Entophytes as Bio control Agents

Manisha Patel
M.Sc Sem:1 Biotechnology
 Introduction
 Incessant use of pesticides gave rise to many pest-resistant species, and hugs
risk to producers and consumers.

 In spite of adopting several agricultural advancement strategies, more than 15%

lasses in the global harvest.

 Among these, fungal pathogens are major threat to crops leading to 30%
reduction in crops yield.

 The utilization of biological agents, especially beneficial microbes, is considered

as potential alternative and safe way to protect plants from pathogens.

 Bio control using antagonistic microbes affairs a highly efficient, cost-effective,

and eco-Friendly substitute to the application of synthetic chemical Pesticides.
 Plant associated microbes (PAM) are effective competitors, which can establish
and Persist on diverse crop plants.

 However, one of the least studied and unmapped group of PAM that resides
within. The plant system and establishes in internal plant environment are known
entophytes.

 Entophytes have evolved a close relationship with their host plants Charring the
time evolution thereby affecting physiological route of plants.

 The reason for selecting entophytes over non-endophytic population in this

chapter is due to its innumerable advantages.
 METHODS

Clean leaf

Cut leaf into small pieces and place an potato dextrose plate for growth

Cut fungal Culture into small square. With Sterile Scalped

Put into Shaker flask with 100 ml liquid PDA broth.

 Allow growth for two weeks

Blend fungal liquid culture into a slurry and transfer Back to 500ml flask

Rinse blender with ddH₂0 and transfer rinse to flask

Add equal volume (100ml) of etheyl Acetate solvent. To the

flask containing the slurry in fume hood Carefully shake
solution and stopped after each shake to vent
 Vacuum Filter

Pour into Separatory Funnel will see two phase, keep top
phase organic layer.

Place in fume hood to allow for etheyl acetate to evaporate

Perform Kirby Bayer test

 Endophytes

 The term endophytes was first coined by a German botanist Anton de Bary, in
1886 reframing to those organisms to leaves and stems.

 The existence of endophytes was first documented by vogl in 1898 revealing a

mycelium residing in the seed of lolium temulentum.
 What is Endophytes

 “Bacteria or Fungi allocated within the plant tissues without causing any
harm to the host.”

 On the basis of functionality, endophytes are Characterized into three

main groups, Viz., plant growth promoters bio control agents, and plant
stress home regulating microbes.
On the basis of distribution endophytes have
been Classified into three main groups:-

 The first group includes obligate endophytes that can proliferate only inside the
plant and they fail to flourish outside:-

 The second group included facultative endophytes that are usually free living but
if opportunity ascends, they can exhibit massive colonization in plant through
coordinated infection.

 The third group includes passive endophytes, which do not show active
colonization. But do so as a result of stochassive events like wounds or abrasion
in the root curls.

 Endophytes are generally host specific.

 Relationship of endophytes with its host partner could be described in terms of

host selectivity, host recurrence, or host preference.
 Use of Endophytes

Antifungal

Agricultural
Anti Cancer
Advances

Uses

Biofuel
Antiviral
Production
 Fungal Endophytes
 Generally fungal endophytes are found in plant tissues like leaves, stems, and
barks asymptomatically.

 Fungi growing inside vascular tissues play crucial role in protecting host plant
by producing different metabolites or toxins that kill many plant pathogens.

 From the perspective of past management and control endophytic fungus

appears to be one of the potential candidates.

 A list of some important fungal endophytes that have emerged as paten bio
control agents has been complied in table.
 Trichoderma is filamentous, soil borne fungus that forms mutualistic relationship
with different plant species and is capable of colonizing Host plant.

 The most common mechanisms for bio control by Trichoderma are host plant
resistance, antibiosis, Competition, and Parasitism.

 Pharma is a well known fungal genus that is globally present in soil, plants, air,
animal, and human body.

 Pharma is Commercially one of the most important fungi, and secondary

metabolites owing antimicrobial activity against different plant pathogens.

 Endophytic Species of Pharma are also helpful in Controlling breads by producing

Secondary metabolites.
 Conclusion and future Prospects
 After analyzing the available Scientific literature, it can be Concluded that studies on endophytes
have opened a new avenue in the area of plant disease management.

 Endophytes are designated as a future “plant probiotics” as they reside inside the plant host and
leverage multiple beneficial effects without causing any harm to the host plant.

 Recently endophytes have been explored for synthesizing nano particles like gold and silver, which
can treat dreadful diseases in the near future.

 This innovative technologies suggest boundless role of endophytes in upcoming years for producing
more effective and economical Nano formulations that could be used for controlling plant and
animal diseases.