Automatic Detection and Notification of Potholes and Humps To Aid Driver Mini Project

Automatic Detection and Notification of Potholes and Humps
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
One of the major problems in developing countries is maintenance of roads. Well
maintained roads contribute a major portion to the country’s economy. Identification of
pavement distress such as potholes and humps not only helps drivers to avoid accidents or
vehicle damages but also helps authorities to maintain roads. This paper discusses previous
pothole detection methods that have been developed and proposes a cost effective solution to
identify potholes and humps on roads and provide timely alerts to drivers to avoid accidents or
vehicle damages. Ultrasonic sensors are used to identify potholes and humps and also to
measure their depth and height respectively. The proposed system captures the geographical
location coordinates of potholes and humps using GPS receiver. The sensed-data includes
pothole depth, height of hump and geographic location, which is stored in the database (cloud).
This serves as a valuable source of information to the Government authorities and to vehicle
drivers. An GSM is used to alert drivers so that precautionary measures can be taken to avoid
accidents. Alerts are given in the form of a flash messages with an audio beep.
Problem Statement: Roads are normally placed with speed breakers that are used to
control the speed of the vehicle. But these speed breakers have been a cause of accidents
because a definite dimension is not followed throughout. Likewise, potholes are formed due to
oil spills, heavy rains and due to movement of heavy vehicles. These bad road conditions cause
accidents, affect the quality of driving and consumes more fuel. a system that would notify the
drivers regarding any hurdles such as potholes and humps and this information can be used by
the Government to correct these roads effectively.
Solution Statement: The proposed system captures the geographical location

coordinates of potholes and humps using GPS receiver. The sensed-data includes pothole depth,
height of hump and geographic location, which is stored in the database (cloud). This serves as
a valuable source of information to the Government authorities and to vehicle drivers. An
android application is used to alert drivers so that precautionary measures can be taken to avoid
accidents. Alerts are given in the form of messages with a call.
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1.2 DESCRIPTION
Roads in India normally have speed breakers so that the vehicle’s speed can be
controlled to avoid accidents. However, these speed breakers are unevenly distributed with
uneven and unscientific heights. Potholes, formed due to heavy rains and movement of heavy
vehicles, also become a major reason for traumatic accidents and loss of human lives.
According to the survey report “Road Accidents in India, 2011”, by the ministry of road
transport and highways, a total of 1,42,485 people had lost their lives due to fatal road accidents.
Of these, nearly 1.5 per cent or nearly 2,200 fatalities were due to poor condition of roads. To
address the above mentioned problems, a cost effective solution is needed that collects the
information about the severity of potholes and humps and also helps drivers to drive safely.
With the proposed system an attempt has been made to endorse drivers to ward off the accidents
caused due to potholes and raised humps
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CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1 CIRCUIT BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 2.1: Block Diagram
2.2. DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM

The above figure no:2.1 shows the block diagram of the project entitled “ Automatic
Detection and Notification of Potholes and Humps on Roads to Aid Drivers”.
2.2.1.MICROCONTROLLER(AT89S52): The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-

performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash
memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel's high-density nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout.
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2.2.2.POWER SUPPLY: A power supply is a component that supplies power to at least

one electric load. Typically, it converts one type of electrical power to another, but it may also
convert a different form of energy – such as solar, mechanical, or chemical - into electrical
energy. A power supply provides components with electric power.
2.2.3.LCD(liquid crystal display): The technology used for displays in notebook and
other smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma technologies, LCDs
allow displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology.
2.2.4.GSM/GPS: GSM The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a

standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to
describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile
devices such as mobile phones and tablets.
GPS The Global Positioning System, originally NAVSTAR GPS, is a satellite-based

radio-navigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United
States Air Force.
2.2.5.ULTRASONIC SENSORS: An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure

the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound
wave at a specific frequency and listening for the sound wave to bounce back... It is important
to understand that some objects might not be detected by ultrasonic sensors.
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CHAPTER 3
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
3.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Figure 3.1:schematic diagram
3.2 SCHEMATIC DESCRIPTION

8051 Port2.0,2.1 is connected to RS,E of LCD where as p3.6,p3.7 is connected to the
ECHO,TRIG of Ultrasonic sensor. P3.0 is connected to the Tx of the Gps and p3.1 is connected
to the Rx of the GSM respectively. D4 to D7 of LCD is directly connected to the port 2 of
AT89S52 i.e P2.4 to P2.7.A0,A1 & A2 is together connected to 5v power supply. Vcc of
ultrasonic sensor is connected to the 12v supply.Where as Vss, Vee & Vdd is connected to a
power supply through a variable resistor.
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3.3 PROJECT CIRCUIT TABLE
8051 Microcontroller Signal Description

Pin number
A10(P3.6) HC-SR04 (ECHO) Ultrasonic sensor sends data input to

8051
A11(P3.7) HC-SR04 (TRIG) Ultrasonic sensor sends data

input(trigger) to 8051
RX(P3.0) GY-GPS6MV2(TX) GPS transmits the data input

(location) to 8051
TX(P3.1) SIM900A(RX) GSM receives the data from 8051
TABLE NO:3.1 Project Circuit Table
3.3.1. INTERFACING OF MICROCONTROLLER(AT89S52) AND

LCD(LM016L):
8051 LCD SIGNAL DESCRIPTION

PIN NUMBER /PIN NUMBER
A9(P2.1) Enable P2.1 is connected to E of the LCD
A8(P2.0) Read Signal P2.0 is connected to RS of the LCD
A12(P2.4) D4 P2.4 is connected to D4 of the LCD
Table no :3.2. Project circuit table (LCD- I2C)
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CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 MICROCONTROLLER
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION
A Microcontroller is an IC chip that executes programs for controlling other devices or
machines. It is a micro (small size as its an Integrated Circuit chip) device which is used for
control of other devices and machines that's why it is called 'Microcontroller'. It is a
Microprocessor having RAM,ROM and programmable input/output peripherals, which are
used to interact with things connected to the chip.
4.1.2 AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER

A AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K
bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s
high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard
80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining
a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.
4.1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AT89S52
Figure 4.1: Block Diagram of AT89S52

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4.1.4 PIN DESCRIPTION OF AT89S52:
Figure.4.2: AT89S52 Microcontroller Ic
Figure:4.3:Pin Diagram of AT89S52
MICROCONTROLLERS - 8051 PIN DESCRIPTION

• Pins 1 to 8 − These pins are known as Port 1. This port doesn’t serve any other functions.
It is internally pulled up, bi-directional I/O port.
• Pin 9 − It is a RESET pin, which is used to reset the microcontroller to its initial values.
• Pins 10 to 17 − These pins are known as Port 3. This port serves some functions like
interrupts, timer input, control signals, serial communication signals RxD and TxD, etc.
• Pins 18 & 19 − These pins are used for interfacing an external crystal to get the system
clock.
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• Pin 20 − This pin provides the power supply to the circuit.

• Pins 21 to 28 − These pins are known as Port 2. It serves as I/O port. Higher order
address bus signals are also multiplexed using this port.
• Pin 29 − This is PSEN pin which stands for Program Store Enable. It is used to read a
signal from the external program memory.
• Pin 30 − This is EA pin which stands for External Access input. It is used to
enable/disable the external memory interfacing.
• Pin 31 − This is ALE pin which stands for Address Latch Enable. It is used to
demultiplex the address-data signal of port.
• Pins 32 to 39 − These pins are known as Port 0. It serves as I/O port. Lower order
address and data bus signals are multiplexed using this port.
• Pin 40 − This pin is used to provide power supply to the circuit.
4.2 FEATURES OF AT89S52:

• Compatible with MCS-51® Products
• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory – Endurance: 1000
Write/Erase Cycles
• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• Watchdog Timer
• Dual Data Pointer
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4.3 LCD
4.3.1 INTRODUCTION
The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachi's HD44780
controller or other which are compatible with HD44580. In this tutorial, we will discuss about
character based LCDs, their interfacing with various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-
bit/4-bit), programming, special stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking LCDs
which can give a new look to your application.
Figure 4.4: Character LCD type HD44780 Pin diagram
The most commonly used LCDs found in the market today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs
which have only 1 controller and support at most of 80 characters, whereas LCDs supporting
more than80 characters make use of 2 HD44780 controllers.
Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two pins are
extra in both for back-light LED connections). Pin description is shown in the table below.
Pin No Pin Name Pin Description

Pin no. 1 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)
Pin no. 2 D6 Data bus line 6
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Pin no. 8 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)

Pin no. 9 EN1 Enable signal for row 0 and 1 (1stcontroller)
0=Write to LCD module
Pin no. 10 R/W
1 = Read from LCD module
0 = Instruction input
Pin no. 11 RS
1 = Data input
Pin no. 12 VEE Contrast adjust
Pin no. 13 VSS Power supply (GND)
Pin no. 14 VCC Power supply (+5V)
Pin no. 15 EN2 Enable signal for row 2 and 3 (2ndcontroller)
Pin no. 16 NC Not Connected
Table 4.1: Character LCD pins with 2 Controller
Usually these days you will find single controller LCD modules are used more in the market.
So in the tutorial we will discuss more about the single controller LCD, the operation and
everything else is the same for the double controller too. Let's take a look at the basic
information which is there in every LCD.
1. Bf: Busy Flag
Busy Flag is a status indicator flag for LCD. When we send a command or data to the
LCD for processing, this flag is set (i.e BF =1) and as soon as the instruction is executed
successfully this flag is cleared (BF = 0). This is helpful in producing and exact amount of
delay. for the LCD processing. To read Busy Flag, the condition RS = 0 and R/W = 1 must be
met and The MSB of the LCD data bus (D7) act as busy flag. When BF = 1 means LCD is busy
and will not accept the next command or data and BF = 0 means LCD is ready for the next
command or data to process.
2. Instruction Register (IR) and Data Register (DR)
There are two 8-bit registers in HD44780 controller Instruction and Data register.
Instruction register corresponds to the register where you send commands to LCD e.g LCD
shift command, LCD clear, LCD address etc. and Data register is used for storing data which
is to be displayed on LCD. when send the enable signal of the LCD is asserted, the data on the
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pins is latched into the data register and data is then moved automatically to the DDRAM and
hence is displayed on the LCD. Data Register is not only used for sending data to DDRAM but
also for CGRAM, the address where you want to send the data, is decided by the instruction
you send to LCD. We will discuss more on LCD instruction set further in this tutorial.
3. Commands and Instruction set
Only the instruction register (IR) and a data register (DR) of the LCD can be controlled
by the MCU. Before starting the internal operation of the LCD, control information is
temporarily stored into these registers to allow interfacing with various MCUs, which operate
at different speeds, or various peripheral control devices. The internal operation of the LCD is
determined by signals sent from the MCU. These signals, which include register selection signal
(RS), read/write signal (R/W), and the data bus (DB0 to DB7), make up the LCD instructions
(Table 3). There are four categories of instructions that:
● Designate LCD functions, such as display format, data length, etc.

● Set internal RAM addresses
● Perform data transfer with internal RAM
Figure:4.5 Liquid crystal displays interfacing with Controller
The LCD standard requires 3 control lines and 8 I/O lines for the data bus.
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4. 8 data pins D7:D0

a. Bi-directional data/command pins.
Alphanumeric characters are sent in ASCII format.
5. RS: Register Select

a. RS = 0 -> Command Register is selected
RS = 1 -> Data Register is selected
6. R/W: Read or Write

a. 0 -> Write, 1 -> Read
7. E: Enable (Latch data)

a. Used to latch the data present on the data pins.
A high-to-low edge is needed to latch the data.
The 8 data lines are connected to PORT 1 of 8051 microcontroller. The three control lines(
RS,RW and EN ) are connected to PORT 3.5,3.6 and 3.7 respectively.
4.3.2 FEATURES OF 16×2 LCD MODULE
• Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V

• Current consumption is 1mA without backlight
• Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers
• Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.
• Each character is build by a 5×8 pixel box
• Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode
• It can also display any custom generated characters
4.4 POWER SUPPLY

The power supply section is the section which provides +5V for the components to
work. IC LM7805 is used for providing a constant power of +5V. The ac voltage, typically
220V, is connected to a transformer, which steps down that ac voltage down to the level of the
desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially
filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually
has some ripple or ac voltage variation.
A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also retains the same dc value even if the
input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This voltage
regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC units.
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4.6 :Block Diagram Of Power Supply
4.4.1 TRANSFORMER
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of
power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is
AC.Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power
supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V in
India) to a safer low voltage.
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is
no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating
magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. Transformers waste very little
power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down
current is stepped up.
The transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0- 6V) level.
Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the bridge rectifier, which
is constructed with the help of PN junction diodes. The advantages of using bridge rectifier are
it will give peak voltage output as DC.
4.4.2 RECTIFIER
There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to DC.
The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave
rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this
method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but
it only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC
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4.4.3 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called a bridge
rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network,
and the output is taken from the remaining two corners. Let us assume that the transformer is
working properly and there is a positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point
B. the positive potential at point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.
Fig:4.7 :Bridge Rectifier

The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time D3 and D1
is forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2 are reverse
biased and will block current flow.
One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a
given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of the
conventional full-wave circuit.
i. The main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not require a special centre tapped
transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost.
ii. The single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge network and the
load to the other side as shown below.
iii. The result is still a pulsating direct current but with double the frequency.
Fig:4.8 :Output Waveform Of DC
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4.4.4 SMOOTHING
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the
DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage
from the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and
then discharges as it supplies current to the output.
4.4.5 VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the
circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all
in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative
voltage, or an adjustable set voltage. The regulators can be selected for operation with load
currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings
from milli watts to tens of watts.A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc
input voltage, Vi, applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from a second
terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground. The series 78 regulators provide fixed
positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed
negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed
(typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum
current they can pass. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies.
Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload
protection') and overheating ('thermal protection').
Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the
7805 +5V 1Amp regulator. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.
4.9 :Voltage Regulator
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4.10 : Circuit Diagram Of Power Supply
4.5 ULTRASONIC SENSOR
FIGURE 4.11: ULTRASONIC SENSORS
4.5.1 INTRODUCTION TO HC-SR (ULTRASONIC SENSORS)
● HC-SR04 is an ultrasonic sensor mainly used to determine the distance of the target
object.
● It measures accurate distance using a non-contact technology
● A technology that involves no physical contact between sensor and object.
● Transmitter and receiver are two main parts of the sensor where former converts an
electrical signal to ultrasonic waves while later converts that ultrasonic signals back to
electrical signals.
● These ultrasonic waves are nothing but sound signals that can be measured and
displayed at the receiving end.
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4.5.2 HC-SR04 PINOUT & DESCRIPTION
● HC-SR04 contain 4 pins in total.

● Following table shows the HC-SR04 Pinout & Description:
No Pin Name Pin Description

1 VCC The power supply pin of the sensor that mainly operates at 5V DC.
2 It plays a vital role to initialize measurement for sending ultrasonic waves.

Trig Pin
It should be kept high for 10us for triggering the measurement.
3 This pin remains high for short period based on the time taken by the
Echo Pin
ultrasonic waves to bounce back to the receiving end.
4 Ground This pin is connected to ground.
How does it work?
Figure 4.12: Working of ultrasonic sensor
The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic (US) sensor is an ultrasonic transducer that comes with 4 pin
interface named as Vcc, Trigger, Echo, and Ground. It is very useful for accurate distance
measurement of the target object and mainly works on the sound waves.
As we connect the module to 5V and initialize the input pin, it starts transmitting the
sound waves which then travel through the air and hit the required object. These waves hit and
bounce back from the object and then collected by the receiver of the module.
Distance is directly proportional to the time these waves require to come back at the
receiving end. The more the time taken, more the distance will be.The waves will be generating
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if the Trig pin is kept High for 10 µs. These waves will travel at the speed of sound, creating 8
cycle sonic burst that will be collected in the Echo pin.The echo pin remains turned on for the
time these waves take to travel and bounce back to the receiving end. This sensor is mainly
incorporated with Arduino to measure the required distance.
Following formula is used to calculate the distance of the object.
S = (V x t)/2
Where S is the required distance, V is the speed of sound and t is the time sound waves
take to come back after hitting the object. We need to divide the value by 2 because time will
be double as the waves travel and bounce back from the initial point. Dividing it by 2 will give
the actual distance of the target object.
Interfacing Diagram
Figure 4.13 :HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Module Interfacing with 8051
Here let’s design an application in which we will find the distance to an object by
interfacing ultrasonic module HC-SR04 with 8051(here AT89S52 used) and display the
distance on 16x2 LCD.
Steps of Programming
1. 8051 microcontroller needs to transmit at least 10 us trigger pulse to the HC-SR04 Trig Pin.
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2. After getting trigger pulse, HC-SR04 automatically sends eight 40 kHz sound waves and
waits for rising edge output at Echo pin.
3. When the rising edge capture occurs at Echo pin which is connected to the input of 8051,
start Timer of 8051 and again wait for falling edge on Echo pin.
4. As soon as the falling edge is captured at the Echo pin, microcontroller read the count of
the Timer. This time count is used to calculate the distance to an object.
Calculation (distance in cm)
Where, Sound Velocity = 34300 (in cm per second) Here, oscillator frequency of AT89S52
(8051) is 11.0592 MHz then timer frequency of 8051 will be 921.6 kHz. So, time required to
execute 1 instruction is 1.085 us.
So, timer gets incremented after 1.085 us time elapse.
e.g.
4.5.3.HC-SR04 ULTRASONIC SENSOR FEATURES

● Input Voltage: 5V.
● Current Draw: 20mA (Max)
● Digital Output: 5V.
● Digital Output: 0V (Low)
● Working Temperature: -15°C to 70°C.
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4.6 GSM(GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION)
FIGURE 4.14: GSM SIM900A MODULE
4.6.1 INTRODUCTION TO GSM
This is an ultracompact and reliable wireless module. The SIM900A is a complete Dual-band
GSM/GPRS solution in a SMT module which can be embedded in the customer applications. Featuring an
industry-standard interface, the SIM900A delivers GSM/GPRS 900/1800MHz performance for voice, SMS,
Data, and Fax in a small form factor and with low power consumption. With a tiny configuration of
24mmx24mmx3mm, SIM900A can fit in almost all the space requirements in user applications, especially
for slim and compact demand of design.
Figure4.15:Interfacing GSM with 8051
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Give +5V power supply to 8051 Development Board; connect the +9V adapter
with GSM module which is connected with 8051 Development Board through UART0. Open
the HyperTerminal screen, select which port you are using and set the default settings.
Communication it is wireless communication module, used to make a computer or any

processor to communicate over a network. This modem uses a variation of TDMA(Time
Division Multiple Access) and is the most commonly used of the digital wireless telephony
technologies like TDMA, GSM and CDMA.A GSM modem requires a SIM card to operate
through a n/w range subscribed by the network operator. This modem can be connected to a
computer via a serial, Bluetooth or USB connection. A GSM modem is also a standard GSM
mobile phone with a suitable cable and software driver to connect to a USB port on your PC.
Generally, this modem is preferred instead of a GSM mobile phone. This article describes how
GSM modem interfacing with 8051 microcontroller
FIGURE 4.16:PIN ASSIGNMENT GSM WITH 8051
4.6.2 FEATURES OF GSM
● Dual-Band 900/ 1800 MHz

● GPRS multi-slot class 10/8GPRS mobile station class B
● Compliant to GSM phase 2/2+Class 4 (2 W @850/ 900 MHz)
● Class 1 (1 W @ 1800/1900MHz)
● Control via AT commands (GSM 07.07 ,07.05 and SIMCOM enhanced AT
Commands)
● Low power consumption: 1.5mA(sleep mode)'
● Operation temperature: -40°C to +85 °C
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● Status indicator(D5):It will flashes continuously whenever the call arrives otherwise it
is left ON.
● Network LED(D6):This led will blink every second which indicates that the GSM
module is not connected to the mobile network. Once the connection is established
successfully, the LED will blink continuously every 3 second
4.7 GPS(GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM)
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite based navigation system that can be
used to locate positions anywhere on earth. Designed and operated by the U.S. Department of
Defense, it consists of satellites, control and monitor stations, and receivers. GPS receivers take
information transmitted from the satellites and uses triangulation to calculate the user's exact
location. GPS is used on incidents in a variety of ways, such as:
● To determine position locations; for example, you need to radio a helicopter pilot the
coordinates of your position location so the pilot can pick you up.
● To navigate from one location to another; for example, you need to travel from a lookout
to the fire perimeter.
● To create digitized maps; for example, you are assigned to plot the fire perimeter and
hot spots.
GPS is made up of three parts: between 24 and 32 satellites orbiting the Earth, four
control and monitoring stations on Earth, and the GPS receivers owned by users. GPS
satellites broadcast signals from space that are used by GPS receivers to provide three-
dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus the time
Figure 4.17 GPS (GY-GPS6MV2)module.
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Figure 4.18: Interfacing GPS with 8051
4.7.1 WORKING OF GPS
The basis of the GPS is a constellation of satellites that are continuously orbiting the
earth. These satellites, which are equipped with atomic clocks, transmit radio signals that
contain their exact location, time, and other information. The radio signals from the satellites,
which are monitored and corrected by control stations, are picked up by the GPS receiver. A
GPS receiver needs only three satellites to plot a rough, 2D position, which will not be very
accurate. Ideally, four or more satellites are needed to plot a 3D position, which is much more
accurate.
4.7.2 GPS PIN DESCRIPTION

Three Segments of GPS
The three segments of GPS are the space, control, and user.
ⅰ Space Segment:
Satellites orbiting the earth. The space segment consists of 29 satellites circling the earth
every 12 hours at 12,000 miles in altitude. This high altitude allows the signals to cover a greater
area. The satellites are arranged in their orbits so a GPS receiver on earth can receive a signal
from at least four satellites at any given time. Each satellite contains several atomic clocks. The
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satellites transmit low radio signals with a unique code on different frequencies, allowing the
GPS receiver to identify the signals.
The main purpose of these coded signals is to allow the GPS receiver to calculate the
travel time of the radio signal from the satellite to the receiver. The travel time multiplied by
the speed of light equals the distance from the satellite to the GPS receiver.
ⅰⅰ. Control Segment:

The control and monitoring stations. The control segment tracks the satellites and then
provides them with corrected orbital and time information. The control segment consists of five
unmanned monitor stations and one Master Control Station. The five unmanned stations
monitor GPS satellite signals and then send that information to the Master Control Station
where anomalies are corrected and sent back to the GPS satellites through ground antennas.
ⅰⅰⅰ. User Segment

The GPS receivers owned by civilians and military
The user segment consists of the users and their GPS receivers. The number of simultaneous
users is limitless.
4.7.3 GPS RECEIVER SPECIFICATIONS
Input Supply Voltage Range: 3.3V-6V, on board voltage regulator maintains 3.3V
I/O Maximum Logic Level: 3.6V
● Two 1N4148 diodes in series between the TX pin on your 5V device and the RX pin on
this GPS module (will drop voltage to ~3.6V)
● Only recommended for baud rates of 9600 and less
● WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) enabled GPS unit
● <1 second to first fix (TTFF) for hot starts
● 27 seconds to first fix (TTFF) for cold starts
● On board LED will blink after module acquires a position fix and will continue blinking
as long as the module has a fix
● 50 Channel NMEA GPS receiver
● UART: 9600 baud by default, but is configurable from 4800 to 115200 baud
● 5Hz max update rate
ECE LIET Page 25
● External EEPROM for configuration storage

● Four plated mounting holes, 3mm in diameter
● One additional non-plated mounting/antenna cable hole, 4mm in diameter
● Position Accuracy: 2 m and better with multiple good satellite signals
● Velocity Accuracy: 0.1 m/s
● Maximum Velocity: 500 m/s
● Heading Accuracy: 0.5 degrees while moving
● -156dBm Hotstart sensitivity
● Weight: 17.6g (0.6oz)
● Dimensions of GPS Module: 36mm (1.42in) x 25.8mm (1.02in) x 4mm (0.16in)
● Dimensions of Antenna: 25.5mm (1in) x 25.5mm (1in) x 8.8mm (0.35in)
4.7.4 APPLICATIONS:
There are so many devices made with the implementation of Global Positioning System.
Google Earth is the most famous application that uses the signals received by the GPS receivers.
It enables the public to access the maps which tell the users about the locations all around the
world.3DEM is freely available software that will create 3D terrain scenes and flyby animations
and export GIS terrain data files using any of the following freely available terrain data as a
source. People use Global Positioning System for several uses. A research published on a
magazine states that the percentage of uses for each several requirements are as follows.
• Car navigation 37%

● Hand held 26%
● Tracking 10%
● GIS 8%
● Survey 7%
● Manufacturing 7%
● Vessel Voyage 2%
● Military Related 1%
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CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE
5.1 CIRCUIT SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
● Proteus version 8
● Keil version
5.1.1 PROTEUS VERSION 8
The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for
electronic design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and
technicians to create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards.
It was developed in Yorkshire, England by Lab center Electronics Ltd and is available in
English, French, Spanish and Chinese languages.
Figure 5.1: Proteus Home page
ECE LIET Page 27

1. Product Modules
Proteus Design Suite is a Windows application for schematic capture, simulation, and
PCB (Printed Circuit Board) layout design. It can be purchased in many configurations,
depending on the size of designs being produced and the requirements for microcontroller
simulation. All PCB Design products include an autorouter and basic mixed mode SPICE
simulation capabilities.
2. Schematic Capture
Schematic capture in the Proteus Design Suite is used for both the simulation of designs
and as the design phase of a PCB layout project. It is therefore a core component and is included
with all product configurations.
3. Microcontroller Simulation
The microcontroller simulation in Proteus works by applying either a hex file or a debug
file to the microcontroller part on the schematic. It is then co-simulated along with any analog
and digital electronics connected to it. This enables its use in a broad spectrum of project
prototyping in areas such as motor control, temperature control and user interface design. It
also finds use in the general hobbyist community and, since no hardware is required, is
convenient to use as a training or teaching tool Support is available for co-simulation of:
● Microchip Technologies PIC10, PIC12, PIC16,PIC18,PIC24 anddsPIC33

Microcontrollers.
● Atmel AVR (and Arduino), 8051 and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers
● NXP 8051, ARM7, ARM Cortex-M0 and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers.
● Texas Instruments MSP430, PICCOLO DSP and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers.
● Parallax Basic Stamp, Freescale HC11, 8086 Microcontrollers.
4. PCB Design
The PCB Layout module is automatically given connectivity information in the form of
a netlist from the schematic capture module. It applies this information, together with the user
specified design rules and various design automation tools, to assist with error free board
ECE LIET Page 28

design. PCB's of up to 16 copper layers can be produced with design size limited by product
configuration.
5. 3D Verification
The 3D Viewer module allows the board under development to be viewed in 3D together
with a semi-transparent height plane that represents the boards enclosure. STEP output can then
be used to transfer to mechanical CAD software such as Solidworks or Autodesk for accurate
mounting and positioning of the board.
5.1.2. KEIL SOFTWARE:
Keil compiler is software used where the machine language code is written and
compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code which is to
be dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler also supports C
language code.
1. General Introduction
Keil Software is the leading vendor for 8/16-bit development tools (ranked at first position
in the 2004 Embedded Market Study of the Embedded Systems and EE Times magazine). Keil
Software is represented world-wide in more than 40 countries. Since the market introduction in
1988, the Keil C51 Compiler is the de facto industry standard and supports more than 500
current 8051 device variants. Now, Keil Software offers development tools for ARM.
Keil Software makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers,

simulators, integrated environments, and evaluation boards for the 8051, 251, ARM, and
XC16x/C16x/ST10 microcontroller families.
Keil Software is pleased to announce simulation support for the Atmel AT91 ARM family
of microcontrollers. The Keil µVision Debugger simulates the complete ARM instruction-set
as well as the on-chip peripherals for each device in the AT91 ARM/Thumb microcontroller
family. The integrated simulator provides complete peripheral simulation. Other new features
in the µVision Debugger include:
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● ·An integrated Software Logic Analyzer that measures I/O signals as well as
program variables and helps developers create complex signal processing
algorithms.
● ·An Execution Profiler that measures time spent in each function, source line, and
assembler instruction. Now developers can find exactly where programs spend the
most time.
"Using nothing more than the provided simulation support and debug scripts, developers
can create a high-fidelity simulation of their actual target hardware and environment. No extra
hardware or test equipment is required. The Logic Analyzer and Execution Profiler will help
developers when it comes time to develop and tune signaling algorithms." said Jon Ward,
President of Keil Software USA, Inc.
2. µVision3 Overview
The µVision3 IDE is a Windows-based software development platform that combines a

robust editor, project manager, and makes facility. µVision3 integrates all tools including the C
compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and HEX file generator. µVision3 helps expedite the
development process of your embedded applications by providing the following:
● Full-featured source code editor,

● Device database for configuring the development tool setting,
● Project manager for creating and maintaining your projects,
● Integrated make facility for assembling, compiling, and linking your embedded
applications,
● True integrated source-level Debugger with high-speed CPU and peripheral simulator,
● Advanced GDI interface for software debugging in the target hardware and for
connection to Keil ULINK,
● Flash programming utility for downloading the application program into Flash ROM,
● Links to development tools manuals, device datasheets & user’s guides.
The µVision3 IDE offers numerous features and advantages that help you quickly and
successfully develop embedded applications. They are easy to use and are guaranteed to help
you achieve your design goals.
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The µVision3 IDE and Debugger is the central part of the Keil development tool chain.
µVision3 offers a Build Mode and a Debug Mode .In the µVision3 Build Mode you maintain
the project files and generate the application.
In the µVision3 Debug Mode you verify your program either with a powerful CPU and
peripheral simulator or with the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter (or other AGDI drivers) that
connect the debugger to the target system. The ULINK allows you also to download your
application into Flash ROM of your target system.
5.2. RUN PROGRAM ON KEIL UVISION:

Keil UVision is a free software which solves many of the pain points for an embedded
program developer. This software is an integrated development environment (IDE), which
integrated a text editor to write programs, a compiler and it will convert your source code to
hex files too.
Here is simple guide to start working with Keil uVision which can be used for
● Writing programs in C/C++ or Assembly language

● Compiling and Assembling Programs
● Debugging program
● Creating Hex and Axf file
● Testing your program without Available real Hardware (Simulator Mode)
This is simple guide on Keil uVision 4 though also applicable on previous versions also.
These are the simple steps to get off the mark your inning!
Step 1: After opening Keil uV4, Go to Project tab and
Create new UVision project
Now Select new folder and give name to Project.
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Step 2: After Creating project now Select your device model. Example.NXP-LPC2148
[You can change it later from project window.]
Step 3: so now your project is created and Message window will appear to add startup file of
your Device click on Yes so it will be added to your project folder
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Step 4: Now go to File and create new file and save it with .C extension if you will write
program in C language or save with .asm for assembly language.
i.e., Led.c
Step 5: Now write your program and save it again. You can try example given at end of this
tutorial.
Step 6: After that on left you see project window [if its not there go to View tab and click on
project window]
Now come on Project window.
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Right click on target and click on options for target
Here you can change your device also.
Click output tab here & check create Hex file if you want to generate hex file
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Now click on ok so it will save changes.
Step 7: Now Expand target and you will see source group
Right click on group and click on Add files to source group
Now add your program file which you have written in C/assembly.
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You can see program file added under source group.
Step 8: Now Click on Build target. You can find it under Project tab or in toolbar. It can also
be done by pressing F7 key.
Step 9: you can see Status of your program in Build output window
[If itâ€™s not there go to view and click on Build output window]
Now you are done with your program. Next time we will look at Debugging and Simulation of
Program. Hope you find it helpful.
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5.3. SOFTWARE SIMULATION ON PROTIEUS
We can now simulate the automatic detection and notification of potholes and humps
on roads to aid drivers circuit on proteus version 8 software. The screenshot of Simulation
circuit is attached to here
FIGURE 5.2: SIMULATION ON PROCESS
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CHAPTER 6
CODING
6.1 CODE
#include<reg52.h>
#include<post.h>
#include<serial.h>
#include<gsm.h>
#define First_Line 0x80
#define Second_Line 0xc0
#define Curser_On 0x0f
#define Curser_Off 0x0c
#define Clear_Display 0x01
#define Data_Port P2
sbit Lcd_rs = P3^7;
sbit Lcd_en = P3^6;
sbit buzzer = P1^0;
sbit RX= P3^4;
sbit TX= P3^5;
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void Distance_Measure();
void Lcd8_Init()
void Lcd8_Command(unsigned char);
void Lcd8_Write(unsigned char,unsigned char);
void Lcd8_Display(unsigned char,const unsigned char*,unsigned int);
void Delay(unsigned int);
void del();
void sms ()
txs("AT\r\n");
post(400);
txs("AT+CREG?\r\n");
post(400);
txs("AT+CMGF=1\r\n");
post(400);
txs("AT+CNMI=1,2,0,0\r\n");
post(400);
txs("AT+CMGS=\"7013069484\"\r\n");
post(400);
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txs("\r\n Automatic Poth Hole \r\n");//your message
post(400);
tx(0x1a);
void sms1 ()
txs("AT\r\n");
post(400);
txs("AT+CREG?\r\n");
post(400);
txs("AT+CMGF=1\r\n");
post(400);
txs("AT+CNMI=1,2,0,0\r\n");
post(400);
txs("AT+CMGS=\"7013069484\"\r\n");
post(400);
txs("\r\n Pot hole at = LA:17.3511 N , LO:78.3778 E \r\n");//your message
post(400);
tx(0x1a);
unsigned char
i,inch1,inch2,result,obj_distance,rept,sec,j,a=0,c=0,kc,cu=0xc0,l,e[20],num[20],n,v[20];
ECE LIET Page 40

unsigned long int count=0,count 1=0;
void main()
EA=1;
ET0=1;
TMOD=0x01;
TH0=TL0=0x00;
TR0=1;
buzzer=1;
sw0=sw1=sw2=sw3=sw4=1;
serialinit();
sms();
//relay2=0;
Lcd8_Init();Delay(65000);
Lcd8_Display(0x84,"Ultrasonic ",16);
Lcd8_Display(0xc0," ",16);
Delay(65000);Delay(65000);
Lcd8_Display(0xC0,"Distance: ",16);
while(1)
Distance_Measure();
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void Distance_Measure()
count=count1=0;
TH0=0x00;TL0=0x00;
TR0=0;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
TX=0;
Delay(1000);
TX=1;
Delay(10);
TX=0;
while(RX==0);
TR0=1;
while(RX==1);
TR0=0;
count=TH0<<8;
count=count|TL0;
TH0=TL0=0x00;
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count1=count1+count;
Delay(5000);
count=count1/10;
inch1=count%10000/1000;
inch2=count%1000/100;
result=(inch1*10)+inch2;
obj_distance=result-2;
Lcd8_Decimal3(0XCb,obj_distance);
if(obj_distance<10)
buzzer=1;
Lcd8_Display(0xCb,"POT_HOLE",16);
serialinit();
sms1();
else
led=0;
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void Lcd8_Init()
Lcd8_Command(0x38); //to select function set
Lcd8_Command(0x06); //entry mode set
Lcd8_Command(0x0c); //display on
Lcd8_Command(0x01); //clear display
void Lcd8_Command(unsigned char com)
Data_Port=com;
Lcd_en=1;
Lcd_rs=0;
Delay(125);
Lcd_en=0;
Delay(125);
void Lcd8_Write(unsigned char com,unsigned char lr)
Lcd8_Command(com);
Data_Port=lr; // Data
Lcd_en=Lcd_rs=1;
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Delay(125);
Lcd_en=0;
Delay(125);
void Lcd8_Display(unsigned char com,const unsigned char *word,unsigned int n)
unsigned char Lcd_i;
for(Lcd_i=0;Lcd_i<n;Lcd_i++)
Lcd8_Write(com+Lcd_i,word[Lcd_i]);
void Delay(unsigned int del)
while(del--);
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CHAPTER 7
ALGORITHM & FLOWCHART
7.1 ALGORITHM
Algorithm 1
Potholes and humps detection
Input: Ultra sonic Sensed Data set H( In cm)
Threshold value in TS
Output: Get Potholes and humps value
1. TS =10
2. Height >=H
3. If Height > TS
4. Pothole = Height – TS
5. return Pothole
6.Else if Height < TS
7. Hump =TS – Height
8.return Hump
9.end if
10.end if
Algorithm 2
Location Notification
1.Input: Get the location value in data set L,
2.Unknown location x.
3.Output: Matched location Y.
a.Y = null
b.For sample L do
1.If sample and x are matched then
2.Y = x
3.Return Y
4.End if
5.End for
6.Return y
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7.2 FLOW CHART
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CHAPTER 8
RESULT
8.1. OUTPUT
Here the output of the project “Automatic Detection and Notification of Potholes and Humps
on Roads to Aid Drivers Using Ultrasonic Sensors” output was successfully implemented. The
receiver fixed to the vehicle and transmitter at the critical zones whenever receiver received the
transmitted signal from the critical zone the than vehicle will automatically reduce speed that
implemented successfully.
A prototype of Automatic Detection and Notification of Potholes and Humps has been
designed and developed
Fig 8.1. Working model of the proposed system
ECE LIET Page 48

Fig 8.2. Working model of the proposed system(2)
Fig. 8.3 Potholes alert sent via SMS Fig 8.4 Proposed model fixed on two wheeler bike for
testing.(b) Detection of hump. (c) Detection of pothole
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8.2 ADVANTAGES
● Accident due to pothole can be avoided.

● Improved Travel Experience
● Time Critical System
● Drive will be intimated about potholes.
● Automatic speed can be controlled if pothole deducted.
● Reduced traffic
● Prevents accident
8.3 LIMITATIONS
• Vehicles vibration disrupt the detection process
• Possible unemployment
• Too much systematic i.e., doesn’t allow any exceptional cases
8.4 APPLICATIONS
● The concept can be implemented in military vehicles.

● It can be used in railways for identification of cracks.
● It can be used in highways in usual transportation of cracks.
● It can be used in bridges and flyovers.
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CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
9.1 CONCLUSION
By using this project we can conclude that when vehicle was enters into the critical
speed of the vehicle will automatically reduce and after the critical zone the vehicle moves
with normal speed. With this project we can reduce the accidents at the critical zone and we
can reduce the speed of the vehicle from rash driving.
9.2 FUTURE SCOPE
In future we can use this system widely for safety and maintenance of roads. Potholes can be
auto detected using acceleration data collected using vehicle mounted wireless sen-sors. We
can use sensor network deployed over a public transport system to monitor environmental
pollution and road surface condition. The proposed system can be further improved to display
alerts such as ‘Bad road ahead’ in order to help the driver be more alert while driving/riding on
such roads.
ECE LIET Page 51

REFERENCES
[1] “Automatic detection and notification of potholes and humps on roads to Aid drivers”
Rajeshwari Madli, Santosh Hebbar, Praveenraj Pattar, and Varaprasad Golla IEEE SENSOR
JOURNAL, VOL. 15,NO. 8 AUGUST 2015
[2] 8051 Microcontroller By Mazdi.
[3] Architecture, Programming, Interfacing and System Design By Raj Kamal 3rd Edition.
[4] The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems By Kenneth J. Ayala & Dhananjay V.
Gadre.
[5] Electrical Engineering By Allan R. Hambley 5th Edition Published by Tata McGraw Hill.
[6] GSM architecture, Protocols & Services By Christian Bettstetter 3rd Edition.
Websites
[7] www.Microchip.com
[8] http://www.engineersgarage.com/8051-microcontroller.
[9] http://www.national.com/mpf/html#Overview.
ECE LIET Page 52

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Automatic Detection and Notification of Potholes and Humps

Solution Statement: The proposed system captures the geographical location

ECE LIET Page 1

ECE LIET Page 2

2.1 CIRCUIT BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 2.1: Block Diagram

2.2. DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM

2.2.1.MICROCONTROLLER(AT89S52): The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-

ECE LIET Page 3

2.2.2.POWER SUPPLY: A power supply is a component that supplies power to at least

2.2.4.GSM/GPS: GSM The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a

GPS The Global Positioning System, originally NAVSTAR GPS, is a satellite-based

2.2.5.ULTRASONIC SENSORS: An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure

ECE LIET Page 4

Figure 3.1:schematic diagram

3.2 SCHEMATIC DESCRIPTION

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3.3 PROJECT CIRCUIT TABLE

8051 Microcontroller Signal Description

A10(P3.6) HC-SR04 (ECHO) Ultrasonic sensor sends data input to

A11(P3.7) HC-SR04 (TRIG) Ultrasonic sensor sends data

RX(P3.0) GY-GPS6MV2(TX) GPS transmits the data input

TX(P3.1) SIM900A(RX) GSM receives the data from 8051

TABLE NO:3.1 Project Circuit Table

3.3.1. INTERFACING OF MICROCONTROLLER(AT89S52) AND

8051 LCD SIGNAL DESCRIPTION

A8(P2.0) Read Signal P2.0 is connected to RS of the LCD

A12(P2.4) D4 P2.4 is connected to D4 of the LCD

A13(P2.5) D5 P2.5 is connected to D5 of the LCD

A14(P2.6) D6 P2.6 is connected to D6 of the LCD

A15(P2.7) D7 P2.7 is connected to D7 of the LCD

Table no :3.2. Project circuit table (LCD- I2C)

ECE LIET Page 6

4.1.2 AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER

4.1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AT89S52

Figure 4.1: Block Diagram of AT89S52

4.1.4 PIN DESCRIPTION OF AT89S52:

Figure.4.2: AT89S52 Microcontroller Ic

Figure:4.3:Pin Diagram of AT89S52

MICROCONTROLLERS - 8051 PIN DESCRIPTION

ECE LIET Page 8

• Pin 20 − This pin provides the power supply to the circuit.

4.2 FEATURES OF AT89S52:

ECE LIET Page 9

Figure 4.4: Character LCD type HD44780 Pin diagram

Pin No Pin Name Pin Description

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Pin no. 8 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)

Table 4.1: Character LCD pins with 2 Controller

1. Bf: Busy Flag

2. Instruction Register (IR) and Data Register (DR)

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3. Commands and Instruction set

● Designate LCD functions, such as display format, data length, etc.

Figure:4.5 Liquid crystal displays interfacing with Controller

ECE LIET Page 12

4. 8 data pins D7:D0

5. RS: Register Select

6. R/W: Read or Write

7. E: Enable (Latch data)

4.3.2 FEATURES OF 16×2 LCD MODULE

• Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V

4.4 POWER SUPPLY