Etymology – origin - Locate in place of origin

- Identify their intended function

History – comes from the greek word
‘‘historia’’ means learning and inquiry Historical Sources – these objects from
the past or testimonies concerning the
Geschichte – German word past on which historians use.
Geschechen – to happen Primary Source
Civilization – starts on bodies of water  Testimony of an eyewitness
History is a chronological record of  Must have been contemporary of
significant events, the study of past the event it narrates
events.  Involved in the event or topic
 Participants or eyewitness
Zeus Salazar – Ama ng Bagong
Histograpiyang Pilipino 4 Main Categories of Primary
Sources
Saysay – narrative or salaysay
1. Written Sources
Saysay – relevance or importance 2. Images
3. Artifacts
History as Reconstruction
4. Oral Testimonies
 The historian as many times,
Secondary Sources
removed from the events under
investigation  Interprets and analyze primary
 Historians rely on surviving sources
records  May have pictures, quotes or
 History means interpretation graphics of primary sources in
 History is what historian makes them
 History is the enactment in the  History textbooks, printed
historian’s mind of the thought materials
whom history he is studying –
Callingwood Tertiary Sources – compilation of
 Hisotry is the historian’s different information (almanac,
experience – Gakeshott dictionaries)
 History is a ‘selective system’ not Written Sources
only cognitive but casual
 History is the orientations to 1. Published Materials
reality - books, magazines, journal
 History is the story of the victors - travelogue
- transcription of speech
Historical Method used by Historians 2. Manuscript (not printed)
- archived materials
- Verify sources
- memoirs, diary
- Date them
Non-written Sources Test of Credibility

- Oral history  Identification of Author

- Artifact (reliability, mental processes,
- Ruins personal attitudes)
- Fossils  Determination of approximate
- Artworks date
- Video recordings  Ability to tell the truth
- Audio recordings  Willingness to tell the truth
 Corroboration – historical
Historical Criticism – in order for a
facts; independent
source to be used as evidence in
testimonies of two or more
history, basic matters about form and
reliable witnesses
content must be settled.
Repositories – sources of primary
1. External Criticism
sources
- test of authenticity
- to spot fabricated, forge, faked - National Archives of the
documents Philippines
- to distinguish a hoax or - National Library
misinterpretation - National Historical Commission
Test of Authenticity Library

 Date of Document - UP Main Library

 Author (handwriting, - ADMU Rizal Library
signature, seal) - LSSU Library
 Anachronistic style (idiom, - UST Library
orthography, punctuation)
 Anachronistic reference to Global
event ( too early, too late, too
- Library of Congress
remote)
- National Archives and Records
 Provenance
 Semantics – determining the Museums
meaning
- American Historical Collection
 Hermeneutics
- Lopez Memorial Museum
- Ayala Museum
2. Internal Criticism
- credibility Tabon Cave – female
- relevant particulars in the
document Manunggol – Quezon, Palawan
- verisimilar
Royal Decree & Laws – law made by
king/queens
Primary Sources
- Chronicles
- Maps
- Memoirs
- Personal Account
- Speeches
- Newspapers
- Magazines
- Legislative Journals
- Court Records
- Personal Letters
Antonio Pigafetta
- Astronomy ; real science
- Geographer ; cartography
Pope Alexander XI – divided the world
into 2 (West and East)
5 ships was given to Magellan 1519
 Trinidad (head ship)
 Conception
 Victoria
 San Antonio
 Santiago
Strait of Magellan – channel linking
the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.
San Antonio – destroyed by rebellions
Santiago – destroyed by typhoon
Guam – Island of thieves (Camoros) 1
boat was stolen
Pentados – landed in Lomonhon,
Samar
Rajah Humabon & Rajah Kulambo –
welcomed the ship of Magellan
- They did Sandugo – Rajahs and
Magellan
Contestadores – with swords
Pedro Valderama – father who led the
first mass (Limasawa vs. Butuan)
Pagans – worships nature
Juana – first female Christian
Rajah Zula – betrayed Lapu-Lapu
April 27, 1521 – Magellan died
Only Victoria, Concepcion and
Trinidad survived after battle
Concepcion was burned
Rich Molucas (Indonesia) – Spice
Island
West (Victoria) – 18 survived in
Victoria
East – Trinidad Captured by
Portuguese
Sebastian El Cano – the captain who
replaced Magellan
Governor General – represents Spain
Amerigo Vespucci – America
Christopher Columbus – district of
Columbia
Voyage – travel with purpose
Expedition – to colonize
Emilio Jacinto
- December 15, 1875 in Troza,
Tondo, Manila
- Josefa Mother ; Jose Uncle;
Mariano Father
- Secretary, Adviser
- Kartilya – bible of Katipunan
- Kalayaan – Newspaper
 - Dimasilang, Pinkian
- Malaria (Death)
- Died at the age of 24
- April 16, 1892 (death)
- Brain of Katipunan
Memoirs of Revolution (Gunita ng
Himagsikan)
 Revolution of 1896
 Treaty of Biak na Bato – peace
treaty
 Negotiations
 Revolution of 1898
 Dictatorial Govt.
 1st Triumphs
 Phil Flag
 Expedition to Visayas
 Streamer Compania de Filipinas
 Proclamation of Independence
 Spanish Commission
 More American troops
 13th of August
 1st Clouds
 Vain Hopes
 American Commission
 Impolitic Arts
 Mixed Commission
 Outbreak of Hostilities
Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy
March 22, 1869 – Kawit
Carlos Aguinaldo – father; died when
Aguinaldo was 9 y/o.
Trinidad Aguinaldo – mother
Colegio de San Juan de Letran –
college
- Stopped because of Cholera
disease
- Pilar Lodge Chapter of the
Freemasonry in 1895
Pact of Biak na Bato – agreement
between two countries to settle the war.
Youngest Philippine President – age 28
Died at the age of 94
Coronary Thrombosis – February 6,
1965
Revolution of 1896
- Balintawak, Caloocan, Sta.
Mesa, Kawit, Noveleta, and San
Francisco de Malabon – places
proclaimed the Independence of
Philippines
Teodoro Patiño – betrayed the
Katipunan; Aunoria
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi – first govt.
gen
Dyaryong Tagalog – newspaper of
Katipunan
Felix Ferrer and Isabelo – wrote the
Biak na Bato Constitution
- November 2, 1892 – biak na
bato const.
- December 15, 1897 - removed
Primo de Rivera – representative of
Spain
Baldomero (Magdalo) – cousin of
Aguinaldo
Mariano Alvarez (Magdiwang) – uncle
of Bonifacio
Pedro Paterno – negotiator in the pact
Pablo Tecson (San Miguel, Bulacan) –
signed at his house
Meeting in Singapore
- 400,000 delivers
- 200,000 surrenders
Important events
February 16, 1897 – Captain General
Polavieja – Battle of Zapote
February 17, 1897 – battle started at
Silang, Cavite
Cazadores – guwardya sibil
Pinaglaban Battle – San Juan –
gunpowder station
Sec. of Interior – Bonifacio
Maculok – ship from Hong Kong to
Philippines
Uranus – ship from Phil to Hong Kong
Americans captured Aguinaldo
because of Makabebes
Daniel Terona – made the Tejeros
Convention
Dec, 10, 1898 – Treaty of Paris
Ambrosio Rianzarez Bautista – first
one wave the flag on Battle of Alapan
Julian Felipe – composer
Ship of Americans – UCS Maine
George Dewey – Olympia
Patricio Montojo – Cristina
Viva la Independencia Filipinas –
Long live the Philippine Independence
Declaration of Philippine
Independence
April 12, 1895 – the cry of Pamitinan
August 1896 – cry of Pugadlawin
April 1898 – outbreak of the Spanish –
American war
May 1, 1898 – US defeated Spain in
the Battle of Manila Bay. US Navy
transported Aguinaldo back to PH
May 28, 1898 – Battle of Alapan (Imus)
June 5, 1898 – Aguinaldo issued a
degree proclamation
June 12, 1898 – day of independence;
first Philippine Republic
Cavite el Viejo – proclamation of PH
independence
First PH Flag was sowed in Hong Kong
- Marcela Agoncillo
- Lorenzana Agoncillo
- Delfina Rizal Herbosa
May 28 – June 12 – Philippine flag
month
June 18, 1898 – Gen. Aguinaldo
issued a decree creating a dictatorial
government
June 23, 1898 – establishment of
revolutionary government
August 1, 1898 – first convention of
municipal presidents
August 13, 1898 – mock battle of
Manila
August 22, 1898 – Aguinaldo ordered
the transfer of govt. seat of power from
Bacoor, Cavite to Malolos, Bulacan
September 15, 1898 – the
Revolutionary Congress was
inaugurated at the Barasoain Church
in Malolos. 60 deligates of Malolos
Congress
- President Pedro Paterno
- VP. Benito Legarda
- Sec. Gregorio Araneta
- VSec. Pablo Ocampo
Julian Felipe – Marcha Nacional
Filipina
Jose Palma – composed the Filipinas
 Blue – peace, justice, truth
 Red – valor, patriotism
 Triangle – equality
MaBuLaCaBaPaNeTa
- Manila
- Bulacan
- Laguna
- Cavite
- Bataan
- Pampanga
- Nueva Ecija
- Tarlac
September 17, 1898 – Malolos
Congress was elected, which elected a
commission to draw up a draft
constitution
September 29, 1898 – Malolos
Congress ratified the Declaration of
Independence
Article III – mandatory education
Oct. 24, 1898 - curriculum of Burgos
Institute
- Natural Laws
- Latin grammar
- Universal Geography & history
- Spanish Literature
- Math
- French & English
- Physics, Chemistry, and
Philosophy
LM Johnson – one attendee
January 21, 1899 – Pres. Aguinaldo
proclaimed the Malolos Constitution
January 21, 1899 – the birthing of the
first democratic constitutional republic
in Asia; The Political Constitution of
1899 written in Spanish
Patterned after the Spanish
Constitution of 1812 with influences
from the Belgium, Mexico, Brazil,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Guatemala
January 23, 1899 - first inauguration
of Emilio Aguinaldo
February 4, 1899 – conflict erupted in
Manila between Philippine forces and
American forces.
Felipe Calderon – main author of the
constitution
March 29, 1901 – American forces
threatened Malolos, seat of govt. moved
to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
November 23, 1901 – under pressure
by American forces, Aguinaldo and a
party departed Bayombong by rail for
Calasiao, Pangasinan
December 2, 1899 – Battle of Tirad
Pass took place

March 23, 1901 – Aguinaldo was

captured by American forces in
Palanan, Isabela (Malolos dissolved)

April 1, 1901 – following his capture,

Aguinaldo announced allegiance to the
United States

1916 – Jones Law

1933 – Tydings-McDuffie act was

declared

October 14, 1943 – Japan granted PH

independence

July 4, 1946 – USA officially

recognized the PH independence

Jones Law moved by Diosdado

Macapagal

May 12, 1962 – Pres. Diosdado

Macapagal moved the commemoration
of Independence Day from July 4 to
June 12

Presidential Proclamation No. 28 –

declared June 12 a special public
holiday.

Republic Act 4166 – declaring June 12

as the PH Independence Day