Lesson 11

WSNs

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 1
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 Wireless Sensor Network Nodes

• They cooperatively monitor the physical and

environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound,
vibration, pressure, motion or hazard gas-leaks and
pollutants, at different locations.
• WSN acquires data from multiple and remote locations

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 2
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 Wireless Sensor Network Nodes Examples

• Internet of waste containers, the sensors wirelessly

communicate the waste containers statuses in a waste
management system in a smart city.
• Internet of streetlights WSN acquires data of ambient
light conditions
• WSN communicating the nearby traffic densities data
for the control and monitoring of traffic signals
Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,
2017 3
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 WSN Node

• Each node includes a RF transceiver—transceiver

functions as both, transmitter and receiver.

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 4
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 Definition of WSN

• Network in which each sensor node connects

wirelessly
• Each having capabilities of computations, for data
compaction, aggregation and analysis
• Each one has the communication as well as
networking capabilities
• WSN consists of spatially distributed autonomous
devices (sensors).
Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,
2017 5
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 WSN reprogramming

• Can be over-the-air (OTA), which means

wirelessly modifying the codes in flash memory
through an access point by the gateway,
application or service.

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 6
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 WSN Node Architecture

• Three layer architecture of a node

• Application layer
• Network layer (serial link with data-link MAC)
• Physical cum Data-link layer (MAC + Physical
Layer).

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 7
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
Sensor
Application Layer
Sensor node
Network layer Communication
CPU+
subsystem
Program
Wireless Data Adaptation MAC +
Radio Physical cum data-link layer Physical
Circuit +
Transceiver Wireless Network Packets
Antenna

Fig. 7.16 Architecture of a wireless sensor node

 Network Architecture of Connected Nodes

• Two architectures
• Fixed connecting infrastructure of WSN nodes,
coordinators, relays, gateways and routers, and
• Mobile ad-hoc network of WSNs, access points,
routers, gateways and multi-point relays

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 9
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 WSN1 WSN2 WSN3 WSN4

Coordinating WSN node

Router or
Multi-Point Internet
Gateway
Relay
•Fixed Connecting Infrastructure
WSN1 WSN4 Multi-Point
Relay
WSN2 Access
Point Router or Internet
WSN3
Gateway

Fig. 7.17 Architecture for connecting WSN nodes (i) Fixed connecting Infrastructure of WSN
nodes, coordinators, relays, gateways and routers (ii) Mobile Ad-hoc network of moving WSNs
 Layer 3 (Three hops WSN)

WSN5 WSN4

WSN2 WSN3
Layer 2 (Two hop Layer 3 (Three hops WSN)
WSN2) Layer 1 (One hop WSN1
WSN1)

Router or Access Point

Gateway (Base Station) Internet

Layer 1 (One hop

WSN6) WSN6

(ii) Ad-hoc network of mobile WSNs

Fig. 7.18 Layered Architecture for network of nodes
 Multiple clusters Architecture

• Each cluster has a gateway node.

• A set of clusters with a gateway each has one cluster
with cluster-head gateway.
• Number of clusters, which associate a cluster-head
gateway.

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 12
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 Cluster Head

• Enables a tree-like topology of the clusters in multi-

clusters architecture.
• Autonomous cluster formation and election of cluster-
heads in distributed WSNs and WSN clusters.

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 13
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 WSN8 WSN9

Cluster 2 WSN7 WSN10

WSN6 Gateway

WSN2 WSN3
WSN5 Cluster 1
WSN1 WSN4

Gateway Cluster Head

Gateway
Internet

Fig. 7.19 Multi-clusters Architecture for network of nodes

 Security Challenges

• Hello flood attack: An attacker node sends repeatedly

hello messages, thus drains the energy of attacked
node.

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 15
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 Security Challenges

• Sybil attack is an attack whereas a single nodes,

presents as different entities at
• different times.

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 16
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 Security Challenges

• Selective forwarding attack is an attack when the

attacker node does not forward the attacked node
messages on receiving.

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 17
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 Security Challenges

• Sinkhole attack is that an attacked node behaves as an

access point and receives the messages without
forwarding them

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 18
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 Security Challenges

• Wormhole attack is an attack whereas the attacker

node gives false information of distances of the
destinations
• Forces the attacked node to take longer paths.
• Longer path high latency and thus high delivery delays
of packets

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 19
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ZigBeeIP WSN nodes and wireless actuator nodes

• Nodes for home security- access control and security

alerts,
• lighting control, home health care, fire detection—
leak detection, energy efficiency, solar panel
monitoring and control, temperature monitoring and
HVAC control and Automated meter reading

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 20
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 Source end cluster of ZigBee WSN and actuator nodes,
coordinators and routers
• Connected through Gateway
• Set of RPL routers for data packets from IPv6
addresses
• Communication with IoT and M2M IoT Apps and
Services layer

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 21
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 Applications and
Source End IPv6
Actuator nodes Services Layer
Addresses
Protocols
Actuator
Node
Applications Support
Actuator Node Layer

Network
Gateway Protocols
WSN nodes Data Consolidation
Framework Set of RPL routers

WSN Appli-cation
framework
Datacenter/
RPL Comm. Cloud/
IoT Comm. Framework Web Server
Framework
Source End IPv6 Addresses
Cluster of ZigBee based Data Store
WSN nodes and Actuators
Data of all Sensors including WSN nodes and Othe
Fig. 7.20 Source end cluster of ZigBee WSN and Actuator nodes, coordinators and routers connected through
Gateway and set of RPL routers for data packets from IPv6 addresses and communicating with IoT/M2M IoT Apps
and Services layer
 Summary
We learnt
• Wireless Sensor Network Nodes
• WSN node definition
• WSN node three layer architecture
• Security Challenges
• Multiple Clusters architecture
• ZigBee IP for sensors and actuators
Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,
2017 23
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
 End of Lesson 11 on
WSNs

Chapter-7 L11: "Internet of Things " , Raj Kamal,

2017 24
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education