What are the essential goals of LEED?

What are the purpose and programs of UIA (International Union of Architects)
What are the different types of competitions?
Be familiar with the Tables 3.1.2.1 and 3.1.3.1.
discuss the purpose and merits of the Integrated Design Process (IDP).
How do the provincial or territorial governments provide some checks and
balances concerning self-regulation by professionals?
Is there any role for the federal government with respect to licensed
professionals?
How do recent inter-provincial agreements, such as the Canadian
Architectural Reciprocity Agreement and the New West Partnership Trade
Agreement (NWPTA) between the Governments of British Columbia,
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba affect the regulation of architecture?
Final Cheat sheet

1 What are the essential goals of LEED?

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is an internationally recognized green
building certification system, providing third-party verification that a building or community was
designed and built using strategies aimed at improving performance across all the metrics that
matter most: energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, improved indoor
environmental quality, and stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts

LEED ultimately aims to

 change industry standards,
 develop best design practices and guidelines,
 advocate for green buildings, and
 develop educational tools to support its members in implementing sustainable design
and construction practices

Green buildings create a healthier indoor environment for occupants through better indoor
air quality, less harmful products, and more natural daylight. They also reduce waste,
conserve energy, decrease water consumption, and drive innovation. All of this can
positively affect your bottom line and boost productivity.

LEED for owners and property managers

By incorporating LEED into your building plans, you will:

 Get the tools you need to have an immediate and measurable impact on your
buildings’ performance.
 Gain the advantage of third party verification. This stamp of approval can set you
apart from the rest.
 Earn a competitive advantage - green buildings have great appeal to a growing
number of corporate, public and individual buyers.
 Attract savvy tenants looking to benefit from all that green buildings offer.
 Reap financial benefits from your investment in green building design.

Why do tenants choose LEED?

Health

Create a healthier, cleaner environment which in turn means more satisfied occupants and
employees.

Enhance your profile

Enhance your profile as a company that cares about the environment and our future.

Cost savings

Lower your operating costs.

Energy and water savings

Experience immediate and measurable results by saving energy, water and other resources
ultimately reducing your carbon footprint.

Why do homeowners choose LEED?

Health

LEED homes are healthy homes, reducing allergens, and triggers for asthma and chemical
sensitivity.

Comfort

LEED homes are thoughtfully designed to provide consistently comfortable indoor living
areas.

Cost savings

Due to environmental efficiency measures built into LEED homes, you will achieve
monthly savings on water and energy.

Increased resale value

Market data shows that green and efficient buildings sell for more money and in less time.

Why do home builders choose LEED?

Nationally recognized

LEED is an experienced and trusted, nationally recognized green brand. You will receive
the rights to use the LEED Canada for Homes logo for promotions and signage early in
the project’s development.

Flexibility
 LEED Canada for Homes has four certification levels (Certified, Silver, Gold and
Platinum), allowing you flexibility to achieve your projects specific goals and build up
your green building knowledge and capacity over time.

Simplicity

LEED Canada for Homes relies on people, not paperwork. The program has just three
forms to be completed: a checklist; an accountability form; and a durability form.

Third Party Verification

Local support for quality assurance, including two onsite inspections aimed at helping you
deliver your project with the results you expect.

2 What are the purpose and programs of UIA (International Union of Architects)
https://www.uia-architectes.org/webApi/en/working-bodies/commissions

The UIA is an international non-governmental organisation recognized by UNESCO as

the only architectural union operating at an international level.

The UIA’s mission is to represent the global community of architects and to promote the profession within
the following organizations:
•other non-governmental organizations (in order to develop interdisciplinary contacts):
• ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites);
• ICSID (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design);
• ICOGRADA (International Council of Graphic Design Associations);
• IFI (International Federation of Interior Designers);
• ISOCARP (International Society of City and Region Planners);
• INTA (International Development Association);

intergovernmental institutions (in which the UIA is the only officially recognized association for
architecture):
• UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization);
• UNCHS (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements);
• ECOSOC (United Nations Economic and Social Council);
• UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization);
• WHO (World Health Organization).

 Unite the architects of the world on a democratic basis;

 maintain free exchange among architects;
 represent architects at international and governmental levels;
 promote architects' creative, technical and cultural talents and the service they provide
to the public;
 defend the rights and status of the architect in every country;
 ensure the continued development of professional methods while respecting the
specificity of different communities;
  promote new technologies and encourage new ideas and concepts in architectural
design; promote multi-disciplinary exchange;
 aid in the sustainable development of the built environment;
 provide the needed assistance to architects' professional structures in developing
countries;
promote architectural education and facilitate exchange among architects, students and
teachers of architecture worldwide.

Programs
The UIA has also established the Professional Practice Commission, which has developed a basic
framework regarding international standards of professionalism for architects this framework assists
nations and professional architectural associations in developing national standards and reaching mutual
recognition agreements for the practice of architecture

There are various programs that can summarized in three categories

Architecture and society

 Heritage and Cultural Identity
The UIA Heritage & Cultural Identity Work Programme promotes methods for the
conservation of architectural heritage and work to protect existing and future
heritage and cultural sites from natural disasters

Architecture and Children

The UIA Architecture & Children Work Programme aims to raise awareness
among children of the built environment, architecture, urbanism and sustainable
development.

Architecture for All

The UIA Architecture for All Work Programme promotes the rights and dignity of
the disabled and the elderly by advocating architectural and urban design
adapted to all users
Habitat

Intermediate Cities: Urbanism and Architects Learning Platform

(UIA-CIMES)
Working in collaboration with the UNESCO-CIMES Chair and other international
organizations (UN-HABITAT, UCLG and others), the UIA Urbanism & Architects Work
Programme endeavors to strengthen the strategic relationship between urban planners
and architects, with a special focus on intermediate cities.
 Community Architecture: Architecture and Human Rights

The UIA Community Architecture Programme is dedicated to advancing the UN 2030

Agenda for Sustainable Development, with a particular emphasis on Goal 11: Making
cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Social Habitat

Social inequality is becoming increasingly visible, especially in the urban

environment, where people from various social strata live in close
proximity. The increase in social inequality in urban areas has been
shown to have a direct correlation with homelessness, unemployment,
social deprivation, and health problems

Educational and Cultural Spaces

The UIA Educational and Cultural Spaces Work Programme observes the evolution of
educational spaces in connection with the educational experience, as well as their social
impact and role

Public Health
The UIA Public Health Work Programme aspires to develop a universal standard
for efficient, safe and pleasant health care facilities the world over, contributing to
faster healing and optimal working conditions for healthcare professionals

Public FacilitiesPublic Spaces

The UIA Public Spaces Work Programme studies previously neglected sites that have
been renovated to provide for contemporary needs.
3 What are the different types of competitions?
In the past, a competition was defined as a formal process that required a professional
advisor and a jury. Today, it is recognized that there are a wide variety of traditional as
well as non-traditional competitive processes that do not fit this definition.

Therefore, the RAIC now recognizes an architectural competition as a method of

obtaining a design solution to a sponsor’s requirements that relies on a process which is
fair and equitable to all the stakeholders.

Two categories of competitions fall under this definition:

 1. Endorsed architectural competition: This competition includes a professional
advisor, abides by a jury’s decision, is endorsed by the appropriate provincial or
territorial association of architects or the RAIC, and leads to a commission for the
winning architect.
2. Non-endorsed design competition: This competition is neither endorsed by the
RAIC nor by the appropriate provincial or territorial association of architects. It
may or may not have a professional advisor or use a jury for decision-making. It
may or may not lead to a commission for the winning architect.

Related selection processes are where architects are chosen by other criteria and do not
include the submission of a design. Quality-Based Selection (QBS) is always
recommended.

Competition Method: Depending on the category, a competition can be run as open,

limited, or invited.

Competition Categories Chart

Find a competition type or competition method in the left column and its accompanying
check mark in one of the major categories. In the case where a competition falls into more
than one category, the difference depends on the competition rules. A competition may be
combined with a related selection process such as QBS.
* Endorsed means any competition that has been approved by the Council of the
provincial or territorial association of architects and/or the Royal Architectural Institute of
Canada.

Competitions for non-building projects and related selection processes do not require
endorsement.

On the other hand, open and limited competitions for buildings require endorsement as
most provincial associations of architects prevent their members from participating in
such competitions that have not been approved by their Councils.
4 Be familiar with the Tables 3.1.2.1 and 3.1.3.1.

5 discuss the purpose and merits of the Integrated Design Process (IDP).
an integrated process is a method used for the design and operations of sustainable built
environments. What it boils down to is getting everyone who will be involved in the project,
from the design phase to construction to the actual day-to-day operations, together right from
the start to collaborate.
Conventional planning, design, building, and operations processes often fail to recognize
that buildings are part of larger, complex systems. As a result, solving for one problem
may create other problems elsewhere in the system.

In contrast, an integrated process is highly collaborative. This approach requires the whole
project team to think of the entire building and all of its systems together, emphasizing
connections and improving communication among professionals and stakeholders
throughout the life of a project. It breaks down disciplinary boundaries and rejects linear
planning and design processes that can lead to inefficient solutions.

Because the goals have been thoroughly explored and woven throughout the process, projects
can be executed more thoughtfully, take advantage of building system synergies, and better
meet the needs of their occupants or communities, and ultimately save money, too

 Iterative nature: One of the biggest benefits of the integrated design process is that
it eliminates Random Acts of Design (RAD). For instance, if you are planning to
design stairs, many companies and many disciplines have different ways of
designing the same. If architecture has one way, structural has another way and the
construction company plans the designing differently. With the help of integrated
approach, the construction and designing of the building can be achieved in an
efficient and faster manner. This holds utmost importance when the project calls
for a fast-track delivery.
 Minimizes the risk: With integrated design system, companies take on the risk of
the guaranteed price while ensuring that the client’s project does not go a penny
over the assigned budget. The design system helps the companies to work hand-in-
hand with their design teams to better understand the costs with less information.
For those projects that have rigorous schedules, the schedule can be having
construction begin with pouring foundations when the design is only 30% to 40%
complete. Further, this shortens what is typically a long design-bid-build process.
 Design from a development perspective: Owner’s project requirements (OPR)
document top the priority list for any successfully integrated design process. This
document collates the goals and priorities of an integrated approach for
constructing a building such as a schedule, budget, and quality considerations.
These goals serve as a roadmap to keep the entire project team on the right track.
Additionally, the development team of engineers, architects and builders can
directly address the implications of certain design standards, green energy
innovation, and value engineering ideas.
 Cost-shift investment: Many times, project teams often try to overcome the
challenge by the cutting areas that have a more long-term impact. The integrated
design process assists in generating greater possibilities for a better outcome. For
example, a well-thought-out structural solution offers more flexibility for
integration of building systems while reducing a building’s overall floor-to-floor
height. Optimization of a building’s enclosure, form and lighting systems for a
 reduction in cooling demand can also be an excellent example of cost-shift
investment. A single move can have an impact on the materials used, electrical
gear sizes, and long-term operating costs. Further, this allows costs to shift to the
other requirements of the owner like higher-grade finishing, site landscaping, and
others.

On the other hand, integrative project delivery process boosts effectiveness and efficiency of
every building system by requiring the participation of the project stakeholders, practically in
the early stages of the project to understand and find synergies between various systems
and components to achieve higher levels of building performance, thermal comfort, and
environmental benefits.
6 How do the provincial or territorial governments provide some checks and balances
concerning self-regulation by professionals?
The provincial or territorial governments can provide by appointing members in the
architectural association of the province. For instance, in Ontario Min. 3 to Max. 5 persons
who are not members of the OAA who are appointed by the Lieutenant Governor.

And regulation resulting from members of the associationg are subjected to the approval of the Lieutenant
Governor in Council and with prior review by the Minister.

7 Is there any role for the federal government with respect to licensed professionals?

Under the provision of the Constitution Act [Section 92(13) of the Constitution Act, 1867
], the licensing and regulation of architects is carried out under provincial mandate. With
no role for in regulating the profession

8 How do recent inter-provincial agreements, such as the Canadian Architectural

Reciprocity Agreement and the New West Partnership Trade Agreement (NWPTA)
between the Governments of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba
affect the regulation of architecture?

9 What other professions are regulated in a similar manner? How are allied professions and
paraprofessionals (those who work with architects such as engineers, interior designers,
technologists and other consultants) regulated?
10 What is advocacy and what is the role of your provincial or territorial association with
respect to advocacy?
Advocacy is

Unit 2
11 Who determines whether or not professional education in architecture is acceptable and
how is this done? How is the Canadian Architectural Certification Board (CACB)
governed? Who is appointed to the CACB?
The Canadian Architectural Certification Board
• certify the academic qualifications of candidates; (
1- Accredited Degree: by obtaining a professional degree (master’s degree in Canada) from an
architecture program accredited by the CACB or its U.S. counterpart organization, the National
Architectural Accrediting Board, Inc. (NAAB);
2- Certification of Education (by submitting the academic record of a nonaccredited degree for
evaluation according to the education requirements outlined in the Canadian Education Standard)
3- Grandfathering (through registration or licensing by a provincial association of architects prior to
July 1, 1976; or, for the province of Québec, registration/ licensing by the Ordre des architectes
du Québec prior to 1992; or, for the province of Alberta, certification by the Universities Co-
ordinating Council;))
4- RAIC Syllabus (RAIC Centre for Architecture at Athabasca University) by obtaining a diploma
from the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC) Syllabus Program (a workplace program,
supplemented by courses and examinations).
accredit programs offered by Canadian university schools of architecture.

Professional Degree Programs in Architecture

University programs in architecture provide
training which includes critical analysis and
integration of knowledge.
Analytical study (theoretical courses) provides
general knowledge required to undertake the
design and construction phases involved in the
development of the built environment. Subject
areas include:
• history;
• behavioural psychology;
• socio-cultural studies;
• programming;
• building sciences;
• construction;
• regulations;
• safety;
• structures;
• electrical and mechanical services;
• quantity surveying;
• environmental assessment.
Integration (design studios) enables students to
develop their creativity and gain the necessary
self-reliance to make responsible architectural
decisions. Students learn to generate outcomes
by putting together the various, and sometimes
conflicting, requirements that are unique to each
project.
Canadian programs are currently offered at both
the bachelor level (B.Arch.) and the master’s
level (M.Arch.); however, the professional degree
is being granted only at the master’s level.
Programs may last from five to seven years.
Accreditation of Professional Degree Programs
To obtain accreditation from the CACB, all professional degree programs must demonstrate, through an
Architecture Program Report (APR), that they follow certain procedures and meet certain criteria,
including the “student performance criteria.” A CACB Visiting Team travels to each school to verify the
accuracy of the APR. The team also assesses examples of students’ work against the student performance
criteria and recommends whether to accredit the program.
Programs may be granted accreditation for two, three or five years depending on the fulfilment of CACB
conditions.

the registration or licensing authorities of nine provincial associations established the CACB.
Whose members include the provincial and territorial licensing authorities, maintains an office in Ottawa.

The CACB is governed by a Board of Directors (the Board), which establishes the
policies of the CACB. The Board appoints a Registrar who is empowered to issue a
Certificate of Educational Qualifications to persons so qualified, and Assessment
Committees who act on behalf of the Board and recommend to the Registrar.

Founding Members
The founding members of the Canadian Architectural Certification Board are:
 Canadian Architectural Licensing Authorities (CALA)
Canadian Council of University Schools of Architecture (CCUSA)

12 What are the objectives of the Internship in Architecture program?

This program ensures that the Intern or Intern Architect

gains enough experience to meet generally recognized standards of practical skill

and practise architecture in a way that protects the health and safety of the public.

The experience requirement is managed by the Internship in architecture program (IAP), the
applicant, the applicant has to fulfill its requirements of 3720 experience hours in three main
categories. A: Design and construction document B: Construction administration C:
Management

The objectives of the IAP are:

1. To define and document areas of architectural practice in which professional

knowledge and skills must be gained in a structured, supervised and mentored
environment
2. To provide a uniform system for documentation and periodic assessment of
internship activities;
3. To provide feedback and guidance to the Intern;
4. To involve the members of the profession in the development and training of
future members

13 What are the requirements for professional continuing education after licensure in your
jurisdiction?

The OAA Continuing Education (ConEd) Program reflects the OAA’s dedication to promoting and
increasing the knowledge, skill and proficiency of its members, and administering the Architects
Act in order to serve and protect the public interest.

The ConEd Program is a mandatory requirement for Ontario Architects, Non-Practising Architects,
Licensed Technologists OAA, and Technologists OAAAS.

The Program is based on a 2-year Cycle beginning July 1 of even numbered years. The reporting
period runs from July 1 to June 30 biennially.

Architects in the province of Ontario are required to undertake and record 70 hours of
continuing education activities in a 24 month cycle (2 year cycle as defined by the Council).

14 Are the rules of professional conduct or code of ethics in your jurisdiction still relevant
and appropriate?

Architects will act with integrity, honesty and professional competence.

 Architects will have regard for the best interests of both their clients and the
public.
Architects will honestly represent the extent of their expertise.
Architects will respect the rights of their colleagues and appropriately recognize
their contributions.
Architects will demonstrate respect for the natural and cultural environments of
the people and places that are influenced by their work.
Architects will provide mentorship and guidance in the interests of the profession.

15 What is the difference between administrative rules and codes or regulations governing
professional conduct?
 Administrative Rules and Regulations
(those rules that assist in the efficient operation of the provincial or territorial association) Examples
include: rules about the timely payment by an architect of annual membership fees; procedures for
election to the association’s council; procedures for changing a bylaw or regulation; and rules that require
an architect who is aware of an apparent violation of the architects act to report it to the association.

Ethical Regulations or Codes of Ethics

(those rules that assist in maintaining
the public trust in the integrity of
the profession)
Examples include rules requiring behaviour
that exemplifies traits of personal character
such as honesty, impartiality, and respect for
the law. Ethical principles are fundamental to
all the rules and regulations. For example,
honesty is implicit in the requirement that
an architect shall not knowingly make a false
representation.

Regulations regarding Competency

(those rules that ensure the proper provision
of architectural services to the public)
Examples include rules about the standard of care that shall characterize an architect’s
advice or service; rules about the architect’s
supervision of staff; and rules about the
application of an architect’s seal.

16 What are the limits of your competence and the limits of your firm's competence? When
do you need to seek expertise outside your own office?

17 What are some of the various conflicts of interest faced by architects regularly? How are
such conflicts of interest normally resolved?
It is the position of the OAA that a conflict of interest exists where the architect is engaged to
provide both architectural and construction services on a project
As the architect’s duties often include responsibility for certifying the value of work and advising
the owner on the quality of work of a constructor, it creates a “conflict of interest” to act in both
capacities.
If an architect finds himself/herself inadvertently in a position of conflict, he/she shall promptly
notify the parties and be prepared to withdraw from the relationship with one or both parties
unless he/she receives the written consent of both to a continuance.
If an architect proposes to engage in a relationship which may possibly give rise to a position of
conflict, it is advisable to discuss the proposed arrangement in confidence with an OAA Practice
Advisor or the Office of the Registrar.
 A professional liability insurance policy will NOT extend coverage beyond professional services /
advice provided by the insured. That means it will NOT cover the actual performance of the
construction work by the constructor, including any defective, inadequate or incomplete
construction or construction not conforming to the contract documents.

The risk to architects providing construction services in conjunction with their professional
architectural services is illustrated where the architect, often without realizing it, fails to
maintain an arms-length relationship with the construction process, thereby compromising their
professional liability insurance. For example, no coverage will apply for the review or approval as
an architect of your own work as a contractor.

18 How do you see the architect's role in the Integrated Design Process?
The role of the architect can be the facilitator of the integrated design process. As by the role of the achitect
and his training gives him the edge more that any other professional to see a larger view of the building and
its involved systems and structures so better ability to coordinate various deiciplines and connect them and
to speak in a language that is undertandable and relatable to each professional.
19 The Architect-Client relationship is crucial to the success of a project. How should this
relationship be nurtured?
The architect must encourage communication and ensure that all design issues and construction budgets
are presented and open to discussion.

Minutes of design meetings should be taken and circulated.

To ensure that projects run smoothly and design time is optimized, the architect should insist that clients
provide timely approvals and information on functional requirements.

 How to understand what a client wants and engage them in a way that makes them
feel like their views are valued and being listened to.
 How to articulate what services you will be providing for your fee and how to be
clear about what services you are not providing
 How to ensure the flow of information is smooth and how to best communicate
technical information
 How to gain feedback from a client and learning from projects
 Building trust
 Establishing realistic timescales for responding to queries
 Speakers

20 What communication tools are critical in dealing with the various stakeholders in a
building project? Why? - revise
There are various communication tools

The assignment is intended to address the broad range of

communications that an architect faces. One of the most important is
the client-architect agreement. We always recommend RAIC
 Document 6 and for the architect/sub-consultant agreement, RAIC
Document 9. They are fully coordinated with the CCDC owner-
contractor agreements. Be wary when a client wants you to use their
own contract. It may be unfair and require services for which you have
no liability coverage. Always have your liability insurer review your
contracts before you sign them.
21 What are some of the leadership techniques and roles that can assist an architect in
practice?

22 What is the primary role of building codes? What are some secondary or other roles of
building codes?
Construction of sound, safe buildings and structures is fundamental. Building codes and regulations
provide these minimum safety standards. Most codes and regulations were established to protect the
public, that is, to prevent and mitigate such hazards as structural collapse, fire, accidents, and disease.

23 How are building codes enforced and by whom?

Adopting and enforcing codes and statutes requires federal or provincial legislation. Under the British
North America Act, and its successor, the Constitution Act, responsibility for building regulation rests with
the provinces (except for buildings on federal land). Enabling provincial legislation authorizes municipal
councils (and others) to appoint staff and assign duties and responsibilities to administer regulations.

Sometimes, codes are provincially enacted; sometimes, they are municipal bylaws. The local municipal
building official usually administers the building code by means of the building permit and building
inspection processes.
Building officials are empowered to determine that the erection and maintenance of buildings comply with
these regulations.
24 What is the difference between prescriptive and objective-based codes?
An objective-based Code includes objectives or goals that the Code is meant to achieve. In an
objective-based Code, every technical requirement achieves one or more of that Code's stated
objectives (e.g. Safety, Health, Accessibility, Fire and Structural Protection of Buildings,
Environment).

A prescriptive code requires that each component is built to a certain standard, e.g. Wall R-value
at least 20.

Many sections of building codes are prescriptive, and many projects take this path to
demonstrate compliance with safety and performance standards. This approach requires that
each element of a building has a minimum acceptable standard. For example, when reviewing
energy codes, prescriptive tables require a specific insulation value for different types of wall and
roof construction across different climate zones
25 What is the role of the architect with respect to various standards for building products
and systems?

26 What is the role of Authorities Having Jurisdiction and how do they apply their
requirements?

Unit 6
27 What are some of the opportunities and constraints when the Architect also acts as the
facilitator for the Integrated Design Process?

28 Who should be part of this process?

29 Identify some of the successes of LEED™ and CaGBC. What are some of the
shortcomings?

30 What are some of the major goals or objectives of an Integrated Design Process?

Unit 7
31 What are some opportunities for architects beyond private practice?

Architects in Government and

Institutions (Public Sector)
The architect can also serve society as a public
service worker, that is, as an employee of the
government, either at the federal, provincial/
territorial or municipal level or for a public
institution. Public Sector employees are not
personally liable for their professional work to
the same extent as their private-sector
counterparts.
Often, universities and hospitals require in-house
expertise for the management and expansion of
their buildings and physical plant. Architects in
government and institutions can exert influence
and develop policies related to the built
environment. Opportunities within the public
sector may include positions at a technical,
managerial or policy level. All levels of
government construct and fund building projects
as well as regulate the built environment.

Federal
At the federal level, architects work as:
employees of Public Works and Government
Services Canada (PWGSC), Department of
National Defence (DND), Defence
Construction Canada (DCC), and several other
federal government departments;
conservation architects within the Federal
Building Heritage Review Office (FBHRO) and
Parks Canada, the guardians of national
historic sites;
researchers within federal government
agencies such as the Canada Mortgage and
Housing Corporation (CMHC) and the
Institute for Research in Construction (IRC)
of the National Research Council (NRC);
technical representatives and policy
developers or other officials related to the
built environment and building codes.
Provincial/Territorial
At the provincial/territorial level, architects work
as:
employees of various provincial/territorial
government ministries, crown corporations,
and agencies related to the built
environment (for example, education, public
works and government services, housing,
planning, tourism, health, building codes
and regulations, and heritage);
researchers and technicians;
policy developers for the provincial/territorial
government.
Municipal
At the municipal level, architects work as:
building inspectors and plans examiners;
administrators and designers within
municipal departments of Planning and
Development, specializing in areas such as
land-use planning and zoning, urban design,
heritage conservation.

Architects in Education and

Research

Architects may pursue a career in academia as

faculty members at the university schools of
architecture or as researchers in a variety of
settings. The university schools of architecture
in Canada have faculty on a fulltime, visiting or
adjunct (part-time) basis

Architects in Construction and

Development

Increasingly, architects are selecting careers

directly in the construction industry or real
estate development. As designers, planners, and
managers, they can contribute significant skills
 to this sector of the economy. Typical careers
include:
developer;
construction manager;
contractor;
Design-Builder;
real estate agent.

Other Roles for Architects

An architectural education is often valuable for
other fields of endeavour. Architects look beyond
architecture for careers related to design,
planning, and construction, and as specialist
consultants. New career opportunities are also
available to architects willing to pursue studies
in related professions and become specialists
with a multi-disciplined background. Some
examples include:
expert witness;
architect/engineer;
architect/planner/urban designer;
architect/lawyer;
architect/business administrator;
architect/facilities planner;
designer of virtual environments for
computers;
mediator/arbitrator;
forensic investigator

32 What are some of the national and international organizations that require the services of
(in-house) architects (e.g. Architects for Humanity, etc.)?
Habitat for humanity [Habitat for Humanity GTA is one of 1,400 affiliates worldwide working to
build safe, decent, and affordable homes for families. Every year, we partner with communities
to help working, lower income families in the GTA achieve strength, stability, and independence
through affordable homeownership.]
Volunteer professional services

Architecture Without Borders Quebec (AWBQ)

AWBQ is a charitable organisation that provides architectural assistance to vulnerable

communities. It is active both internationally, in cooperation with local partners or other
Canadian NGO's, and within its home province, through its urban or indigenous
community outreach initiatives. Founded in 2007 by the Quebec Order of Architects with
the support of the 'Société d'habitation du Québec', the organisation's membership
includes the 4000 provincial architects in whose name they promote socially responsible
architecture. ASFQ also benefits from the support of other building, design and
humanitarian professionals for the implementation of its various programmes.
 2. Building Trust International

Building Trust International supports many projects around the world and leads volunteer
workshops every year. They combine volunteering and funding with specific project
goals, carrying out design competitions and building projects internationally. BTI puts an
emphasis on the design process and tries to include members of the community when
discussing conceptual ideas. They take a limited number of people for 3-month working
periods in various countries. Right now they are preparing for a design build workshop in
Italy. For more information on the work they are doing, check out their website.

Open Architecture Collaborative

The Open Architecture Collaborative is an international network of local grassroots

chapters that teams architects and designers with nonprofits, municipalities, and local
community groups in order to utilize their skills to help marginalized communities.

Design Corps

Founded in 1991, Design Corps helps underserved communities address social, economic
and environmental challenges through design, advocacy and education. “Our mission is
realized when people are involved in the decisions that shape their lives,” they state

Building Trust

Building Trust believes in “good design for all and that design at its core is about
developing skills for problem solving and creating better solutions.” Founded in 2010, the
non-profit charity has branches all over the world. They team designers with
communities, local charities, and key actors in the city to create “holistic, sustainable
solutions to building and infrastructure”. Find out more

33 How can architects hone their leadership and facilitation skills to better serve society and
the profession?

Unit 8
34 What is “title protection”? What is a “Scope of Practice”?

The Architects Act also prohibits unauthorized use of names that

represent expressly or implicitly that a person is an architect,
registered architect or licensed interior designer
 An architect is a highly trained professional who has been licensed by the OAA. They are bound
by regulations made under the Architects Act. An architect has completed their education,
experience and examinations. All architects have paid the prescribed fee and participate in the
OAA mandatory Continuing Education Program.

IntroductionThe first part of The Architects Act is of fundamental importance to architects

and licensed interior designers in Alberta. ArchitectureThe Act begins by defining the scope of the
practice of architecture. It then grants to a specific group of professionals - individuals, firms and
corporations - the exclusive right to practice this scope, and the exclusive right to refer to
themselves by the terms “registered architect” or “architects corporation”. This is the very basis of
professional architectural prac-tice in the province. Having defined the full scope of the practice of
architecture, the Act then sets out a number of exceptions – work that may be done by non-
architects.

35 What countries are self-regulating? What countries are regulated by the state? What is the
percentage of architects per capita in Canada and U.S.A.? How does this practice differ
from other countries, such as England, Australia, China, Egypt, Turkey, Romania and
Indonesia?

36 What are benefits and drawbacks of open architectural competitions? What is the role of
the “professional advisor”?
An open competition is an international competition and will fall under the rules and
regulations of the International Union of Architects (UIA). An open competition can be
entered by any registered architect as recognized by the UIA.

Purpose of an Open Competition

A sponsor of an open competition:

 Seeks the broadest possible range of ideas for his/her project.

 May want international exposure for his/her project.

A competition in Canada that is “open” to all Canadian architects is actually a limited

competition because the sponsor has set a geographical boundary for architect eligibility.

Endorsed competitions require the engagement of an architect as a professional advisor, who is

responsible for:
advising the owner or sponsor;
preparing the conditions of the competition;
making arrangements for the competition.

37 What does practice in a “host” nation mean? What is the Union internationale des
architectes (UIA) recommended form of practice in another country? P.79
 Practice in a Host Nation covers the situation when individual
architects or corporate entities of architects have been commissioned
to design projects in a country in which they are not registered,
licensed, or certified.

Architects providing architectural services on a

project in a country in which they are not
registered shall collaborate with a local architect
to ensure that proper and effective
understanding is given to legal, environmental,
social, cultural, and heritage factors. The
conditions of the association should be
determined by the parties alone in accordance
with UIA ethical standards and local statutes and
laws.

38 What is a Mutual Recognition Agreement?

A mutual recognition agreement is an agreement between two international licensing authorities whereby
each authority agrees to recognize and accept the credentials of professionals from the other authority.
Unit 9
39 What is the difference between a partnership and a corporation? What are the advantages
and disadvantages of each? - revise
Partnerships

A partnership is comprised of two or more partners. Most provincial associations impose restrictions on
whom an architect may form a partnership with.

Refer to the “Comparison of Provincial

Requirements regarding Partnerships” in Chapter
1.1.5, The Organization of the Profession in
Canada.
A partnership may include “associates”;
however, only the partners bear personal
responsibility for the control and liabilities of
the practice. Each partner is both jointly and
severally liable for the partnership’s full
obligations. Because a partnership is a complex
 form of ownership, its terms should be spelled
out in a partnership agreement. For items to
include in a partnership agreement, refer to
“Checklist: Issues to Consider for Partnership
Agreements Between Architects” at the end of
this chapter.

Corporations
A corporation is a legal, collective entity
authorized by statute to act as an individual
business unit. Most provincial and territorial
associations of architects have regulations which
restrict the share ownership and the
qualifications of directors of architectural
corporations.

In Québec, the Ordre des architectes du Québec

(OAQ) is in the process of changing its
regulations to permit architects to incorporate.
As of 2008, a company cannot practise
architecture; only individuals, partnerships or
consortia can practise architecture. However, an
architect may provide professional services
through a company in which he or she is a
majority shareholder. Furthermore, an architect
cannot practise in any type of arrangement with
non-architects such as engineers, urban
planners, interior designers. However, these
other individuals may be minority shareholders
in a company of which one or more architects
are majority shareholders.

Refer to the “Comparison of Provincial

Requirements regarding the Ownership and
Structure of Corporations Which Practise

Architecture” in Chapter 1.1.5, The Organization

of the Profession in Canada.
Incorporating a practice is done for a variety of
reasons. The issues should be reviewed with a
lawyer and an accountant before forming a
corporation and entering into a shareholders’
agreement. For items to include in a
shareholders’ agreement, refer to “Checklist:
Issues to Consider for a Shareholders’ Agreement for Architectural Corporations” at the end of this
chapter.

40 What are the various types of agreements needed when the firm includes more than one
principal?
Partnerships
A partnership is comprised of two or more partners. Most provincial associations impose
 restrictions on whom an architect may form a partnership with.

Corporations
A corporation is a legal, collective entity authorized by statute to act as an individual business unit. Most
provincial and territorial associations of architects have regulations which restrict the share ownership and
the qualifications of directors of architectural corporations.
41 What are the regulations in the jurisdiction of your workplace that affects the firm
structure? Are there restrictions on the name of the firm? —On the ownership of the firm?
== Answered in the assignments
Unit 10
42 What is a strategic plan and how can such a plan help in the success of an architectural
practice? What are some of the components of a strategic plan? What is a SWOT
analysis?
A strategic plan is a document that charts a course for the development of an architectural practice in
clear, simple terms. It should identify the following:
- The architectural practice’s unique offerings in the marketplace;
- A vision for the future of the practice;
- Measurable goals or milestones.

strategic plan is a document that charts a course for the development of an architectural practice in clear,
simple terms. It should identify the following:
the architectural practice’s unique offerings in the marketplace;
a vision for the future of the practice;
measurable goals or milestones.

Typically, a strategic plan would encompass a time frame of three to ten years and it should be updated
continually. The plan should address the following issues:
the goals of the architectural practice;
a service plan for providing architectural services to clients;
a financial plan;
a human resources plan for staff and principals;
a public relations and marketing plan;
a succession plan.

Strategic plans usually assess Swot [SWOT Analysis is a useful technique for understanding your
Strengths and Weaknesses, and for identifying both the Opportunities open to you and the
Threats you face.]
strengths;
weaknesses;
opportunities;
threats.
43 What is succession planning and why is it important? What are some of the ways a firm
can evolve over time and over generations? What is goodwill?
Is a planning to decide what will happen to the architects practice after they retire or leave for other
reasons.
Effective succession planning will:
 enable architects who own a firm to extend their practice beyond the span of their own careers;
 allow young, emerging architects to develop the skills necessary for future leadership;
 permit owners (of architectural firms) to obtain a financial return on their investment of money,
energy, and commitment.
A comprehensive succession plan will:
 set out a transition strategy;
 present a profile of a buyer or buyers capable of taking over the architectural practice;
 establish the financing;
 determine the practice’s value;
 deal with tax, legal, and professional liability insurance issues.
Goodwill: The intangible element of the value of a business (including the worth of the architect’s legacy,
image, and client base) calculated as the amount by which the value for sale or investment exceeds the
sum
of net identifiable assets. This is sometimes measured as the current value of expected future earnings in
excess of the return required for sale or investment, or calculated as a multiple of earnings performance

averaged over a period of five or more previous years.

1. What are some roles for architects in society beyond traditional practice?

https://raic.org/raic/becoming-architect

Architectural Critic Graphic Designer

Architectural Photographer
Architectural Programmer
Architectural Renderer
Builder Inspector
Building Envelope Scientist
CAD Coordinator
Campus Planner
Carpenter
Cartographer
Computer Presentation Designer Printmaker
Computer Systems Analyst
Conservator
Construction Inspector
Construction Manager
Contractor
Corporate Consultant
Design/Build Team Manager
Developer
Document Designer
Environmental Planner
Furniture Designer
Heritage Planner
Illustrator
Industrial Designer
Interior Designer
Landscape Architect
Market Researcher
Model Maker
Municipal Architect
Museum Curator
Professor
Property Assessor
Publisher
Real Estate Agent
Real Estate Project Manager
Researcher
Set Designer
Structural Engineer
Technical Writer
TV/Film Producer
Urban Planner