Smartphone Addiction as a Predictor of Interpersonal Relationship and Loneliness in Students

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Acknowledgements

First of all ,I thank Allah almighty, the most gracious and compassionate, whose endless blessing provide
me with hope, courage and patience to accomplish my target in life. During my research work I came
across several individuals without whom the research work could not have been completed. I am
indebted to thank my people who supported me with their guidance, encouragement and friendship
during different stages of m research project.
First and foremost of all I would like to express my gratitude for the continuous guidance of my research
supervisor, Institute of Applied Psychology. I thank her for admirable tolerance and endurance during
the process of research work. In spite of her different official engagement she always made herself
available to provide me with her advice and guidance. I would like to thanks heads of educational
institutes who gave me permission to collect the data and also to participants for giving me required
information. I would like to thanks Kwon, Parker, Cohen, Hoberman, and Russell who gave me
permission to use their tools.
I would like to show appreciation for my parents who gave me their unstained support and always
prayed for attainment of my goals. Their encouragement and prayers never allowed to tire down. Finally
I can’t forget to thank library and computer staff for their full cooperation and help in acquisition of
knowledge.

Smartphone Addiction Among Students – Table of Contents

Title Page

Declaration

Certificate

Acknowledgments

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Appendices

List of Abbreviations and Symbols

Abstract

Chapter I
Introduction

1.1 Smart Phone

1.1.1 From a habit to smart Phone addiction

1.1.2 Habit Forming and Smart phone

1.1.3 Addiction

1.1.4 Behavioral addiction

1.1.5 Smartphone addiction

1.1.5.1 (Online) Social network

1.1.5.2 Dependency

1.1.5.3 Connection worldwide

1.1.5.4 Feeling of control

1.1.5.5 Permanent Mobility

1.1.5.6 Entertainment

1.1.6 Theoretical perspective

1.1.6.1 Relational Dialectics Theory

1.1.6.2 Uses and Gratifications Theory

1.2 Interpersonal relationship

1.2.1 Need to belong

1.2.2 Social exchange

1.2.3 Relational-self

1.2.4 Power and Dominance

1.2.3 Stages
1.2.4 Theoretical Perspective

1.2.4.1 Confucianism

1.2.4.2 Minding Relationship

1.3. Loneliness

1.3.1 Typology

1.3.2 Theoretical Perspective

1.3.2.1 Attachment theory

1.3.2.2 Behavioral approach

1.3.2.3 Cognitive approach

Chapter II

Literature review

2.1 International researches

2.2 Indigenous researches

2.3 Rational

2.4 Objective

2.5 Hypothesis

Chapter III

Method

3.1 Research design

3.2 Sample

3.2.1 Inclusion criteria

3.2.2 Exclusion criteria

3.3 Operational definitions

3.3.1 Smart Phone addiction

3.3.2 Interpersonal Relationship

3.3.3 Loneliness

3.4 Assessment measure

3.4.1 Demographic questionnaire

3.4.2 Smart Phone Addiction Scale – Short Version

3.4.2.1 Pilot testing

3.4.2 Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-short Version

3.4.3 UCLA Loneliness Scale

3.5 Ethical Consideration

3.6 Procedure

3.7 Statistical Analysis

Chapter IV

Result

4.1 Reliability Analysis

4.2 Correlation

4.3 Hierarchical Regression

4.5 Additional Analysis

4.6 Summary of Findings

Chapter V

Discussion
5.1 Limitation

5.2 Recommendation

5.3 Implications

References

Appendices

List of Tables

Table 3.1 Descriptive statistics of demographic characteristics of study sample (N=150).

Table 4.1 Reliability Coefficients of the Scales Used in the Present Study (N=120).

Table 4.2 Correlation among demographic variables and smart phone addiction,inter personal
relationship and loneliness.

Table 4.3 A hierarchical Regression Analysis Predicting smart phone addiction,inter personal relationship
and loneliness (N=120)

List of Appendices

Appendix A Authority Letter

Appendix B Permission from Authors of Assessment Measures

Appendix C Consent Form

Appendix D Demographic Information Sheet

List of Abbreviations and Symbols

Symbols Meaning

f = Frequency

% = Percentage

P = Significance Value

N = Total no of Items
N = Number of Participants in a Group

SD = Standard Deviation

M = Mean

α = Reliability Coefficient

β = Standardized Regression Coefficient

Abstract

The present study on Smartphone Addiction Among Students aimed to investigate the smartphone
addiction as a predictor of interpersonal relationship and loneliness in university students. It was
hypothesized that smartphone addiction would be negatively correlated with of interpersonal
relationship and positively correlated with loneliness. Moreover, it was also hypothesized that
smartphone addiction would be the negative predictor of interpersonal relationship and positive
predictor of loneliness in university students. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that there would be the
higher level of smartphone addiction in woman than men. Correlation research design was used in this
study and the sample was comprised of (N=100) orphans and (n=45) men and (n=55) woman with age
range 18-28 years (M=22.07, SD=2.29). Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (Kwon et al. 2013),
Interpersonal Support Evaluation List – Short Version (Cohen & Hoberman, 1983) and UCLA Loneliness
Scale – Version 3(Russell et al., 1978) was used to assess the smartphone addiction , interpersonal
relationship and loneliness. Data was analyzed in SPSS. Results indicated that smartphone addiction was
negatively correlated with interpersonal relationship and positively correlated with loneliness in
university students. Moreover, it was found that smartphone addiction was negative predictor of
interpersonal relationship and also positive predictor of loneliness in university students. In addition, the
finding showed that women have a higher level of smartphone addiction than men. The study has
important implication in an education setting to integrate understanding the problem of smartphone
addicted students and the effect on their performances, resolving their conflicts with teachers and
peers. Moreover, in counseling field to enhance their interpersonal relationship circle and for the
motivation of academic performance.

Key words: Smartphone Addiction, Interpersonal Relationship, Loneliness and Gender Difference

Chapter I

Introduction

Now a day our personal life is highly dependent on the technology that people have developed.
Technology has advanced with years and it has changed the way we purchase products, the way we live
, the way we communicate , the way we travel , the way we learn and so many changes have been
brought about by these continuous technological advancements. When we talk about the mobile phone
the type of mobile phones we had in 1995 are no longer on demand in this century, the demands of
mobile phone users have changed greatly, Now people demand simplicity and more functionality, which
has forced mobile phone manufactures to develop computer minded smart phones, which are so easy
to use, but also they come with more functionality compared to the type of mobile phones we used to
have in the past. Recently, smartphone addiction has emerged as a significant problem among users
(Kwon et al., 2013). Smartphone users could access information and entertainment content almost
everywhere whenever they want to. This could lead to addiction in the form of frequent checking or
habitual checking (Lee, 2015; Oulasvirta et al.,2012). People are now less attentive to whom they are
with in person and indulge themselves in their smartphones, (Wei & Leung, 1999). In addition, past
research has found that lonely people and shy people are more likely to be addicted to different
substances.

1.1 Smart Phone

The smartphone is a most popular mobile device, most people own a smartphone, it is commonly used,
there is a large number of applications available and it is more affordable than a tablet. In addition, due
to its small size and functions, this device is carried around most. Smartphones are carried everywhere:
in bed, at the restroom, at work, at restaurants, etc. Therefore, smartphone devices are different from
other mobile or technical devices, as they are extensions of the human being (Mcluhan, 1964). As usage
per device is different, it is important to choose one device.

Smartphones have unique factors, such as size, screen size, applications, ubiquity, and flexibility in both
time and space (Nielsen & Fjuk, 2010). The smartphone is an extension of many people lives; due to its
size and features it is carried around 24/7by its owner. Different applications promote the 24/7 usage of
smartphones and the need of being online (Okazaki & Hirose, 2009). Applications are suitable in
different contexts, like mobile internet, camera, telephone connection, agenda, among many more
downloadable applications. Life without a smartphone is for many people unthinkable; thus, people are
getting in some way dependent on their smartphone (Haverlag, 2013). Thus, the use of smartphones is
intense because it is always accessible.

1.1.1 From a habit to smartphone addiction.

The smartphone is 24/7 accessible with applications that stimulate its continuous usage. These devices
could lead to excessive and impulsive behavior because of problematic habitual evolvement (Oulasvirta,
Rattenbury, Ma, &Raita, 2011).

1.1.2 Habit forming and smartphones.

Online mobile applications on smartphones can cause habits (Oulasvirta, Rattenbury, Ma &Raita, 2011).
How do habits develop and become addictive? Habits are formed through repeated acts in certain
circumstances (Oulasvirta et al., 2011). In cognitive research, habits are defined as “an automatic
behavior triggered by situational cues, such as places, people, and preceding actions (Oulasvirta et al.,
2011). Habits are behavioral acts without self-instruction or conscious thinking (La Rose & Eastin, 2004).

Habits can have both positive and negative effects (Wood & Neal, 2007). Positive effects of habits line in
that, due to the fast automatic behavior aspect, they enable multitasking and accomplishment of
complex tasks. Habits give control over behavior in novel situations, where fast anticipation is needed
(Wood & Neal, 2007). Habits have also a positive social feature, because they identify a person, because
habit characterizes a person and predicts that person’s actions (Oulasvirta, et al., 2011; Wood & Neal,
2007). On the other hand, habits can have a negative influence on someone’s behavior. They can cause
unintended behavior activated by internal or external cues interfering other acts. This is also called
maladaptive habits, as people create excessive urges, for example, unintended smartphone checking. It
could interfere with daily life; however, due to regulations or social norms, people are able to limit these
negative influences (Rush, 2011).

Oulasvirta et al. (2011) concluded that smartphones causes negative checking habits. Checking habits
are automatic actions whereby the smartphone is unlocked to check the start screen for new messages,
notifications, alerts, and application icons; these habits can be triggered by external (ringtone) and
internal cues (emotional state, urge). Those habits can be maladaptive and interfere with people’s life.
Checking for information can be rewarding, if someone has a new message or notification, the so-called
new information reward. Rewards can enforce repeated actions (Everitt, & Robbins, 2005).

How persistent a habit is depends on the habit strength (La Rose, Lin, Eastin, 2003). Habit strength is the
degree of automaticity of a habit. The strength of the habit is formed through operant conditioning
(Rush, 2011). Operant conditioning is the development of habits and addictions. When previous actions
had desirable outcomes, those actions will likely reoccur. The frequency of these actions and the
salience of the reward determine the strength of the habit (and can form the basis of an addiction)
(Rush, 2011). A habit that is often repeated has a stronger degree than the one that is less automatic
and repeated.

Strong habits are repeated more often and are easier provoked by cues (La Rose, Lin, Eastin, 2003). This
can reach the level where they become annoying, such as inappropriate use of a smartphone at
restaurants, concerts, and/or family gatherings Companies are aware of the value that habitual behavior
creates for them. Social media, application, and game publishers create compulsion loops so that users
spend more time and repeat their actions on their mobile applications or social platforms. To
summarize, smartphone usage could form habits through different cues, repetitions, and stimulation of
application publishers.

1.1.3 Addiction.

Addiction is a term with a long history of reference to alcohol or drugs abuse arising from the addictive
effect that those substances have on the human body and brain. However, taking large amounts of
drugs or alcohol for a long period are not the only types of addiction (APA, 2001). People can develop
addictions not only towards substances, but also to specific behavioral patterns (APA, 2001). The
positive reinforcement of a substance or action, the time between consumption or action, and
physiological response determines how addiction originates (Carbonell, Oberst, & Beranuy, 2013). Thus,
when the positive reinforcement is strong, there is a short time between an action and a corresponding
physiological response; as a result, that action becomes more addictive.
1.1.4 Behavioral Addiction

Internet and smartphone addictions are different from other addictions such as alcohol or drugs. Drugs
addictions are not behavioral addictions; rather, these but are termed substance dependence (APA,
2001). Behavioral addiction can be defined as “a disorder where behavior (only) functions to produce
pleasure and to relieve feelings of pain and stress in which a person: 1. Fails to control the behavior; 2.
Continues to execute (addictive) behavior despite significant harmful consequences (Isaac, 2008).

1.1.5 Smartphone Addiction

Whang, Lee, and Chang (2003) defined internet addiction as “an impulse-control disorder with no
involvement of an intoxicant; therefore, it is akin to pathological gambling”.

Online mobile- or smartphone addiction is closely related to internet addictions because the features
are similar (Kwon, Kim, Choi, Gu, Hahn & Min, 2013). Internet addiction mostly begins with habits such
as the checking habit; digital addictions are often the result of using habits to relieve pain or escape
from the reality (Huisman, Garretsen, & van den Eijnden, 2000). Therefore, there is frequently an
undesirable situation with certain habits that become problematic, such as playing games, visiting social
media or forums (Young, 1999). Some characteristics, such as stress, loneliness, or isolation, could play a
role as well (Young, 1999).

People often do not turn of their smartphones, do not go out without them, and use them for business,
relaxation, and socializing. Smartphone usage can lead to addicted behavior (Wood & Neal, 2007; La
Rose &Eastin, 2004). The relationship between people and their smartphone is much more developed
than expected compared to the fixed telephone and even with their desktop or laptop computer
(Carbonell, Oberst & Beranuy, 2013). This is particularly true of adolescents, as they spend much time
with and on their smartphones; in addition, adolescents are more sensitive to rewards and cues than
older people (Haverlag, 2013).

The difference between internet and smartphone addiction is in the usage gratifications and usage
context of the two (Carbonell, Oberst, & Beranuy, 2013; Ghose, Goldfarb, & Han, 2010). Gratifications of
a substance or behavior create the addiction (Carbonell, Oberst, & Beranuy, 2013) Smartphones have
different gratifications or features that can make a strong positive reinforcement (pleasurable
experience) for it users. Carbonell, Oberst, and Beranuy (2013) collected the (unique) gratifications of
smartphones that (can) cause positive reinforcement by its users, namely: Euphoria: Getting text
messages, calls, or social media response creates a feeling of being valued or loved. Instrumental
functions: Smartphone function as a clock, camera, recorder, diary, agenda, radio, music player,
navigation. These and others functions can all be used to the users’ requirements. Identity and status
symbol: Smartphones do not only have functional properties, but also function as an identity symbol of
its user. This is caused not only by the device, but also by the number of messages, notifications, and
calls a person receives. It can cause usage in public places to showcase a user’s identity and creates an
emotional bondage with the owner.

1.1.5.1 (Online) Social network.

Smartphones functions can create and maintain social networks. Social networks that are different from
those created by physical (face-to-face) social network are evolving through smartphones and are
rapidly changing. Teenagers are particularly prone to creating and maintaining social networks with their
smartphones.

1.1.5.2 Dependency.

Due to the identity and social network implications of smartphones, users get dependent of their
smartphones. Staying in 24/7 contact with their social networks creates a feeling of belongingness
(“they have one, so I need one, too”).

1.1.5.3 Connection worldwide.

Smartphones make it easy to connect to the online world; therefore, it is possible for users to connect
with people/peers worldwide. There are no boundaries any more. When face-to-face communication is
not possible, communication through smartphones is then most applicable.

1.1.5.4 Feeling of control:

In recent years, people stopped going outside without their smartphones. Due to the accessibility of
other contacts afforded by smartphones, people feel more secure and in control. Without a
smartphone, a feeling of fear can emerge due to disconnection.

1.1.5.5 Permanent Mobility:

Because smartphones are on and always at hand for many individuals, it is expected that others are also
permanently connected and accessible. This leads to a feeling of concern when people do not react in
time. Hereby, the use and bonding with the smartphone is being reinforced.

1.1.5.6 Entertainment:

Many applications are available on smartphones; thus, the device can function as an online mobile game
console. Apart from games, the online functions of a smartphone can offer shopping, browsing, and
watching multimedia gratifications.
Expression of feelings: Smartphone features like calling, text messaging, communication applications,
and social media make it possible to express or share feelings, experiences, and situations in text,
videos, and pictures.

1.1.6 Theoretical Perspective.

In addition to theories that is related to smartphone addiction are following:

1.1.6.1 Relational Dialectics Theory.

This theory proposed by Baxter and Simon (1993). This theory described that people rely on cell phones
to communicate, share, include and validate. Although being able to contact others is one of the most
liked qualities of cell phones, being continuously available for others’ contact is also one of its most
disliked qualities that badly affect their interpersonal relationship. People experience internal tensions
inconsistently, while being in a relationship. Over time the pressures will be recurring in nature and from
this extreme tendencies, the relationship sustains. For instance, consider the point between harmony
and separation. Communication patterns causing a constant state of instability acts as a contrary in
sustaining a relationship.

1.1.6.2 Uses and Gratifications Theory.

UG theory founded by Elihu Katz in 1959. According to Katz (1959), the outcomes of media usage
depend on why and how they decided to use the media. Therefore, there are two main components
that discuss in U&G theory which are media that choose to be engaged and gratification that get from
the media. By explaining about the U&G theory, mainly this theory works operationally through the
social and the psychological needs for individuals generating motives and expectation of mass media
(Katz, 1959), and how individuals use media to satisfy their needs and to achieve their goals. U&G theory
is commonly used to: “(1) Explain how the psychological and social needs of people give rise to their
expectation and motivations to choose and to use the mass media that will best meet their needs and
expectations, (2) Explain how people use the media to meet their specific needs, (3) Understand the
motives for their dependency on a particular media, and (4) Identify the consequences that resulted
from the needs, motives, and dependency on a particular media

1.2 Interpersonal Relationship:

Interpersonal relationship is a strong, deep, or close association or acquaintance between two or more
people that may range in duration from brief to enduring. This association may be based on inference,
love, solidarity, regular business interactions, or some other type of social commitment. Interpersonal
relationships are formed in the context of social, cultural and other influences. The context can and may
and perhaps will vary from family or kinship relations, friendship, marriage, relations with associates,
work, clubs, neighborhoods, and places of worship. They may be regulated by law, custom, or mutual
agreement, and are the basis of social groups and society as a whole. Human beings are innately social
and are shaped by their experiences with others. There are multiple perspectives to understand this
inherent motivation to interact with others (Shahsavarani, et.al 2016).

1.2.1 Need to belong.

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, humans need to feel love (sexual/nonsexual) and acceptance
from social groups (family, peer groups). In fact, the need to belong is so innately ingrained that it may
be strong enough to overcome physiological and safety needs, such as children’s attachment to abusive
parents or staying in abusive romantic relationships. Such examples illustrate the extent to which the
psycho-biological drive to belong is entrenched (Sujatha, 2001).
1.2.2 Social exchange.

Another way to appreciate the importance of relationships is in terms of a reward framework. This
perspective suggests that individuals engage in relations that are rewarding in both tangible and
intangible ways. The concept fits into a larger theory of social exchange(Wayne, Shore, & Liden, 1997).
This theory is based on the idea that relationships develop as a result of cost-benefit analysis. Individuals
seek out rewards in interactions with others and are willing to pay a cost for said rewards. In the best-
case scenario, rewards will exceed costs, producing a net gain. This can lead to “shopping around” or
constantly comparing alternatives to maximize the benefits or rewards while minimizing costs.

1.2.3 Relational self.

Relationships are also important for their ability to help individuals develop a sense of self. The
relational self is the part of an individual’s self-concept that consists of the feelings and beliefs that one
has regarding oneself that develops based on interactions with others (Andersen, & Chen, 2002) In other
words, one’s emotions and behaviors are shaped by prior relationships. Thus, relational self-theory
posits that prior and existing relationships influence one’s emotions and behaviors in interactions with
new individuals, particularly those individuals that remind him or her of others in his or her life. Studies
have shown that exposure to someone who resembles a significant other activates specific self-beliefs,
changing how one thinks about oneself in the moment more so than exposure to someone who does
not resemble one’s significant others

1.2.4 Power and Dominance.

Sidanius and Pratto (2001) define power is the ability to influence the behavior of other people. When
two parties have or assert unequal levels of power, one is termed “dominant” and the other
“submissive”. Expressions of dominance can communicate intention to assert or maintain dominance in
a relationship. Being submissive can be beneficial because it saves time, emotional stress, and may avoid
hostile actions such as withholding of resources, cessation of cooperation, termination of the
relationship, maintaining a grudge, or even physical violence. Submission occurs in different degrees; for
example, some employees may follow orders without question, whereas others might express
disagreement but concede when pressed.

Groups of people can form a dominance hierarchy. For example, a hierarchical organization uses a
command hierarchy for top-down management. This can reduce time wasted in conflict over
unimportant decisions, prevents inconsistent decisions from harming the operations of the organization,
maintain alignment of a large population of workers with the goals of the owners (which the workers
might not personally share) and if promotion is based on merit, help ensure that the people with the
best expertise make important decisions. This contrasts with group decision-making and systems which
encourage decision-making and self-organization by front-line employees, who in some cases may have
better information about customer needs or how to work efficiently. Dominance is only one aspect of
organizational structure.

A power structure describes power and dominance relationships in a larger society. For example, a
feudal society under a monarchy exhibits a strong dominance hierarchy in both economics and physical
power, whereas dominance relationships in a society with democracy and capitalism are more
complicated.

In business relationships, dominance is often associated with economic power. For example, a business
may adopt a submissive attitude to customer preferences (stocking what customers want to buy) and
complaints (“the customer is always right”) in order to earn more money. A firm with monopoly power
may be less responsive to customer complaints because it can afford to adopt a dominant position. In a
business partnership a “silent partner” is one who adopts a submissive position in all aspects, but retains
financial ownership and a share of the profits.

Two parties can be dominant in different areas. For example, in a friendship or romantic relationship,
one person may have strong opinions about where to eat dinner, whereas the other has strong opinions
about how to decorate a shared space. It could be beneficial for the party with weak preferences to be
submissive in that area, because it will not make them unhappy and avoids conflict with the party that
would be unhappy.

1.2.3 Stages

Interpersonal relationships are dynamic systems that change continuously during their existence. Like
living organisms, relationships have a beginning, a lifespan, and an end. They tend to grow and improve
gradually, as people get to know each other and become closer emotionally, or they gradually
deteriorate as people drift apart, move on with their lives and form new relationships with others. One
of the most influential models of relationship development was proposed by psychologist George
Levinger. This model was formulated to describe heterosexual, adult romantic relationships, but it has
been applied to other kinds of interpersonal relations as well. According to the model, the natural
development of a relationship follows five stages (Levinger, 1983).

1.2.3.1 Acquaintance and Acquaintanceship

Becoming acquainted depends on previous relationships, physical proximity, first impressions, and a
variety of other factors. If two people begin to like each other, continued interactions may lead to the
next stage, but acquaintance can continue indefinitely. Another example is association.

1.2.3.2. Buildup.

During this stage, people begin to trust and care about each other. The need for intimacy, compatibility
and such filtering agents as common background and goals will influence whether or not interaction
continues.

1.2.3.3 Continuation.

This stage follows a mutual commitment to quite a strong and close long-term friendship, romantic
relationship, or even marriage. It is generally a long, relatively stable period. Nevertheless, continued
growth and development will occur during this time. Mutual trust is important for sustaining the
relationship.

1.2.3.4 Deterioration.

Not all relationships deteriorate, but those that do tend to show signs of trouble. Boredom, resentment,
and dissatisfaction may occur, and individuals may communicate less and avoid self-disclosure. Loss of
trust and betrayals may take place as the downward spiral continues, eventually ending the relationship.
(Alternately, the participants may find some way to resolve the problems and reestablish trust and
belief in others.)

1.2.3.5 Ending.

The final stage marks the end of the relationship, either by breakups, death, or by spatial separation for
quite some time and severing all existing ties of either friendship or romantic love.

1.2.4 Theoretical Perspective

1.2.4.1 Confucianism.

Confucianism is a study and theory of relationships especially within hierarchies (Yan, & Sorenson,
2006). Social harmony, the central goal of Confucianism, results in part from every individual knowing
his or her place in the social order, and playing his or her part well. Particular duties arise from each
person’s particular situation in relation to others. The individual stands simultaneously in several
different relationships with different people: as a junior in relation to parents and elders, and as a senior
in relation to younger siblings, students, and others. Juniors are considered in Confucianism to owe their
seniors reverence and seniors have duties of benevolence and concern toward juniors. A focus on
mutuality is prevalent in East Asian cultures to this day.

1.2.4.2 Minding Relationship.

The mindfulness theory of relationships shows how closeness in relationships may be enhanced.
Minding is the “reciprocal knowing process involving the nonstop, interrelated thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors of persons in a relationship” (Harvey, & Pauwels, 2009). Snyder, Lopez, and Pedrotti (2010)
give five components of “minding” include;
1. Knowing and being known: seeking to understand the partner
2. Making relationship-enhancing attributions for behaviors: giving the benefit of the doubt
3. Accepting and respecting: empathy and social skills
4. Maintaining reciprocity: active participation in relationship enhancement
5. Continuity in minding: persisting in mindfulness

1.3. Loneliness

Sahu and Gupta, (2016) defined loneliness is a complex and usually unpleasant emotional response to
isolation. Loneliness typically includes anxious feelings about a lack of connection or communication
with other beings, both in the present and extending into the future. As such, loneliness can be felt even
when surrounded by other people. The causes of loneliness are varied and include social, mental,
emotional, or even physical factors. People can experience loneliness for many reasons, and many life
events may cause it, like the lack of friendship relations during childhood and adolescence, or the
physical absence of meaningful people around a person. At the same time, loneliness may be a
symptom of another social or psychological problem, such as chronic depression.

1.3.1 Typology

Following are the typology of loneliness

1.3.1.1 Feeling lonely vs. being socially isolated.

There is a clear distinction between feeling lonely and being socially isolated (for example, a loner). In
particular, one way of thinking about loneliness is as a discrepancy between one’s necessary and
achieved levels of social interaction (Peplau, & Perlman, 1982). while solitude is simply the lack of
contact with people. Loneliness is therefore a subjective experience; if a person thinks they are lonely,
then they are lonely. People can be lonely while in solitude, or in the middle of a crowd. What makes a
person lonely is the fact that they need more social interaction or a certain type of social interaction
that is not currently available. A person can be in the middle of a party and feel lonely due to not talking
to enough people. Conversely, one can be alone and not feel lonely; even though there is no one around
that person is not lonely because there is no desire for social interaction. There have also been
suggestions that each person has their own sweet spot of social interaction. If a person gets too little or
too much social interaction, this could lead to feelings of loneliness or over-stimulation (Suedfield,
1987).

Solitude can have positive effects on individuals. One study found that, although time spent alone
tended to depress a person’s mood and increase feelings of loneliness, it also helped to improve their
cognitive state, such as improving concentration. Furthermore, once the alone time was over, people’s
moods tended to increase significantly (Larson, Csikszentmihalyi, & Graef, 1982). Solitude is also
associated with other positive growth experiences, religious experiences, and identity building such as
solitary quests used in rites of passages for adolescents (Suedfeld, 1982).
Loneliness can also play an important role in the creative process. In some people, temporary or
prolonged loneliness can lead to notable artistic and creative expression, for example, as was the case
with poet Emily Dickinson, and numerous musicians. This is not to imply that loneliness itself ensures
this creativity, rather, it may have an influence on the subject matter of the artist and more likely be
present in individuals engaged in creative activities.

1.3.1.2 Transient vs. chronic loneliness.

The other important typology of loneliness focuses on the time perspective (Peplau, & Perlman, 1982).
In this respect, loneliness can be viewed as either transient or chronic. It has also been referred to as
state and trait loneliness. Transient (state) loneliness is temporary in nature, caused by something in the
environment, and is easily relieved. Chronic (trait) loneliness is more permanent, caused by the person,
and is not , easily relieved (Sahu, Gupta, & Jaib 2016). For example, when a person is sick and cannot
socialize with friends would be a case of transient loneliness. Once the person got better it would be
easy for them to alleviate their loneliness. A person who feels lonely regardless of if they are at a family
gathering, with friends, or alone is experiencing chronic loneliness. It does not matter what goes on in
the surrounding environment, the experience of loneliness is always there.

1.3.1.3 Loneliness as a human condition.

The existentialist school of thought views loneliness as the essence of being human. Each human being
comes into the world alone, travels through life as a separate person, and ultimately dies alone. Coping
with this, accepting it, and learning how to direct our own lives with some degree of grace and
satisfaction is the human condition (Becker, 2007).

Some philosophers, believe in an epistemic loneliness in which loneliness is a fundamental part of the
human condition because of the paradox between people’s consciousness desiring meaning in life and
the isolation and nothingness of the universe (Booth, 1997). Conversely, other existentialist thinkers
argue that human beings might be said to actively engage each other and the universe as they
communicate and create, and loneliness is merely the feeling of being cut off from this process
(Blackham, 2012).

1.3.2 Theoretical Perspective

Following is the theoretical perspective of loneliness

1.3.2.1 Attachment theory

Attachment theory was the foundation for an influential psychological theory of loneliness developed by
the sociologist Robert S. Weiss. Weiss identified six social needs that, if unmet, contribute to feelings of
loneliness. Those needs are attachment, social integration, nurturance, reassurance of worth, sense of
reliable alliance, and guidance in stressful situations. As would be predicted by attachment theory,
Weiss maintained that friendships complement but do not substitute for a close, intimate relationship
with a partner in staving off loneliness (Cacioppo, & Patrick, 2008).
1.3.2.2 Behavioral approach

Another theoretical perspective, the behavioral approach, holds that loneliness is characterized by
personality traits that are associated with, and possibly contribute to, harmful patterns of interpersonal
interaction. For instance, loneliness is correlated with social anxiety, social inhibition (shyness), sadness,
hostility, distrust, and low self-esteem, characteristics that hamper one’s ability to interact in skillful and
rewarding ways. Indeed, lonely individuals have been shown to have difficulty forming and maintaining
meaningful relationships. They are also less likely to share information about themselves with their
peers, and that helps to explain why they report a lack of intimacy with close friends (Heinrich, &
Gullone, 2006)..

1.3.2.3 Cognitive approach

The cognitive approach to loneliness is based on the fact that loneliness is characterized by distinct
differences in perceptions and attributions. Lonely individuals tend to have a pessimistic general
outlook: they are more negative than are individuals who are not lonely about the people, events, and
circumstances in their lives, and they tend to blame themselves for not being able to achieve
satisfactory social relationships. In addition, the cognitive approach largely takes account of the
attachment and behavioral perspectives by explaining how (a) failure to meet the need for attachment,
social integration, nurturance, and other social needs results in perceived relationship discrepancies that
are experienced as loneliness, and (b) loneliness is perpetuated by way of a self-fulfilling prophecy in
which poor social skills result in unsatisfactory personal relationships that in turn result in negative self-
attributions that lead to further social isolation and relationship dissatisfaction (Perlman, & Peplau,
1981)

Chapter II

Literature Review

This section is an over view of selected scholarly literature that has been published in the area of smart
phone addiction, interpersonal relationship and loneliness. Each area has been discussed briefly and
along with the discussion of relationship with them.

2.1 International Researches

Jeong and et al (2016) studied What type of content are smartphone users addicted to?: SNS vs. games.
The purpose of the study was to examine the predictor of smart phone addiction AND the user
characteristics and media content types that can lead to addiction. The sample consisted of 944
respondents who were recruited from 20 elementary schools. Results showed that those who have
lower self-control and those who have greater stress were more likely to be addicted to smartphones.
For media content types, those who use smartphones for SNS, games, and entertainment were more
likely to be addicted to smartphones, whereas those who use smartphones for study-related purposes
were not. Although both SNS use and game use were positive predictors of smartphone addiction, SNS
use was a stronger predictor of smartphone addiction than game use.

Casey (2012) studied the Linking Psychological Attributes to Smart Phone Addiction, Face-to-Face
Communication, Present Absence and Social Capital. The sample consisted of 414 university students.
The results of this study showed that the higher one scored on loneliness and shyness, the higher the
likelihood one would be addicted. Students who reported the greater amount of smart phone used, the
higher level of face-to-face communication and present absence they would report. The study also
found that the smart phone addiction symptoms are significantly and negatively related to the level of
face-to-face communication and positively related to present absence. Furthermore, the most powerful
factors affect bonding social capital were gender, grade, and loneliness; while the most powerful factor
affecting bridging social capital was face-to-face communication with friends.

Kim (2013) investigated the Effect of Smart-phone Addiction on Youth`s Sociality Development. This
study examined effects of smart-phone addiction on the youth`s sociality development empirically by
questionnaire survey. To conduct this study, 339 high school students participated in the survey. The
results of this study revealed that Smart-phone addiction had a significant influence on sociality
development in negative way. Specifically, sub-domain of smart-phone addiction (disturbance of
adaptive, virtual life orientation, tolerance) affect on sociality development in negative. Interesting,
Smart-phone using time affect on sociality development in positive.

Caplan (2006) examined The Relations among Loneliness, Social Anxiety, and Problematic Internet Use.
The model of problematic Internet use advanced and tested in the current study proposes that
individuals’ psychosocial well-being, along with their beliefs about interpersonal communication (both
face-to-face and online) are important cognitive predictors of negative outcomes arising from Internet
use. The study examined the extent to which social anxiety explains results previously attributed to
loneliness as a predictor of preference for online social interaction and problematic Internet use. The
results support the hypothesis that the relationship between loneliness and preference for online social
interaction is spurious, and that social anxiety is the confounding variable.

Lo, Wang, & Fang, (2005) investigated Physical Interpersonal Relationships and Social Anxiety among
Online Game Players. Many online game players spend inordinate amounts of time in their favorite
virtual worlds. A large percentage of these players are teenagers who show behaviors normally
associated with physical addiction. Parents, educators, and social scientists are therefore saying that
online games are sources of social problems. The authors surveyed 174 Taiwanese college-age online
players to collect data on the potential effects of online games on the quality of interpersonal
relationships and levels of social anxiety. According to the results, the quality of interpersonal
relationships decreased and the amount of social anxiety increased as the amount of time spent playing
online games increased.

Leena, Tomi, & Arja, (2005) studied the Intensity of mobile phone use and health compromising
behaviors—how is information and communication technology connected to health-related lifestyle in
adolescence? The association of mobile phone use with health compromising behaviors (smoking,
snuffing, alcohol) was studied in a survey comprising a representative sample of 14–16-year-olds
(N=3485) in 2001. Mobile phone was used by 89% of respondents and by 13% for at least 1 h daily. The
results of this study showed that he intensity of use was positively associated with health compromising
behaviors. The associations remained, although somewhat reduced, after including weekly spending
money in the models. This study concludes that, at least in the present developmental level of
communication technologies, intensive mobile phone use seems to be part of the same health-related
lifestyle as health compromising behaviors.

Darcin, (2016) studies the Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness.
The study aimed to determine the relationship of smartphone addiction with social phobia and
loneliness. The sample consisted of three hundred and sixty-seven students who owned smartphones.
The results of this study indicate that social phobia was associated with the risk for smartphone
addiction in young people. Younger individuals who primarily use their smartphones to access social
networking sites also have an excessive pattern of smartphone use.
Pettegrew, and Day. (2015) investigated Smart Phones and Mediated Relationships: The Changing Face
of Relational Communication. This exploratory study provides an initial empirical base for
communication scholars to reconsider their reliance on the treatment of computer mediated
communication and mobile technology (MT) as an addendum to FtF communication, and instead to
recognize that individuals use mobile communication to develop close relationships across a wide
variety of interrelated and converging contexts. Survey data collected from 526 undergraduate students.
This is true for both close relationships and intimate relationships We call for researchers to consider the
transformational implications of this new communication phenomenon, how it transforms interpersonal
and relational development and specific research agendas that should be undertaken. The
communication has quickly grown more complex and messier.

Gökçearslan and et.al (2016) studied Modeling smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone usage,
self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyber loafing in university students. This study investigates the
roles of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyber loafing in smartphone
addiction. an online survey was conducted which received responses from 598 participants attending a
public university in Ankara, Turkey. The results showed that both the duration of smartphone usage and
cyber loafing positively affected smartphone addiction. The effect of self-regulation on smartphone
addiction was negative and significant. In addition, neither self-regulation nor general self-efficacy had
an effect on cyber loafing.

Salehan,and Negahban (2013) examined the Social networking on smartphones: When mobile phones
become addictive. It investigates the role of mobile social networking applications on mobile addiction
This study finds that the use of SNS mobile applications is a significant predictor of mobile addiction. The
result also shows that the use of SNS mobile applications is affected by both SNS network size and SNS
intensity of the user.

Tan and et al (2013) studied the Loneliness and Mobile Phone. This study aimed to analyses loneliness of
university students according to mobile phone addiction, daily phone use time and gender. Survey
model is used for this research. To collect data; personal information form, problematic mobile phone
use scale, and UCLA-loneliness scale were applied for 527 students who are from different Departments
of Faculty of Education at Fırat University. To analyses these data; correlation, t test, one way variance
(ANOVA) analysis and Scheffe test were used. Results revealed that loneliness was significantly
associated with problematic mobile phone use (r=.35) Furthermore, there were significant differences
between loneliness and independent variables (gender, mobile phone addiction and daily phone use
time).

Yu and et al (2008) studied Characteristics of Excessive Cellular Phone Use in Korean Adolescents. The
objective of this study was to evaluate the possible psychological problems related to excessive cellular
phone use in adolescents. Results from 595 participants showed that the potentially excessive user
group had a tendency to identify themselves with their cellular phones and to have difficulties in
controlling usage. They expressed more depressive symptoms, higher interpersonal anxiety, and lower
self-esteem. A positive correlation was also observed between excessive cellular phone use and Internet
addiction.
Weilenmann, Larsson (2001) conducted field studies on public use of mobile phones among teenagers in
Sweden. Their study shed light on how the mobile phone has come to be used as a tool for local social
interaction, rather than merely as a device for communication with dislocated others. Their observations
pointed towards the collaborative nature of mobile phone use. The researchers examined how phones
were shared and how their field data could be of use when designing new mobile technology and
services for the youth.

Choliz in 2010 in his research reveals that many people develop dependency to new technological
devices as they become increasingly integrated into their daily lives. For example, some view that
excessive internet use, along with pathological gambling, should be included as behavioral addiction.
Similarly, excessive use and dependency on the cell phone may be considered an addictive disorder.

2.2 Indigenous Researches

Ali and et al. (2014) studied the Cell Phone Mania and Pakistani Youth: Exploring the Cell Phone Usage
Patterns among Teenagers of South Punjab. This study aimed to expound the cell phone usage patterns
among teenagers students. The sample was consisted of , 317 boys and 310 girls from various schools,
college and university. The studLJ ͛s fiŶdiŶgs uŶfold some aspects of gratification acquired by the
teenagers for using this technology. It was explored that cell phones have become indispensable for the
teenagers. It is one of the effective tools of interaction among teenagers. The cell phone companies
have utilized mainstream print and electronic media, by specifically targeted the teenagers for to widen
the cell phone usage. The study would conclude that cell phones are a source of satisfaction for the
teenagers whether it is for interaction or for fun. The study would unfold the ironic revelation regarding
the cell phones utilization that how the users justify their own cell phones usage on the exigency basis
while condemn the other usage of cell phones on the charge of misusing.

A study was conducted by Al-Barashdi, Bouazza and Jabur (2014) Smartphone Addiction among
University Undergraduates: A literature review. The paper also reviews the relationship between
Smartphone addiction among undergraduates and their academic achievement. Finally, significant
differences in addiction among undergraduates according to their gender, field of study, parents
educational level and family income level will be examined. While some studies have shown gender
differences in Smartphone addictive use, others have proved that gender and Smartphone use are not
significantly related. A few studies have examined the relationship between addiction and students’
field of study. Some of these have found that humanities students have a higher addiction level than
physical science students. The results regarding Smartphone usage and family income had showed
contrary indications.

2.3 Rationale

The Internet rapidly developed and came into widespread use in Pakistan in the 20th century, and has
since become an established part of daily life. In this modern era of globalization, where people can
easily connect with each other by internet, smartphones are one of the most frequently used
communication devices which are used by everyone, particularly the early adults are mostly addicted to
the usage of smartphones. Where the smartphone addiction facilitates the people in their routine life, at
the same time these smartphones, bring them many psychological problems like restlessness,
depression and dissatisfaction as well as intervene with their interpersonal relations, at the end of
which, the person becomes alone. Moreover, people indulge themselves into different applications of
smartphone like Instagram, Facebook, and Google Play Store that does not only badly affect their
academic performances but also their relationship with families, peers and relatives. Due to addiction of
smartphone and lack of interpersonal face to face interaction, they may feel alone. Furthermore, such
positive and negative tendencies of smartphone addiction create the interest to investigate the role of
smartphone addiction in our society on majorly influencing factors.

Therefore, the aim of the present study is to examine the smartphone addiction as a predictor of
interpersonal relationships and loneliness in university students. Moreover, the present study helps to
fulfill that gap, particularly there is limited literature available on smartphone addiction in relation with
loneliness and interpersonal relationships.

2.4 Objectives of the study

To assess the relationship between smartphone addiction, interpersonal relationship and loneliness in
university students.

To examine the role of smartphone addiction as a predictor of interpersonal relationship and loneliness
in university students.

To find the gender differences in smartphone addiction in university students.

2.5 Hypotheses

There will be a negative relationship between smartphone addiction and interpersonal relationship in
university students.

There will be a positive relationship between smartphone addiction and loneliness in university
students.

Smartphone addiction will negatively predict the interpersonal relationship in university students.

Smartphone addiction will positively predict the loneliness in university students.

Smartphone addiction will be higher in females than males.

Chapter III

Methodology

3.1 Research Design

A correlational research design was used to assess the smart phone addiction as a predictor of
interpersonal relationships and loneliness in university students.

3.2 Sample

The sample comprised of 100 university students, consisting of both male (n=45) and female (n=55)
university students. Sample consisted of final year students of B.S. (Honors) semester 7 and 8, M.Sc
semester 3 and 4 and M. Phil semester 3 and 4 and Ph.D. The convenient sampling technique was used
to collect the data from The University.

3.2.1 Inclusion Criteria

Only university students were selected.

Unmarried Students were selected.

Final year students of B.S. (Honors), M.Sc, M. Phil and Ph.D were included.

3.2.2 Exclusion Criteria

Those students who were doing part-time job were excluded.

Physically disabled students were excluded.

Table 3.1

3.3 Operational Definitions

3.3.1 Smart Phone Addiction

The ‘smart phone addiction’ recently has become an important issue in our society. According to the
study related to the development of smart phone addiction scale, smart phones also caused symptoms
of addiction similar to the effects of the internet including craving, withdrawal, tolerance, daily-life
disturbance, and preference of cyberspace-oriented relationship, which were confirmed through the
diagnosis (Kwon et al. 2013).

3.3.2 Interpersonal Relationship

Interpersonal relationships are social connections with others. They can be brief or enduring. We
experience a variety of interpersonal relationships on a daily basis with family, friends, significant others
and people at our workplace (Heaphy & Dutton, 2008). The ISEL-12 yields a total score that describes
overall perceived social support, and perceived availability of advice or guidance, empathy, acceptance,
concern, and help or assistance, such as material or financial aid and social support (Cohen et al., 1985).

3.3.3 Loneliness

(Russell et at., 1978) indicates, loneliness is an emotionally unpleasant experience. In particular,

loneliness has been linked with feelings of general dissatisfaction, unhappiness, depression, anxiety,
emptiness, boredom, restlessness and marginality.

3.4 Assessment Measures

Following assessment measures were used in the present study:

i. Smart Phone Addiction Scale – Short Version (SAS-SV)

ii. Interpersonal Support Evaluation List – Short Version (ISEL-SV)
iii. UCLA Loneliness Scale – Version 3

3.4.1 Demographic Information Sheet.

It consisted of general and personal information statements assessing the demographic variables
including the information about age, gender, semester or year, family system, duration and frequency of
smart phone usage.

3.4.2 Smart Phone Addiction Scale – Short Version.

Smartphone addiction scale (SAS-SV) is a scale for Smartphone addiction that consisted of 10 items with
a six-point Likert scale (1: “strongly disagree” and 6: “strongly agree”) based on self-reporting. A
Cronbach’s alpha correlation coefficient of 0.91 was obtained for the SAS-SV (Kwon et al. 2013).

3.4.2.1 Pilot testing

Test of the second language version on a small sample (university students) of individuals representative
of the target population and native target language speakers was done in order to assess the clarity,
appropriateness of wording and acceptability of the translated questionnaire. 10 students age range
from 18-28 years were selected for the pilot testing of smartphone addiction scale. The probability
convenient sampling technique was used to gather data from the pilot testing sample. The students
were approached from a university and were asked to become a part of their research. Consent was
taken from the students and demographics were asked. The pilot testing revealed translated construct
reliability more accurately and whole scale to give focus to the construct being measured so it was
explained in more easy words. Other than that no major changes were made after the pilot study.

3.4.2.2 Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-short Version

A 12-item measure of perceptions of social support. This measure is a shortened version of the original
ISEL 40 items. Participants rate each item on 4-point scale ranging from “Definitely True” to “Definitely
False”. Following items in this questionnaire 1, 2, 7, 8, 11, 12 are reverse scored. Cronbach’s alpha was
calculated as an index of internal consistency, yielding an overall value of 0.83 (Cohen & Hoberman,
1983).

3.4.3 UCLA Loneliness Scale

A 20-item scale designed to measure one’s subjective feelings of loneliness as well as feelings of social
isolation. A second set of measures assessed explicit self-labels of loneliness. Examples of such questions
are” During your lifetime, how often have you felt lonely?” and “During The past two weeks, how lonely
have you felt? Participants rate each item on a scale from 1 (Never) to 4 (Often). Following items in this
questionnaire 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19, 20 are reverse scored. This measure was highly reliable, in term of
internal consistency, coefficient alpha ranging from .89 to .94 (Russell et al., 1978).

3.5 Ethical Consideration

In order to conduct this research, some ethical considerations were kept in mind:

The scales were used after seeking permission from the authors.
An authority letter which explained the nature of the study was presented to the head of the concerned
authority for data collection. Thus, prior permission was sought from the concerned authority for data
collection.
Informed consent form was taken from the participants and they were briefed about the certain
features of the research.
After taking the permission officially from all authentic sources data collection was started,
questionnaires were presented to those students who met the required criteria.
Information collected from participants was keep confidential.
The anonymity of all the participants was maintained.

3.6 Procedure
Official support letter by the supervisor and permission for the data selection was taken. After taking the
permission by the authorities the data was collected. The authority letter was presented and approved
by the heads of the departments of the University. The research identified the inclusion and exclusion
criteria. A sample of 100 participants, including 45 males and 55 females was taken from university
students. The participants were assured about the full confidentiality of all the information obtained
from them. The purpose of the research was explained. The subjects were given demographic
information questionnaire (DIQ), Smart Phone Addiction Scale (10 items), Interpersonal Support
Evaluation List (18 items) and UCLA Loneliness Scale (20 items). The questionnaires were administered
after brief instructions. Approximately 15 – 20 minutes were consumed to administer all three
questionnaires. After completion, the questionnaires were taken back and participants were thanked for
their cooperation.

3.7 Statistical Analyses

The SPSS will be used to analyze data. In this study, Correlation Pearson Product Moment and
Hierarchical Regression analyses were used to determine the relationship and for prediction of smart
phone addiction, interpersonal relationship and loneliness in university students. Furthermore,
Independent T-Test analysis was used to examine the gender differences in university students.

Chapter IV

Results

The results of the current research are presented for smartphone addiction as predictor of interpersonal
relationship and loneliness in university students. The data were analyzed in three key steps. In the first
step, the reliability analysis was conducted for each scale and Cronbach’s alpha for the scales were
reported. In the second step, Pearson Product Moment Correlation was employed to assess the
relationships among the study variables that included smartphone addiction, interpersonal relationship
and loneliness and demographic variables. The third step, in order to clarify the relationship among
predictor and criterion variables further simple linear regression was conducted. Moreover,
independent T-test analysis was conducted to examine the gender difference in university students.

4.2 Main Analysis

Pearson Product Moment Correlation was computed to assess the relationship of demographic
variables, smartphone addiction, interpersonal relationship and loneliness in university students. The
results are shown in table 4.2

In this
table 4.2, Results of correlation analysis of demographic variables showed that age was significantly
positively correlated with duration of smartphone usage and other study variables and demographics
were not affected due to age. Moreover, gender was also significantly positively correlated with
smartphone addiction and family system significantly, but negatively correlated with smartphone
addiction. The duration of smartphone usage significantly positively correlated with smartphone
addiction, interpersonal relationship and loneliness that revealed the important factors influence the
study variables.

Further, the result exposed that smartphone addiction significantly positively correlated with loneliness.
Our hypothesis related to smartphone addiction and loneliness were approved as a positive relationship
was hypothesized among them. Furthermore, the result also revealed that there was a negative
correlation between smartphone addiction and interpersonal relationship. Our hypothesis related to
smartphone addiction and interpersonal relationship were approved as it was hypothesized that there is
a negative relationship between smartphone addiction and interpersonal relationship. The result also
revealed that there was a negative correlation between interpersonal relationship and loneliness.

Moreover, these findings suggest that those people who have a higher level of smartphone addiction,
have weak interpersonal relationships with others and report high level of loneliness.
4.3 Regression Analysis

As presented in table 4.3.

In the first block demographics variables entered, in the second block Smart phone addiction was
entered. A hierarchical regression was run to identify the predictor of loneliness. The over all model was
significant. Step 1 explained 13 percent of the variance in loneliness. Age (b=.23*) was found a good
predictor of interpersonal relationship. In step 2 models explained 11 percent of the variance in the
interpersonal relationship. Smartphone addiction (b=.37**) found strong predictor of loneliness.
 As presented in
table 4.4. In the first block demographics variables entered, in the second block Smart phone addiction
was entered. A hierarchical regression was run to identify the predictor of interpersonal relationship.
The overall model was significant. Step 1 explained 10 percent of the variance in interpersonal
relationship. The duration of smart phone usage (b=.27*) was found a good predictor of interpersonal
relationship. In step 2 models explained 11 percent of the variance in the interpersonal relationship.
Smartphone addiction (b=.37***) found strong predictor of interpersonal relationship.

4.5 Additional Analysis

Mean differences were explored across different groups of the sample based on the data generated
through the demographics of the students. Thus the groups were formulated on the basis of differences
in gender such as men and women. For these groups assessed analysis were done through independent
sample t- test.
Table 4.5 shows a significant difference between men and women on smartphone addiction it reveals
that women are more addicted to smartphone as compared then men. Our hypothesis which states that
women are more addicted to smart phone, than men are accepted. The Cohen’s d showed a small effect
size.

4.6 Summary of Findings

Following is the summary of the present study findings:

The gender was positively correlated with smartphone addiction. Furthermore, the duration of
smartphone usage was positively correlated with smartphone addiction, interpersonal relationship and
loneliness in university students

There was a positive relationship between smartphone addiction and loneliness in university students.
But there was a negative relationship between smartphone addiction and interpersonal relationship
with university students.

Smartphone addiction was highly significant and positively predicted the loneliness and was also
significant but negatively predicted the interpersonal relationship in university students.

Moreover, the finding revealed that there was a higher level of smartphone addiction in woman than
men.

Chapter V

Discussion

The current research was conducted to explore the relationship between Smart phone addiction,
interpersonal relationship and loneliness. Loneliness and interpersonal relationship of university
students was examined in the current study in terms of mobile phone addiction. When literature is
analyzed, the literature has revealed that studies on mobile phone addiction do not have too much
background. In addition, studies on mobile phone addiction related to loneliness are quite a few. In this
context, this study may be important for the literature.

It was hypothesized that smart phone addiction will be a negative relationship between smartphone
addiction and interpersonal relationship in university students. When interpersonal relationship of
university student was examined it revealed that it was negatively correlated with smart phone
addiction usage(r = -.42**). The results of some studies are similar to the results obtained from this
study; a study done by Miller-Ott (2012) examined the use of cell phones and interpersonal relationship.
Cell phones were shown to be a source of conflict in relationships when people created rules about
when to call/text and over availability and frequency of contact. Arguments over cell phones and
arguments regarding cell phone use were identified. Miller-Ott’s research suggests that cell phones are a
source of relational conflict, and people do not like limits on their cell phone use. Our hypothesis has
been approved and findings are consistent with previous literature.
Further it was hypothesized that smart phone addiction will be a positive relationship with loneliness.
The result of this study showed that smart phone addiction positively correlated with loneliness(r =
.41**)A study conducted by Kraut et al. (1998).It claimed that pathological use of the new technologies
reduces the individual’s social implication in the real world and, as a consequence, his or her
psychological well-being, because it produces the kind of isolation, loneliness and depression the
individual wants to ease by connecting to the Internet. Chen’s (2006) result indicated heavy mobile
phone users meet their friends less. Our hypothesis has been verified and findings are consistent with
previous literature.

A hierarchical regression analysis was run for prediction. Hierarchical regression is a way to show if
variables of your interest explain a statistically significant amount of variance in your Dependent
Variable (DV) after accounting for all other variables. It was hypothesized that Smartphone addiction will
negatively predict the interpersonal relationship in university students. A study was conducted by Casey
(2012) studied the Linking Psychological Attributes to Smart Phone Addiction, Face-to-Face
Communication, Present Absence and Social Capital. Students who reported the greater amount of
smart phone used, the higher level of face-to-face communication and present absence they would
report. The study also found that the smart phone addiction symptoms are significantly and negatively
related to the level of face-to-face communication and positively related to present absence. Our
hypothesis has been verified and findings are consistent with previous literature.

A hierarchical regression analysis was run for prediction.it was hypothesized that Smartphone addiction
will positively predict the loneliness in university students. Casey (2012) studied the Linking
Psychological Attributes to Smart Phone Addiction, Face-to-Face Communication, Present Absence and
Social Capital. The results of this study showed that the higher one scored on loneliness and shyness, the
higher the likelihood one would be addicted. Furthermore, the most powerful factors affect bonding
social capital were gender, grade, and loneliness; while the most powerful factor affecting bridging
social capital was face-to-face communication with friends.

An independent t test was conducted to see gender differences in smart phone addiction. It was
hypothesis that Smartphone addiction will be higher in females than males. The result of this study
indicate that female are more addicted of smart phone as compared to male. The results of some
studies are similar to the results obtained from this study (Erözkan, 2004; Karao lu, Av aro lu, & Deniz,
2009; Wiseman, Guttfreund, & Lurie, 1995). In addition, some studies revealed that smart phone usage
scores of female students were higher than the scores of male students (Kutlu, 2005).

5.2 Limitations and Suggestions

Following are the limitations and suggestions of the study.

The sample size was limited due to the short time span of data collection. The quality of the external
validity was low. For generalization of the study, large sample size must be taken.

The Correlation research design was used to study. For further exploration and conformation the
research designs like longitudinal or experimental and more rigorous research designs with improved
methodology can be used.

The present study only limited to the educated university students. Moreover, the present study result
can be explored by selecting the different samples, like working people, bankers, international export or
import companies workers etc.

5.3 Implications

Following is the implication of the present study;

The study has implication in universities, social and family settings with the understanding of
smartphone addiction and loneliness, its positive and negative effect on student relationships.

This study gives a good explanation of addictive behavior in itself. Yet there are lots of improvements
that can be made. This study can be repeated with different respondents like parents, friends and
colleagues. These might be suitable respondents as they are directly affected by one’s behavior and
habits; and findings of the study would enlighten the findings of existing studies as well as current
research.

The student also experienced the loneliness due to the every time indulged in smartphones, so in this
way there is need to developed the strategies and support relationship in all relatively context through
parent, peers and teachers.

It may be helpful in creating intervention against excessive use of smartphone to enhance the quality of
performance and motivate in students.

With the help of the outcomes of the study, consideration should be given that
smartphone addiction and its negative effects tendencies can reduce in our society by enhancing their
abilities and self-confidence or repairing the social networks. With this attempt we may create a
protective barrier against rejection sensitivity that make orphans more disturbed and depressive.

Internet addiction may lead to procrastination, which may further lead to poor academic performance
of students. Furthermore, the interpersonal relationships of students are also likely to suffer as time
spent online increases. The possible risks of internet addiction and consequences of delaying important
academic tasks need be highlighted. Parents, teachers, and members of civil society need to monitor the
internet use habits of students.

This study helps the clinicians as well as social psychologists to deal with the smartphone addiction and
loneliness in students.
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Al-Barashdi, H., Bouazza, A., & Jabur, N. (2014). Smartphone Addiction among University
Undergraduates: A literature review

Booth, R. (1997). Existential loneliness: The other side of the void. The International Journal of
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Becker, E. (2007). The denial of death. Simon and Schuster

Blackham, H. J. (2012). Six existentialist thinkers. Routledge.

Caplan, S. E. (2006). Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic Internet use. Cyber
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