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1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4. Summary of Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4.1 The miniature vane shear test consists of inserting a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- four-bladed vane in the end of an undisturbed tube sample or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. remolded sample and rotating it at a constant rate to determine
the torque required to cause a cylindrical surface to be sheared
by the vane. This torque is then converted to a unit shearing
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.05 on Strength and
2
Compressibility of Soils. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013. Published March 2013. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4648/D4648M – 10. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D4648_D4648M-13. the ASTM website.
13.1 Fasten the vane shear unit, as well as the specimen where:
container, securely to a table or frame to prevent movement
during a test. Insert the vane in the sample to a minimum depth D = measured diameter of the vane, in. [mm],
H = measured height of the vane, in. [mm],
equal to twice the height of the vane blade to ensure that the top
of the vane blade is embedded at least one vane blade height 14.2.1 Thus, for a 0.500 by 0.500 in. [12.7 by 12.7 mm]
below the sample surface (see Note 10). vane:
NOTE 10—If a very long shaped vane (12 in. [305 mm]) is employed to K 5 0.0001515 ft 3 ~ reciprocal 5 6600 ft23 !
test within a sample, then the adhesion between the shaft and the soil must 5 4.290 3 1026 m 3 ,
and for a 0.5 by 1.0 in. [12.7 by 25.4 mm] vane, known constants, a relationship between vane torque and
K 5 0.0002651 ft3 ~ reciprocal 5 3772 ft23 ! spring deflection may be established through the calibration
5 7.508 3 1026 m 3 . procedure described in Section 10 as shown in Fig. 5a.
NOTE 12—For purposes of demonstration, values of K, which is an Alternatively, a similar calibration curve for an electrical
intermediate calculation term, are rounded and approximate. For actual torque transducer may be developed as shown in Fig. 5b.
calculations, the user should not round intermediate values.
14.5 The torque, T, also may be expressed in terms of spring
14.3 Since the undrained shear strength, τ, is required, it is deflection in degrees, as follows:
more useful to write the vane equation as follows:
~∆!
~ B ! ~ 12! ~
τ 5 T 3k (4) T5 Inch 2 Pound Units! (5)
where: ∆
T5 @ SI Units# (6)
k = 1 , and B
K
T = measured torque, lbf·ft [N·m]. where:
0.5 by 0.5 in. [12.7 by 12.7 mm] vane T = torque in lbf·ft [N·m],
k1 = 6600 ft−3 [2.34 × 10 +5m−3] B = slope of calibration curve in °/lbf·in. (see Fig. 5a)
0.5 by 1.0 in. [12.7 by 25.4 mm] vane [°/N·m], and
k2 = 3772 ft−3 [1.33 × 10+ 5m−3] ∆ = deflection in degrees.
14.6 The shear strength (τ) may then be obtained from the
14.4 If the vane torque is to be measured utilizing a standard following equation:
vane shear device by noting the deflection of springs with τ 5 ~ ∆ !~ b ! k (7)
B
where: In SI units, yields τ in kPa.
τ = undrained shear strength, lbf/ft2 [N/m2], 15. Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s)
∆ = spring deflection, degrees (or transducer output in
mV), 15.1 The methodology used to specify how data are re-
b = (1/12B), lbf·ft/° or b = (1/B), [N·m/°], and corded on the test data sheet(s)/form(s), as described below, is
k = 1/K, ft− 3 [m−3]. covered in 1.4.
14.7 Establish the spring deflection and torque relationship 15.2 For each vane test report the following information:
for each spring or transducer to be used in the vane shear tests 15.2.1 Date of the test, personnel conducting test.
as follows: 15.2.2 Boring number, sample or tube number, sample
Springer/
depth, vane test depth, soil type in accordance with Practice
Transducer D2488.
No. B b = (1/12B) 15.2.3 Size and shape of the vane, spring number or torque
193 1 transducer number, include calibration curve or torque trans-
Weakest ex. 5193.0 ex. ducer constant, recorder settings.
1.0 193 ~ 12!
50.0004318 15.2.4 Maximum torque reading to the nearest three signifi-
etc. etc. etc. cant digits, and intermediate readings if required for the
14.8 Thus, for a 1:1 or 2:1 vane blade, shear strength may be undisturbed test, include torque transducer stress strain plots.
computed by the following: 15.2.5 Maximum torque reading for the remolded test to the
nearest three significant digits, and number of revolutions used
τ 5 ~∆!R (8)
to remold.
where: 15.2.6 Vane shear strength, to the nearest two significant
τ = shear strength in lbf/ft2 [kPa], digits, in lbf/ft2 [kPa].
∆ = deflection in degrees or transducer output in mV, and 15.2.7 Torque spring or Vane Rotation rate in °/min [rd/
min], rate of shear at vane blade edges, time to failure of the
R = (b) k constant. test (maximum rotation–rotation rate) where applicable.
Vane Size 1:1 2:1
15.2.8 Type vane apparatus used (manufacturer, model).
Spring No. R = bk 1 R = bk 2 15.2.9 Notes on any deviations from standard procedure.
Weakest 2.85A 1.63
ex. (0.136)B ex. (0.0780) 16. Precision and Bias
etc. etc. etc.
16.1 Precision—Due to the nature of soil tested by this
A
In inch-pound units, yields τ in lbf/ft2. method, it is too costly at this time to produce multiple
REFERENCES
(1) Aas, G., “A Study of the Effect of Shape of Vane and Rates of Strain (4) Lee, H. J., “State of the Art: Laboratory Determination of the Strength
On In-Situ Shear Strength of Clays,” Proceedings 6th Intl. Conference of Marine Soils,” Strength Testing of Marine Sediments: Laboratory
on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, 1966, pp. and In Situ Measurements , ASTM STP 883, ASTM 1985, pp.
141–145. 181–250.
(2) Richardson, A., “In Situ Determination of Anisotropy,” Proceedings (5) Ladd, C. C., Discussion: “Measurement of In Situ Shear Strength,”
In Situ Measurements, Vol. I, ASCE, 1974, pp. 336–349. Proceedings In Situ Measurements, Vol. II, ASCE, 1975, pp. 153–160.
(3) Perlow, M. and Richards, A. F., “Influence of Shear Velocity in Vane (6) Larsson, R., “Undrained Shear Strength,”Canadian Geotechnical
Shear Strength,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4, November 1980, pp. 591–602.
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 103, No.
GTI, 1977, pp. 19–32.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D4648/D4648M – 10) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Feb. 1, 2013.)
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