BOIL OFF GAS ANALYSIS OF LIQUIFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) AT
RECEIVING TERMINALS
Jayanthi Vijay Sarathy, M.E, CEng, MIChemE, Chartered Chemical Engineer, IChemE, UK
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a cryogenic
mixture of low molecular weight (MW)
hydrocarbons with its chief component being
methane. Its uses cover a gamut of
applications from domestic & industrial use,
power generation, to transportation fuel in its
liquid form. LNG is transported in double-
hulled ships specifically designed to handle
low temperatures of the order of -1620C. As of
2012, there were 360 ships transporting
more than 220 million metric tons of LNG
every year. [1]
When LNG is received at most terminals, it is
transferred to insulated storage tanks that
are built to specifically hold LNG. These tanks
can be above or below ground & keep the
liquid at a low temperature to minimize
evaporation & compositional changes due to
heat ingress from the ambient. The
temperature within the tank will remain
constant if the pressure is kept constant by
allowing the boil off gas (BOG) to escape from
the tank. This is known as auto-refrigeration.
BOG is collected & used as a fuel source in the
facility or on the tanker transporting it. When
natural gas is needed, LNG is warmed enough
using heat exchangers to vaporize it called re-
gasification process, prior to transferring it to
the pipeline grid to various users.
Boil-off gas (BOG) management & assessment
of LNG’s thermodynamic properties are key
issues in the technical assessment of LNG
storage. Increased vaporization process may
negatively affect the stability and safety of the
stored LNG. For these reasons the rate of
vaporization (boil off rate) should be
precisely determined in storage terminal
energy systems. [2].
Page 1 of 8
Typical Design Considerations [3]
1. Single containment tank is either a single
tank or a tank comprising an inner tank
and outer container, designed and
constructed so that only the inner tank is
required to meet the low temperature
ductility requirements for storage of the
product. A double containment tank is a
tank designed and constructed so that both
the inner tank and the outer tank are
capable of independently containing the
refrigerated liquid stored.
2. The difference between the double
containment and full containment is that
the outer tank of a full containment tank is
intended to be capable of both containing
the refrigerated liquid and of controlled
venting of the vapour resulting from
product leakage after a credible event.
Among these three types of LNG tanks, the
full containment type is regarded as the
most advanced type.
3. The inner tank is manufactured with 9%
nickel steel and the outer tank is composed
of reinforced concrete and pre-stressed
concrete. The 9% nickel steel is widely
used as a material for the inner tank since
it has the strength and toughness enough
for cryogenic uses. The inner tank also has
a function of preventing LNG from leakage.
The concrete outer tank is designed to
resist all the external loads including
seismic load. Insulating materials are
placed between the inner and outer tank to
preserve the stored LNG.
4. The design boil off rate is typically about
0.05 vol%/day & the design vacuum
pressure in the dome is about -0.05 kPag.
5. The roof has a suspended ceiling deck and
a steel lined concrete dome. The steel liner
installed on the inside surface of the outer
concrete tank provides the gas tightness.
The boil-off rate is determined by the
insulation system.
6. In case of an LNG leakage, liquid may
impact the outer tank. Accordingly, liquid
tightness must be guaranteed by the
corner protection system as well as the
polyurethane foam coating installed on the
inside surface of the concrete wall. The
concrete outer tank protects the inner tank
in case of emergency from the outside.
7. The base of the tank has a bottom heating
system (BHS) using ethylene glycol as
brine fluid. The bottom heating system is
installed in order to avoid frost heave.
8. The roof liner consisting of a 9% Ni steel
membrane stiffened with rafters in radial
and tangential directions acts as formwork
for the concrete sphere. The steel structure
is fabricated on the bottom slab and lifted
by air pressure to its final position. Rafters
and roof liner plates are connected with a
steel compression ring anchored in the
concrete roof ring-beam by welding.
Case Study & Assumptions
To demonstrate the BOG Rate calculations,
the following case study is made based on a
single containment LNG Tank dimensions &
composition given in Ref [2]. In addition,
certain assumptions are made for this
example case study.
1. The ambient temperature is taken to be
26.850C & wind velocity is taken to be 36
km/h (10 m/s). The soil temperature is
taken as 16.850C.
2. For heat transfer computations, the
average temperature on the LNG Tank
surface is taken to be an average of LNG
temperature inside the tank and the
ambient air temperature.
Page 2 of 8
3. Radiation plays a role & the emissivity of
the outer concrete is taken to be 0.9.
4. The LNG tank’s inner heat transfer
coefficient is taken as 35 W/m2.K & the
soil’s heat transfer coefficient is taken as 2
W/m2.K.
5. Since no information is available from Ref
[2] regarding the maximum operating
liquid level in the LNG tank, the max
operating liquid level (H) is taken to be 2 m
less than the height of the inner
containment. This would mean a vapour
space is available & the heat transfer
through this vapour space is neglected.
6. Certain insulation material related to the
roof top & tank bottom is not presented in
Ref [2], hence the insulation material and
their concerned thickness is assumed as
shown in the next section.
7. Heat transfer due to free convection is
expected. Considering the diameter of the
LNG tank to be very large, any section of
the concrete wall, is assumed to be similar
to flow over a vertical flat plate.
8. The LNG tank outer temperature at the
concrete wall is expected to be less than
the ambient temperature. In calculating the
free convection, Grashof number is
expected to yield a negative value.
However as per Ref [4], Sec. 9.4, Page 568
indicates, that irrespective of Ts > T or Ts <
T, where, T is the ambient temperature &
Ts is the surface temperature, the foregoing
results to estimate Nusselt number still
apply. When Ts < T, free convection still
develops, except that the convection
boundary flows downward. Therefore, in
the event of obtaining a negative Grashof
Number based on Ts < T, the absolute
value is taken.
9. LNG is stored at cryogenic temperatures
for significant durations and inevitable
heat ingress from the surroundings into
 the storage tank will lead to vaporization. Kay’s Rule of Mixing for the composition
The more volatile components (methane selected and are as follows,
and nitrogen) will vaporize preferentially,
𝑀𝑊𝐿𝑁𝐺 = ∑𝑖=𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑀𝑊𝑖 (1)
resulting in weathering of LNG. If left
unchecked, weathering can render the 𝐿𝑁𝐺 = ∑𝑖=𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑖 (2)
remaining LNG unsellable, because of Where,
regulatory requirements. Furthermore,
MW = Molecular Weight [kg/kmol]
weathering increases the overall tank
 = Latent Heat of Vaporization [kJ/kg]
pressure and in order to avoid over-
pressurization some of the generated Table 2. LNG Latent Heat of Vaporization & MW
vapour is removed, as boil-off gas (BOG). Component LNG xi.MWi xi. i
10. The LNG industry is specifically concerned - [kJ/kg] [kg/kmol] [kJ/kg]
in minimizing BOG rates and ensuring that Methane 510.8 14.36 457.3
weathering does not greatly impact the
Ethane 489.3 2.07 33.7
LNG quality. In particular weathering
prediction is used in planning operations, Propane 425.6 1.07 10.3

thus ensuring appropriate allocation of i-Butane 365.1 0.36 2.3

LNG cargoes, its compatibility with stored n-Butane 385.7 0.27 1.8
LNG and avoiding catastrophic events i-Pentane 349.3 0.00 0.0
involving stratification, sudden vapour
n-Pentane 367.3 0.00 0.0
release and rollover, Ref [5]. In the current
Nitrogen 199.2 0.02 0.2
example undertaking, the effects of
stratification & roll over are neglected. MWLNG &  LNG 18.15 505.5

LNG Tank Design Data To estimate the density of LNG, the specific
For BOG estimation, the following process molar volumes as per Ref [6] page 145, 146,
data for heavy LNG is used [2], (N.B.S. - Technical note 1030 December 1980)
need to be computed as,
Table 1. Heavy LNG Composition
𝑀𝐿𝑁𝐺
Component MW Mol% 𝜌𝐿𝑁𝐺 = (3)
𝐿𝑁𝐺

- [kg/kmol] [%] 𝑥
𝐿𝑁𝐺 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑖 − [𝐾1 + (𝐾1 − 𝐾1 ) 0.0425
𝑁2
] 𝑥𝐶𝐻4 (4)
Methane [CH4] 16.04 89.52
Where,
Ethane [C2H6] 30.07 6.89
LNG = Density of LNG [kg/m3]
Propane [C3H8] 44.01 2.42
MLNG = Molar Mass of LNG [kg/kmol]
i-Butane [i-C4H10] 58.12 0.62
LNG = LNG molar volume [L/mol]
n-Butane [n-C4H10] 58.12 0.47
Mi = Molar Mass of Component ‘i’ [kg/kmol]
i-Pentane [i-C5H12] 72.15 0.00
xi =Molar fraction of component ‘i’ [-]
n-Pentane [n-C5H12] 72.15 0.00
i = Component molar volumes of ‘i’ at LNG
Nitrogen [N2] 28.01 0.08
Temperature [L/mol]
Total 100.0
K1, K2 = Correction Factors [-]
The LNG molecular weight (MW) and latent
The values of K1, K2 can be obtained from the
heats of vaporization are estimated using
below graphs,

Page 3 of 8
 Table 3. LNG Molar Volume

Component i LNG =xi.i

- [L/mol] [lit/mol]
Methane 0.0381 0.034070
Ethane 0.0479 0.003299
Propane 0.0624 0.001511
i-Butane 0.0783 0.000485
n-Butane 0.0768 0.000361
i-Pentane 0.0916 0.000000
n-Pentane 0.0915 0.000000
Figure 1. K1 Correction Factor
Nitrogen 0.0465 0.000037
Total 0.0398

Therefore the LNG density at 112.5K is,

18.15
𝜌𝐿𝑁𝐺 = 0.0398 = 456.5 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (5)

The ambient & soil conditions for the BOG

rate calculations are as follows,
Table 4. Ambient & Soil Conditions
Parameter Value Unit

Ambient Temperature 300 K

Wind Velocity 10 m/s
Figure 2. K2 Correction Factor Soil Temperature 290 K
The component molar volumes of each Soil HTC [hsoil] 2 W/m2.K
component ‘i’ at LNG Temperature is,
The air properties between -250C & 500C are
computed using fitted equations as follows,
Air Density [kg/m3] is computed as,
𝜌𝐴𝑖𝑟 = 0.0000158𝑇 2 − 0.0134𝑇 + 3.7622 (6)
Specific Heat of Air [kJ/kg.K] is computed as,
𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.006 (7)

The thermal conductivity [W/m.K] of air is,

𝑘𝐴𝑖𝑟 = −2.69 × 10−8 𝑇 2 + 9.04 × 10−5 𝑇 + 9.56 × 10−4 (8)

The thermal diffusivity [m2/s] of air is,

Figure 3. Component Molar Volume [i]
𝛼𝐴𝑖𝑟 = 1.99 × 10−10 𝑇 2 + 1.5 × 10−8 𝑇 − 7.96 × 10−7 (9)
Based on the values of K1, K2 & i, the specific
molar volumes of each of the components are The dynamic viscosity [kg/m.s] of air is,
estimated for an LNG Tank storage 𝜇𝐴𝑖𝑟 = −4.22 × 10−11 𝑇 2 + 7.19 × 10−8 𝑇 + 8 × 10−7 (10)
temperature of -160.650C (112.5K). The LNG The kinematic viscosity [m2/s] of air is,
molar volume based on K1, K2 is computed as,
Page 4 of 8
𝐴𝑖𝑟 = 1.02 × 10−10 𝑇 2 + 3.1 × 10−8 𝑇 − 2.69 × 10−6 (11)

The Prandtl Number of air is computed as,

𝑃𝑟 = −5.12 × 10−7 𝑇 2 + 3.7 × 10−5 𝑇 + 0.7642 (12)
Based on the above correlations, for an
ambient temperature of 300 K, the air
properties are as follows,
Table 5. Air Properties at Ambient Conditions
Parameter Value Unit

Density [air] 1.176 kg/m3

Specific Heat [Cp,air] 1.006 kJ/kg.K
Thermal Conductivity [kair] 0.0256 W/m.K
Figure 5. Containment Representation
Thermal Diffusivity [air] 0.000022 m2/s
The thermal conductivity & wall thickness of
Dynamic Viscosity [air] 0.000019 kg/m.s each layer of insulation is,
Thermal Exp. Coefficient [air] 0.0033 1/K
Table 7. LNG Tank Insulation
Kinematic Viscosity [air] 0.000016 m2/s Thermal Wall
Material
Cond. [k] Thickness
LNG Tank Construction Details - [W/m.K] [m]
The construction details (Ref [2]) in addition
Perlite Insulation [k2] 0.038 0.30
to the assumptions made for missing data is,
Table 6. LNG Tank Construction
9% Ni Steel [k5] 90.9 0.005

Parameter Value Unit 9% Ni Steel [k1] 90.9 0.20

Perlite Insulation [k2] 0.038 0.60
Tank Height 40 m
Carbon Steel [k3] 42.6 0.15
Max. Op. Level 38 m
Polyurethane [k4] 0.029 0.60
Inner Tank ID 74 m
9% Ni Steel [k1] 90.9 0.20
Inner HTC [Input] 35 W/m2.K
Foam Glass [k6] 0.045 0.60
LNG Tank Volume 160,000 m3
Carbon Steel [k7] 42.6 0.15
A schematic of the LNG Tank is shown below,
Concrete [k8] 1.80 0.60

The various tank Radii/wall thicknesses for

calculating resistances in cylindrical
coordinates & linear coordinates are,
Table 8. LNG Tank Insulation
Tank Radii/Wall
Material
Thickness
- - [m]

Perlite Insulation [k2] r9 0.30

9% Nickel Steel [k5] r10 0.01
9% Nickel Steel [k1] r1 37.20

Figure 4. Single Containment LNG Tank Schematic Perlite Insulation [k2] r2 37.80

The various tank insulations are depicted as, Carbon Steel [k3] r3 37.95
Page 5 of 8
 Polyurethane Foam [k4] r4 38.55 The above correlation is valid for all ranges of
Reynolds number (Re) and Pr  0.2, where all
9% Nickel Steel [k1] r5 0.20
properties are evaluated at film temperature.
Foam Glass [k6] r6 0.60
It is to be noted that as per [4], Churchill &
Carbon Steel [k7] r7 0.15 Bernstein correlation is reasonable over a
Concrete [k8] r8 0.60 certain range of conditions but for most
engineering calculations, the accuracy is not
Design Methodology
expected to be much better than 20% because
To estimate the heat load, thermal
these are based on more recent results
conductivity and heat transfer coefficients
encompassing a wide range of conditions [4].
determine the amount of heat transferred to 4⁄
5
the cryogenic LNG through the walls of the
1⁄ 1⁄ 5⁄
0.62 × 2.41 × 107 2 0.7293 3 2.41 × 107 8
𝑁𝑢 = 0.3 + 1⁄ [1 + ( ) ]
282000
tank. The modes of heat transfer driven by [1 + (
0.4
)
2⁄
3
]
4

0.7293
temperature differences are conduction
through the tank wall & its various insulation (17)

layers, free convection, forced convection & 𝑁𝑢𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ≈ 23,357 (18)

radiation from the ambient.
The external forced convection heat transfer
Forced Convection coefficient can be calculated from Nusselt
To calculate the external heat transfer number as,
coefficient (hair,overall), taking the assumptions 𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑁𝑢𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 0.0256×23357
ℎ𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐿 = ≈ 15.8 𝑊/𝑚2𝐾 (19)
made, the average surface temperature (Tavg) 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑂𝑝.𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 38

of the concrete insulation is taken as an Radiation Heat Transfer

average of LNG boiling temperature (Tb,LNG) &
To estimate the radiation heat transfer
ambient temperature (Ta),
between the ambient & concrete insulation
𝑇𝑏,𝐿𝑁𝐺 +𝑇𝑎 112.5+300
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2
= 2
= 206.25 𝐾 (13) on the tank, the expression is written as [4],
Prandtl Number of ambient air is, 2
ℎ𝑟 = 𝜀𝜎(𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑛 + 𝑇𝑎 )(𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑛 + 𝑇𝑎2 ) (20)

𝑃𝑟 =
𝐶𝑃,𝑎𝑖𝑟𝜇𝑎𝑖𝑟
=
1.006×0.000019
≈ 0.7293 (14) The radiation mode expressed above is
𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟 0.0256
written in a manner similar to convection, i.e.,
Based on the assumption that the tank the radiation rate equation is linearized
diameter is large; the flow of air over the tank making the heat rate proportional to the
is approximated to flow over a flat plate. temperature difference rather than to the
Therefore Reynolds number (Re) becomes, difference between two temperatures to the
𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑂𝑝 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 10×38 fourth power [2]. Therefore the radiation
𝑅𝑒 = = 0.000016 = 2.41 × 107 (15)
𝛾𝑎𝑖𝑟
heat transfer coefficient (hr) for emissivity of
Nusselt number for forced convection over concrete () taken as 0.9 & Stefan Boltzmann
circular cylinder with cross flow can be Constant () of 5.6710-8 W/m2/K is,
estimated using Churchill and Bernstein ℎ𝑟 = 0.9 × 5.67 × 10−8 (206.25 + 112.5) × (206.252 + 112.52 )(21)
correlation [4]. This equation is valid for all
Or, ℎ𝑟 ≈ 0.9 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 (22)
Re.Pr  2 and the correlation is expressed as,
4⁄ Natural/Free Convection
1 1 5⁄ 5
0.62 𝑅𝑒 ⁄2 𝑃𝑟 ⁄3 𝑅𝑒 8 To estimate the heat transfer due to natural
𝑁𝑢 = 0.3 + 1⁄ [1 + (282000 ) ] (16)
2 4
0.4 ⁄3
[1+( ) ]
𝑃𝑟
convection, the correlation by Churchill & Chu
[4] can be used and is of the form,
Page 6 of 8
 2 1⁄
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = [233574 + 84974 ] 4 (35)
1
0.387 𝑅𝑎 ⁄6
𝑁𝑢 = {0.825 + 8⁄ } (23) 𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 23,458 (36)
9 27
0.492 ⁄16
[1+( ) ]
𝑃𝑟
Therefore the combined external heat
Where, Rayleigh number (Ra) is the product transfer coefficient, hcomb, is computed as,
of Grashof number (Gr) and Reynolds number ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑘 𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏
=
0.0256×23458
≈ 15.8 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 (37)
38
(Re) computed as, 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑂𝑝.𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

Therefore the external heat transfer

𝑅𝑎 = 𝐺𝑟 × 𝑃𝑟 (24)
coefficient, hair, overall, is computed as,
Grashof number is computed as,
ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 + ℎ𝑟 (38)
𝑔×𝛽𝑎𝑖𝑟 ×[𝑇𝑠−𝑇 ]𝐿3
𝐺𝑟 = 2 (25) ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 15.83 + 0.9 = 16.73 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 (39)
𝛾𝑎𝑖𝑟

LNG Heat Load Estimation

Where ‘’ is the thermal expansion coefficient
To estimate the heat load ingress into the
of air approximated as 1/Ta.
LNG tank, Fourier’s Law of conduction is
9.812×0.0033×|206.25−300|×383
𝐺𝑟 = = 6.75 × 1014 (26) applied along the tank wall, tank roof & tank
0.0000162

The Rayleigh number and Nusselt number is, bottom. For tank wall, the heat load is
computed as,
𝑅𝑎 = 6.75 × 1014 × 0.7293 = 4.93 × 1014 (27)
−2𝜋𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 [𝑇𝐿𝑁𝐺 −𝑇𝑠]
2 𝑄𝑊 = (40)
∑ 𝑅1
⁄1
0.387× (4.93×1014 ) 6 Where R1 is the resistances through the tank
𝑁𝑢 = {0.825 + 8⁄ } = 8497(28)
9 27
[1+(
0.492 ⁄16
) ] wall.
0.7293
1 1
𝐴1 = 𝑟 = 37×16.73 = 0.0016 𝑚. 𝐾/𝑊 (41)
Therefore the external free convection heat 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙

transfer coefficient is calculated as, 𝐴2 = 𝑘

1 𝑟 1 37.2
𝑙𝑛 [𝑟 1 ] = 90.9 𝑙𝑛 [ 37 ] = 6 × 10−5 𝑚. 𝐾/𝑊 (42)
9% 𝑁𝑖 𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑁𝑢𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 0.0256×8497
ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 𝐿 = ≈ 5.73 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 (29) 1 𝑟 1 37.8
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑂𝑝.𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 38 𝐴3 = 𝑘 𝑙𝑛 [𝑟2 ] = 0.038 𝑙𝑛 [37.2] = 0.4211 𝑚. 𝐾/𝑊 (43)
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖 1

To determine whether the heat transfer mode 1 𝑟 1 37.95

𝐴4 = 𝑘 𝑙𝑛 [𝑟3 ] = 42.6 𝑙𝑛 [ 37.8 ] = 9 × 10−5 𝑚. 𝐾/𝑊 (44)
is dominated by free/natural convection or 𝐶𝑆 2

1 𝑟 1 38.55
forced convection, the condition that is 𝐴5 =
𝑘𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦
𝑙𝑛 [ 4 ] =
𝑟3 0.029
𝑙𝑛 [
37.95
] = 0.541 𝑚. 𝐾/𝑊 (45)
required to be satisfied is as follows [4],
1 𝑟 +𝑟 1 39.15
𝐴6 = 𝑘 𝑙𝑛 [ 4𝑟 8 ] = 1.8 𝑙𝑛 [38.55] = 0.0086 𝑚. 𝐾/𝑊 (46)
𝐺𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 4
≪ 1 ; Free convection is negligible (30)
𝑅𝑒 2 1 1
𝐴7 = 𝑟 = 39.15×35 = 0.00073 𝑚. 𝐾/𝑊 (47)
𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝐿𝑁𝐺
𝐺𝑟
≫ 1 ; Forced convection is negligible (31)
𝑅𝑒 2 ∑ 𝑅1 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 + 𝐴5 + 𝐴6 + 𝐴7 (48)
𝐺𝑟
≈ 1 ; Mixed Convection Exists (32) ∑ 𝑅1 = 0.973 𝑚. 𝐾/𝑊 (49)
𝑅𝑒 2

Therefore, checking for mode of convection, The heat load through the tank wall is,
−2𝜋×38×[112.5−206.25]
𝐺𝑟 6.75×1014 𝑄𝑊 = = 23,005 𝑊 (50)
= (2.41×107 )2 = 1.1652 ≈ 1 (33) 0.973
𝑅𝑒 2
The heat load through the Tank bottom is
Therefore the mode of heat transfer is mixed
computed in linear coordinates as,
convection and the combined heat transfer
coefficient is computed as, −𝜋𝑟 2 [𝑇𝐿𝑁𝐺 −𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 ]
𝑄𝐵 = (51)
∑ 𝑅2
1⁄
4 4 4
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = [𝑁𝑢𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 + 𝑁𝑢𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 ] (34) Where R2 is the tank bottom resistance,
Page 7 of 8
𝐵1 = ℎ
1 1
= 35 = 0.0286 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 (52) For the LNG Tank volume of 160,000 m3,
𝐿𝑁𝐺
𝐵𝑂𝐺×100 23494×100
𝑟5 0.2 2
𝐵𝑂𝐺 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = ≈ 0.032% (73)
𝑉𝐿𝑁𝐺 ×𝜌𝐿𝑁𝐺 160000×456.5
𝐵2 = 𝑘 = 90.9 = 0.0022 𝑚 𝐾/𝑊 (53)
9% 𝑁𝑖
From the estimated BOG Rate of 0.032 vol%,
𝑟6 0.6 2
𝐵3 = 𝑘 = 0.045 = 13.34 𝑚 𝐾/𝑊 (54) it is lower than the allowable 0.05 vol%/day.
𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑚

𝑟 0.15 References
𝐵4 = 𝑘 7 = 42.6 = 0.0035 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 (55)
𝐶𝑆
1. https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/lng/faq.html
𝑟8 0.6 2
𝐵5 = 𝑘 = 1.8 = 0.3334 𝑚 𝐾/𝑊 (56) 2. “Analysis of boil-off rate problem in
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐

1 1 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Receiving

𝐵6 = ℎ = 2 = 0.5 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 (57)
𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 Terminals” T Wodek 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.:
∑ 𝑅2 = 𝐵1 + 𝐵2 + 𝐵3 + 𝐵4 + 𝐵5 + 𝐵6 (58) Earth Environ. Sci. 214 012105

∑ 𝑅2 = 14.2 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 (59)

3. “Development of the World’s Largest Above
Ground Full Containment LNG Storage
The heat load through the tank Bottom is, Tank”, Young-myung Yang, Ji-hoon Kim,
−𝜋×39.152 [112.5−290] Heung-seok Seo, Kangwon Lee, Ihn-soo
𝑄𝐵 = = 60,186 𝑊 (60)
14.2
Yoon, Korea Gas Corporation, 23rd World
Similarly, the heat load through the Tank Roof Gas Conference, Amsterdam 2006.
is computed in linear coordinates as, 4. “Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer”,
𝑄𝑅 =
−𝜋𝑟 2[𝑇 𝐿𝑁𝐺 −𝑇𝑎 ]
(61) Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman, Lavine, 6th
∑ 𝑅3
Edition.
Where R3 is the tank roof resistance,
5. “Weathering of Stored Liquefied Natural
1 1
𝐶1 = ℎ = 35 = 0.0286 𝑚 𝐾/𝑊 2
(62) Gas (LNG)”, Calogero Migliore, Amin Salehi,
𝐿𝑁𝐺
Velisa Vesovic, Department of Earth
𝑟10 0.0005
𝐶2 = 𝑘 = = 0.00006 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 (63) Sciences & Engineering, Imperial College
9% 𝑁𝑖 90.9

𝑟6 0.3
London, Repsol S.A, calle de Mendez
𝐶3 = 𝑘 = 0.038 = 7.8947 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 (64) Alvaro, 44, 28045, Madrid, Spain
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒

𝑟8 0.6 6. “LNG Custody Transfer Handbook”, GIIGNL,

𝐶4 = = = 0.0033 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 (65)
𝑘𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐 1.8 5th Edition, 2017.
1 1
𝐶5 = ℎ = 16.73 = 0.0598 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 (66)
𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙

∑ 𝑅3 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 + 𝐶5 (67)

∑ 𝑅3 = 8.32 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 (68)

The heat load through the tank roof is,

−𝜋×39.152 [112.5−206.25]
𝑄𝑅 = = 54,281 𝑊 (69)
8.32

The total heat load transferred to the LNG is,

𝑄𝐿𝑁𝐺 = 𝑄𝑊 + 𝑄𝐵 + 𝑄𝑅 (70)

𝑄𝐿𝑁𝐺 = 23 + 60.2 + 54.3 ≈ 137.5 𝑘𝑊 (71)

With the heat load estimated, the BOG is,

 𝐿𝑁𝐺×24×3600 505.5×24×3600
𝐵𝑂𝐺 = = ≈ 23,494𝑘𝑔/𝑑(72)
𝑄𝐿𝑁𝐺 137.5

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