COMBINED ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTY OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN (RUBIACEAE

FAMILY) AND JASMINUM SAMBAC (OLEACEAE FAMILY) ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS

AGAINST ESCHERICHIA COLI AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA)

Elle Jeraldyn Bundang, Jhunell M. Legarde, Laussane Llewelyn G. Loyola,

Pinky E. Eclarinal, Ruel Andreew T. Oli

Researchers

A Research Project
Submitted to the K-12 Program Principal
Columban College
STEM Program

March 2019
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Since the discovery of antibiotics, the emergence of stronger, more resilient strains of

microorganisms has been one of the most difficult dilemmas that the scientists and the world

health organization are facing. Due to the evolution of high antibiotic resistant bacteria different

persons from all around the planet are suffering due to those infectious bacteria. Two of those

bacteria are Escherichia coli (E.Coli) and Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) that has been a true

dilemma of mankind until today. The Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) have

caused detrimental pain to every person and Mammalia affected. According to a report from

CNN there has been 265, 000 STEC infections of E. Coli that occur each year in the United

States only. People of all ages can be affected of these high antibiotic resistant bacteria, but

young children and the elderly are more likely to develop severe symptoms. Staphylococcus

Aureus (MRSA) is also a high antibiotic resistant bacterium that has caused over 80, 000 cases

that has led to 11, 000 deaths in the outbreak of 2011. Due to the Increased antibiotic inhibition

of MRSA, there is an estimated ratio of one in seven patients with invasive MRSA will die.

With so many affected persons around the globe, this study aims to show the anti-

bacterial properties of the combined extracts of Santan Ixora coccinea Linn (Rubiaceae

family) leaves and Sampaguita Jasminum Sambac (Oleaceae family) leaves if there is an

increase in the resistance against bacteria when the extracts are combined. This study may also

show the inhibition of the combined to extracts against E. Coli and MRSA. The academical and

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health community and other researchers may benefit from the results of this study. If proven this

research can be used as a base for medicinal creation against high antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Conceptual Framework

Antibiotic resistance is a major global health concern, and, two of the leading drug-

resistant bacteria are Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli. The said antibiotic resistant

bacteria are a serious threat in human lives especially to the ones affected. In accordance with

Pietrangelo, A (2017), the Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) is a type of bacteria that normally live in

the intestines of people and animals. However, some types of E. coli, particularly E. coli

O157:H7, can cause intestinal infection. E. coli O157:H7 and other strains that causes intestinal

sickness are called Shiga toxin–producing E. coli (STEC) after the toxin that they produce. A

person affected by E. Coli may suffer diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever while severe cases can

lead to bloody diarrhea, dehydration and kidney failure. The factors that causes E. Coli are

contaminated food and water. Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that causes a

wide range of clinical infections. It is a leading cause of bacteremia and infective endocarditis as

well as osteoarticular, skin and soft tissue, pleuropulmonary, and device-related infections. This

review comprehensively covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and

management of each of these clinical entities. The past 2 decades have witnessed two clear shifts

in the epidemiology of S. aureus infections: first, a growing number of health care-associated

infections, particularly seen in infective endocarditis and prosthetic device infections, and

second, an epidemic of community-associated skin and soft tissue infections driven by strains

with certain virulence factors and resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. In reviewing the literature to

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support management strategies for these clinical manifestations, we also highlight the paucity of

high-quality evidence for many key clinical questions (Tong et al., 2015).

Objectives or Specific Problems

Santan (Ixora Coccinea) and Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac) both have antibacterial

property but not strong enough to inhibit high antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms

such as Escherechia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus that caused diseases to millions of people

worldwide. The researchers seek to prove that both of the said plants’ leaves also expresses

pythochemicals which make them antibacterial. The researchers also aim to have a more

effective antibacterial from the combined component of the plants’ leaves that could inhibit high

antibiotic-resistant pathogens.

Scope and Limitations

This study was conducted to know if there is an inhibition against pathogenic

microorganisms using combined liquid extracted from the leaves of Santan Ixora Coccinea and

Sampaguita Jasminum Sambac. This investigation aims to know if there is an increase in

inhibition against bacteria when the extracts from the leaves of Santan Ixora Coccinea and

Sampaguita Jasminum Sambac are combined. The researchers extracted the ingredient from the

raw materials in Columban College Asinan Laboratory and the following liquid extracts was

tested in James L. Gordon Memorial Hospital, Olongapo City during the academic year 2018-

2019. The limitations of this study include the weaknesses of the study beyond the control of the

researchers.

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Significance of the Study

The results of the studies will be a great benefit for the following:

 Students – This study will provide an information about how antibacterial will

benefit the people and also to discover a new knowledge about its effects,

advantage, disadvantages and benefits of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia

Coli.

 Doctors – The following beneficiary may use antibacterial against Staphylococcus

aureus and Escherichia Coli to treat people. There will be an alternative medicine.

 Government – the Government can benefits about this study by helping the

researchers to identify how will compounds work and pass it to the scientist to

make a new research so that the doctor can use. The government will be popular if

the research is discover in other countries.

 Future Researchers – The following beneficiary will be well-equipped with

ample knowledge about the said compound. The ideas presented may be used as a

reference data in conducting a new well research.

Locale

Columban College – Main Campus is located at 1st Street, New Asinan,

Olongapo City.The Catholic Instituition offers K-12 program through Graduate

School with a variety of academic programs divided into three different

campuses.

Columban College offers the new K-12 curriculum guide which requires

all students . The K to 12 curriculum covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic

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education. The program aims to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts

and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education,

middle-level skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship.

Figure 1: Location of Columban College, Inc.