Journal of Nuclear Materials 127 (1985) 1-9

North-HoIIand, Amsterdam

~DR~EN DIFFUSION AND SOLUTION AT HIGH ~~PE~~RES IN 316L STAINLESS

STEEL AND NICKEL-BASE HEAT-RESISTANT ALLOYS

N. KISHIMOTO, T. TANABE, T. SUZUKI and H. YOSHIDA *

Natronal Research Institute for Metab Tsukuba Laboratories, Sakura -mum,Ibaraki 305, Japan

Received 21 July 1984; accepted 21 July 1984

Hydrogen-permeation behaviors of 316L stainless steel, Inconel 600, Inconel 750, Nimonic 80A and Hastelloy X at 873
K-1173 K have been investigated under a pressure range of 0.1 MPa-0.7 MPa by using a gas-flow system. Measurements have
been carried out by use of a helium-carrier-gas method. It has been proved that this method is good for examining
transient-~rmeation behaviors as well as steady-state permeation if the instruments time-lag is taken into account. ~ffusivity
and soiubility of hydrogen for the alloys are derived from the transient and steady-state permeation. The y’-precipitation
strengthened alloys - inconel 750 and Nimonic 80A - show a larger activation energy of diffusion and a smaller solution heat
than the other nickel-base alloys. This result is ascribed to the trapping effect due to titanium in the former alloys, i.e. solute
titanium atoms and/or y’-precipitations.

for most of the metals. In such a case, hydrogen diffu-

sivity has been derived from the transient permeation in
Hydrogen permeation of stainless steels and nickel- response to a change in the boundary condition of the
base heat-resistant alloys has extensively been investi- specimen (mostly hydrogen pressure).
gated [l-6], but data of diffusivity and solubility are not Up to date, most diffusion experiments have em-
so abundant in comparison with those of permeabitity. ployed a vacuum system with a membrane specimen.
The objective of the present study is to obtain diffusiv- The advantages of this conventional method are the fast
ity and solubility of heat-resistant alloys under weil-de- response in hydrogen detection and the simple boundary
fined experimental conditions. condition of the specimen. However, this method is
Our interest is focused on 316L stainless steel, which often subject to poor hydrogen ventilation in the vicin-
is a material for Gore components of fast breeder reac- ity of the specimen surface and it is hard to keep the
tors and for the first wall of fusion reactors. We also oxygen potential of the hydrogen gas at a very low level
employed several nickel-base alloys, i.e. popular solu- (dewpoint 5 -7OOC).
tion strengthened alloys for high-temperature use, In- In the present study, a gas-flow system has been used
cone1 600 and Hastelloy X, and y’-precipitation not only for steady-state permeation but also for tran-
strengthened alloys, Inconel 750 and Nimonic 8OA. sient (diffusion) measurement. It is easily attained by
These nickel-base alloys are candidates for heat-ex- utilizing the flow system to keep each of the environ-
changer materials of high-temperature gas-cooled reac- mental conditions (e.g. hydrogen pressure, gas purity,
tors. dewpoint etc.) constant, while there is an ~avoidable
The hydrogen-permeation process through a metal drawback in this method that the response of hydrogen
consists of (physical and chemical) adsorption, dissocia- detection is slow. This is the reason why the flow system
tion and diffusion in the metal [7]. At high tempera- has not so far been applied for transient measurements.
tures, the hydrogen-permeation rate tends to be con- However, we have found that it is possible to apply this
trolled only by diffusion and not by surface processes system to diffusion measurement if we know the instru-
mental time-lag. Then, we can take advantage of the
system mentioned above. Also, there is another merit of
* Present address: National Research Institute for Metals, this system: the configuration of the gas and the speci-
Nakameguro, Tokyo 153, Japan. men can be regarded as a simulation of the heat ex-

0022-3115/85/$03.30 0 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.

(North-Holland Physics Publishing Division)
2 N. Kishimoto ei af. / H,vdrogen JiJJusiun ut high temperatures

changers in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors. t----T=-zi: --I

In this report obtained values of diffusivity and
Lla
solubility for the alloys will be compared with former
results, and the differences of the permeation
among the alloys will also be discussed based on the
process 7 -
_~
Oxkiizedi
t Her3” t
H2 c3
*
‘Oxiiized-
r&3
data of diffusivity and solubility.
Fig. 2. Cross section of specimen. Both inside and outside
surfaces of the specimen are pre-oxidized and the oxide is
2. Experimental removed for the middle part (50 mm long). Hatches indicate
welded regions.

2.1. Apparatus

Hydrogen permeation has been measured with a
hollow-cylindrical specimen by using a gas-flow system.
A block diagram of the experimental system is shown in
fig. 1 and the shape of the specimen is in fig. 2.
Hydrogen is supplied at a flowrate of lo3 Ncc/min
(NCC = cm3 at N.T.P.) outside of the specimen in a
furnace. Helium gas (ultra-purity grade) is furthermore
purified just before entering the furnace and introduced
inside of the specimen at 1100 Ncc/min (including
sampling gas of 100 Ncc/min). Linear flow-velocity
along the specimen surface is 0.95 cm/s for hydrogen
and 4.1 cm/s for helium gas. The dewpoint at the outlet
of the furnace is < -7OOC for hydrogen and - -75°C
for helium gas (0, (: 0.1 ppm).
Hydrogen which has permeated through the metal
wall is carried by the helium gas and detected by a
quadrupole mass-filter combined with a gaschromato-
graph. Calibration of the detector was made with either
a dilution flask or a standard gas (323 ppm H, + He).
Partial pressure of hydrogen inside the specimen was
negligibly low in comparison to the supplied hydrogen
pressure under the helium flow-rate condition used.
An advantage of this apparatus is a high stability
due to the use of the gas-flow system and the gas-mass
spectrometer. But, the response of the hydrogen detec-
tion is poor in comparison with conventional vacuum-
extraction methods, because it takes a fairly long time
for the hydrogen to flow from the specimen to the
detector. However, this drawback has been overcome by
using a samphng duct of small volume (l/8 inch 304
stainless-steel tube) and by checking the response be-
havior of the system. In order to examine the response
of the system, we utilized a step-functional hydrogen-
drive at the specimen position and observed the re-
sponse of the detector. The step-functional signal was
generated by on-off operation of a gas-sampling valve
which was located at the outlet tube of the specimen.
We generated the signal also by switching the
hydrogen-supply pressure at the front surface of the 0.5
mm-thick Ni specimen (at 1273 K), where the signal

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the experimental system. An argon sealing is employed outside Of the furnace for safety. Pumps are used for
pre-evacuation.
 N. Kishimoto et al. / Hydrogen diffusion at high temperatures 3

transient permeation was measured by switching the

total pressure of hydrogen from 0.12 MPa to 0.33 MPa.

2.2. Specimen

Chemical compositions of the alloys used are listed

in table 1. Stainless-steel 316L was solution-annealed
for 1 h at 1323 K and water-quenched. For Inconel 600
and Hastelloy X, the heat treatments were [1393 K X 2
h] and [1448 K x 1 h], respectively. For Inconel 750 and
Nimonic 80A, precipitation treatment of [1113 K X 24
h + 978 K x 20 h] and [978 K x 16 h] were applied after
[1423 K X 2 h] and [1353 K X 8 h], respectively.
0
time
t, The alloys were fabricated into a hollow-cylindrical
shape as illustrated in fig. 2. In order to reduce unde-
Fig. 3. Schematic response-behavior of the hydrogen detector
sirable permeation through side-parts of the specimen
to a step-function hydrogen-release at the specimen position.
The tL and Ar are the instrumental time-lag and the blunted
(30+61#1), a preoxidation technique was applied (1323
time, respectively. K, 30 min in wet hydrogen) [8]. The inner and outer
surfaces of the middle part (30+24+) were polished
with emery paper up to #04. The treatment of the
was almost regarded as step-functional because of the side-parts was particularly significant for transient-
short diffusion time of hydrogen through the thickness permeation measurement, If there were no such treat-
(5 3 s up to one-half of the maximum permeation). The ment, the permeation through the side-parts (of a longer
response of the detector is schematically shown in fig. 3. diffusion time) would be superimposed on the diffusion
If the step-functional hydrogen-drive starts from the for the middle part and it would make the analysis
specimen position at t = 0, the hydrogen reaches the difficult.
detector at around r = tL and the step function is blunted Stainless-steel tubes (SUS 304, lo+ x 2 t, pre-
by At due to intra-diffusion of hydrogen in the helium- oxidized) were jointed to the specimen by means of
carrier gas. electron-beam welding and placed at the low-tempera-
From the observed response, the time-lag, tL, and ture positions in the furnace (AT - 300 K). The temper-
the blunted time, Ar, were estimated to be 75 s and _+ ature distribution along the middle part of the specimen
10 s, respectively, for the sampling flow-rate of 100 (50 mm) was within & 2 K, which was measured by use
Ncc/mm. If we subtract the instrumental time-lag, 75 s, of sheathed thermocouples of 13Rh ’ Pt-Pt.
from the observed diffusion time, the ambiguity of time After the experiment, the color of the outer pre-
is f 10 s which is small enough to make a rather oxidized surface of some of the specimens was found to
accurate measurement possible for the transient per- have changed, maybe due to partial reduction of the
meation of a 3 mm-thick specimen in a temperature oxide layer by hydrogen gas. However, the innter pre-
range of 5 1173 K. Thus, this method can be regarded oxidized surface showed no change in color. As for the
as equivalent to the vacuum-extraction method. The middle part of the specimen, there was no sign of

Table 1
Chemical composition of alloys used

C Si Mn Ni Cr Iyo Cu Al Ti Fe others

SUS 316L 0.029 0.49 1.72 12.7 16.6 2.14 0.27 Eal.

Inconel 600 0,047 0.25 0.45 Bal. 15.9 0.20 0.32 0.41 7001

Inconel 750 0.04 0,08 0,20 Bal, 15.3 0.04 0.57 2.52 7.04 Nb+Ta:O.94

Nimonic 80A 0,051 0.08 0.05 Bal, 19.3 0.01 1035 2.28 .1,02 Co:O.71

HastelloY X 0,lO 0.14 0.15 Bal, 20,7 8.86 0,Ol 19,7 W:O.48,Co:1.6
 4 N. Kishimoto et al. / Hydrogen diffusion at high temperatures

oxidation observed at the hydrogen flow-rate of lo3 Q( t ) is expressed by

Ncc/min.
(Q(r) - Qto>)
(Q(w)-Q(0))=1+2'nt6'u'

3. Permeation for hollow cylinders

The transient-permeation for an infinite hollow cyl-

n=~ J,‘(cw>-4?(O)
inder is obtained by solving the following equation Xexp( -Dazt). (11)
neglecting edge effects of the cylinder [!?I:
The right-hand side of eq. (11) is a function identical to
X,/at = D(a*C/&* +(l/r).aC/ar). (1) the case of C, = 0 at f = 0. Although eq. (11) is consid-
C = CO In( r/a)/ln( b/a) at t = 0, (2) erably complicated, the transient function of the hollow
C=O atr=a cylinder, derived from numerical calculation with b/a =
(3)
15/12, is almost the same as that of a slab (see Appen-
and dix).
C=C, atr=b As well as the case of the slab, there exists a char-
(4)
acteristic (dimensionless) parameter, 7 = Dt/L’, that is,
where C and D denote hydrogen concentration and the variation of the permeation rate with various values
diffusivity, respectively. The C, and C, are concentra- of D and L should be given in a single curved line if we
tions at the surface corresponding to the initial and final express the variations in terms of the parameter 7. Only
values of the hydrogen pressure, respectively. The a and a difference of the hollow cylinder from the slab is that
b are inner and outer half-diameters of the hollow the curved Iine against r varies depending on the ratio
cylinder, respectively. We put the steady-state distribu- of the outer- to inner diameter (especially with increas-
tion before the switching of the hydrogen total pressure ing the ratio). But, under a constant ratio of b/a, the
(eq. (2)) as the initial boundary condition. curve against r is uniquely determined independent of
The solution is expressed by Bessel functions: thevaluesofDandL(=b-a).
If we plot eq. (11) (eq. (16)) on the semi-log scales of
log r and log t for the abscissas, the co-ordinate trans-
formation from log 7 to log t is none other than a
parallel shift by log D/L’ along the abscissa. If we can
fit the experimental data of permeation to the curve
plotted against log I by eq. (ll), we may consider that
the permeation is rate-controlled by a diffusion process
with and also we can derive the diffusivity from the shift, log
%(a,r)=Jefa,r)Yo(aJ) -Js(%,b)Y,(%r), (6) D/L2. In this sense, the curved line of eq. (11) for log T
will be referred to as the “master curve” hereafter.
where J, and Y, indicate the first and second kind of
Bessel functions of zero order, respectively. The infinite
series of (Y, is a set of the roots of
4. Rem&s
U~(a~~}=O. (7)
Since the permeation flow, q, is defined by Transient variations of the permeation rate in re-
sponse to a step-function pressure-change are given in
q= -DX/ar.2nrh].,,, (8) fig. 4(a)--(e), for 316L stainless steel, Inconel 600, In-
the permeation rate normalized by a form factor is cone1 750, Nimonic 80A and Hastelloy X, respectively.
The solid curves in these figures are the master curves.
Q(t) = ln(b/a)q(r)/2sh, (9)
As seen in these figures, transient permeation data are
where h denotes the specimen length. For the steady fitted well to the master curve. Therefore, the findings
state (t + w), show that the permeation for these alloys is rate-con-
Q(~>=ln(b/n)d~b’2nh trolled by the diffusion process and also that the carrier-
gas method is good for measuring not only steady-state
= C,D. (10) permeation but also transient (diffusion) behaviors.
Using eqs, (S), (8) and (9), the transient variation of Here, diffusivity of the alloys is derived from the
 h? Kis~i~oio ei al. / Hydrogen d~~~~on at high temperatures 5

I
Inceoet 600
a5$
SUS 316L
Inconet 600
Incortel750
Nimonic 6OA
liostetloy x

_ 1.0
Fig. 5. Permeation rate at 0.2 MPa and diffusivity plotted
$1 against reciprocal temperature.

d
X0.5 diffusion time corresponding to the half-height value of
B
:: the variation of the permeation, lb, by using a relation
for the master curve:
i4
-0 Dt,,/L* = 0.139, (12)

where L is the thickness of the specimen (L = b - a),

and t, is defined by
(Q(t,)-QtO))/(QtC4)-Q(O))=1/2. (13)

Diffusivity and steady-state permeation rate (eq. (10)) at

0.20 MPa are shown as a function of reciprocal temper-
ature in fig. 5. The temperature dependences of Q and
D both follow the Arrhenius relationship with an activa-
tion energy over the temperature range measured.
Fig. 6 shows the pressure dependence of the permea-
tion rate for the alloys at 1173 K and 1073 K. As seen
in this figure, the permeation rates are fitted well to
straight lines on the log scale. The power-indices of the
pressure dependence are listed in table 2. The index n is
approximately l/2 for the alloys, though the value for
Hastelloy X is a little smaller than the other alloys at

Fig. 4. Transient permeation rate in pure hydrogen plotted

against logarithm of time for 316L stainless steel (a), Inconel
600 (b), Inconel 750 (c), Nimonic 8OA (d) and Hastelloy X (e).
Solid lines correspond to the master curve of eq. (11) (see the
text).
6 N. Kishimoto et al. / Hydrogen diffusion at high temperatures

1173 K, and the values are smaller at 1073 K than at

1173 K except for Hastelloy X. Thus, the pressure
dependence of the permeation rate approximately con-
forms to the Sieverts’ law:

Q= DSp’j2, (14)

where permeability is defined as

J=DS. WI

Accordingly solubility, S, is derived from the values of

Q and D with eq. (14). Since Q and D follow exponen-
tial function (fig. S), solubility is also expressed by
activation energy and pre-exponential terms. The results
are listed in table 3.
The alloys used have similar vatues of EJ to one
another. In detailed comparison of EJ, the value is a
little smaller for Inconel 600 and larger for 316L stain-
.4 .5 .6 .7 .6 .9 1 less steel than the other alloys. The magnitudes of the
pre-exponential term, J,,, are also similar among all the
alloys. As for activation energies of D and S, the alloys
Fig. 6. Pressure dependence of permeation rate for the alloys at
1173 K and 1073 K. are cfassified into two groups, i.e., one is Inconet 600
and ~astel~oy X, and the other is 316L stainless steel,
Inconel 750 and Nimonic 80A. The values of E, are

Table 2
Power index of pressure dependence of Q in the relation of Q cx p”. Deviation of the data from the relation corresponds to
An=f0.002.

SUS 316L Inconel 6GO Inconel 750 Nimonic 80A Hastelloy X

1073 K
1173 K I 0.40
0.47 0,44
a,50 0.45
0.51 0.44
0.49 O-43
0.42 I

Table 3
Activation energy and pre-exponential terms of permeability. diffusivity and solubility. Experimental errors (or deviation of fitting)
are + 3% for J, D and S and t-O.01 eV for activation energies.

SiJS 3161 lnconel 600 Inconel 750 Nimonic 80A HQstellOY X

EJ (eV) 0.69 0,66 O-67 0,67 0.67

Jo (l~cc~mm/cm* hr MPcI~/') 7.1 x 103 6.4 x 103 8&l x I03 8.1 x IO3 7.2 x lo3

ED (eV) 0.56 0,44 0.55 0.55 0.45

Do icm*/sec) 1.3 x 10-2 4.9 x 10-3 1.6 x lo-' 1.4 x 10-2 4.9 x 10-3

ES (eV) (AHS/Z) 0.13 0,22 0,12 or12 0,22

SC, (Ncc/cm' MPal'*) 16 36 I4 17 41

 N. Kishimoto et al. / Hydrogen diffusion at high temperutures
smaller for the former than the latter, while the values
of ES (a half of the molar heat of solution) are larger for
the former than the latter.
5. Discussion
5. I. Carrier-gas method
Prior to the discussion on the permeation data. we
mention the feasibility of the experimental method used.
It may be emphasized that the helium-carrier-gas method
would be useful also for transient-permeation measure-
ments so far as the diffusion time of the specimen (i.e.
- L2/O) is much larger than the blunted time of the
hydrogen-detection system.
By virtue of the cylindrical specimen and the gas-flow
system, a high efficiency of hydrogen ventilation and a
low dewpoint of hydrogen were attained. The problem
is this kind of a long pass between the specimen and the
hydrogen detector, which makes it difficult to determine
the accurate hydrogen amount at the specimen position.
In order to overcome this difficulty and to make the
best use of the helium-carrier-gas method, two im-
portant requirements should be satisfied, (i) high purity
(and flow-rate) and (ii) large linear velocity of the
carrier gas. The equilibrium oxygen-potential of the
helium gas might be larger than that of the “vacuum”
usually obtained by pumping (e.g. 0.1 ppm Hz0 - 10e4
Torr), but, empirically, helium gas with a dewpoint of
-75°C and a flow-rate of 1100 Ncc/min was satisfac-
tory to avoid surface oxidation of the specimens. As for
the linear velocity, we have to set a considerably large
velocity so that the transIationa1 motion of the carrier
gas is much faster than the intra-diffusion of hydrogen
in the carrier gas, since, otherwise, the intra-diffusion
might influence the transient permeation. It seemed that
a helium linear velocity of 4 cm/s and a sampling rate
of 100 Ncc/min would be roughly minimum values for
the present specimens (- L2/D) in the temperature
range of Tc 1173 K.
5.2. Hydrogen diffusion and solution
Since the transient-permeation data are in good
agreement with the form&a of diffusion-controlled
kinetics and the Sieverts’ law holds in the pressure
dependences of the permeation rate, the permeation
behaviors of the alloys at high temperatures are simply
explained as a bulk-diffusion process of monoatomic
hydrogens. There are no signs of surface effects, such as
a rate-controlted process by surface reactions.
1
Quantitative discussion of the permeation rate among
alloy species is difficult particularly for the multi-ele-
ment commercial alloys, in comparison with binary
alloys [lO,ll] where simple relations between the per-
meation rate and the composition are observed. Here,
we should rather recognize a considerable similarity in
the magnitudes of the permeation rate not only among
the nickel-base alloys but also between. nickel-base al-
loys and stainless steels. Such a similarity between
nickel-base alloys and stainless steels has been observed
to date [l-6]. Moreover, there are similarities in solubil-
ity and diffusivity among the nickel-base alloys and the
316L stainless steel. The similarity of the values is rather
surprising, because there are considerable differences in
the amounts of the major elements Ni and Fe (see table
1). It is thus considered that Fe may not have a drasti-
cally different effect on the permeation from Ni in the
y-phase alloys.
We would be able to compare the two groups of
{ Inconel 600, Hastelloy X} and { Inconel 750, Nimonic
80A} with each other, since each group possesses a
common feature for the values of E, and Es. Note that
the difference in chemical composition between Inconel
600 and Inconel 750 is only the amount of Ti and also
that Nimonic 80A includes a considerable amount of Ti
as well as Inconel 750. So, the difference in activation
energies between the two groups may be ascribed to the
difference in the amount of Ti in the alloys.
A schematic potential curve for a hydrogen atom in
the metal phase is illustrated in fig. 7, where the activa-
E (eV)
HW-,,
Gas \ Surface Metal
‘. t
H,I Z-
(9)
Fig. 7. Schematic potential diagram for a hydrogen atom in the
alloys. A solid line indicates a case of Inconel 600 and Hastel-
toy X, and dot-dash lines correspond to the other cases of
Inconel 750, Nimonic 80A and 316L stainless steel.
8 N. Kishimoto et al. / Hydrogen diffusion at high temperatures

tion energies listed in table 3 together with an available peratures are described by a bulk-diffusion process of
value of adsorption energy for Ni or Fe - 0.65 eV [12] hydrogen.
are used. A solid line indicates a case of Inconel 600 (2) Permeation rates follow the Sieverts’ law, and
and Hastelloy X, and dot-dash lines show a modifica- hydrogen diffuses through the alloys in the form of
tion of the potential curve fitted to Inconel 750 and monoatoms.
Nimonic 80A. The 316L stainless steel belongs to the (3) The nickel-base alloys and 316L stainless steel
latter case. For Inconel750 and Nimonic 80A as well as have close magnitudes of pre-exponential terms and
316L stainless steel, the lattice potential well is deeper activation energy of permeability to one another, in
than for the other alloys. On the other hand, the peak spite of a variety of the chemical composition.
height of the potential curve is unchanged between the (4) 316L stainless steel, Inconel 750 and Nimonic
alloys, since they have the same magnitude of E,. Thus, 80A show a larger activation energy of diffusivity and a
this schematic diagram well represents the data of E,, smaller heat of solution than Inconel 600 and Hastelloy
E, and Es for the alloys, that is, Inconel 750 and X.
Nimonic 80A which contain a larger amount of Ti as (5) The difference in activation energies among the
compared to the other alloys have larger values of E, nickel-base alloys is ascribed to the effect of Ti.
and smaller Es. They are both y’-precipitation
strengthened alloys.
The Ti atoms in the alloys which have a large affinity Acknowledgments
of hydrogen, may reduce the dissociation energy, Es,
and accordingly, increase the diffusion energy, E,. In We would like to express our deepest gratitude to
other words, the Ti atoms deepen the potential well Dr. R. Watanabe and his colleagues of Hitachi Metal
acting as trap sites of hydrogen atoms. However, we can Ltd. for presenting us the alloys.
not determine which is more effective; Ti atoms as
solute in the metal phase or those in precipitated y’-
phase, because both states of Ti atoms are expected to Appendix. Transient permeation for a hollow cylinder
have a similar effect on the trap of hydrogen atoms.
Up to date, values of EJ and ED have been found in Transient permeation for a hollow cylinder and a
the range of 0.6 - 0.7 eV and 0.5 - 0.6 eV, respectively slab is expressed by the following equation of the same
for stainless steels and nickel-base alloys [l-6]. The form [9]:
present results lie in these ranges. As for the pre-ex-
ponential terms, J, and D,,, the magnitudes have strongly Q(T)-Q(o)
=I+ zn,exp(--&), (16)
depended on the respective experiments. The scattering Q(m) - Q(O) ?Z=l
of the data seems to be due not only to the differences
in metallurgical factors of the specimen (chemical com- Table 4
position, thermal history, cold-work etc.) but also to Comparison of transient-permeation equations between a slab
experimental ambiguities because of difficulties in the and hollow cylinders.
experiment, such as purity control of hydrogen gas,
accurate determination of hydrogen amount and so on. Slab HOIlow cylinder
Therefore, ~gh-temperature data in well-defined experi- b/a - 15/12 1515 15/3 15/l
mental conditions (specimen shape, dewpoint, calibra-
tion of the hydrogen detector etc.) should be accu- All-2 -1 -1.998 -1.965 -1.932 -1.859 1
mulated hereafter. ci2 9.870 9.857 9.591 9.319 8.646

A2 2 1.996 1,992 1.847 1.671

6. Conclusion cf2’ 39,48 39.47 39.16 38.79 37.61

By using a gas-flow system, we obtained fundamen- A3 -2 -1.996 -1,912 -1.824 -1.640

tal data of diffusi~ty and solubility of hydrogen for d32 157.9 157.9 157.6 157.2 155.4
316L stainless steel, Inconel 600, Inconel 750, Nimonic
80A and Hastelloy X. We conclude the results as fol- T=O. 1 0.2929 0.2926 0.2851 0.2771 0.2557
lows:
ThO 0.1388 0.1389 0.1411 0,143s ot1505
(1) Permeation behaviors of the alloys at high tem-
 N. Kishimoro et al. / Hydrogen d#usion
where r = Dt/L’, and L = b - a for the hollow cylinder.
The values of A,, and a, for n 5 3 are given in table 4.
As the ratio of the outer- to inner diameter, b/a,
approaches unity, the values of A,, and a, for the hollow
cylinder become closer to those for the slab. For com-
parison, the values of eq. (16) at r = 0.1 and rM) are also
listed in table 4, where T,,* is defined by
(Q(T,,) - Q(O>L’(Q(=J) - Q(o)) = 112. (17)
As seen from these values, a hollow cylinder with b/a =
15/12 is almost equivalent to a slab so far as the
transient variation is concerned.
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