DISCUSSIONS

1. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

Rectangular Notch
Rectangular Volume Height (m) Height Time (s) Flow Rate, Log H
Notch (L) Level Q (m3/s)
3 0.0461 Min 19.82 1.5136x10-4 -1.3363
3 0.0460 Min 19.94 1.5045x10-4 -1.3372
3 0.0866 Max 3.85 7.7922x10-4 -1.0625

Rectangular Log Q Q2/3 (m2/s2/3) Cd H/B

Notch -3.8200 2.8401x10-3 0.1569 1.3970
-3.8226 2.8288x10-3 0.1565 1.3939
-3.1083 8.4679x10-3 0.3138 2.6242

Calculation of Flow Rates, Q (m3/s)

Flow Rate, Q (m3/s) = Volume of Water (m3)/Time (s)
3
Q1 Q (m /s) = 0.003 Q2 Q (m3/s) = 0.003 Q3 Q (m3/s) = 0.003
m3/19.82s = m3/19.94s = m3/3.85s = 7.7922x10-4
-4 -4
1.5136x10 1.5045x10

Calculation of Log Q
Log Log Q1 = Log
Q1 (1.5136x10-4) =-
3.8200
Log Q
Log Log Q2 = Log Log Log Q3 = Log
Q2 (1.5136x10-4) = - Q3 (1.5136x10-4) = -
3.8226 3.1083

Calculation of Log H
Log H
Log Log H1 = Log Log Log H2 = Log Log Log H3 = Log (0.0866)
H1 (0.0461) =-1.3363 H2 (0.0460) = -1.3372 H3 = -1.0625

Calculation H/B
H/B
H1/B 0.0461/0.033 = H2/B 0.0460/0.033 H3/B 0.0866/0.033 = 2.6242
1.3970 =1.3939

Calculation of Q2/3
Q2/3
Q2/3 Q2/3 = (1.5136x10-4)2/3 Q2/3 Q2/3 = (1.5136x10- Q2/3 Q2/3 = (1.5136x10-4)2/3
= 2.8401x10-3 4 2/3
) = 2.8288x10-3 = 8.4679x10-3
Calculation of Coefficient of Discharge, Cd

3 1
 Rearrange Formula of Rectangular Notch, 𝐶𝑑 = 2 𝑄 ( 3 )
𝐵√2𝑔𝐻 2

Cd
Cd1 3 1
Cd1 = 2 (1.5136x10−4 ) ( 3 ) = 0.1569
0.033√2(9.81)(0.0461)2
Cd2 3 1
Cd2 = 2 (1.5045x10−4 ) ( 3 ) = 0.1565
0.033√2(9.81)(0.0460)2
Cd3 3 1
Cd3 = 2 (7.7922x10−4 ) ( 3 ) = 0.3138
0.033√2(9.81)(0.0866)2
V - notch
V - Notch Volume (L) Height (m) Height Level Time (s) Flow Rate, Q (m3/s)
3 0.0795 Min 22.80 1.3158x10-4
3 0.1071 Max 4.31 6.96056x10-4
3 0.1071 Max 4.14 7.24638x10-4

V - Notch Q2/5(m6/5/s2/5) Cd
2.8033x10-2 0.03126
5.4583x10-2 0.07849
5.5469x10-2 0.08172

Calculation of Flow Rates, Q (m3/s)

Flow Rate, Q (m3/s) = Volume of Water (m3)/Time (s)
Q1 Q (m3/s) = 0.003 Q2 Q (m3/s) = 0.003 Q3 Q (m3/s) = 0.003
3 - 3
m /22.80s =1.3158x10 m /4.31s = m3/4.14s = 7.24638x10-4
4 -4
6.96056x10

Calculation of Q2/5
Q2/5
2/5 2/5 -4 2/5 2/5
Q Q = (1.3158x10 ) Q Q = (6.96056x10-
2/5
Q2/5 Q2/5 = (7.24638x10-4)2/5
= 2.8033x10-2 4 2/5
) = 5.4583x10-2 = 5.5469x10-2

Calculation of Coefficient of Discharge, Cd

15 1
 Rearrange Formula of Rectangular Notch, 𝐶𝑑 = 𝑄( 5 )
8 𝜃
√2𝑔tan⁡(2 )𝐻 2

Cd
Cd1
15 1
𝐶𝑑 = 1.3158−4 ( 5 ) = 0.03126
8 90
√2(9.81)tan⁡( 2 )0.07952
Cd2
15 1
𝐶𝑑 = 6.96056−4 ( 5 ) = 0.07849
8 90
√2(9.81)tan⁡( 2 )0.10712
Cd3
15 1
𝐶𝑑 = 7.24638−4 ( 5 ) = 0.08172
8 90
√2(9.81)tan⁡( 2 )0.10712
Pre-commissioning and Commissioning

Figure 1.0 : Shows the drawing of fluid weir apparatus that need to be evaluate during Pre-
commissioning
 a) b) c)

Figure 2.0 (a): show the evaluation on all fittings are tightly connected to the pump and
working properly, (b) show the evaluation on inlet valve use to control the water flow rate,
(c) show the wheel is lock up before conducting the experiment

d) e) f)
Figure 3.0 (d), (e) : shows the fluid weir apparatus is properly installed and evaluate before
start-up, (f) The pump is switch on and try run for the first time to ensure the apparatus is
working properly.
Punch List

g) h) i)
Figure 4.0 (g), (h): shows the screws attach to the weir plate are loosen cause water penetrate
along the screws, (i) shows the pump unstable producing high flowrate, cause level to
fluctuate over time.
2. ANALYSIS

Rectangular Notch
Table of Q2/3 and H
Q2/3 (m2/s2/3) H (m)
2.8288x10-3 0.0460
2.8401x10-3 0.0461
8.4679x10-3 0.0866

Graph of Q2/3 Against Head Above Bottom of Notch, H

0.009

0.008

0.007
Q2/3 (m2/s2/3 )

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0
0.046 0.0461 0.0866
Head Above Bottom of Notch (m)
Table of Log Q and Log H
Log Q Log H
-3.1083 -1.0625
-3.8200 -1.3363
-3.8226 -1.3372

Graph of Log Q Against Log H

0
-1.0625 -1.3363 -1.3372
-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
Log Q

-2.5

-3

-3.5

-4

-4.5
Log H
Table of Cd and H
Cd H
0.1565 0.0460
0.1569 0.0461
0.3138 0.0866

Graph of Coefficient of Discharge, Cd Against Head Above

Bottom of Notch, H
0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2
Cd

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0.046 0.0461 0.0866
Head Above Bottom of Notch, H
V-Notch
Q2/5 H
0.1565 0.0795
0.1569 0.1071
0.3138 0.1071

Graph of Q2/5 Against Head Above Bottom of Notch, H

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2
Q2/5

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0.0795 0.1071 0.1071
Head Above Bottom of Notch (m)
3. DISCUSSION
Fluid Weir
From this experiment, the flow rate and the coefficient of discharge for flow over a
triangular and rectangular notch are determine by using the Basic Weir apparatus. The
discharge coefficient is the ratio of the actual discharge to the theoretical discharge
Firstly, based the result obtained, it is observed that the trend of the coefficient discharge
for rectangular are increasing as the flowrate increase. As the height increase, the Cd also
increase. This was because the difference of values of height was in wide range.
Secondly, For V-notch, Cd values is higher as the height of increment increase. If the
width of the weir is less than the channel width so that the flow is forced to contract Compare
to the rectangular notch, the Cd are much higher than rectangular notch since the smaller
increment change of height resulted much higher in Cd. Thus, increase of height, flowrate,
constant volume is affecting the coefficient of discharge. Means, the water is discharge
higher as the coefficient of discharge is increase. A triangular notch gives more accurate
results for low discharges than rectangular notch and the same triangular notch can measure a
wide range of flows accurately. Therefore, there is differ value Cd for both rectangular notch
and V-notch. The triangular weir has the advantage that it maintains a high weir head H even
for small flow rates because of the decreasing flow area with decreasing H, and thus it can be
used to measure a wide range of flow rates accurately. The theoretical Cd of V-Notch in range
between 0.58 and 0.62. the value Cd that obtained from the experiment are quite large. This
can be assume due of the apparatus that have some leakage and the pump is not properly
working.

Pre-Commissioning Process

Pre-commissioning is a sequence evaluation need to execute to ensure the condition of the

apparatus is in a respectable condition regarding to the manual drawing. The aspect of
checklist must be examined before the commissioning and start up procedure. Based on
checklist, the drawing apparatus must be checked first to ensure the apparatus is same with
the diagram. Next, the water splitter of the apparatus is inspected to ensure it is flow
downward. The flow from the stilling buffer is need in laminar flow condition. Before
conducting the experiment, the Vernier height gauge is set to zero reading. Check the weir
plate is in good condition due to prevent from leaking before start the experiment. The pump
is inspected to make sure it is working properly.
Commissioning Process

Commissioning process is confirmation process used to approve that facility has been design,
procured, fabricated, installed or prepared according with is drawing and specification
(Garcia, 2019). Before run the experiment, we also done commissioning process to
instrument. Before run experiment, the connection of outflow, inflow and overflow must be
checked and free from leakage. The hydraulic bench pump was checked to ensure it was
securely connected. This to prevent from leakage during run the experiment. The collection
tank drain valve was checked it was opened to allow flow discharge back into the sump tank.
This is to ensure the water is circulate properly, without causing the experiment to halt during
running. The weirs were set on the hydraulic bench and all thumb nuts were checked to
ensure all were secured. This to prevent from water flow through the nuts/screws. The
Vernier gauge was set to zero to check whether there was zero error or not. This is to ensure;
the height measurement is taken correctly. The pump was started, and the flow controller was
adjusted to minimum flow of water into the stilling baffle. The experiment conducting with
the minimum and maximum flow due to determine Cd accurately. Any leaking or unusual
flow were observed during the constant minimum flow and listed in the punch list. The punch
list is important to ensure the apparatus is working properly in future.

REFERENCES

Sam Mannan, Frank P. Lee, Lee's Loss Prevention in the Process Industries: Hazard Identification,
Assessment and Control, Volume 1, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, 2005. ISBN 978-
0750678575. (Google books)

R. L. Daugherty and J. B. Franzini, Fluid Mechanics, 6th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965). pp.
338-349.