2.

1 SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
For this field trip, there are three main species that had been kept in the wildlife
conservation centre such as aves, deer and gaur. For group of aves, the officer of
conservation centre had explained about three types of aves that majors in this conservation
centre such as Mountain Peacock-pheasant, Great Argus, Malayan Peacock-pheasant,
Crested Fireback, Crestless Fireback, Oriental pied hornbill, Brahminy Kite, Buffy fish owl,
Barred eagle-owl and Brown wood owl. Mountain Peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron
inocipatum), are only founded in Peninsular Malaysia which mostly are 65 cm in sized of
their body. The features of this birds that differs with others such as, have circular shaped at
the feathers that looks like the eyes. Besides that, to differs between male and female, male
have circular shaped with metallic blue colour on the feathers compared to black in female
birds. The habitat are mostly on the high lands with cold temperature such as Maxwell Hill in
Perak and Cameron Highlands, Genting Highlands, Mount Benom and National Park in
Pahang. These birds are mostly lived on the land/forest floor. Their food source was
dependent on insects on the land/forest floor. Most of the species live on 800 meter to 1600
meter above the sea level. It mostly can be found at the steep area, along the ridge, area
with more bamboo plant and in a solid palm areas. The noise that been produces by these
birds are too slow that makes it a big differences between the other genus. This bird also
active in day time compared to the night time. For the reproduction of these birds, it lays two
eggs only and it takes 19-21 days to been hatch. These birds eat cereal, berries, insects and
ants. This species are threatened due to human activities such as forest exploration for
agricultural activities, the opening of the forest for utility projects and illegal hunting. Figure
2.1 shows the photos taken in the conservation centre for Mountain Peacock-pheasant.

Figure 2.1: Polyplectron inocipatum Figure 2.2 : Argusianus argus

Next, Great Argus (Argusianus argus) are another birds that been protected in the
conservation centre same with others. Male Great Argus can growth until 160-200 cm which
are measured from the head to tail. For female, it can reach till 72-76 cm long. Great Argus
are lived in forest on height 9000m till below such as dipterocarpa forest, hill dipterocarpa
forest and mid dipterocarpa forest. The species are mostly found in Myanmar, Thailand,
Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia. These birds usually eats fruits, cereal, leaf buds and
invertebrates such as faggots, worms and insects. These species are threatened due to
illegal hunting, deforestation activities and agricultural activities. Figure 2.2 shows the photos
that been taken in the conservation centre for Great Argus.

2
 Malayan Peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron malacense) are mostly 50-52.5 cm in size for
male but differ with female which is, 40-45 cm from beak to tail. It also has many thick
feathers that are dark brown in colour that covered jaw area to the beak for male birds. All
parts of body for these birds are coated with dark brown feathers and the face was
yellowish-red. Besides that, at the back of the tail, there are blue-green colour on it. The jaw
was covered with shiny blue-green colour that makes it as most attractive and colourful birds
in the world. For female birds, differ than male, the colour are more pale and shorter tail, has
yellowish-red face, small dark spot on the area of the females birds eyes. These birds eat
insects, small arthropods, fruits with soft texture, nuts and cereals. Most of these species
can be found in Peninsular Malaysia. These birds live at the lowland in tropical rainforest at
the 200m above the sea level. It only lay eggs once when reach their reproduction season
and time taken to incubate the eggs was in range 22-23 days. These species are mostly
threatened due to illegal hunting by poachers, opening of new area for agriculture &
deforestation and trapped in snare. Figure 2.4 shows the photos taken in the conservation
centre for Malayan Peacock-pheasant.

Figure 2.3: Haliastur indus Figure 2.4: Polyplectron malacense

Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus) was one of the predator that been protected in the
conservation centre. The colour of its feathers was light brown with black fine line on the
head and the chest of the birds. The end of the wing are black differentiate them with other
predator. The length of the body from beak to tail was 44-52 cm. Predicted mass of this
species for male was 409-650 g that differs with female which 434-700 g. Most of this
species are easily to be seen on the river, lake, beach, estuary, swamp, paddy field and
marshes. It always spent their time with hanging on the branches or on top of trees when it
was not interested to fly. It eats small birds, fish, herpetofauna, insects and the conveyor at
the area near to its spot. Moreover, this species are usually be found in Malaysia, Thailand,
Laos and South part of China. Their nests are usually being built on top of the mangrove tree
and rhu tree. Mating season are mostly occurred in October – March but for laying eggs
mostly in December until March. Figure 2.3 shows the photos that been taken at the
conservation centre for Brahminy Kite.

3
 Oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris), was the smallest species of hornbill
in Asia. It was a species that easily to adapt due to the changes of the habitat in the
ecosystem of this species lived. Hornbill is one of the species that are loyal towards its
mates until the end of their life. When reach the laying and incubating the egg season, the
male hornbill will build the nest completely at the hole in high tree to allow the female hornbill
to lived in there until the egg is hatched. Within the time, the male hornbill will find the food
for its mate. The general characteristic of the hornbill is its body. It has 55-60 cm length of
the body from beak to the tail. Length of the beak for male species was 19 cm but for female
species it was 16 cm. For mass of the hornbill, when reaching adult stage it was
approximately 600 grams – 1,050 grams. The feathers underside of its body which is located
underside of chest and the abdomen was white in colours. At the head, backside of the body
and on the wings, there are in black colour and a few shiny green colour that looks attractive.
The special characteristics for this species was its beak where it was pale yellow in colour
and have a black scar at the bone upside of the beak (casque/mandible). Female and male
species have same colour of feathers but differs of their size of its body. Their habitat mostly
found in thick canopy forest, secondary forest, coastal forest, agricultural area and can be
found on the height 1,400 m above the sea level. Most of the species can be found in north
India to east part of Nepal until south part of China, south part of Thailand, Myanmar,
Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatera and Jawa. This species are frugivore, animal that
thrives mostly on raw fruits, succulent fruit-like vegetables, roots, shoots, nuts and seeds. It
can be any type of herbivore or omnivore where fruit is a preferred food type. and always eat
the wild fruits, rambutan, berries, palm, insects, small reptilian and amphibian species.
Figure 2.5 shows the Oriental pied-hornbill that been kept in the conservation centre.

Figure 2.5 : Anthracoceros albirostris Figure 2.6: Lophura erythrophthalma

Crestless Fireback (Lophura erythrophthalma), was a bird species that is shy towards
the environment. Its habitat are at the low land forest which heights exceeds to 300 meters.
Virgin forest and secondary forest with thick canopy layer is the example of the habitat of this
species. This species build their own nest at the interstitial of the roots of the big tree. The
general characteristics of this species was have the length of 47-51 cm (15-18 cm for tail) for
male and its mass recorded was 1043-1194 gram differs with female where it was 42-44 cm
(14-16 cm for the tail) and it mass was 837-850 gram. It have red feathers on its body and its
face. The beak for male and female are differs where male have greenish colour but female
are black in colour. It also differs for the tail due to male that have small, and rounded shape
with yellow cinnamon colour besides of the female have black tail that are much bigger
compared to male. Mating season are mostly recorded on April-June. It lays 4-5 eggs and
the incubating process required 24 days before it hatch. This species mostly can be found in
Peninsular Malaysia. The species eat fruits, cereal and nuts, insects, and leaf buds. Most of
the species are threatened due to their natural habitat been destroyed, opening of new area
for agricultural activities and illegal hunting. Figure 2.6 shows the Crestless Fireback that
been kept in the conservation centre.

4
 In this conservation centre, there are also three different species of owl that been kept
such as Brown wood owl, Barred eagle-owl and Buffy fish owl. For Brown wood owl (Strix
leptogrammica), it was a shy owl compared to other species. It was active in night time, hang
at the dark place in daytime and most active when full moon. The size of this owl was
average big with the size 45-57 cm. At the upper side of the body, it was dark brown in
colour and the face was yellowish-brown with dark brown coloured of eyes. Its habitat are
mostly in thick tropical rainforest, lowland forest and hill forest. It mostly can be found on
500m above the sea level. It eats small mammalians such as mouse and squirrel, small
birds, frogs and reptiles. It mostly can be found in south part of Myanmar, south part of
Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and Sumatera. Figure 2.7 shows the Brown wood
owl that been protected by the conservation centre.

Next, Barred eagle-owl (Bubo sumatranus) was another example of owl that been
protected in this conservation centre. It have dark brown eyes with the pale grey eyelids. It
also have long ear feathers with white and brown lines features. The upper side of the body
covered with dark brown feathers with wavy and spotted structures. Lines structures are
curved a bit and become more packed on the chest part. It size was approximately 40-46 cm
and the length of the wings was 323-417 mm. Its weight was 620 gram but for female it is
more bigger and more heavier compared to male species. Most of the species are lived in
thick canopy forest, agricultural sites, easily to been seen at 610 meter above the sea level
and rarely to be seen on 1400 meter above the sea levels. This owl lived at the hole of a tree
and it will use the same nest when approaching the incubating season and produce only
single eggs. This species eat larger insects, small birds, small mammals and reptiles. It
mostly can be found in south of Myanmar, south part of Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia,
Borneo and Bali. Figure 2.8 shows the Barred eagle-owl that been protected by the
conservation centre.

Buffy fish owl (Ketupa ketupu), are overall having yellowish-brown and pale yellow for
their colour of the body. Average length of this species of owl was arund 40-48 cm. Its
weights are approximately 1028-2100 gram. At the tail region and the wings region, it have
thick horizontal pattern which are yellow and dark brown in colour. At the lower side of the
body it also yellowish-brown coloured with horizontal upright lines. It have a long leg and not
coated with fur. It habitat are mostly can be seen at the paddy field, mangrove forest,
disturbed forest and forest that are close with water supplies such as rivers and lakes. Most
of this species lived at 800 meter above the sea level. This species lived at the hole of the
tree and behind the branches. Laying egg season are occurred within July-April and the
eggs are incubated for around 28-29 days. It lays only one eggs for a season. These species
eats fishes, frogs, prawns, crabs, reptiles, small mammals and water insects that are big in
size. It mostly can be found Myanmar, Kemboja, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Brunei,
Singapore and Indonesia. Figure 2.8 shows the Buffy fish owl that been protected by the
conservation centre.

Figure 2.7 : Bubo sumatranus & Ketupa ketupu Figure 2.8 : Strix leptogrammica

5
 Crested Fireback (Lophura ignito) are the last species of aves that been conserved in
the conservation centre. The length of the whole body for male from beak to the tail was
approximately 65-73.5 cm and for female it was around 56-59 cm. The specific characteristic
for male is, at the middle of the tail covered with white feathers with many lines of the
feathers at the chest that gives a unique pattern to this species. The face covered with blue
skin and the leg is reddish in colour. For female, it was in brownish-red colour with the face
covered with blue skin and has many lines of the feathers at the chest that gives a unique
pattern to this species. The differences between female and male, it have scale-like patterns
of feathers on the stomach. Most of the habitat of species are at the lowland forest till 200
meter, premier forest and secondary with thick canopy layer forest. These species usually
eats leaf buds, cereal, nuts, fruits and insects. Most of the species can be seen at Peninsular
Malaysia and south part of Thailand. These species are threatened by the destruction of the
habitat, opening new area of forest and illegal hunting. Figure 2.9 shows the Crested
Fireback that been protected.

Figure 2.9: Lophura ignito

For group of deer, mostly in the conservation centre there are one species deer that
been told by the officer which is Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor). Sambar deer are mostly lived
in India and Southeast Asia. The main diet for this species was grasses, leafs and fruits. It
was active during the evening and night time. This species are mostly in clumped position or
groups where one groups consists of 2-3 deer. The pregnancy stage of this deer is 8
months. The length of the body was approximately between 1.7 to 2.7 meters per deer. The
average weight of one deer was around 150-315 kilograms. Figure 2.10 shows the Sambar
deer that been conserved in a group at the conservation centre.

Figure 2.10: Rusa unicolor

6
 For group of boar, mostly in the conservation centre, there are one species of boar
that been protected which is Bos gaurus. As the officer told, this species is the second
largest mammals on the land. The height that been expected for each boar is 2 meters
approximately and the weight was 1000 kilograms. The period of pregnancy was 9 months
which usually only one offspring will be produced. The young one will matured after reaching
3 years old. The life cycle mostly can reach approximately 25 years. This species also lived
in clumped position or groups which 4-8 individuals which being led by the male. It only
active during sunrise and dawn. It usually consumed the grass and herbaceous trees. Most
of the species can be seen at Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, east part of India
until IndoChina. Figure 2.11 shows the boar that been protected in a clumped/group in the
conservation centre.

Figure 2.11: Bos gaurus

7
2.2 APPROACHES / METHOD DONE BY STATE GOVERNMENTS TO
CONSERVE WILDLIFE
Nowadays, state government had founded the methods to conserve wildlife that are
important to our ecosystem and to ensure the life of these unprotected species. Many acts
that been introduced in conserving wildlife species that are mostly threatened by the human
activities such as, Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 ( Act 716) and International Trade In
Endangered Species Act 2008 ( Act 686). For Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716), it
was established in 21 October 2010 and the date of publication that been gazetted was in 4
November 2010 (Laws Of Malaysia, 2014). The purpose of this act was to provide for the
protection and conservation of wildlife and for matters connected therewith. This act was
applied in peninsular Malaysia and the Federal Territory of Labuan only. This act provides
for the regulation, protection, conservation and management of wildlife in Malaysia. Next,
International Trade In Endangered Species Act 2008 (Act 686), Act 686 on International
Trade in Endangered Species of 2008 or shortly known as INTESA was implement in
Malaysia with the aim to control the international trade the species of flora and fauna listed in
CITES and to ensure that Malaysia fulfill their responsibilities as one of the Party who joined
CITES Convention (Laws Of Malaysia, February 14, 2008). This Act contains six Division of
55 Section. INTESA have been approved by the Parliament of Malaysia and was gazetted
on 14 February 2008. In Act 686, two regulations have been gazetted started on 28
December 2008. These regulations include permit, certificate, registration and fees and
Conservation Centre. However, INTESA became effective implementation in Malaysia
beginning on July 1, 2010. Among 17 flora species (Scheduled Species) in Third Schedule
of Act 686 that must be control for international trade, there are four Malaysia wood species
subject to control according to CITES.

Next, government also took a further step in protecting the endangered animals that
cause by the human itself. Malayan Tiger is one of the example of animal that been gazetted
by the government that need to be protected due to the declining of its population due to
poachers that hunt them illegally for the meat, claw skin and others that been believed by
traditional people that it will be a cure for a diseases. Panthera tigris is one of the biggest
carnivorous animals in the world and live in the land. It classified as mammals species which
is the biggest cat species. It lives alone (solitary) and other predator. It excretes the urine as
mark for its territory where other animals cannot take the same place as the tiger. The tiger
has yellow and black stripes at its body with the length of the tail can achieve the same
length as its bodies which is 140-280 cm. The weight recorded for female is lighter than male
which is 115-185 kilograms compared to male which 180-280 kilograms. Its habitat including
the peat swamp forests, mountain forest and lowland forest. The population of the tiger that
officially recorded in 2013 was around 250-340 but the newest population are slightly
decrease which is below 200 populations by 1st National Tiger Survey in 2017-2018. One of
the way for ensuring the tiger population was by making a new food chain to the tiger with a
new adaptations. Sambar deer can be increased its population for completing food chain
that been adapted by a new tiger. Once it enough to support the tigers, the deer will let go
into the tiger ecosystem. This centre also monitoring all the tiger that have been captured
are in a good condition. Before the animal will released, they will wear a collar that
functioning in tracking them while there is a habitat. The main role of the collar are used to
detect either the animals can survive or not in their own habitat.

There are 4 conservation centre that can be found in Perak which is Wildlife
Conservation Centre in Sungkai, Wildlife Conservation Centre in Bota Kanan, Wildlife
Conservation Centre in Kuala Gula and Segari Turtle Sanctuary. For Wildlife Conservation
Centre in Sungkai, there are several wild animals that been protected such as 22 tigers,

8
sun bear, Sambar deer, gaur and aves. It have the opportunity to become one of attractive
places that can be visited by tourist when coming to Perak. For Wildlife Conservation Centre
in Bota Kanan, Wildlife Conservation Centre (terrapin) Bota, Perak, Malaysia is located in
Bota Kanan District Middle silver which is about 50km from Ipoh City (A.J.B.Services, Jan 8,
2018). The Centre was established in 1968 with a ceremony held in the 16 30s in which the
Sultan of Perak at the Shah II Sultan Mudzaffar endings to release the Perak River. The
purpose of this centre is to conserve Terrapin established through the collection and
hatching eggs. River terrapin (Batagur baska) and the Painted Terrapin (Callagur
borneoensis) is a species of reptiles preserved in breeding ponds in Wildlife Conservation
Centre Bota. Terrapin species are preserved and propagated to avoid extinction due to the
activities of river sand making uncontrolled. River sand is the main component in the natural
habitat of the species. Wildlife Conservation Centre Bota is the largest Terrapin centre with
number reached 1356 pieces. Apart from being a region for the conservation of species
terrapin, it is also a research centre for researchers from home and abroad, particularly for
students who are interested in wildlife species these eggs Terrapin obtained at each
spawning season will be incubated naturally in the area There are sandy areas around the
centre. The period of incubation Terrapin eggs are between 75 to 100 days. There are ten
terrapin breeding pools, where each pool is kept terrapin breeding according to their ages
ranging from age day of hatching until adult age. Terrapin oldest found here 37 years old.
For Wildlife Conservation in Kuala Gula (Migratory Birds) was set up in 1980 to promote
conservation of birds by carrying out bird inventory and census checks, bird ringing, law
enforcement, research and community awareness. It is managed by PERHILITAN (Dept. of
Wildlife and National Parks, Perak). 182 species of birds have been recorded at Kuala Gula,
including common sandpiper, black crowned night heron and other herons, egrets, storks,
sea-eagles, terns, kites, greenshanks, redshanks, whimbrels, plovers and waterhens. The
mangroves at Kuala Gula are part of the 40,000 hectare Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve
(an area which I have roughly outlined on the map below). Matang has been acclaimed as
the best managed mangrove forest in the world. That might be surprising given that
mangroves have been thoughtlessly destroyed in other parts of Malaysia but from the map
you can see that at least the Matang area seems free of coastal developments and urban
sprawl for now. That's the best way to manage mangroves, stay away and let nature look
after itself. For Segari Turtle Sanctuary it was locted at Pasir Panjang Beach, the longest
beach in the district of Manjung, Perak, was once the favourite nesting ground for the Green
Turtles. (Guide,L.E.,n.d). However, due to human intervention and pollution, their numbers
had declined tremendously in recent years. In the effort to save these turtles from extinction,
a turtle sanctuary was set up on this awesome beach by the Fisheries Department of
Malaysia. Turtles’ eggs are collected from the beach and breed in a controlled environment.
Once the eggs are hatched, the baby turtles will undergo a 5 months observation period
before setting free into the sea.

The conservation centre is giving the Disinfection Programme towards the animals in
the place. This programme functioning to kill the bacteria by cleaning up all the food
container, water container and also their place where they get to bath. All of their stuff will be
cleaned up 2 times in a month for the aves, Sambar deer and also for gaur. The next
initiative that have been taken was is parasites test. This is usually to make sure that all the
species that been controlled must be cleaned from any parasites. If they are affected with
parasites, this will lead them to death. If these things happens, it will affect the number of
endangered animals that are already least in numbers. Basically the lice we can see external
in animal species, but if the parasites exits in the internal part of the animal body, the stool
sample will be taken. By the stool sample, the analysis will conducted to make sure either
the animal are get infected or not. The test sample will be taken for 2 times per year.

9
 Not only parasite test, the officer also gives an enough measurement of vitamin of all
the animal species. This vitamin usually functioning to keep all the animal in the good health
and prevent them from any diseases. This vitamin also function to prevent the animal
malnutrition which is if this not prevented it will make the animals die. Lastly, the Officer from
the Conservation Centre also will do a blood test. This test usually done to determine either
the animals are in a good health or not. The blood test will be conducted once a year.

Limitation that been posed by conservation centre was about the conservation of the
Sumatran Rhinoceros in Sabah that are critically endangered. There are only two Sumatran
Rhinoceros that been recorded in Malaysia that been conserved in Sabah. But unfortunately
Tam which is the only one male rhinoceros had died due to skin cancer and Iman also
receive the same disease and it suddenly indicate that the Sumatran Rhinoceros are now
officially extinct in Malaysia. Most of the poachers, hunt rhinoceros for its horns and skin that
are most valuable in black market. Next, tiger are also the one of the victim to the poachers
which are hunting them for the skin, claws and meats that acts as medicine by the old folks.
There are three species that were confirmed to be extinct such as, Panthera tigris balica that
extinct in 1930s, Panthera tigris virgate that extinct in 1970s and Panthera tigris sondaica
that extinct in 1980s. People need open their eyes and not supporting the poachers because
it can destroy the environmental species and cause a big destruction to us. Besides that,
conservation centre in Sabah also took an alternative to undergo hybrid processes which
involved two different species of elephant which is elephant from Thailand with elephant
from Pahang/ Sabah to produce a new varities of the species due to its natural behaviour
that is not choosy in selecting the mates. It can enhance the population of elephant that are
classified as an endangered species.

2.3 FOOD WEB BASED ON ORGANISMS IN CONSERVATION CENTRE

In the centre, there are lots of animal being conserve there such as gaur, sambar
deer and lots of bird species. Producers are autotrophs, or "self-feeding" organisms, that
make their own organic molecules from carbon dioxide. Photoautotrophs like plants use light
energy to build sugars out of carbon dioxide. The energy is stored in the chemical bonds of
the molecules, which are used as fuel and building material by the plant. These are the
example of the food chain and food web that been observed in the conservation centre.

Example of food chain :

Producer  1st consumer  2nd consumer  3rd consumer

Grass  Gaur  Tiger

Grass  sambar deer  tiger

Grass  praying mantis  crested fireback

Grass  grasshopper  rat  brown wood owl

Grass  grasshopper  praying mantis  hornbill

Grass  grasshopper  chicken  snake  eagle

Example of food web was in figure 3.1

10
Grass Sambar Deer

Gaur

Praying mantis Tiger

Grasshopper Bird

Toad Spider Owl

Chicken

Mouse Snake Hornbill

Eagle

Rabbit

Figure 3.1 : Food web using organisms in conservation centre

In wildlife, deer, gaur, insects and rabbit was recognized as primary consumer based
on the food web that been constructed. They eat the plant including grasses and small
plants. This shows that all the species that been stated are herbivore. The energy stored in
organic molecules in plants can be passed to other organisms in the ecosystem when those
organisms eat plants. The energy cannot be reused. It flows in as sunlight and out as heat.
Only about 10% of the energy available at a particular trophic level is incorporated into
tissues at the next level since conversions efficiencies are always much less than 100%.
Looking forward to the tiger, praying mantis, toad, spider, chicken, mouse and rabbit are
eating the primary consumer that makes them as secondary consumer. Bird also
categorized as secondary consumer that are mostly the species in conservation centre
which is Mountain Peacock-pheasant, Great Argus, Malayan Peacock-pheasant, Crested
Fireback, Crestless Fireback, Oriental pied hornbill that eats insects as their food sources.
The secondary consumer will receive 10% energy from primary consumer. Next, snake,
eagle and owl are categorized as tertiary consumer that makes them to become a predator.
The tertiary consumer will receive 10% of the energy from secondary consumer. Last but not
least, owl and eagle are the top consumer which is quarternary consumer that receive the
least energy.

11
2.4 IN-SITU AND EX-SITU CONSERVATION
In conserving threatened or endangered species, we can conduct two types of
conservation method which are Ex-situ and In-situ conservation. Both of this conservation
method have their own benefits that serve the same purpose.

Ex-situ conservation is a conserving method where a species is taken out from their
natural habitat and conserving them in an isolated place. It will be then released to their
natural habitat back. Examples of Ex-situ conservation are zoos, botanical gardens, seed
banks and many more. Ex-situ conservation can be used to protect individual animals in a
controlled environment where we can monitor them frequently. But, the down side of this
method is that it is expensive to create and maintain a suitable environment for the individual
species to survive perfectly.

In-situ conservation is a method where an individual animal is conserved in their own

natural habitat. It is their main purpose to maintain the species itself within its own
community and ecosystem. This method can be said as the most appropriate way to
conserve biodiversity. Examples of the In-situ conservation are nature parks and nature
reserves. With this method, we can protect the nature and cultural heritage permanently.
Despites of the benefit mentioned, it also gives a huge risk to endangered species as
endangered habitats may be fragmented and illegal poaching can also happen that can
cause extinction of species.

From our fieldtrip, we can conclude that the place that we had visited is ex-situ. This
can be proven for their own main purpose which is breeding a specific species in an isolated
place and it is then released to their natural habitat. For example, the place had released 12
wild oxes (Bos gaurus) to the wild after breeding them in a fenced area.

2.5 POLLUTION IN CONSERVATION CENTRE

In this Wildlife Conservation Center, it is stated that there are no pollution present in
any way. This is due to the isolated place created by the founder where it is located at the
most isolated place in Sungkai, Perak. So, it is located far away from factors that can cause
pollution like industrial factory that produce smokes or running-off waste to the rivers located
in that place. Thus, making the place free from any pollution that can risk the animals in the
place.

12
1.0 INTRODUCTION
On 20 April 2019, 4 classes from the Faculty of Applied Science with 3 lecturers went
for a trip to Wildlife Conservation Centre at Sungkai with an aim to study the type of animals
that been conserved in that center. We arrived there at 10.00 a.m. We planned on visiting
the aves, boar and deer at their conservation place in Wildlife Conservation Centre at
Sungkai. The purpose of this visit was to:

1. Learn how to conserve wildlife.

2. To create awareness for ourselves and the public about the importance of conservation of
wildlife.

3. To create awareness about the impact of human activity on wildlife.

4. To learn how wildlife survived by the responsible parties.

5. To know the importance of preserving the environment to wildlife.

We were been explained by the officer of conservation centre about details of the
place which including the types of species that been protected, the area of the conservation
centre, the history of the conservation place and other important informations. During the
tour, we jotted down some notes from what the officer explained to been wrote in the field
trip report. The questions and answers sessions between students and the officer occurred
within 30 minutes before we has been divided into 3 groups to see three different species
which is aves, gaur and deer. We also managed to take some pictures for compiled with the
field trip report that act as an evidence. Due to time contrast, all students need to gather at
the gateway before go back. Our trip is ended at 1.00 p.m which gives us an idea on how to
write a successful field trip report with many pictures which is important in evidencing the
event.

1
3.0 CONCLUSION
From the field trip that was held on 20 April 2019, students got to learnt how to
conserve wildlife by not purchasing products made from the endangered animals or their
parts, not littering, join an organization that protect the wildlife and many more. Next,
students could also created awareness among themselves and also the public about the
importance of conservation of wildlife which was to ensure that nature will be around for
future generations and also ensuring protection of wild animal species. Then, awareness
about the impact of human activity on wildlife could also be nutured among the students.
Human activity can cause the loss of habitat which lead to extinction of species if they are
not conserved and many other bad effects that may occurred. Students also could learnt
how wildlife survived by the responsible parties which is human intervention. Without human
action, many species have no chance of survival. After that, the importance of preserving the
environment to wildlife was to provide a comfortable habitat and enough resources for the
species.

Scientific information for three main species which were aves, deer and gaur, that
was mentioned above were the types of the species that major in the conservation centre,
their size, the features that differ from others and also between female and male, their
habitat and food source, their behavior, their reproduction products and also their lifespan.

Some approaches and methods had done by the state government to conserve
wildlife which were operation of law, took a further step in protecting the endangered
animals, manifesting conservation centre and took a limitation action to kill bacteria.

To show the energy flow in ecosystem, students were constructing a food web
which conclude producer, 1st consumer, 2nd consumer and 3rd consumer. From the food
web, student should that the energy stored in organic molecules can be passed to other
organisms in the ecosystem when those organisms eat plants. Only 10% of the energy
available at a particular trophic level since conversions efficiencies are always much less
than 100%.

The concepts of in situ that can be concluded was it was a method where an
individual animal is conserved in their own natural habitat to maintain the species itself within
its own community and ecosystem. While the concepts of ex situ was a conserving method
where a species is taken out from their natural habitat and conserving them in an isolated
place. This method used for protection of individual animals in a controlled environment
where they can be monitored frequently. Students can conclude that from the fieldtrip held,
the conservation centre was using ex situ method which can be proved by their own purpose
which was breeding a specific species in an isolated place and it is then released to their
natural habitat.

In the wildlife conservation centre that students visited in fieldtrip stated that there
are no pollution present in any way due to the isolated place far from factors that can cause
pollution located in Sungkai, Perak. Thus, making the place free from pollution whether in
water or air pollution aspect.

13
4.0 REFERENCES

References
In-situ conservation. (2014, October 16). Retrieved from BIODIVERSITY A-Z:
http://biodiversitya-z.org/content/in-situ-conservation
A.J.B.Services. (2018, January 8). Malaysian Eco Tourism. Retrieved May 23, 2019, from
https://www.facebook.com/byAJBusVanServices/posts/pusat-konservasi-hidupan-
liar-tuntung-bota-kanan-perakoperation-hour-8am-5pm-mon/5364346470047914/
Ex Situ Conservation. (n.d.). Retrieved from Botanic Gardens Conservation International:
https://www.bgci.org/plant-conservation/ex_situ/
Guide, L. E. (-, - -). Retrieved May 23, 2019, from Turtle Sanctuary:
https://explorelumut.wordpress.com/lumut/turtle-sanctuary/
Laws Of Malaysia. (2008, February 14). Act 686 : International Trade In Endangered
Species Act 2008 . Retrieved May 23, 2019, from
http://mycites.frim.gov.my/en/species/gonystylus-bancanus/policy/act-686/
Laws Of Malaysia. (2014, October 1). Act 716: Wildlife Conservation Act 2010. Retrieved
May 23, 2019, from http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Act%20716%20-
%208%2010%202014.pdf

14