"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS.......

AUTHOR:IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 1
Environmental Pollution

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS.......AUTHOR:IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 2

Introduction

Derived from the Latin word polluere (to contaminate). Unfavorable

alternation of our surrounding is called pollution.

Smoke form the industries and automobiles, chemicals from factories,

radioactive substances from nuclear plants, sewage of houses and
discarded household articles are common pollutants.

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TYPES OF POLLUTANTS
1- According to Form of Persistency
Primary pollutants persist in that form
in which they are added to environment

Secondary pollutants are formed by

interaction among the primary
pollutants

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2- According to Existence in Nature

Quantitative pollutants
• Become pollutants when their concentration
reaches beyond threshold level In the nature

Qualitative pollutants • Don’t occur in nature and are man-made.

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3- According to Nature of Disposal

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4- According to Origin

GASEOUS POLLUTANTS:
CO,NOx

PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS:
ARE SOMKE FUMES,DUST

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5- According to State of Matter
Natural pollutants occur in nature
Anthropogenic pollutants are
caused by human activities

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 Air Pollution
Causes, Effects and Control
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Introduction
Presence of materials in the air in such concentration which is harmful to
humans and their environment.

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Causes of Air Pollution

COMBUSTION METALLURGICAL PROCESSING

CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES PROCESSING INDUSTRIES

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Sources of Air Pollution
NATURAL RESOURCES ANTHROPOGENIC RESOURCES

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Sources of Common Air Pollutants

Allergens

Oxides of Sulphur
nitrogen dioxide
Arsenic
Carbon
monoxide
Lead
Ozone Asbest

Radon

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Effects of Common Air Polluters

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Classification of Air Pollution

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Control Measures

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A- Source Control
Use unleaded petrol
Use petrol with low sulphur and ash content
Encourage people to use public transport, to walk or use cycle
Plant & trees along busy streets
Waste dumping outside the city
Use of catalytic convectors

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B- Control Measures in Industrial Centres

Incorporations of air pollution

Continuous monitoring of the
Emission should be restricted control equipment in design of
atmosphere
plant

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Equipments Used to Control Air Pollution
Ensuring sufficient supply of oxygen to combustion
chamber.
Install following devices to reduce release of
pollutants
• Filters
• Electrostatic precipitators

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Equipments Used to Control Air Pollution
INERTIAL COLLECTORS SUCRUBBERS

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C. Other Control Measures

Use of high Pollution-free

Use of tall
temperature fuels for
chimneys
incinerators automobiles

Industrial estates
Afforestation of should be Others……. Please
the mining area established at a consult the book
distance

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 Water Pollution
Sources, Effects and Control Measures
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Introduction
Water pollution is defined as the addition of some substance (organic, inorganic, biological and
radiological) or factor (e.g., heat) which degrades the quality of water so that it either becomes
health hazard or unfit for use.

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Importance of Water

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 Categories of Water Pollution

Point source of water pollution :

Refers to the contaminants that enter a water way from a single identifiable source,
such as a pipe or a ditch.

Nonpoint source of water pollution :

Refers to diffused contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source .

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Categories of Water Pollution

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SOURCES & EFFECTS OF
WATER POLLUTION

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1- Domestic Wastes and Sewage

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2- Surface Run Off

The pollutants present on the surface of land and fertilizers added to

the soils are washed down in to water reservoirs .

In India, the Ganges water is gradually becoming septic, especially due

to dumping of half burnt dead bodies and enshrouded babies

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3- Industrial Effluents

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3- Industrial Effluents
Mercury
It is released during combustion of coal, smelting of metallic ores and paint industries mercury is
persistent. Pollution of water bodies by mercury causes Minamata disease in humans and dropsy
in fishes.
Lead
The sources of lead pollution are smelters, battery, industry, paint etc.
Cadmium
It shows biological amplification and accumulates inside kidneys, liver, pancreas and spleen.

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 4- Thermal Pollution

“A common cause of thermal pollution is

the use of water as a coolant by power
plants and industrial manufacturers.”

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5- Marine Pollution

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6- Eutrophication

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7- Ground Water Pollution
Human activities such as improper
sewage disposal, and agriculture
chemicals are causing pollution of
ground water.

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Control on Water Pollution
Chemical treatment
Oxidation ponds
Wet cooling towers
Mass-scale growth of those bacteria which will digest the harmful waste matter
strict legislation
Water hyacinth
Use of septic tanks

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Waste Water Treatment
The treatment involves three stages:
Primary Sedimentation
filtration
Secondary
Tertiary
Which includes:
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 Land/Soil Pollution
Causes, Effects and Control Measures
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Introduction

Soil pollution is defined as the contamination of soil bringing adverse effects on

the organisms.

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Causes of Land Pollution
Mining
activities

Agricultural Construction
activities activities

Industrialization

Overcrowded
Nuclear waste
landfills

Sewage treatment

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Effects of Land Pollution
Soil pollution
Change in climatic patterns
Environmental impacts
Effects on human health
Air pollution
Distraction for tourists
Effects on wildlife

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Control Measures of Land Pollution
Proper dumping of unwanted materials
Production of natural fertilizers
Proper hygienic condition
Public awareness
Recycling and reuse of wastes
Ban on toxic chemicals
Some other solutions…….. Read from book

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 Noise Pollution
Causes, Effects and Control Measures
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Sources of Noise Pollution- Outdoor

1. Vehicular movement
2. Construction work
3. High explosive rockets

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Sources of Noise Pollution- Indoor

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Effects of Noise Pollution

Auditory effects

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Effects of Noise Pollution
Non Auditory effects

◦ Pathological disorders
◦ Non-pathological disorders
◦ Vibration Disorder and Reynaud’s Phenomenon

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(a) Pathological Disorder
Exposure to high frequencies damage inner ear and induces nausea & dizziness
Exposure to mid audible frequencies affects brain & nervous system
Exposure to low frequency noise can reduce heartbeat, variation in blood pressure

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(b) Non-Pathological Disorder

This disorder mainly in industries

Lowers the efficiency, reduce work rate, increase absenteeism and higher potential of accidents

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(c) Vibration
Noise from constant vibration : Dead hand or white finger.
Noise from moderate vibration: pain, numbness, cyanosis.
Noise from severe vibration: damage to bones, joints with swelling & stiffness

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 Effects of Noise on Human Beings
Sr # Noise (db) Effects observed
01 0 Threshold of audibility
02 110 Stimulation of reception in skin
03 120 Pain threshold
04 130-135 Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, nervous disorder
05 140 Pain in ear, prolonged exposure cause insanity
06 140 Extreme limit of human noise tolerance
07 150 Change in pulse rate, prolonged exposure cause the burning of skin
08 160 Minor permanent damage if prolonged
09 190 Major permanent damage in a short time

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Prevention and Control
INDUSTRIAL NOISE POLLUTION
 Use of improved techniques
 Sound proofing
 Transmission control
 Creation of green vegetation cover
 Use of protective devices
 Operation in open space
 Use of building codes
 Increase in path length

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Prevention and Control on Noise Pollution
Industrial noise pollution control

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Prevention and Control
COMMUNITY NOISE POLLUTION
 Reduction of noise by zoning the area
 Incorporate silencers in vehicles
 Maintain the speed limits
 Public awareness
 Stringent laws

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Impacts of Noise Pollution
Cracks in building
Chronic headache
Affects work efficiency
Heart, brain, kidney Diseases
Changes in breathing amplitude

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Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution

Community noise control

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