Introduction

- The position of HDD in infrastructure project

1. Indonesia as developing country → infrastructure project and construction industry is
still one of main locomotive for national economy – the use of heavy duty equipment is
enormous
2. Indonesia in transition from labor intensive approach to more mechanized approach
- The impact of the use of HDD to environment
1. The large consumption of fuel use
2. The big amount of air pollutants → causing many problems to environment and human
health
3. Contractors, equipment fleet managers, estimators, to evaluate the fleet, especially in
assessing the impacts to the environment
4. Needs of fuel use and emission inventories to propose some possible scenarios: reuse,
renew, retrofit
- The definition of nonroad HDD
1. How they transport from site to site
2. What we read from odometer
- Previous studies about HDD and its impact on energy and environment – very rare in Indonesia
- Two main methods: Real World measurement and Simulation/Models

Real world Measurement

- Definition
1. To get information of fuel use and gas emitted from equipment while in use on
site/project
2. The sensors go to get engine information (MAP, IAT, RPM) to define the working mode
(idle or working with load) and tailpipes to get gases (by using filter-based method) and
PM (by laser light scattered method)
- How to get real world emission: duty cycle, fuel, activity/engine attribute
- How PEMS works: what is going into PEMS; what is going out from PEMS
- Problem: way too expensive

Modeling/Simulation

- Definition
1. Using statistical method from previous project
2. Using information from manufacturer based on engine-dynamometer results
- EPA’s NONROAD model
1. Developed by the US’ EPA to estimate the fuel use and emission of individual equipment
2. Rely on the emission factors (amount of emission from a particular type of equipment
during unit of use) expressed in grams/hp-hr or grams/gallons
3. Based on the type of equipment and the year of production (expressing the technology
type in responding the env. regulation)
- E3 Model
1. The idea behind the model: the role of estimator for estimating not only the cost but also
the environmental impact of the use of equipment
 2. Before project is started, we only have plan and volume of works
3. It’s important to observe the productivity rate of the equipment
4. Combined the productivity rate to define the work duration

- Case Study 1: city of Stillwater

- Case Study 2: toll road project; Rembang-Pasuruan