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Assignment No: 2
Related topics:
• Properties of systems, Differential and difference Equations, LTI systems, Im-
pulse response
All the questions listed below are taken from the textbook.
Notations:
(a) Determine which of these properties hold and which do not hold for each
of the following continuous-time systems. Justify your answers. In each
example, y(t) denotes the systems output and x(t) is system input.
(
i. y(t) = x(t − 2) + x(2 − t) 0, x(t) < 0
v. y(t) =
ii. y(t) = cos(3t)x(t) x(t) + x(t − 2), x(t) ≥ 0
Z 2t
iii. y(t) = x(τ )dτ vi. y(t) = x(t/3)
(−∞ dx(t)
vii. y(t) =
0, t<0 dt
iv. y(t) =
x(t) + x(t − 2), t ≥ 0
(b) Determine which of the properties mentioned earlier hold and which do not
hold for each of the following discrete-times systems. Justify your answers.
In each example, y[n] denotes the systems output and x[n] is system input.
i. y[n] = x[−n] x[n], n ≥ 1
ii. y[n] = x[n − 2] − 2x[n − 8] vi. y[n] = 0, n=0
iii. y[n] = nx[n]
x[n], n ≤ −1
iv. y[n] = Even{x[n − 1]} vii. y[n] = x[4n + 1]
x[n],
n≥1
v. y[n] = 0, n=0
x[n + 1], n ≤ −1
1
2. Determine if each of the following systems is invertible. If it is, construct the
inverse system. If it not, find two input signals to the system that have the
same output.
n
n−k
(a) y(t) = x(t − 4) P 1
(i) y[n] = x[k]
(b) y(t) = cos[x(t)] k=−∞ 2
(c) y[n] = nx[n] dx(t)
Z t (j) y(t) =
(d) y(t) = x(τ )dτ dt
−∞
(
x[n + 1], n ≥ 0
x[n − 1], n ≥ 1
(k) y[n] =
x[n], n ≤ −1
(e) y[n] = 0, n=0
x[n], n ≤ −1 (l) y(t) = x(2t)
(f) y[n] = x[n]x[n − 1] (m) y[n] = x[2n]
(g) y[n] = x[1 − n] (
Z t x[n/2], n even
(h) y(t) = e−(1−τ ) x(τ )dτ (n) y[n] =
−∞
0, n odd
2
Figure 1: Figure corresponding to Q.4c
5. (a) Consider a time-invariant system with input x(t) and output y(t). Show
that if x(t) is periodic with period T , then so is y(t). Show that the
analogous result also holds in discrete time.
(b) Give an example of a time-invariant system and a non-periodic input signal
x(t) such that the corresponding output y(t) is periodic.
6. Consider the feedback system shown in the figure 2. Assume that y[n] = 0 for
n < 0.
7. Which of the following system are incrementally linear1 ? Justify your answer
and if a system is incrementally linear, identify the the linear system L and the
zero input response y0 [n] or y0 (t) for the representation of the system as shown
in fig. 3
1
Refer to the textbook to know the definition of incrementally linear
3
n
(a) y[n] = n + x[n] + 2x[n + 4] 2,
n even
(d) y[n] = (n−1)/2
(n−1) P
2 +
x[k], n odd
(b) System depicted in fig. 4(b) k=−∞
(
x[n] − x[n − 1] + 3, if x[0] ≥ 0
(e) y[n] =
(c) System depicted in fig. 4(c) x[n] − x[n − 1] − 3, if x[0] < 0
4
11. Determine and sketch the convolution of the following two signals:
t+1
0≤t≤1
x(t) = 2−t 1≤t≤2
0 otherwise
and
h(t) = δ(t + 2) + 2δ(t + 1).
14. Which of the following impulse responses corresponds to stable LTI systems
15. Consider a LTI system whose input x(t) and output y(t) are related by the
differential equation
dy(t)
+ 4y(t) = x(t) (1)
dt
The system also satisfies the condition of initial rest.
16. Consider the cascade of the following two systems S1 and S2 , as depicted in fig
5.
S1 : causal LTI
1
w[n] = w[n − 1] + x[n];
2
5
Figure 5: Figure corresponding to Q. 16
S2 : causal LTI
y[n] = αy[n − 1] + βw[n]
.
The difference equation relating x[n] and y[n] is
1 3
y[n] = − y[n − 2] + y[n − 1] + x[n]
8 4
(a) Determine α and β.
(b) Show the impulse response of the cascade connection of S1 and S2 .
17. The following are the impulse responses of the discrete time LTI systems. De-
termine whether each system is causal and/or stable. Justify your answers.
n
(a) h[n] = 51 u[n]
(b) h[n] = (.8)n u[n + 2]
(c) h[n] = (.5)n u[ − n]
(d) h[n] = (5)n u[3 − n]
(e) h[n] = (−.5)n u[n] + (1.01)n u[n − 1]
(f) h[n] = (−.5)n u[n] + (1.01)n u[1 − n]
n
(g) h[n] = n 31 u[n − 1]
18. The following are the impulse responses of continuous time LTI systems. De-
termine whether each system is causal and/or stable. Justify your answers.
6
19. Consider a causal LTI system whose input x[n] and output y[n] are related by
the difference equation
1
y[n] = y[n − 1] + x[n].
4
Determine y[n] if x[n] = δ[n − 1].
Assuming the condition of initial rest (i.e., if x[n] = 0 for n < n0 then y[n] = 0
for n < n0 ), find the impulse response of a system whose input and output are
related by this difference equation. You may solve the problem by rearranging
the difference equation so as to express y[n] in terms of y[n − 1] and x[n] and
generating the values of y[0], y[n + 1], y[n + 2], ... in that order.
7
for n ≥ 0. In order to solve for the unknown constant A, we must specify a
value for y[n] for some n ≥ 0. Use the condition of initial rest and equation
(2) and (3) to determine y[0]. From this value determine the constant A.
The result of this calculation yields the solution to the difference equation
(2) under the condition of initial rest, when the input is given by equation
(3).
22. Consider a system whose input x(t) and output y(t) satisfy the first order dif-
ferential equation
dy(t)
+ 2y(t) = x(t).
dt
The system also satisfies the condition of initial rest.
(a) i. Determine the system output y1 (t) when the input is x1 (t) = e3t u(t).
ii. Determine the system output y2 (t) when the input is x2 (t) = e2t u(t).
iii. Determine the system output y3 (t) when the input is x3 (t) = αe3t u(t)+
βe2t u(t), where α and β are real numbers. Show that y3 (t) = αy1 (t) +
βy2 (t)
iv. Now let x1 (t) and x2 (t) be arbitrary signals, such that
y2 (t) = y1 (t − T ).
8
23. A discrete time LTI system has input x[n], impulse response h[n], and output
y[n]. if h[n] is known to be zero everywhere outside the interval N0 ≤ n ≤ N1
and x[n] is known to be zero everywhere outside the interval N2 ≤ n ≤ N3 , then
the output y[ n] is constrained to be zero everywhere, except on some interval
N4 ≤ n ≤ N5 .
(a) Determine N4 and N5 in terms of N0 , N1 , N2 , and N3 .
(b) If the interval N0 ≤ n ≤ N1 is of length Mh , N2 ≤ n ≤ N3 is of length Mx ,
and N4 ≤ n ≤ N5 is of length My , express My in terms of Mh and Mx .
24. Consider an LTI system S and a signal x(t) = 2e(−3t) u(t − 1). If
x(t) → y(t)
and
dx(t)
→ −3y(t) + e−2t u(t).
dt
determine the impulse response h(t) of S.
25. Solve the following homogeneous differential equations with the specified aux-
iliary conditions:
d2 y(t) dy(t)
(i) 2
+3 + 2y(t) = 0, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 2
dt dt
d2 y(t) dy(t)
(ii) 2
+3 + 2y(t) = 0, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = −1
dt dt
d2 y(t) dy(t)
(iii) 2
+3 + 2y(t) = 0, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
dt dt
d2 y(t) dy(t)
(iv) 2
+2 + y(t) = 0, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1
dt dt
d3 y(t) d2 y(t) dy(t)
(v) + − − y(t) = 0, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 1, y 00 (0) = −2
dt3 dt2 dt
d2 y(t) dy(t)
(vi) 2
+2 + 5y(t) = 0, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1
dt dt
26. Solve the following homogeneous differential equations with the specified aux-
iliary conditions:
3 1
(i) y[n] + y[n − 1] + y[n − 2] = 0; y[0] = 1, y[−1] = −6
4 8
(ii) y[n] − 2y[n − 1] + y[n − 2] = 0; y[0] = 1, y[1] = 0
(iii) y[n] − 2y[n
√ − 1] + y[n − 2] = 0; y[0] = 1, y[10] = 21
2 1
(iv) y[n] + y[n − 1] + y[n − 2] = 0; y[0] = 0, y[−1] = 1
2 4
27. Find the impulse response of the causal LTI systems described by the following
differential equations:
dy(t) dx(t)
(i) + 2y(t) = 3 + x(t)
dt dt
d2 y(t) dy(t) d3 x(t) d2 x(t) dx(t)
(ii) 2
+ 5 + 6y(t) = 3
+ 2 2
+4 + 3x(t)
dt dt dt dt dt