Normal Fault

A normal fault is a fault in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall.

Nabro Volcano
The Nabro Volcano is a stratovolcano in the Southern Red Sea Region of Eritrea. It is located at
the south-east end of the Danakil Alps in the Danakil Depression. Before its 2011 eruption, the
volcano was widely believed to be extinct.

Naruko Volcano
Naruko is a stratovolcano located in Ōsaki, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.
Oxidation
The process or result of oxidizing or being oxidized.

Oceanic Crust
Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate.

Oxygen
Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8, meaning its nucleus
has 8 protons.
Partial Melting
Partial melting occurs when only a portion of a solid is melted.

Plumes
A mantle plume is an upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle.

Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit
area over which that force is distributed.
Quartz
Quartz is a mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms in a continuous framework of SiO4
silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an
overall chemical formula of SiO2.

Qualibou Volcano
Qualibou, also known as the Soufrière Volcanic Centre is a 3.5 X 5 km wide caldera on the
island of Saint Lucia that formed approximately 32-39,000 years ago.

Quilotoa Volcano
Quilotoa (Spanish pronunciation: [kiloˈto.a]) is a water-filled caldera and the most western
volcano in the Ecuadorian Andes.
Root Wedging
Root Wedging is the process in which roots grow into the cracks in rocks and force the cracks
open as they continue to grow.

Reverse Fault
A reverse fault is one in which one side of the fault, the hanging wall, moves up and over the
other side, the foot wall.

Ragang Volcano
Mount Ragang, also called Mount Piapayungan and Blue Mountain by the local people, is a
stratovolcano on Mindanao island in the Philippines.
Stratovolcano
A volcano built up of alternate layers of lava and ash.

Strombolian
Strombolian eruptions consist of ejection of incandescent cinders, lapilli, and lava bombs, to
altitudes of tens to a few hundreds of metres.

Syncline
A trough or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope upward from the axis.
Taal Volcano
Taal Volcano is a complex volcano located on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.

Tensional Stress
Tensional stress is when rock slabs are pulled apart from each other, causing normal faults.

Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to temperature
alterations.
Urine
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals.

Uniform Stress
The force acts equally in all directions.

Upper Mantle
The upper mantle is not uniform throughout. The topmost, thin layer of it is very similar to the
Earth's crust.
Volcano
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava,
volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

Vulcanian
Relating to or denoting a type of volcanic eruption marked by periodic explosive events.

Vent
Volcanic vents are openings in the Earth's crust from which lava and pyroclastic flows are
ejected.
Weathering
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, soil, and minerals as well as wood and artificial
materials through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, water, and biological organisms.

Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the
main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.

Wind
The perceptible natural movement of the air, especially in the form of a current of air blowing
from a particular direction.
Xianjindao Volcano
A second volcano in Shanshu Province of North Korea, known as Xianjindao, was reported to
erupt two days after an eruption at Baitoushan (Changbaishan) volcano on the China/Korea
border in 1597 (Shi et al., 1986).
Other eruptions were reported in 1724 and 1898 (the latter at Sanjiangdao), but little is known
about the specific location and characteristics of this reported volcano and its unconfirmed
eruptions.

Yake-dake Volcano
Mount Yake literally, "Burning mountain" is an active volcano in the Hida Mountains, lying
between Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, and Takayama, Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Yangudi Volcano
Yangudi volcano, lying in the Addadograben of the northern Ethiopian rift, is a complex
rhyoliticstratovolcano with an elliptical summit caldera.

Yantarni Volcano
Yantarni Volcano is an andesitic stratovolcano in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is on the Alaska
Peninsula, in the Aleutian Range, between Mount Aniakchak and Mount Chiginagak volcanoes.

Zao Volcano
Mount Zaō is a complex volcano on the border between Yamagata Prefecture and Miyagi
Prefecture in Japan.
Zaozerny Volcano
A group of three small late-Quaternary Icelandic-type basaltic to basaltic-andesite shield
volcanoes was constructed slightly east of the axis of the central Sredinny Range, about 30 km
NE of Alney-Chashakondzha volcano.

Zapatera Volcano
Zapatera is a shield volcano located in the southern part of Nicaragua. It forms the island of Isla
Zapatera in the Lake Nicaragua.