2.
Antagonist is the character that goes
FICTION
 a narrative in prose that shows an
imaginative recreation and reconstruction of
life.
 presents human life in two levels:
 the world of objective reality made up of
human actions and experiences, and
 the world of subjective reality dealing
with human apprehension and
comprehension.
 a manipulated story which is not presented
as objectively as possible.
 is therefore, unrealistic, thus readers are
transported to a make-believe world.
 resembles the world for readers are
assumed to see real-life characters that play
roles in situations and places almost similar
to circumstances and environment.
 is categorized either as novel or short story.
ELEMENTS OF A FICTION
1. Setting
 the time and place in which the events of
a story occur.
 consists of the use of evocative portrayal
of a region’s distinctive ways of thoughts
and behavior or the so-called “local
color” exemplified by the superficial
elements of setting, dialect, and
customs.
2. Characters
 the representations of a human being in
a story.
 the complex combination of both inner
and outer self.
 Characterization is the method used by
the writer to reveal the personality of the
character/s.
 Ways of Revealing Characters
 The characters are revealed according
to:
1. Actions of the characters
2. Thoughts of the characters
3. Descriptions of the characters
4. Descriptions of other characters
5. Descriptions of the author
 Kinds of Characters based from
Principality
1. Protagonist is the character with whom the
reader empathizes.
against the main character, usually the
protagonist.
 Kinds of Characters based from
Development
1. Dynamic is the character that exhibits
noticeable development.
2. Static is the character who exhibits no
changes and development.
3. Round is the character that displays
different/multiple personalities
throughout the story.
4. Flat is the character that reveals
conventional traits, who remains the
same throughout the story. Its
characterization does not grow.
3. Plot
 It is the sequence of events in the story,
arranged and linked by causality.
 Kinds of Plot
1. Linear Plot moves with the natural
sequence of events where actions are
arranged sequentially.
2. Circular Plot is a kind of plot where linear
development of the story merges with an
interruption in the chronological order to
show an event that happened in the past.
3. En Medias Res is a kind of plot where the
story commences in the middle part of the
action.
 Parts of a Plot
1. Exposition is the part of the plot that
sets the scene by introducing the
situation and settings and likewise lays
out the characters by introducing their
environment, characteristics, pursuit,
purposes, limitations, potentials, and
basic assumptions.
2. Complication is the start of the major
conflict or problem in the plot.
3. Crisis is the part that establishes
curiosity, uncertainty, and tension; it
requires a decision.
4. Climax is the peak of the story which
leads to an affirmation, a decision, an
action, or even a realization. This is the
point of greatest emotional intensity,
interest, as well as suspense.
 5. Denouement is the finishing of things
right after the climax, and shows the
resolution of the plot.
6. Ending is the part that brings the story
back to its equilibrium.
 Conflict
 It is the opposition of persons or forces
in a story that give rise to the dramatic
action in a literary work.
 the basic tension, predicament, or
challenge that propels a story’s plot.
 Types of Conflict
1. Person vs. Person is a type of conflict
where one character in the story has a
problem with one or more of the other
characters.
2. Person vs. Society is a type of conflict
where a character has a conflict or
problem with some element of society –
the school, the law, the accepted way of
doing things, and so on.
3. Person vs. Self is a type of conflict
where a character has trouble deciding
what to do in a particular situation.
4. Person vs. Nature is a type of conflict
where a character has a problem with
some natural happening: a snowstorm,
an avalanche, the bitter cold, or any
elements common to nature.
5. Person vs. Fate is a type of conflict
where a character has to battle what
seems to be an uncontrollable problem.
Whenever the problem seems to be a
strange or unbelievable coincidence,
fate can be considered the cause and
effect.
4. Point of View
 determines the narrator of the story, the
one who tells it from different points of
view.
 Types of Point of View
1. First-Person Point of View is a
character-narrator who tells the story in
the “I” voice, expressing his own views.
He is either a minor or main character
that tells the story in his own words.
2. Third-Person Omniscient Point of
View is a narrator that tells the story
from an all-knowing point of view. He
sees the mind of all the characters.
3. Third-Person Limited Point of View
has a narrator that tells only what he can
see or hear “inside the world” of the
story. This narrator is otherwise known
as “camera technique narrator” as he
does not reveal what the characters are
thinking and feeling.
4. Third-Person Central Point of View
has a narrator that limits narration to
what the central character thinks, feels,
does, and what and whom the central
character observes.
5. Third-Person Editorial Point of View
has a narrator that comments on the
action by telling the readers its
significance or evaluating the behavior
of the characters.
5. Theme
 It is a significant truth about life and its
nature which takes place in the
illustrations of the actions,
preoccupations, and decisions of the
characters.
 the main subject being discussed or
described in the story.
 Principles in Stating the Theme of the
Story
1. It reports for all major details of the story.
2. It may be avowed in more than one way.
3. It is stated in complete statements.
4. It asserts a sweeping statement about life.
5. It avoids statements that condense the
theme to some familiar adage, aphorism,
dictum, maxim, saying, or value.
 “Once a cheater, always a cheater,” or
“actions speak louder than words,” are not
considered themes. They are just
expressions people use all the time and
have very little power or real insight.
 Don’t be obvious. “War is bad,” is not a
theme. Dig a little deeper using details from
the story. (What specifically is bad about
war? How does it negatively impact the
characters or the world of the story?)
 Don’t make it sound like an advice. “You
should always be there for your family,” is
not a theme, it’s a suggestion. Keep your
theme statement objective and based solely
on evidence from the story (“The bond
 between family can overcome any
obstacle.”)
 The central theme of (title of the story) is
(author’s position on topic). When (event
from the story) happens, it results in _____,
which demonstrates (some elements of the
theme).
 In ‘Romeo and Juliet’, Shakespeare
presents the idea that love is more powerful
than hate.
 In the ‘Dark Knight Rises’, Christopher
Nolan presents the idea that true heroism
requires complete and utter selflessness.
 The central theme of ‘Finding Nemo’ is that
fear is sometimes more dangerous than
danger itself.
DEAD STARS
 Written by Paz Marquez Benitez
 Born in 1894 in Lucena City, Quezón,
Márquez Benítez authored the first Filipino
modern English-language short story, Dead
Stars, published in the Philippine Herald in
1925.
 Born into the prominent Márquez family of
Quezón province, she was among the first
generation of Filipinos trained in the
American education system which used
English as the medium of instruction.
 She graduated high school in Tayabas High
School (now, Quezón National High School)
and college from the University of the
Philippines with a Bachelor of Arts degree in
1912.
 She was a member of the first freshman
class of the University of the Philippines,
graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in
1912.
1. Settings
 Lenten Season
 Calle Real
 House of Judge De Valle
 House of Don Julian
 Sta. Cruz
  After the precession of Our Lady of
2. Characters
 Alfredo Salazar--He is the son of Don
Julian. He is over thirty years old bachelor.
Alfred Salazar believes in true love and
optimism to discover ecstasy in its stir.
Esperanza is the first woman he falls in love
with. After their engagement, he falls in love
with Julia Salas
 Esperanza--She is the wife of Alfredo
Salazar. Esperanza is an impassionate
woman having strong will and principles. A
homely woman, she is also among the lucky
women who have the aptitude of consistent
beauty.
 Julia Salas--She is the sister in law of
Judge Dal Valle, a friend of Alfredo’s father.
She is the second woman with whom
Alfredo falls in love with. She remains single
for her entire life.
 Don Julian- -He is the father of Alfredo
Salazar.
 Carmen – The only sister of Alfredo.
 Judge Del Valle--He is Julia’s brother in
law.
 Donna Adella-- She is Julia’s sister. A
pretty, small, plump woman with baby
complexion.
 Calixta--He is a note-carrier of Esperanza
and Alfredo Salazar.
 Dionisio--Donna’s husband
 Vicente-- Carmen’s husband.
 Brigida Samuy-- The elusive woman whom
Alfredo is searching for.

3. Plot
 Introduction
 Don Julian was having a conversation with
Carmen, they talked about Alfredo and
Esperanza.
 Rising Action
 Don Julian and Alfredo went to a hill where
there was a house, the house was owned
by Judge De Valle. Alfredo met Julia Salas
and called her Mrs. De Valle which made
him embarrassed later on He often come to
judge’s house, and he realized that he fell in
love to Julia, despite of his engagement to
Esperanza.
 Climax
Sorrows, Alfredo saw Julia, then Julia
confessed to him that she knew about his
engagement and she also congratulated
him.
 Falling Action
  Julia didn’t want Alfredo not to honor his
understanding with Esperanza. She said
goodbye. Alfredo went home to Esperanza,
and she confessed that she knew about the
“relationship” between him and Julia.
 Denouement
 Alfredo and Esperanza got married. After
eight years, he was searching for a lady
named Brigida Samuy. He went to Julia’s
house and he found out that Julia is still
unmarried. And then he realized that his
love for Julia was like a DEAD STAR – it
was NON-EXISTENT.
4. Conflict
 PERSON VS. FATE
5. Theme
 Forbidden love
6. Point of View
 3rd Person Omniscient Point of View

POETRY
 a patterned form of verbal or written
expression of ideas in concentrated,
imaginative, and rhythmical terms that often
contain the elements of sense, sound, and
structure.
 regarded as the oldest literary form.
 has implied meaning/s which is/are evoked
in the carefully selected words.
 is often considered the most difficult and
most sophisticated of all literary genres.
 One of its distinct characteristics is that it is
briefly written but it suggests many
connotations.
 As compared to other literary forms, it is
more musical.
Human Brain
 Divided into 2 parts
 Each half has its own function
 Left Brain: Logic and Reality
 Right Brain: Creativity and Emotions
SOUND OF A POEM
1. Tone Color
 is achieved through repetition.
A. Repetition of Single Sounds
1. Alliteration is the repetition of similar
and accented sounds at the beginning of
words.
 To the lay-person, these are called
“tongue-twisters.”
 Example: How much dew would a
dewdrop drop if a dewdrop did drop
dew?
2. Assonance is the repetition of similar
accented vowel sounds.
 Example: Thou still unravished bride of
quietness, thou foster child of silence
and slow time.
3. Consonance is the repetition of similar
consonant sound typically within or at
the end of words.
 Example: “Out of this house”- said rider
to reader
 “Yours never will”- said farer to fearer
 “They’re looking for you”- said hearer to
horror
4. Rhyme is the repetition of the same
stressed vowel sounds and any
succeeding sounds in two or more
words.
 Internal Rhyme is the rhyme within the
line.
 Terminal Rhyme is the rhyme found at
the end of the line, also called “end” or
“tail” rhyme.
5. Rhyme Scheme is the pattern of rhyme
form that ends a stanza or a poem. It is
designated by the assignment of a
different letter of the alphabet to each
new rhyme.
 Example:
 Bid me to weep, and I will weep A
 While I have eyes to see B
 And having none, yet I will keep A
 A heart to weep for thee B
 Bid me to weep, and I will weep A
 While I have eyes to see B
 And having none, yet I will keep A
 A heart to weep for thee B
B. Repetition of Words
 Example: My dreams are dreams of thee,
fair maid.
C. Repetition of Sentence or Phrase
 Example:
 I dream that one day our voices will be
heard
 I dream that one day our hope
becomes worth
2. Rhythm
 the pattern of beats created by the
arrangement of stressed and unstressed
syllables, which gives musical quality and
adds emphasis to certain words and thus
helps convey the meaning of the poem.
 The effect is derived from the sounds
employed, the varying pitches, stresses,
volumes, and durations.
 When reading a poem out loud, you may
notice a sort of “sing-song” quality to it, just
like in nursery rhymes. This is accomplished
by the use of rhythm.
 Rhythm is broken into seven types:
 U: unstressed syllable
 /: stressed syllable
1. Most-used:
a. Iambic: U /
b. Anapestic: U U /
c. Trochaic: / U
d. Dactylic: / U U
2. Less Common:
3. a. Monosyllabic
b. Spondaic
c. Accentual
A. Meter
 the regular recurrence of stressed and
unstressed syllables that give a line of
poetry a more or less predictable
rhythm.
 Its unit of measure is termed as “foot”
which usually contains an accented
syllable and one or two unaccented
syllables.
 Foot is the basic unit of meter consisting
of a group of two or three syllables.
 Scansion is the process of determining
the prevailing foot in a line of poetry,
identifying the types and sequence of
different feet.
 It is also the process of measuring
verse; that is, marking accented and
unaccented syllables, dividing the lines
into feet, identifying the metrical pattern
and noting significant variations from the
pattern.
 Each set of syllables is one foot, and
each line is measured by how many feet
are in it. The length of the line of poetry
is then labeled according to how many
feet are in it.
1. Monometer
2. Dimeter
3. Trimeter
4. Tetrameter
5. Pentameter
6. Hexameter
7. Heptameter
8. Octameter
SENSE OF POEM
 is revealed through the meaning of words,
images and symbols.
A. Denotation and Connotation
1. Denotation is the dictionary meaning of
a word.
2. Connotation is the suggested or
implied meanings associated with a
word beyond its dictionary definition.
B. Imagery
 use of sensory details or descriptions
that appeal to one or more of the five
senses; otherwise known as senses of
the mind.
 using words to create a picture in the
reader’s mind.
.
C. Figurative Language
 language used for descriptive effect in
order to convey ideas or emotions which
are not literally true but express some
truth beyond the literal level.
Figures of Speech
 is a kind of figurative language that uses
words, phrases, and sentences in a non-
literal definition but rather gives
meanings in abstractions.
Types of Figure of Speech
1. Allusion is a reference in a work of
literature to a character, a place, or a
situation from history, literature, Bible,
 mythology, scientific event, character or  It was the best of times, it was the
place. worst of times.
 Examples:  Many are called, but few are chosen.
 I violated the Noah rule: predicting rain  Man proposes, God disposes.
doesn’t count; building arks does. 12. Irony is a contrast or discrepancy between
 The girl’s love of sweets was her appearance and reality; opposite of what
Achilles heel. you mean.
2. Apostrophe is an address to an inanimate  Examples:
object, an idea, or a person who is  A pilot has a fear of heights.
absent/long dead.  The police station was robbed.
 Example: 13. Oxymoron is putting together two opposite
 Where, O death thy victory? ideas in one phrase or statement.
 Then come, sweet death, and rid me of  Examples:
this grief.  I am busy doing nothing.
3. Metonymy is the use of one word to stand  Modern dancing is so old fashioned.
for a related term or replacement of word 14. Paradox is a phrase or statement that
that relates to the thing or person to be seems to be impossible or contradictory but
named for the name itself. is nevertheless true, literally or figuratively.
 Example:  Examples:
 We have always remained loyal to the  This is the beginning of the end.
crown.  Deep down, he’s really shallow.
 The pen is mightier than the sword.  This shows the absolute necessity of what
4. Synecdoche is the naming of parts to has no use.
suggest the whole.
 Example:
 Respect is due for snowy hair.
 Life they lived is beyond compare.
5. Simile is a comparison between two usually
unrelated things using the word “like” or
“as.”
6. Metaphor is an implied comparison
between two usually unrelated things.
7. Onomatopoeia is the use of words that
spell out sounds; words that sound like what
they mean.
8. Personification is giving human
characteristics to inanimate objects, ideas,
or animals.
9. Hyperbole is an exaggeration for the sake
of emphasis.
10. Litotes is a deliberate sarcasm used to
affirm by negating its opposite.
 Example:
 The ice cream was not too bad.
 They are not the happiest couple
around.
 Karlo is not an ordinary boy.
11. Antithesis is a disparity of words or ideas,
presentation of natural opposites in a
balanced or parallel construction.
 Example:
 Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real
thing.