.) in in length, having the tamping end rounded to a
hemispherical tip, the diameter of which is 16 mm (5/8 in.).

3. Scoop or Shovel

4. Steel Ruler

5. Container for mixing concrete sample

Sample

The sample of concrete from which test specimens are made shall be representative
of the entire batch. It shall be obtained in accordance with Method in Sampling Fresh
Concrete.

Procedure

1. Dampen the mold and place it on a flat, moist, nonabsorbent surface. Held firmly in
place during filling by the operator standing on the two foot pieces. From the
sample of concrete obtained, immediately fill the mold in three layers, each layer
approximately one third the volume of the mold. In placing each scoopful of
concrete move scope around the top edge of mold as concrete slides.

2. Rod each layer with 25 strokes of the tamping rod, distributed uniformly over the
cross-section of each layer. The rod should penetrate the entire depth of the layer
being tamped. Rod the second layer and the top layer each throughout its depth, so
that the strokes just penetrate into the underlying layer.

3. In filling and rodding the top layer, heap/fill completely or over flowing the concrete
above the mold before rodding is started. If the rodding operation results in
subsidence of the concrete below the top edge of the mold, add additional concrete
to keep an excess of concrete above the top of the mold at all times. After the top
layer has been rodded, strike of the surface of the concrete by means of a screeding
and rolling motion of the tamping rod.
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 4. Remove the mold immediately from the concrete by raising it carefully and slowly in
a vertical direction. Raise the mold at a distance of 300 mm (12 in.) in 5 ± 2
seconds by a steady upward lift with no lateral motion. Complete the entire test
from the start of the filling through removal of the mold without interruption and
complete it within an elapsed time of 2 l/2 minutes.

5. Measure immediately the slump by determining the vertical difference between the
top of the mold and the displaced original center of the top surface of the specimen.

Calculation

1. Record the slump in terms of millimeters to the nearest 6 mm (1/4 mm in.) of

subsidence of the specimen during the test.

Slump = 305 mm = millimeter of height after subsidence

2
 SAMPLING FRESH CONCRETE
(AASHTO T 141-05)
(ASTM C 172-04)

This is intended to provide standard requirements and procedures for sampling

freshly mixed concrete from different containers used in the production or transportation of
concrete. The detailed requirements as to materials, mixtures, air content, temperature,
number of specimens, slump, interpretation of results, and precision and bias are in the
specific test methods.

Sampling

1. The elapsed time between obtaining the first and final portions of the composite samples
shall be as short as possible, but in no instance shall it exceed 15 minutes.

2. Transport the individual samples to the place where fresh concrete tests are to be
performed or where test specimens are to be molded. They shall necessary to ensure
uniformity and compliance with the minimum time limits specified in no. 3.

3. Start tests for slump temperature and air content, or both, within 5 min. after obtaining
the final portion of the composite sample. Complete the tests as expeditiously as
possible. Start molding specimens for strength test within 15 min after fabricating the
composite sample. Keep the elapsed time between obtaining and using the sample as
short as possible and protect the sample form the sun, wind m and other sources of
rapid evaporation, and from contamination.

Procedure

1. Size of Sample – make the samples to be used for strength tests a minimum of 28 liters
(1 ft3). Smaller samples may be permitted for routine air content and slump tests and
the size shall be dictated by the maximum aggregate size.

2. The procedures used in sampling shall include the use of every precaution that will assist
in obtaining samples that are truly representative of the nature and condition of concrete
sampled as follows :

a. Sampling from Stationary Mixers, except Paving Mixers

Sample the concrete at two or more regularly spaced intervals during

discharge of middle portion of the batch. Take the samples, so obtained within the
time limit specified in section A, and blend composite them into one composite
sample for test purposes. Do not obtain samples from the very first or last portion of
the batch discharge. Perform sampling by passing a receptacle completely through
the discharge into a sample container. If discharge of the concrete is too rapid to
divert the complete discharge stream, discharge the concrete into a container or
transportation unit sufficiently large to accommodate the entire batch and then
accomplish the sampling in the same manner as given above. Take care not to
restrict the flow of concrete from the mixer, container, or transportation unit so as to
cause segregation. These requirements apply to both tilting and non-tilting mixers.

3
b. Sampling from Paving Mixers

Sample the concrete after the contents of the paving mixer have been
discharged. Obtain samples from at least five different portions of the pile and them
composite into one sample for test purposes. Avoid contamination with subgrade
material or prolonged contact with an absorptive subgrade. To preclude
contamination of absorption by the subgrade, sample the concrete by placing three
shallow containers on the subgrade and discharging the concrete across the
container. Composite the samples so obtained into one sample for test purposes.
The container shall be of a size sufficient to provide a composite sample size that is
in agreement with the maximum aggregate size.

c. Sampling from Revolving Drum Truck Mixers or Agitators

Sample the concrete by collecting two or more portions taken at regularly

spaced intervals during discharge of the middle portion of the batch. Take the
samples so obtained within the time limit specified in Section A and blend them into
one composite sample for test purposes. In any case do not obtained samples until
after all of the water has been added to the mixer; also do not obtain samples for
the very first or last portions of the batch-discharge into a sample container.
Regulate the rate of discharge of the batch by the rate of revolution of the drum and
not by the size of the gate opening.

d. Sampling from Open-Top Truck Mixers, Agitators, Nonagitating Equipment, or Other

Types of Open-Top Containers

Take samples by whichever of the procedures described in Sections a, b or c

is most applicable under the given conditions.

4
 DETERMINATION OF AIR CONTENT OF FRESHLY MIXED CONCRETE BY THE
PRESSURE METHOD
(AASHTO T 152-05)
(ASTM C 231-03)

This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed
concrete exclusive of any air that exists inside voids within aggregate particles.

Apparatus

1. Air Meter – consisting of measuring bowl and cover assembly (see Fig. 1) with
working pressures of 51 to 207 kPA (7.5 to 30 psi).

2. Measuring Bowl – cylindrical in shape and made of steel having a minimum diameter
equal to 0.75 to 1.25 times the height and a capacity of at least 0.0006m3 (0.20 ft3).

3. Cover Assembly – made of steel and constructed to provide for a pressure-tight

between bowl and cover assembly. The dial of the pressure gage shall be calibrated
to indicate the percent of air and the graduations shall be provided for a range in air
content of at least 8% easily readable to 0.1%. A suitable hand pump shall be
provided with the cover either as an attachment or as an accessory.

4. Trowel – a standard brick mason’s trowel.

5. Tamping Rod – tamping rod shall be a round straight steel rod 5/8 in. (16 mm) in
diameter and not less than approximately 16 in (400mm) in length, having the
tamping end rounded to hemispherical tip the diameter of which is 5/8 in (16mm)

6. Mallet – a mallet (with a rubber or rawhide head) weighing approximately 1.25±0.50

lb (0.57±0.23 kg) for use with measures of 0.5 ft3 (14 dm3) or smaller and a mallet
weighing approximately 2.25±0.50 lb) (1.02±0.23 kg) for use with measures larger
than 0.5 ft3 (14L).

7. Strike-Off Bar – a flat straight bar of steel or other suitable metal at least 1/8 in
(3mm) thick and 3/4in (20mm) wide by 12 in (300mm) long.

8. Funnel, with the spout fitting into spray tube.

9. Measure for water, having the necessary capacity to fill the indicator with water from
the top of the concrete to the zero mark.

10. Vibrator

11. Sieves, 1 ½ in. (37.5 mm) with not less than 2 ft2( 0.19 m2) of sieving area.

Preparation of Concrete Test Sample

Obtain the sample of freshly mixed concrete in accordance with Sampling Fresh
Concrete (AASHTO T 141). If the concrete containers coarse aggregate particles that would
be retained on a 2-in. (50 mm) sieve, wet-sieve a sufficient amount of the representative
sample over a 1 1l/2 in. (3.75 mm) sieve to yield somewhat more than average material to

5
fill the measuring bowl of the size selected for use. Carry out the wet-sieving operation with
the minimum practical disturbance of the mortar. Make no attempt to wipe adhering mortar
form coarse aggregate particles retained on the sieve.

1. Place the representative sample of fresh concrete in the measuring bowl in three layers
of approximately equal volumes. Consolidate each layer of concrete by 25 strokes of
taming rod evenly distributed over cross-section. In rodding, the rod should penetrate
the entire depth of the layer being tamped. After each layer is rodded, tap the sides of
the measure smartly 10 to 15 times with the mallet to close any voids left by the
tamping rod. Strike-off the top surface by sliding the strike-off bar across the top flange
or rim of the measuring bowl until the bowl is just level full.

2. Thoroughly clean the exterior of measuring bowl to remove all excess concrete and
clump the cover assembly to the measuring bowl in a pressure-tight seal. Close the air
valve between the air chamber and the measuring bowl and open both petcocks on the
holes through the cover. Using a rubber syringe, inject water through one petcock until
water emerges from opposite petcock. Jar the meter gently until all air is expelled from
the same petcock.

3. Close the airbleeder valve on the air chamber and pump air into the air chamber until
the gauge hand is on the initial pressure line. Stabilize the gage hand at the initial
pressure line by pumping as necessary, tapping the gauge lightly. Close both petcocks
on the holes through the cover. Open the air valve between the air chamber and the
measuring bowl. Tap the sides of the measuring bowl smartly to relive local restraints.
Lightly tap the pressure gauge hand to stabilize the gaugehand and read the percentage
of air on the dial of the pressure gauge. Release the pressure by opening both petcocks
before removing the cover.

Calculation

The percentage of air content on freshly mixed concrete can be obtained as the
actual reading noted in the dial. If there’s a doubt in the result of test, correction factor of
aggregate, used shall be determine by subtracting its value to the actual reading obtained in
the meter.

6
7
 DETERMINATION OF WEIGHT PER CUBIC METER YIELD AND AIR CONTENT
(GRAVIMETRIC) OF CONCRETE
(AASHTO T 121-09)
(ASTM C 138 -08)

This method covers determination of the density of freshly mixed concrete and gives
formulas for calculating the yield cement content, and the air content of the concrete. Yield
is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the
component materials.

Apparatus

1. Balance – accurate to within 45g (0.1lb) or 0.3% of the test load at any point within
the range of use.

2. Tamping rod - a round, straight steel rod, 16 mm (5/8 in.) in diameter and
approximately 600 mm (24 in), in length, having the tamping end rounded to a
hemispherical tip the diameter of which is 16 mm (5/8 in. ).

3. Measure – cylindrical container made of metal, watertight and sufficiently rigid to

retain its form and calibrated volume under rough usage. The top rim of the air
meter bowls shall be smooth and plane within 0.01 in. (0.25 mm).

4. Strike-Off Plate – a flat rectangular metal plate at least 6 mm (1/4 in.) thick with a
length and width at least 50 mm (2 in.) greater than the diameter of the measure
with which it is to be used. The edges of the place shall be straight and smooth
within a tolerance of 1.6 mm (1/16 in.).

5. Calibration Equipment – a piece of glass, preferably at least 6 mm (1/4 in) thick with
a length and width at least 50 mm greater than the diameter of the measure with
which it is to be used. The edges of the plate shall be straight and smooth within a
tolerance of 11.5 mm (1/16 in.).

6. Mallet - (with a rubber or rawhide head)having a mass of 600 ± 200g (1.25± 0.50
lb) for use with measures of 14 L (0.05ft3) or smaller, and a mallet weighing
approximately 1000± 200g (2.25±0.50 lb) for use with measures larger than 0.014
m3(0.5ft3)

7. Internal Vibrator – have rigid or flexible shafts, preferably powered by electric

motors. The frequency of vibrator shall be 117 Hz(7,000 vibrations per minute) or
greater than 1.50 in. (38 mm). The length of the shaft shall be at least 24 in. (610
mm).

Sample

Obtain the sample of freshly mixed concrete in accordance with Sampling Fresh
Concrete (AASHTO T 141)

8
Procedure

1. Calibrate the measure and determine the factor used to convert the mass in kilograms
per cubic meter. Measure shall be recalibrated at least once a year or whenever there is
a reason to question the accuracy of the calibration.

2. Place the sample of freshly mixed concrete in the measure in three layers of
approximately equal volume. Rod each layer with 25 strokes of the tamping rod when
the 0.014 m3 (0.5 ft3) or smaller measure is used and 50 strokes when the 0.28 m3 (1
ft3) measure is used. Distribute the strokes uniformly over the cross section of measure
and for the top two layers, penetrate about 25 mm (1 in.) into the underlying layer. The
rod should penetrate the entire depth of the layer being tamped. After each layer is
rodded, tap the sides of the measure smartly 10 to 15 times with mallet to close any
voids left by the tamping road and to release any large bubbles of air that may have
been trapped. Add the final layer so as to avoid overfilling.

3. After consolidation, strike-off the top surface of concrete and finish it smoothly with the
flat strike-off plate using great care to leave the measure just leave full. Clean all
excess concrete from the exterior of the measure and determine the net mass of the
concrete in the measure.

Calculation

1. Calculate the net density of the concrete in kilograms by subtracting the mass of the
measure from the gross mass. Calculate the mass per cubic meter by multiplying the
net mass by the calibration factor for the measure used.

2. Calculate the yield, Y, (volume of concrete produced per batch) by dividing the total
mass of all materials batched, W1, by the density, W, the total mass of all materials
batched is the sum of the mass of the cement, coarse and fine aggregates and the
mixing water added to the batch.

3. Relative yield is the ratio of the actual volume of concrete obtained to the volume as
designed for the batch calculated as follows :

Ry = Y/Yd

where :

Ry = relative yield, and

Yd = volume of concrete which the batch was designed to produce, m3
Y = Volume of batch in m3

4. Calculate the actual cement content, kg/m3

N =Nt/Y

where :

N = actual cement content, kg/m3

Nt = mass of cement in the batch, kg

9
 Y = volume of batch in m3

5. Calculate the are content as follows :

A = [(y-V)/Y] x 100

where :

A = air content (percentage of voids) in the concrete

Y = total absolute volume of the component ingredients in the batch, m3
v = volume of batch in m3

10
 MAKING AND CURING CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH
TEST SPECIMENS IN THE FIELD
(AASHTO T23-08)
(ASTM C 31-06)

Significance

This method provides standard requirements for making, curing, protecting, and
transporting concrete test specimens under field conditions.

Apparatus

1. Cylinder Molds - made of steel having 150 mm in diameter and 300 mm in height
constructed in the form of right circular cylinders and the top open to receive the
concrete and shall be watertight and sufficiently strong and tough to permit their
used without tearing, crushing or deforming. It shall have a separate base plate and
a means of attaching it to the cylindrical sidewalls.

2. Beam Molds – shall be rectangular in shape of the dimensions required to practice

the specimens stipulated in Section 2 under Test Specimens. The sides, bottom and
ends shall be at right angles to each other and shall be straight and true and free of
warpage.

3. Tamping Rod – a round, straight steel, steel rod, 16 mm (5.8 in.) in diameter and
approximately (650 mm) long, with the tamping end rounded to a hemispherical tip
of the same diameter as the rod.

4. Small Rod – a round, straight steel, steel rod, 3/8 in.. (10 mm) in diameter and
approximately 12 in. (300 mm) long, with the tamping end rounded to a
hemispherical tip of the same diameter as the rod.

5. Small tools such as shovels, pails, trowels, straight edge, scoops, rulers and wood
float.

6. Water Storage Tank suitable for curing test specimens.

7. Sampling and mixing receptacle – shall be a suitable heavy gage metal pan, wheel
borrow, or flat, clean non absorbent mixing board of sufficient capacity to allow easy
remixing of the entire sample with a shovel or trowel.

Sampling Concrete

1. The sample used to fabricate test specimens under this standard shall be obtained in
accordance with the Method of Sampling Fresh Concrete unless an Alternate
Procedure has been approved.

2. Record the identity of the sample with respect to the location of the concrete
represented and the time of casting.

11
Test Specimens

1. Compressive Strength Specimens – compressive strength specimens shall be

cylinders of concrete cast and hardened in an upright position, with a length equal to
twice the diameter. The standard specimen shall be the 6 by 12 in. (152 by 305
mm) cylinder when the maximum size of the coarse aggregate does not exceed 2
in.) 50 mm., either the concrete sample shall be treated by wet sieving or the
diameter of the cylinder shall be at least three times the nominal maximum size of
the coarse aggregate does not exceed 1 in. (25.0 mm), the specimens may be 4 by 8
in. (100 by 200 mm) cylinders.

Note 1 – The maximum size is the smallest sieve opening through which the entire
amount of aggregate is required to pass.

2. Flexural Strength Specimens – flexural strength specimen shall be rectangular beams

of concrete cast and hardened with long axes horizontal. The length shall be at least
2 in. (50 mm) greater than three times the depth as tested. The ratio of width to
depth as molded shall not exceed 1.5. The standard beam shall be 6 by 6 in. (152
by 152 mm) in cross section, and shall be used for concrete with minimum size
coarse aggregate exceeds 2 in. (50 mm), the smaller cross-sectional dimension of
the beam shall be least three times the nominal maximum size of the coarse
aggregate. Unless required by project specifications beams made in the field shall
not have a width or depth of less than 6 in.

Molding Specimens

1. Placing of Molding - mold specimens promptly on a level, rigid horizontal surface,

free from vibration and other disturbances, at a place as near as practicable to the
location where they are to be stored.

2. Placing the Concrete – place the concrete in the molds using a scoop, blunted trowel,
or shovel. Select each scoopful, trowelful, or shovelful of concrete from the mixing
pan to ensure that it is representative of the batch. Remix the concrete in the
mixing pan with a shovel or trowel to prevent segregation during the molding of
specimens. Move the scoop, trowel, or shovel around the perimeter of the mold
opening when adding concrete to ensure an even distribution of the concrete and to
minimize segregation. Further distribute the concrete by use of a tamping rod prior
to the start of consolidation. In placing the final layer, the operator shall attempt to
add an amount of concrete that will exactly fill the mold after compaction. Do not
add nonrepresentative concrete to an underfilled mold.

Number of Layers – make specimens in layers as indicated in Table 1.

3. Consolidation :

3.1 Methods of Consolidation – preparation of satisfactory specimens requires

different methods of consolidation. The method of consolidation are rodding,
and internal or external vibration. Base the selection of the method of
consolidation on the slump, unless the method is stated in the specifications
under which the work is being performed. Rod concrete with a slump greater

12
 than 1 in. (25 mm). Rod or vibrate concretes with slump of less than 1 in. (25
mm). Concretes of such low water content that they cannot be properly
consolidated by the methods described herein, or requiring other sizes and
shapes of specimens to represent the product or structure, are not covered by
this method.

3.2 Rodding – place the concrete in the mold, in the required number of layers of
approximately equal volume. For cylinders, rod each layer with the round end
of the rod using the number of strokes specified in Table 2. The number of
roddings per layer required for beams is one for each 2 in.2 (13 cm2) top surface
area of the specimen. Rod the bottom layer throughout its depth. Distribute
the strokes uniformly over the cross section of the mold and for each upper
layer allow the rod to penetrate about ½ in. (12 mm) into the underlying layer
when the depth of layer is less than 4 in. (100 mm), about 1 in. (25 mm) when
the depth is 4 in. or more. If voids are left by the tamping rod, tap the sides of
the mold lightly with the mallet or open hand when using light-gage single-use
molds to close the voids. After each layer is rodded, spade the concrete along
the sides and ends of beam molds with a trowel or other suitable tool.

3.3 Vibration - maintain a uniform time period for duration of vibration for the
particular kind of concrete, vibrator, and specimen mold involved. The duration
of vibration required will depend upon the workability of the concrete and the
effectiveness of the vibrator. Usually, sufficient vibration has been applied as
soon as the surface of the concrete has become relatively smooth. Continue
vibration only long enough to achieve proper consolidation of the concrete.
Over vibration may cause segregation. Fill the molds and vibrate in the required
number of approximately equal layers. Place all the concrete for each layer in
the mold before starting vibration of that layer. When placing the final layer,
avoid overfilling by more than ¼ in. (6 mm). Finish the surface either during or
after vibration where external vibration, add only enough concrete with a trowel
to overfill the mold about 1/8 in. (3 mm). Work it into the surface and then
strike it off.

Table 1 Number of Layers Required for Specimens

Specimen Type and Size Mode of Number of Approximate Depth of Layer,

as Depth, in (mm) Compaction Layers in. (mm)
Cylinders :
Up to 12 (305) rodding 3 equal 4 (100)
Over 12 (305) rodding as required 4 (100)
12 (305) to 18 (460) vibration 2 equal half depth of specimen
Over 18 (460) vibration 3 or more 8 (200) as near as practicable

Beam :
6 (152) to 8 (200) rodding 2 equal half depth of specimen
Over 8 (200) rodding 3 or more 4 (100)
6 (152) to 8 (200) vibration 1 depth of specimen
Over 8 (200) vibration 2 or more 3 (200) as near as practicable

13
 Table 2 Diameter of Rod and Number of Roddings to be used in
Molding Cylinder Test Specimens

Diameter of Cylinder, Diameter of Rod, Number of

in. (mm) in. (mm) Strokes/Layer
4 (100) 3/8 (10) 25
6 (150) 5/8 (16) 25
8 (200) 5/8 (16) 50
10 (250) 5/8 (16) 75

3.3.2 Cylinders – Use three insertions of the vibrator at different points for
each layer. Allow the vibration to penetrate through layer being
vibrated, and into the layer is vibrated, tap outsides of the mold lightly
10 to 15 times with the mallet, to close any holes left by vibrating and to
release any large air bubbles that may have been tapped. Tap light-
gage single-use molds, susceptible to damage if tapped with the mallet,
using an open hand.

3.3.3 Beam - insert the vibrator as intervals not exceeding 6 in. (150 mm)
along the centerline of the long dimension of the specimen. For
specimens wider than 6 in., use alternating insertions along two lines.
Allow the shaft of the vibrator to penetrate into the bottom layer
approximately 1 in. (25 mm). After each layer is vibrated, tap the
outsides of the mold lightly 10 to 15 times with the mallet, to close any
holes left by vibrating and to release any large air bubbles that may have
been trapped.

3.3.4 External Vibration - when external vibration is used, take care to ensure
that the mold is rigidly attached to or securely held against the vibrating
element or vibrating surface.

4. Finishing - after consolidation, unless the finishing has been performed during the
vibration (3.3), strike off the surface of the concrete and float or trowel it as
required. Perform all finishing with the minimum manipulation necessary to produce
a flat even surface that is level with the rim or edge of the mold and that had no
depressions or projections larger than 1/8 in. (3.2 mm).

4.1 Cylinders – after consolidation, finish the top surfaces by striking them off with
the tamping rod where the consistency of the concrete permits or with a wood
float or trowel. If desired, cap the top surface of freshly made cylinders with a
thin layer of stiff Portland cement paste which is permitted to harden and cure
with the specimen.

4.2 Beams - after consolidation of the concrete, strike off the top surface to the
required tolerance to produce a flat even surface. A wood float may be used.

Slump and Air Content

14
 1. Slump – measure the slump of each batch of concrete, from which specimens are
made, immediately after remixing in the receptacle as required.

2. Air Content – determine the air content in accordance with the method prescribed in
Section Determination of Air Content of freshly Mixed Concrete by pressure Method.
The concrete used in performing the air content test shall not be used in fabricating
test specimens.

Curing

1. Covering after Finishing - immediately after finishing, precautions shall be taken to

prevent evaporation and loss of water from the specimens. Cardboard molds may
expand and damage specimens at an early age if the outside of the mold absorbs
water. Protect the outside surfaces of cardboard molds from the contact with wet
burlap or other sources of water. Cover specimens with non-absorbent, non-reactive
plate or sheet to help retard evaporation, but the burlap must not be in contact with
the surface of the concrete.

2. Curing Specimens for Checking the Adequacy of Laboratory Mixture Proportions for
Strength or as the Basis for Acceptance or Quality Control.

2.1 Initial Curing :

2.1.1 Initial Curing in air – during the initial 24 ± 8 h after molding the
temperature immediately adjacent to the specimens shall be maintained
in the range of 60 to 80oF (16 to 27oC), loss of moisture from the
specimens shall be prevented (Note 2). The molds of specimens not to
be transported shall be removed after the initial 24 ± 8 h and standard
curing at 73.0 ± 3oF (23 ± 2oC), shall be started immediately. Specimens
to be transported prior to 48 h after molding shall not be demolded, but
shall continue initial curing at 60 to 80oF (16 to 27oC) until time for
transporting. Specimens to be transported after 48 h age shall be
demolded following the 24 ± 8 h initial curing and place immediately in
saturated lime water at 73.0 ± 3oF (23 ± 2oC) until the time of
transporting.

Note 2 – It may be necessary to create an environment during the initial curing in air
period to provide satisfactory moisture conditions and to control the temperature in
the range of 60 to 80oF (16 to 27oC). The specimens may be stored in tightly
constructed wooden boxes, damp sand pits, temporary buildings at construction
sites, under wet burlap in favorable weather or in heavy weight closed plastic bags,
or use other suitable methods, provided the foregoing requirements limiting
specimen temperature and moisture loss are met. The temperature may be
controlled by ventilation, or thermostatically controlled cooling devices, or by heating
devices such as stoves, light bulbs or thermostatically controlled heating elements.
Temperature record of the specimens may be established by means of maximum-
minimum thermometers.

2.1.2 Initial Curing of Cylinders in Water - immediately after molding, immerse

the specimens in saturated lime water at 60 to 80oF (16 to 27oC) for 24 ±
8 h. This curing is not acceptable for specimens in cardboard molds or
molds which expand when immersed in water. Remove specimens from

15
 molds at 24 ± 8 h protect from loss of moisture and within 30 min. start
standard curing at 73.0 ± 3oF (23 ± 2oC).

2.2 Standard Curing :

2.2.1 Cylinders – within 30 min. after removal of molds and completion of initial
curing, store specimens in a moist condition with free water maintained
on their surfaces at all times at a temperatures between 63 and 73.0 ±
3oF (23 ± 2oC). Temperatures between 68 and 80oF (20 and 30oC) are
permitted for a period not to exceed 3 h immediately prior to test if free
moisture is maintained on the surfaces of the specimen at all times.
Specimens shall not be exposed to dripping or running water. The
required moist storage can be obtained by immersion in saturated lime
water or by storage in a moist room or cabinet.

2.2.2 Beams – beams are to be cured the same as cylinders, except for a
minimum of 20 h prior to testing, they shall be stored in water saturated
with calcium hydroxide at 73.0 ± 3oF (23 ± 2oC). Drying of the surfaces
of the beam shall be prevented between removal from lime water and
completion of testing (Note 3).

Note 3 – Relatively small amounts of surface drying of flexural specimens induce

tensile stresses in the extreme fibers that will markedly reduce the indicated
flexural strength.

3. Curing Specimens for Checking the Adequacy of Laboratory Mixture Proportions for
Strength or as the Basis for Acceptance or Quality Control at Remote Sites:

3.1 Specimens prepared and stored at remote sites which do not have facilities for
controlling temperature within the tolerance of 73.0 ± 3oF (23 ± 2oC), shall be
cured in accordance with the provisions of the “Curing Specimens for Checking
the Adequacy of Laboratory Mixture Proportion for Strength or as the Basis for
Acceptance of Quality Control” except as modified by this section.

3.2 Initial Curing at Remote Sites – specimens shall be cured in accordance with
Section 2.1, except that a temperature range of 60 to 80oF (16 to 27oC) shall be
substituted for the range of 73.0 ± 3oF (23 ± 2oC) in sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.2.

3.3.1 Specimens not to be transported or to be transported after 48 h age may

be cured without demolding provided that loss of moisture is prevented in
accordance with 2.2.1 or 2.1.2 until the time of transportation or testing.

3.3 Standard Curing at Remote Sites – specimens to be stored at a remote site and
shipped to a laboratory for test or to be tested at the remote site shall be cured
in accordance with 3.1, 3.2, and 3.2.1 until the time of shipment or test.
Specimens shall not be exposed to dripping or running water.

3.3.1 Beam specimens to be stored and tested at remote sites shall be cured in
accordance with 3, except that for a minimum of 20 h prior to testing,
they shall be stored in water saturated with calcium hydroxide at 23 ±

16
 2°C (73 ± 3oF). Drying of the surfaces of the beam shall be prevented
between removal from the lime water and completion of testing (Note 4).

Note – Curing the specimens at remote sites in accordance with 3 may yield
significantly different results as compared to specimens cured in accordance
with 2.

4. Curing for determining form removal time or when a structure maybe put into
service.

4.1 Cylinders – store cylinders in or on the structure as near to the point of deposit
of the concrete represented as possible. Protect all surfaces of the cylinders
from the elements in as near as possible the same way as the formed work.
Provide the cylinders with the same temperature and moisture environment as
the structural work. Test the specimens in the moisture condition resulting from
the specified curing treatment. To meet these conditions, specimens made for
the purpose of determining when a structure may be put in service shall be
removed from the molds at the time of removal of form work.

4.2 Beams – cure beams as nearly as practicable in the same manner as the
concrete in the structure. At the end of 48± 4 h after molding, take the molded
specimens to the storage location and remove from the molds. Store specimens
representing pavements or slabs on grade by placing them on the ground as
molded, with their top surfaces up. Bank the sides and ends of the specimens
with earth or sand that shall be kept damp, leaving the top surfaces exposed to
the specified curing treatment. Store specimens representing structure concrete
as near to the point in the structure they represent as possible and moisture
environment as the structure. At the end of the curing period leave the
specimens in place exposed to the weather in the same manner as the
structure. Remove all beam specimens from field storage and store in water
saturated with calcium hydroxide at 73.0 ± 3oF (23 ± 2oC) for 24 ± 4 h
immediately before time of testing to ensure uniform moisture condition form
specimen to specimen. Observe the precautions give in 2.2.2 to guard against
drying between time of removal from curing to testing.

Transportation of Specimens to Laboratory

1. Specimens shall not be transported from the field to the laboratory before
completion of the initial curing. Specimens to be transported prior to an age of 48 h
shall not be demolded prior to completion of transportation. Prior to transporting,
specimens shall be cured and protected as required in Section “Curing”. During
transportation, the specimens must be protected with suitable cushioning material to
prevent damage from jarring and damage by freezing temperature, or moisture loss.
Moisture loss may be prevented by wrapping the specimens in plastic or surrounding
them with wet sand or wet sawdust. When specimens are received by the
laboratory, they shall be removed from molds if not done before shipment and
placed in the require standard curing at 73.0 ± 3oF (23 ± 2oC).

17
 DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL
CONCRETE SPECIMENS
(AASHTO T22-07)
(ASTM C39-05)

Significance

The results of this test may be used as basis for quality control of concrete
proportioning, mixing and placing operations; determination of compliance with
specification; control of evaluating effectiveness of admixtures and similar uses.

Apparatus

1. Compression Testing Machine – any type of sufficient capacity and capable of

providing the rate of loading. It must be power operated and must supply the load
continuously without shock and shall equipped with two steel bearing blocks with
hardened faces. It shall have a dial provided with a graduated scale that can be
read to at least the nearest 1110 N (250 lbF) of load. The dial shall be readable
within one percent of the indicated load at any given load level within the loading
range. The dial pointer shall be of sufficient length to reach graduation marks and
each dial shall be equipped with a zero adjustment which is easily accessible from
the outside of the dial case and with a minimum load indicator.

2. Curing Tank

3. Capping materials and facilities

Test Specimens

1. Placing the Specimen – place the plain, (lower) bearing block, with its hardened face
up on the table or platen of the testing machine directly under the spherically seated
(upper) bearing block. Wipe clean, the bearing faces of the upper and lower bearing
blocks and of the test specimen and place the test specimen on the lower bearing
block. Carefully align the axis of the specimen with the center of thrust of
spherically seated block and rotate gently prior to testing to assure uniform seating.

2. Rate of Loading – apply the load continuously and without shock at a constant rate
within the range of 0.14 to 0.34 MPa per second (20 to 50 psi/sec). During the
application of the first half of the anticipated load a higher rate of loading shall be
permitted. Apply the load until the specimen during the test. Note the type of
failure and the appearance of the concrete.

Calculation

1. Calculate the compressive strength of the specimen by dividing the maximum load
carried by the specimen during the test by the average cross-sectional area and
express the result to the nearest 0.01 MPa (10 psi). During the application of the
first half of the anticipated load a higher rate of loading shall be permitted. Apply
the load until the specimen fails and record the maximum load carried by the

18
 specimen during the test. Note the type of failure and the appearance of the
concrete.

2. If the specimen length-to-diameter ratio is less than 1.75, correct the result by
multiplying the appropriate correction factor as show below.

L/D
1.75 1.50 1.25 1.00
RATIO
FACTOR 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.87

Note 5 - These correction factors apply to lightweight concrete weighing between 100
and 120 lb/ft3 (16000 and 1920 kg/m3) and to normal weight concrete. They are
applicable to concrete dry or soaked at the time of loading. Values not given in the
table shall be determined by interpolation. The correction factors are applicable for
nominal concrete strengths from 2000 to 6000 psi (15 to 45MPa).

19
 DETERMINATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
(USING SIMPLE BEAM WITH THIRD-POINT LOADING)
(AASHTO T97-03)
(ASTM C78-02)

Significance

This test method is used to determine the flexural strength of concrete. Results are
calculated and reported as the modulus of rupture. The strength determined will vary where
there are differences in specimen size, preparation moisture condition, curing, or where the
beam has been molded or sawed to size.

Apparatus

1. Flexural Beam Tester – motorized pump or hand-operated testing machine having

sufficient volume in one continuous stroke to complete a test without requiring
replenishment and capable of applying loads at a uniform rate without shock or
interruption. See Figure 2 for the diagram of apparatus.

Test Specimen

1. The test specimen shall conform to the requirements of section Making and Curing
Concrete Compressive and Flexural Strength Test Specimens in the Field and Quality
of Water to be used in Concrete. The test specimen shall have a test span within 2
percent of being three time it’s depth as tested. The sides of the specimen shall be
at right angles with the top and bottom. All surfaces in contact with load applying
and support blocks shall be smooth and free of scars, indentations, holes or inscribed
identifications.

Procedure

1. Turn the test specimen on its side with respect to its position as molded and center
on the bearing blocks. Center the loading system in relation to applied force. Bring
the load-applying blocks in contact with the surface of the specimen at the third
points between supports.

2. Use leather shims only when the specimen surfaces in contact with the blocks or
supports depart form a plane by not more than 0.015 in. (0.38 mm). Leather shims
shall be of uniform ¼ in. (6.4 mm) thickness, 1 to 2 in. (25 to 50 mm) in width, and
shall extend across the full width of the specimen. The load may be applied rapidly,
up to approximately 50 percent of the breaking load. Thereafter, apply the load
continuously at a rate which constantly increases the extreme fiber stress between
0.9 and 1.2 MPa/min (125 and 175 psi) per minute until rupture occurs. Record the
maximum load carried by the specimen.

3. Take three (3) measurements across each dimension (one at each edge and at the
center) to the nearest 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) to determine the average width, average
depth and the line of fracture location of the specimen at the section of failure.

20
Calculations

1. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface within the middle third of the span
length, calculate the modulus of rupture by the formula :

PL
R =
bd2

where :

R = modulus of rupture, kPa, (or psi)

P = maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine, N, (or lbF)
L = span length, mm (or in.)
b = average width of specimen, mm (or in.) and
d = average depth of specimen, mm, (or in.)

2. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of the middle third of the span
length by not more than 5 percent of the span length, calculate the modulus of
rupture by the formula :

3Pa
R =
bd2

where :

a = Average distance between line of fracture and the nearest support

measured on the tension surface of the beam, mm., (or in.)

3. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of cases 1 and 2, discard the
results of the test.

4. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside the middle third of the span
length by more than 5 percent of the span length, discard the results of the test.

21
 DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST OF
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
(ASTM C140-99)

Significance

Compression test is performed on concrete masonry units such as solid load, hollow
load, and non-load bearing blocks in order to determine its strength properties. The test is
important for the evaluation of compressive strength as a basis of acceptance.

Apparatus

1. Compression machine
2. Bearing blocks made of hardened metal with at least 150 mm face diameter
3. Steel plates with a thickness not less than 12.7 mm.
4. Capping material (cement-gypsum or sulfur filler)
5. Steel Tape measure

Test Specimens

1. Three full-size units shall be tested for compression strength taken from the six units
selected from each lot of 10,000 units or fraction thereof.

Procedure

1. Measure over-all dimension of each unit with a steel scale or tape.

2. Set the specimen on the lower bearing block and center if beneath the upper bearing
block. The position of the specimen shall be the same position as in service. The
upper bearing block shall be a spherically-seated, hardened metal block firmly
attached at the center of the sensitive platen of the testing machine. If the bearing
area is not sufficient to cover the area of the specimen, a steel plate shall be placed
between the spherical bearing block and the capped specimen. A hardened metal
bearing block shall be used beneath the specimen to minimize wear or the lower
patent.

3. Apply the load up to one half of the expected maximum load at any convenient rate
and adjust the controls of the machine as required to give a uniform rate of travel of
the moving head such that the remaining load is applied in not less than one (1) or
more than 2 min.

Calculation

1. Calculate the compressive strength by dividing the maximum load in newtons (or
pounds-force) by the gross cross sectional area of the unit in square millimeters.
The Gross Cross Sectional area of the unit is the total area of a section perpendicular
to the direction of the load, including areas within cells.

2. Report the results to the nearest 0.1 MPa (10 psi) separately for each unit and as the
average for the three units.

22
 DETERMINATION OF ABSORPTION AND MOISTURE CONTENT OF
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
(ASTM C 140-99)

Significance

Absorption and moisture content tests of concrete masonry units are performed so
as to determine the actual percentage of water and the absorption characteristic of the
concrete when subjected in a saturated condition. The values of this are necessary in the
evaluation relative to its permissible value of acceptance.

Apparatus

1. Oven – with temperature control up to 115oC

2. Balance – sensitive within 0.5% of the weight

3. Container for saturating samples

Test Specimen

1. Three (3) full size units shall be used taken from six (6) units selected form each lot
of 10,000 units or fraction thereof.

Procedure

1. Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven to a temperature of 100 to 115oC (212 to

239oF) for not less than 24 hours to a constant weight and obtain the dry weight.

2. Immerse completely the test specimen in a container with water at room

temperature of 15.6 to 26.7oC (60 to 80oF) for 24 hours.

3. Weigh the specimens while suspended by a metal wire and completely submerged in
water.

4. Remove from the water and allow to drain for one (1) minute by placing them on a
9.5 mm or coarser wire mesh. Wipe visible surface water with damp cloth and
immediately weigh.

Calculations

1. Calculate the absorption by the following formulas :

(Wet Weight – Dry Weight)

Absorption, kg/m3 = x 1000
(Wet Weight – Suspended immerse wt)

(Wet Weight – Dry Weight)

Absorption, % = x 100
Dry Weight

23
2. Calculate the moisture content of the units at time of sampling, expressed as
percentage of total absorption, by dividing the difference between the average
weight as samples and the average dry weight by the difference between the
average wet weight and average dry weight, multiplied by 100, or
Moisture content, % (of total absorption)

(Weight as sampled – dry weight)

Moisture content, % = x 100
(Weight as sampled-dry weight)

24
 L LOAD CRUSHING STRENGTH TEST OF CONCRETE PIPE BY
THREE-EDGE BEARING METHOD
(AASHTO T 280-06)
(ASTM C 497-05)

Significance

The crushing test can be either a quality control test performed to establish that the
finished, shippable pipe had sufficient strength to withstand the crushing loads stated in the
specifications or a proof of design test performed to prove the adequacy of design.

Apparatus

1. Concrete Pipe Tester - any mechanical or hand-powered device may be used in

which the head moves at such a speed that the load is applied at a minimum uniform
rate of 120 N/linear meter of pipe per second and a maximum uniform rate of 610 N
per linear meter of pipe per second. The machine shall be rigid throughout, so that
the distribution of the load will not be affected by the deformation or yielding of any
part. It shall be so designed that the load will be distributed about the center of the
overall length of the specimen.

2. The lower bearing block shall consist of hardwood or hand rubber strips. Wooden
strips shall be straight, have a cross section of not less than 50 mm (2 in.) in width
and not less than 25 mm (1 in.) or more than 38 mm (1 ½ in.) in height and shall
have the top inside corners rounded to a radius if 13 mm (1/2 in.). Hard rubber
strips shall have a durometer hardness of not less than 45 mm nor more than 60 mm
and shall have the top inside corner rounded to a radius of 13 mm (1/2 in.). The
bottom bearing strips shall be fastened to a wooden or steel beam or directly to a
concrete base, any of which shall provide sufficient rigidity to permit application of
maximum load without deflection greater than 1/720 of the specimenlength. The
interior vertical sides of the strips shall be parallel and spaced a distance apart of not
more than 90 mm per meter of specimen diameter, but in no case less than 25 mm
(1 in.).

The upper bearing block shall be a rigid hardwood beam with or without an
attached rubber strip, free from knots, and straight from end to end. It shall be
fastened to a steel or wood-faced steel beam of such dimensions that deflections
under maximum load will not be greater than 1/720 of the specimen length.

Procedure

1. Measure the thickness and length of the specimen by the use of steel tape and
caliper.

2. Place the specimen on the two bottom bearing strip in such a manner that the pipe
or tile rest firmly and with the most uniform possible bearing on each strip.

3. Mark the two ends of the specimen at a point midway between the bearing strip and
then establish the diametrically opposite point on each end.

25
 4. Place the top bearing beam so that it is aligned with these marks. After placing the
specimen in the machine on the bottom strips, align the top bearing block
symmetrically in the testing machine and apply the load at a uniform rate until either
the formulation of a 0.3 mm (0.01 in.) crack width or an ultimate strength load is
reached.
5. Record the load to produce a 0.3 mm crack. Measure the width of the crack by
means of a gage made from a leaf 0.3 m in thickness. The 0.3 mm crack load is the
maximum load applied to the pipe before a crack having a width of 0.3 mm occurs
throughout a continuous length of 300 mm (1 ft.) or more measured parallel to the
longitudinal axis of pipe barrel. Consider the crack 0.3 mm width when the point of
the measuring gage will, without forcing, penetrate 1.5 mm (1/16 in.) at close
intervals.

6. Record the ultimate load that the specimen can sustain. The ultimate load is
reached when the pipe will support no greater load.

7. Break the pipe with a sledge hammer, opening it along the full length. Count the
hoops and measure the reinforcement.

Calculations

1. Strength test results shall be calculated in terms of kilonewtons per linear meter to
produce0.3 mm crack or kilonewtons per linear meter at ultimate load. The laying
length used in calculating the strength values is the inside length of the barrel of
pipe, exclusive of the socket if any.

2. The load in kilonewtons per linear meter required to produce the 0.3 mm crack shall
be calculated by dividing the total load on the specimen at the time the indicated
crack occurs by the laying length of the pipe.

3. The crushing strength, or ultimate load in kilonewtons per linear meter shall be
calculated by dividing the maximum load applied to the specimen by the laying
length.

26
 ABSORPTION TEST FOR CONCRETE PIPE
(AASHTO T 280-06)
(ASTM C 497-05)

Significance

This method is a quality control test performed to established the fact that the
finished, shippable pipe meets the absorption limits stated in the specifications.

Apparatus

1. Oven with temperature control

2. Container for boiling absorption test specimen
3. Balance pan hot plate

Procedure

1. Obtain an absorption test specimen from each pipe that has passed the strength
requirements. Each specimen shall have an area of 400 to 600 sq. mm with the full
thickness of the pipe.

2. Dry the specimen to constant weight at a temperature of 221 to 239oC.

3. Place dried specimen in a suitable container and cover with clean water.

4. Heat water continuously for 5 hours. Allow to cool by natural loss of heat for not
less than 14 hours nor more than 24 hours. Remove specimen from water and allow
to drain for not more than1 min. Remove superficial water by wiping specimen with
absorbent cloth or paper. Weigh immediately.

Calculation

Take the increase in mass of the boiled specimen over its dry mass as the absorption
of the specimen, and express it as a percentage of the dry mass.

27
 WORKSHEETS/
SAMPLE TEST REPORTS

28