Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
A Thesis
Presented to the
High School Department
Sta. Teresa College
Bauan, Batangas
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements
In Research II
by:
Alcayde, Louis Yvan C.
Dapat, Verna Alexa I.
De Leon, Khrizia Monique B.
April 2018
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APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled “The Feasibility of Lemon and Baking Soda as Rust
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Chairman
Member Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Research II.
__________________ ___________________
ABSTRACT
rust from iron and steel without harmful fumes. Begins working immediately to
transform rust into a gray/black iron phosphate, which interrupts the rusting process.
When the rust is gone, the chemical transformation has occurred, and the surface is
prepared for a protective coating such as paint. It is compatible with many surfaces and
will not harm most glass, hoses, decals, plastic, rubber or vinyl and paints. Effective for
use on most painted surfaces for removal of surface rust. A rust remover is great for
removing rust from cars, trucks, boats, RVs, motorcycles and ATVs, industrial
equipment, road equipment, lawn furniture, tools, and restoration of metal parts.
Lemon, also known as Citrus Limon, is the best citrus fruit seeing that it has a
very appealing colour, odour, and flavour. An average lemon tree can grow from 10 to
23 feet or 3 to 6 meters in height. This fruit has different kinds and varieties. The lemon
fruit is oval with a nipple-like protuberance at the apex and a light yellow colour on its
outer peel. The average size of a lemon fruit can range from
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2 inches to 3 inches in diameter. The true home of the lemon is unknown but at present
it is cultivated in several countries like Italy, Spain, Greece, Australia, and South Africa.
While lemons can be grown only at medium or high elevations in the Philippines.
On the other hand, the lemon fruit contains nutrients that is beneficial for the
body. In relation to this study, it can be a great help with the household chores because
the lemon can be a cleaning agent but it is not a disinfectant. In other words, it is not a
robust substitute for bleach or other related products with regards to food cleaning
Baking Soda is also known as Sodium Bicarbonate. Baking Soda has been
around since before the Great Pyramid of Giza was built, so it’s racked up quite a
story. If baking soda mixes with either an acid or an alkaline substance it has a
neutralizing effect on it. Baking soda can be helpful in terms of hygiene. It also serves
as an alternative cleaning agent in doing household chores because it can easily wear
away dirt and stain. If mixed with vinegar, it can create carbonic acid which is more
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Experimental method was used in this study for it intends to investigate the
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feasibility of lemon and baking soda as rust remover. The specific questions that the
experiment is intended to answer must be clearly identified before carrying out the
experiment.
The experiment shows that the ratio of the ingredients to be used depends on the
severity of the rust a metal contains. Removing the rust also depends on how harsh
you scrub the rust off the nail. Time also effects on how the rust will be removed, more
After the experiment, here are some of the recommendations for the
improvement of the study. First, the usage of lemon and baking soda as an alternative
for rust remover is recommended for home use and other metal equipments with rust.
Second, other components that will also help to reduce the amount of rust may be
added to improve the effectiveness of the rust remover. Third, the amount of time
product. And lastly, further research about the variables of the study must be produced
time and effort to help us. This research paper could not have been accomplished
First and foremost, we would like to thank and show our gratitude to our Almighty
God for giving us the guidance and giving us what we all need to accomplish this
research paper. Through Him and His will, we are a step closer to our dreams.
We would also like to express our sincerest gratitude to our beloved research
teacher, Mrs. Riggie M. Villahermosa, for guiding and supporting us throughout this
whole school year. This research paper wouldn’t be possible without her guidance.
Also, her lectures have helped us to make this research paper better
We also want to show our appreciation to our Advanced Chemistry teacher, Mr.
Orlando Villanueva for guiding us and assisting us with everything related to science.
His comments and suggestions really made a big impact into our experiment. Also, his
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We would also like to thank, our adviser and our English teacher, Mrs. Olive
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Baon, for supporting us all throughout this project. Her motivational words is what keep
us motivated and close to greatness. Without her patience, this research paper could
not have been possible. Also, a big thanks to her for correcting our grammar and
And lastly, we would like to thank our class, 10- St, Albert the Great, for being
with us the whole time. Your support was truly appreciated. Thank you for walking with
DEDICATION
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The researchers would like to dedicate this research paper to the following people for
To our class, 10- St. Albert the Great S.Y. 2017-2018 – thank you for a rollercoaster
ride. We’ve made it until the end! Cheers to more greatness together!
To our teachers – thank you for not giving up on us and staying with us until the end.
To our friends – thank you for being with us throughout this journey.
To our family – words can’t be expressed but we are sending our sincerest appreciation
for understanding us. Thank you for your patience and guidance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Page
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TITLE PAGE........................................................................................................i
APPROVAL PAGE.............................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......................................................................................vi
DEDICATION....................................................................................................viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................ix
LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................xii
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER
I. THE PROBLEM
Introduction..................................................................................1
Hypothesis...................................................................................5
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Scope, Limitation and Delimitations............................................5
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Significance of the Study.............................................................6
Definition of Terms......................................................................7
Conceptual Literature.................................................................10
Research Literature....................................................................17
Conceptual Framework..............................................................20
Theoretical Framework...............................................................21
Synthesis....................................................................................24
Research Design......................................................................26
Procedure.................................................................................27
Findings...................................................................................40
Conclusions.............................................................................41
Recommendations..................................................................42
BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................43
CURRICULUM VITAE................................................................................47
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LIST OF TABLES
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Table Title Page
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xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure Title Page
3 Preparation of Materials…...........................................31
CHAPTER 1
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THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
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Introduction
Iron is the most used metal in our lives. It is indeed an incredibly useful substance that
can be used abundantly for it is extremely strong than copper and wood. Iron can also be
easily shaped into various form if it is heated properly allowing us to make tools as our needs
Furthermore, the day will come when the terms of technology will be very advanced and
iron will be completely replaced by plastics aluminium, things like glass, fibres and carbon.
These days we used iron because economic equations tell us that inexpensive iron has many
Replacing critical materials with abundant materials, particularly in applications that use
large amounts of catalysts, would have many benefits. Abundant materials are cheaper, less
susceptible to supply fluctuations, and more environmentally benign. Cheap and abundant
metals also can be less selective, less tolerant of functional groups, and use more expensive
ligands than rare and expensive metals, but research gradually is reducing these
shortcomings.
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Rust is one of the most common problem when it comes to metal and iron tools.
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Specifically, the tools in our homes like hammers, scissors, and the like. People use their iron
tools when needed for work but afterwards, they carelessly live the tools without cleaning
them properly. If a piece of iron is left long enough, with exposure to water and oxygen, its
rusting is inevitable. In result, the coating of the metal and iron tools becomes reddish and
flaky. When the tools are said to be rusty, it becomes weak and causing the tool to be less
useful.
Once a metal is corroded, the only option to save the metal is to completely destroy
the rust. However, prolonged exposure and contact with the acids are proven bad for the
health and alternatives are being used as a replacement to the commercially sold rust
remover.
Evapo – Rust, Bull Frog, Workshop Hero Metal, Unrust Rust Remover and many others
are examples of commercially sold rust remover. Effective and quick. Easy to use. It removes
rust from a range of metals, like iron and steel, and is nontoxic and harmless to your skin or
eyes if it happens to come in contact with them. Simple hand tools can become unusable if
they're caked and flaking. Disfigured nuts and bolts marred by red-orange deposits can see
use again, but they'll need some help. Saw blades, knives, scissors, and pliers all need to be
rust-free to work properly. Lemon in other hand, mixed with baking soda is a homemade rust
to 6 meters in height. This fruit has different kinds and varieties. The lemon fruit is oval with a
nipple-like protuberance at the apex and a light yellow colour on its outer peel. The average
size of a lemon fruit can range from 2 inches to 3 inches in diameter. The true home of the
lemon is unknown but at present it is cultivated in several countries like Italy, Spain, Greece,
Australia, and South Africa. While lemons can be grown only at medium or high elevations in
the Philippines.
On the other hand, the lemon fruit contains nutrients that is beneficial for the body. In
relation to this study, it can be a great help with the household chores because the lemon can
be a cleaning agent but it is not a disinfectant. In other words, it is not a robust substitute for
bleach or other related products with regards to food cleaning safety. In addition, lemons are
Baking Soda is also known as Sodium Bicarbonate. Baking Soda has been around
since before the Great Pyramid of Giza was built, so it’s racked up quite a story. If baking
soda mixes with either an acid or an alkaline substance it has a neutralizing effect on it.
Baking soda can be helpful in terms of hygiene. It also serves as an alternative cleaning
agent in doing household chores because it can easily wear away dirt and stain. If mixed with
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bubbly and better to scrub with. Most of all, baking soda is used in baking to rise the dough
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mixture in making bread and related pastry products.
Therefore, our group ponders on how we can create an alternative rust remover from
lemon and baking soda that can prevent the negative effects of commercial rust removers.
Our research can help those Filipinos in lack of capital for such expensive cleaning products.
Since the use of iron and metal tools are widely common to every house hold.
The main purpose of the study "The Feasibility of Lemon and Baking Soda as Rust
Remover" is to yield an alternative rust remover which may become a solution in getting rid of
rusts.
2. How can a rust remover be made out of lemon and baking soda?
Hypothesis
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Lemon juice and baking soda is not an effective alternative for a rust remover.
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The study focuses on the possibility of baking soda and lemon juice as components of
alternative rust remover. The composition of baking soda and lemon juice which are similar to
that of the commercial rust remover were the baking soda or sodium bicarbonate has
awesome attributes that make it so helpful and versatile around our homes include: mildly
alkaline ( to cut grease and oil), can lift dirt by fizzing in vinegar or effervescing in water, it
buffers pH so it is a great deodorizer because it chemically neutralizes odours, while the lemon
juice, containing citric acid which is the active bleaching agent, can effectively remove stains.
However, the product to be made only includes baking soda and lemon. The process
was done just by mixing the baking soda with the lemon juice. No other ingredient was added.
The rust remover was tested by brushing the produced paste on a rusty surface of any iron
tools.
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The researchers did not use any other active bleaching agent like sodium hypochlorite
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or chlorine. Also, the study did not deal with any other alternative sources of rust remover other
The researches of the study intend to test the feasibility of lemon and baking soda as
rust remover. Furthermore, the study aims to be beneficial for the following:
Students. This study could give them a better understanding with regards to the
making of a rust remover using raw materials which are environmental friendly. This study
could teach them the basic concepts of making a reliable rust remover.
Teachers. As the secondary mentors, teachers can benefit to the findings of the study.
The findings will give them the knowledge of lemon and baking soda and their properties that
will be used to create a reliable rust remover. This study will serve as a good example for them
to teach and give certain lessons to help the students learn in a new way.
Future Researchers. This study can be beneficial to the future researchers for they
can learn something and be used for future studies. They can used this as a reference and
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Consumers. This study will give a great contribution to the community especially to the
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consumers. If the study succeeds, the rust remover can be normally use as an ordinary
Definition of Terms
The terms here are conceptually and operationally defined for the better of
present in a substance or an object is the definition. Based on the study, its definition is really
information in the design, production, and utilization of goods and services, and in the
Cleaning agents. According to Adhesive and Glue, they are chemical materials used in
the preparation of surfaces for cleaning and remove the contaminants that may exist on the
surface of a material. Based on the study, cleaning agents are the instruments used for
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Acids. According to Britannica-Encyclopaedia, any substance that
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in water solution tastes sour, changes the colour of certain indicators (e.g., reddens
blue litmus paper), reacts with some metals (e.g., iron) to liberate hydrogen, reacts
with bases to form salts, and promotes certain chemical reactions (acid catalysis). Based on
the study, it is a water solution that’ll help remove the rust from any kind of metal especially
iron.
ions. When a base is dissolved in water, the balance between hydrogen ions and hydroxide
ions shifts the opposite way. Because the base "soaks up" hydrogen ions, the result is a
solution with more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. This kind of solution is alkaline. Based
on the study, it is a solution that are aqueous and easy to accept protons from any proton.
whole pH value below 7 is ten times more acidic than the next higher value. Based on the
study, it is used to define how acidic and how basic a substance is.
Based on the study, it is used to describe the effectivity of baking soda as rust remover.
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Protuberance. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the usually rounded part that
sticks out from a surface. Based on the study, it used to define the rounded pointy tip of the
lemons.
Based on the study, it is used to define a situation when rusting occurs in a metal.
exhilaration. Based on the study, it is to bubble and form a foam when gas escapes.
form water and a salt and involves the combination of H+ ions and OH- ions to generate water.
When a solution is neutralized, it means that salts are formed from equal weights of acid
and base. Based on the study, it is when a base and an acid react to each other and will be the
molecule, atom or ion. It occurs when the oxidation state of a molecule, atom or ion is
increased. Based on the study, when iron reacts with oxygen it forms a chemical called rust
Chapter II
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The chapter tackles the conceptual and reviewed literature that helped the
insight of previous topics that provide the significant background for the purpose of this
research. It also shows the theoretical and conceptual frameworks of this study,
Conceptual Literature
The following topics are discussed in the conceptual literature. It contains the
different topics befitting to the study. These were gained from different sources that
would be a great help to this study. The topics to be tackled are rust in metals, rust
remover, benefits of lemon and its side effects, and lemon and baking soda as rust
remover.
and commercial property owners should understand how rust forms and how to prevent
it. Rust is more than a cosmetic issue; it can lead to serious structural deterioration.
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Rusting is a common form of corrosion – an electrochemical process leading to the
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disintegration of a material into its constituent atoms – a category that also includes
galvanic corrosion, pitting corrosion, and crevice corrosion. Rust usually appears as a
red, brown or orange flaking or pitting of the metal surface. Rust is formed when oxygen
comes into sustained contact with iron in a process called oxidation. Oxygen is
delivered to the metal from water, either from liquid water or water vapor. Carbon
dioxide in the air combines with water to form a weak carbonic acid, dissolving the water
into its component parts – hydrogen and oxygen – as well as causing some of the iron
to dissolve. The free oxygen bonds with the dissolved iron to form iron oxide or rust.
Oxidation catalysts, such as saltwater and air, acids and acid rain, soils, and airborne
sulfur compounds, will accelerate rust formation. Rust formation is also encouraged by
architectural crevices that trap liquids. Once rust forms, its porous surface will trap
Iron. According to Michael D. Fenton. Iron is one of the most abundant elements
on Earth, but it does not occur in nature in a useful metallic form. Although ancient
people may have recovered some iron from meteorites, it wasn’t until smelting was
invented that iron metal could be derived from iron oxides. After the beginning of the
and steelmaking spread from the ancient Middle East through Greece to the Roman
Empire, then to Europe and, in the early 17th century, to North America. The first
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successful furnace in North America began operating in 1646 in what is now Saugus,
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Mass. Introduction of the Bessemer converter in the mid-19th century made the modern
Pig iron is a high-carbon alloy made by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace with
iron ore-coke charge as a fluxing agent to remove impurities. Steel is produced from pig
iron by removing some of the carbon in a basic oxygen converter and adding several
molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium. Steel is also made by recycling ferrous scrap in
percent alloying elements. Special applications for alloy steel include use in machined
parts and tool fabrication. Stainless steel, which accounts for about 2 percent of annual
steel production, is formed by adding chromium and usually nickel to steel to make it
highly corrosion-resistant.
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increasing capacity. This has resulted in an influx of steel products into the United
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States and other steelmaking countries that already have excess capacity. Demand by
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China’s steelmakers has also driven unprecedented increases in the prices of iron ore
and metallurgical coal. In the short term, steelmaking capacity, globally and especially in
China, is expected to continue to exceed steel consumption, with steel prices and
Rust Remover. According to Beghin, Hamberg, and Smith, “It has long been
recognized in the art that, because of certain chemical and physical properties, the
phosphoric acids are among the best acid type rust removers.
Certain deficiencies in the simple phosphoric acid solutions when used as rust
removers have also been recognized. For example, it has already been proposed to
improve the properties of phosphoric acid rust removers by adding sulfonated aromatic
compounds, alcohols, oils, glycols, sulfonated higher fatty alcohols, and so forth, to
improve the wetting properties, the adhesiveness and to increase the viscosity of such
rust removing compositions. For certain cases these compounds are useful; but, in the
case of positional structural steel, they leave much to be desired. Field tests have
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adhere poorly, cover poorly, and when allowed to dry on the surface as recommended
adapted for the cleaning of the radiators of internal With a preferred embodiment in
mind but without intention to limit the invention more than is required by the prior art, the
soluble organic acid, sugar, a protective agent or colloid for suspended rust precipitate
and a corrosion inhibitor. The ammonium salt of a mineral acid functions as an active
ingredient for momentarily dissolving the rust which is then immediately precipitated
from solution as the finely divided iron hydroxide with regeneration of the ammonium
salt. The alkali salt of an organic acid serves to deflocculate the rust precipitate by
forming chemical complexes therewith. It effects also a similar though less rapid
Benefits of Lemon and It’s Side Effects. According to Molina, Perles, Moreno,
and Viguera (2009), Citrus genus is the most important fruit tree crop in the world and
lemon is the third most important Citrus species. Several studies highlighted lemon as
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compounds as well as vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, essential oils and carotenoids.
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According to Aguirre (2017), Lemon, like vinegar, is a terrific cleaning agent. The
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acid in lemons is antibacterial and antiseptic, and it acts as a natural bleach. The citrus
smell of a lemon is refreshing and invigorating. Oils in the rinds can also help to clean
and shine. Add a little salt, and you can throw away many of the harsh, chemical-based
There's just one caveat to bear in mind. While lemons and lemon juice can do a
In other words, it is not a good substitute for bleach or related products when you
are actually trying to remove dangerous microbes from cooking surfaces. Because food
safety is important, be sure to hang onto appropriate cleaning products and use them as
needed.
Lima, and Pellizon (2010), Citrus lemon (CL) belongs to Rutaceae family and is
popularly known in Brazil as limão siciliano. The phytochemical analysis of CL fruit bark
essential oil showed two majority components, limonene (LIM) and β-pinene (PIN). This
study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective mechanism of action from CL, LIM and
PIN in ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers and its in vitro anti-
the ulcer area was measured and the stomachs were destined to histology (HE and
PAS), immunohistochemistry for HSP-70 and VIP and glutathione (GSH) measurement.
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The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and sulfhydryl (SH) compounds was determined.
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The ulcer area for indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers was measured. PGE2
(MIC) against H. pylori was determined in vitro. In ethanol model, CL and LIM
gastroprotection but PIN did not show gastroprotective effect. The gastric ulcer area of
to the control group. The MIC obtained for CL was 125 μg/mL, for LIM was 75 μg/mL
and for PIN was 500 μg/mL. The gastroprotective effect of CL and LIM was involved
with increasing in mucus secretion, HSP-70 and VIP, but not with GSH, NO or SH
compounds.
(2017), Baking soda, a mainstay of many baking recipes, has colonized territory way
beyond the baking rack. It can be found lurking in the backs of refrigerators, in cleaning
kits tucked beneath the sink, and in the list of ingredients for natural deodorants and
toothpastes. And while Arm & Hammer is largely responsible for making baking soda
the household staple it is today, we've been using baking soda for millennia: Back
that can actually be used on practically every surface in the home. In addition, baking
conventional cleaners.
One of the best ways to clean with baking soda is to mix it with vinegar. Baking
soda gently wears away at stains so is most useful as a regular cleaner to keep dirt at
bay rather than as part of a deep clean. However, if you mix it with vinegar then you
create carbonic acid which is more bubbly—and better to scrub with—and also more
Research Literature
The following researches and studies about “The Feasibility of Baking Soda and
Lemon as Rust Remover” are to be found below and discussed in the research
literature.
and sometimes the cause of ship’s damage to hull and other parts of the ship if no
intervention is applied. Rust or iron oxide is being formed due to the exposure of iron to
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air and water. This happens when iron melts in the water with the combination of
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oxygen. Eventually, the iron or metal will undergo corrosion. In order to remove the rust
and prevent corrosion, crew onboard must apply a chemical that is highly acidic.”
Nevertheless, it acquires peril on human health. With that, they made a study
using citrus, lemon grass, vinegar, and muriatic acid to find an alternative rust remover
solution. And based on the results, the most effective way in removing rust is the
mixture of citrus and vinegar, which, as we can notice, is an eco-friendly and natural
alternative for rust removal. Although, muriatic acid is favourable and beneficial, its
Effect of Mild Steel on Orange Juice” probed the effect of orange juice to the corrosion
of steel. Corrosion of metals and their alloys when exposed to the action of acids in
The material used for most equipments used in the manufacturing sector is mild steel; it
is selected because of its strength, ductility and weld ability. Mild steel corrodes easily
because all common structural metals form surface oxide films when exposed to pure
broken down, and in the presence of happens in canned acidic fruit juices such as citrus
juices (Jimenez and Kane, 1974). Mild steel as constructional materials are often
exposed to juice or used to package juice to a great extent during service. This
exposure can be under conditions of varying temperature, flow rate, pH and other
factors; all of which can alter the rate of corrosion. The relative acidity of the solution is
the most important factor to be considered; at low pH, the evolution of hydrogen tends
to eliminate the possibility of protective film formation so that steel continues to corrode
but in alkaline solutions, the formation of protective film greatly reduces corrosion rate.
The research has shown that mild steels are corrosive in fruit juices especially citrus
juices due to temperature, flow rate, pH and other factors. Second, the corrosion rate
was highest in the orange juice especially in citric juices. Lastly, fruit juice demands a
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Conceptual Framework
This part includes the methodical experimentation of the study in order to test the
hypothesis. It focused on the input works, on the procedures, and the output works that
This includes the tests of the study to examine the outcome of the hypothesis. It
focused on the input, processes, and the output that has been made.
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The input includes the identification of the problem and the purpose of the study,
The process will first start by the collection of data related to the study.
Researches should be conducted and studied very well for these could be a
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background of the study and could provide a solution to the problem of the study. The
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researchers also used experimentation to test existing theories or new hypotheses to
support or disprove them. The product of the study will be based on the gathered data
or outcome of the study. Afterwards, a rust remover will be produced from the Lemon
Theoretical Framework
This framework will discuss about the theories interrelated with the study. The
researchers anchored their concepts and ideas on the following theories stated below.
Phlogiston Theory
This theory was proposed by Johann Joachim Becher in 1669. He supposed that,
when a substance burned, combustible earth was liberated. Thus, wood was a
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Georg Ernst Stahl applied the name phlogiston at the beginning of 18 th century.
Stahl believed that the corrosion of metals in air was also a form of combustion, so that
when a metal was converted to its calx, or metallic ash, phlogiston was lost. Therefore,
metals were composed of calx and phlogiston. The function of air was merely to carry
with flames being the visible sign of its escape. The residue, eg wood ash, is ‘lighter’
(meaning less dense) than the original material – evidence that something has been lost,
explained by the escape of terra pinguis. Similarly, heating a metal in air produces a
calx, which is ‘lighter’ than the metal for the same reason.
first described by the English scientist Michael Faraday in 1833. The laws state that the
proportional to the quantity of electricity used, and the amounts of chemical changes
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weight associated with a unit gain or loss of electron. The quantity of electricity that will
cause a chemical change of one equivalent weight unit has been designated a faraday.
fused magnesium chloride, MgCl2, one faraday of electricity will deposit 24.312/2 grams
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of magnesium at the negative electrode and liberate 35.453 grams of chlorine at the
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positive electrode.
Faraday’s Law of
Phlogiston Theory Electrolysis
Synthesis
This part shows the resemblance and unlikeness of the views of the different
study is to know whether Lemon and Baking soda is an effective alternative for rust
remover.
Different concepts about the study were also explained in this part. It explains
the analysis of skin hygiene and how it is applied effectively. Also, it discusses the
In the research literature, the researchers presented the potential of Lemon and
baking soda as rust remover. The studies mentioned were the contributions and
Balitucha, Molleda, Tumadiang, and Verano. Rust is a common problem in the world
and it causes damage to different kinds of materials that we used on our daily life.
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In the conceptual framework, the researchers presented the input and the
processes to make lemon and baking soda as rust remover as their final outcome.
theories that will support the idea of lemon and baking soda as rust remover.
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CHAPTER III
This chapter provides information on the methods and processes which were
used in the field of study. This briefly tackles the research design, data gathering
Experimental method was used in this study for it intends to investigate the
feasibility of lemon and baking soda as rust remover. The specific questions that the
experiment is intended to answer must be clearly identified before carrying out the
experimental units since one of the main aims of a designed experiment is to reduce
the effect of these sources of variability on the answers to questions of interest. That is,
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In the study, the amount of lemon and baking soda needed depends on the
severity of rust. These variables are directly proportional, which means that as the
severity of rust increases, the amount of lemon and baking soda also increases.
Procedure
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The researchers prepared all the materials needed in the experiment. Some
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factors have been taken into considerations, such as the type of product with rust and
A product was prepared. This contained the lemon and baking soda which are
the main components for this research. The product was put in a clean container to
make sure that no microorganisms would affect the production of the rust remover.
The product was put in a cool dry place that will be appropriate for an accurate
result. The researchers took down notes and observed the experiment on an hourly
basis.
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The researchers found out that the lemon and baking soda have the ability to
remove rust which could be a substitute for commercial rust removers. The process of
production included the extraction of the juice from lemon to gather the needed juice for
the experiment. Observation and data gathering followed until a certain time frame is
attained.
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Evaluation
The first step that the researchers did to evaluate the product after doing the
processes involved is to get a small amount of the juice from the extracted lemon. The
next one is they put the product in a clean container with baking soda. The third
procedure that the researchers did to evaluate is to put the product on the rusted
material.
After all the steps, to know whether the product is successful or not, the lemon
and baking soda mixture should thoroughly remove the rust from a certain material.
The researchers can find a solution for the improvement of the experiment if it is
necessary.
CHAPTER IV
This chapter presents the gathered data, analysis, and interpretation of data
1. Component of lemon and baking soda that can help remove rust.
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Table 1. Components of Lemon and Baking Soda that can help Remove
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Rust.
hour or a two.
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good cleaner.
Lemon and baking soda were the only ingredients used by the researchers in
producing an alternative rust remover. The ratio of the ingredients used were: 1 whole
lemon is to 125g of baking soda. There are certain steps that should be properly
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First thing to do is to prepare all the materials needed. It includes one whole
lemon, baking soda, paper towel, knife, sifter, plastic fork, and a plastic container.
Then, squeeze half of the lemon until the mixture gets bubbly. Afterwards, soak
The baking soda and lemon juice were mixed to form a mixture with citric acid
and sodium bicarbonate wherein, the rusted metal could be submerged for 1 to 2 hours
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NAIL A NAIL B
NAIL C NAIL D
NAIL E
The researchers used a digital weighing scale to measure the mass of the nails.
The data gathered was used for the comparison of the nails after each trial.
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TABLE 2
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Initial weight of nails with rust
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RUSTED NAIL INITIAL WEIGHT
NAIL A 7.52
NAIL B 7.68
NAIL C 7.63
NAIL D 7.60
NAIL E 7.61
The initial weight of the nails used was shown in the table above.
The researchers soaked the nails for an hour and two. The experiment was done
to know if the product was effective by observing the changes of the nails having
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TABLE 3
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Change in Weight After 1 Hour
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INITIAL WEIGHT WEIGHT
The difference between the initial and final weight of the nails after soaking them in the
mixture after one hour was shown in the table above. Nail A which contains the most amount
of rust changed its weight from 7.52 g to 7.50 g. Based on the weight conducted, the amount
of rust present in the nails was removed but was not completely vanished. Nail C, containing
moderate amount of rust also made a change, corresponding 0.01 g, in its weight. Nails D and
E which contained the least amount of rust had a changed of 0.03 g in its weight but rust can
still be seen in the nail. Even so, after performing the first trial, the changes are still observable
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NAIL A NAIL B
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NAIL C NAIL D
NAIL E
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TABLE 4
The difference between the initial and final weight of the nails after soaking them
in the mixture after two hours was shown in the table above. Nail A changed its weight
from 7.52 g to 7.48 g after 2 hours of being soaked. There also had been a change of
0.02 g on nails B and C. Compared to the previous trial, the nails when soaked after 2
hours made a huge difference. The reddish-brown spots can still be seen but the
change in its physical traits can be seen clearly. Nails D and E had a change of 0.03 g
for 2 hours. The black and reddish-brown spots are still there but they are not really
visible.
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NAIL A
NAIL B
NAIL C NAIL D
NAIL E
CHAPTER V
Summary
The main purpose of the study “The Feasibility of Lemon and Baking Soda as Rust
Remover” is to yield an alternative rust remover which may become a solution in getting rid of
rusts.
1. What are the components of Lemon and Baking Soda that can help remove rust?
2. How can a rust remover be made out of lemon and baking soda?
3. How effective is the rust remover mixture made out of lemon and baking soda?
The type of research done is experimental. Its objective is to solve problem such as the
formation of rusts in tools and other metal equipment that the ingredients needed are just
inside your kitchen and is readily available, like lemon and baking soda.
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Findings
2. To have a readily available rust remover, lemon juice and baking soda must be mixed to
create a paste where the rusted equipment or metal would later be soaked.
3. The rust remover was tested by arranging the nails from the nail containing the most
amount of rust to the nail containing the least amount of rust and soaking them into the
mixture for 2 hours. After regulating the experiment, we have concluded that the rust in
the nails do not weigh much. Also the amount of time the nails should be soaked into
the mixture, depends on how much rust was attached into the nails. And lastly, the way
we dry the nails also affect the result. The more harsh you dry the nails, the more rust
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Conclusions
2. Rust remover can be produced at home, only by using lemon juice and baking soda.
3. Rust remover made out from lemon and baking soda is effective.
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Recommendations
2. Other components that will also help to reduce the amount of rust may be added to
3. The amount of time submergence may be changed and be explored to discover the
4. Further research about the variables of the study must be produced to fortify the
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Aguirre, S. (n.d.). Meet Sarah Aguirre Guide for Housekeeping, Organization. Retrieved April
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04, 2018, from https://www.thespruce.com/sarah-aguirre-1900091.
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Beghin, Hamberg, & Smith. (n.d.). US2558167A - Rust remover. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from
https://patents.google.com/patent/US2558167.
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http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/faradays-laws-6.
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Junior High School Department
Fenton, M. D. (2014, February 01). Mineral resource of the month: Iron and steel. Retrieved
sodium-bicarbonate-structure-formula-uses.html.
January 20). Natural bioactive compounds of Citrus limon for food and health.
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NC State News. (2014, May 21). Retrieved April 04, 2018, from
https://news.ncsu.edu/2014/05/baking-soda-powder/.
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Ossola, A. (2017, December 06). Why Is Baking Soda Such a Good Cleaner? Retrieved April
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03, 2018, from https://www.thekitchn.com/why-is-baking-soda-such-a-good-cleaner-
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remover.html.
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What is Phlogiston and How Is It Connected to Chemistry? (n.d.). Retrieved April 04, 2018,
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from http://blog.melscience.com/en/2015-11-06-phlogiston.html.
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CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL INFORMATION
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Name : Louis Yvan C. Alcayde
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Nickname : Van
Date of Birth : October 12, 2002
Address : Amaia Scapes, As-is, Bauan, Batangas
Gender : Male
E-mail Address : alcayde33@gmail.com
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language : Filipino, English
Father’s Name : Marlone P. Alcayde
Mother’s Name : Yvette C. Alcayde
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
48
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL INFORMATION
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Name : Verna Alexa I. Dapat
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Nickname : Verny
Date of Birth : August 14, 2002
Address : San Diego, Bauan, Batangas
Gender : Female
E-mail Address : vernaalexadapat@gmail.com
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language : Filipino, English
Father’s Name : Severino F. Dapat
Mother’s Name : Gliceria I. Dapat
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
49
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name : Khrizia Monique B. de Leon
Nickname : Monique
Date of Birth : September 4, 2001
Address : Sto. Domingo, Bauan, Batangas
Gender : Female
E-mail Address : khriziamonique@yahoo.com
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language : Filipino, English
Father’s Name : Arnold S. de Leon
Mother’s Name : Marites B. de Leon
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND