Switchgear and Protection-2783 PDF

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~.) ~ ~ 'Jf~<!31 (Definition of electrical faults) : )-<_

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!O ~.-.:> ~ ~ ~ ~?f"!T (Different Types ofBusbar'Arrangement):

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8.-<_ ~ 911'<3~ ~ ~ ~ ~Cfjj"'~ (The <;::auses of Short Circuit -<_1Y :~;

· Faults in Electrical Power S stem) : "'1
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Contents
I
Ct) ~ ~ ~~~ (Definition of a circuit breakers) : lo;,)
'\.~ ~ ~ 91~51~"11?; -~ \Qq~ \!!~ <fillf~ctffe! : ~)
'\.~ ·$ l!l<f~ l!l~ ~~<Plfu IS fil<ft9f'f ~ : - ~~
'\.8 ~ ~ G<fllm ~ l!l<f~ ~~ot~ilt~ ~: ~8
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'\.lb ~ -~~~{Circuit Breaker Mounting) : )O~
'\. '\ ~ ~.emu~ (Rating of Circui~ Breaker) : )o-<

'\.1:; ~ ~ l!l~ c'f;J'{;~1{~ {Usual Tests of a Circuit Breaker) :
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'\.~ filf.m11>I~ ~ ~ (Miniature Circuit Breaker) : )Ob"
'\.)o 151iUl<.~fG~ ~~l~I~ <ft ~-Rl~liSll~ : )o~
'\.)) 151l~C~l(.'1Uml ~ IS ~.flcrrM (Construction and function of an isolator} : . ))o

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Contents
~.!> \5l~l9C"1UC?!?I <!l~~Jil.,P.~~~IC9~ V-Ul5Wff >Zl~ ~ ~tfM~~: :>So

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:>!>.o ~ (Introduction) :
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(Definition static relay) : )~C\
:>:>.~ ~ ~ ~i:!l (Advantages of static relay) : :>~lT
)).~ ~ ~ .~ ~ '~~fr! (Busbar Protection by Static Relay) : :>~lT
:>!>.8 ~~ ~lrnU?l (Amplitute Comparator} : )C\O

:>:>.a- ~ ~ (Level Detector) : )C\~
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~~.:> ~(Surge}: ' ) C\ C\
:>~.~ Jal~~"R ~ Cil~IS'ilC·1~ (Resonance in transmission line): :> C\1:r
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Contents
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r- ..... (Explain lightning and its effect) :
~(Classification
of Lightning Stroke):
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Contents
' ' • ' I .- .: t_,,,,,,..-::: 't ~ :,-4 .• :,.-t f'• ~
),) :>J.~O"litillf (Switchgear): . . ·; - q, ... . . . . ... . • • . · • , • ;

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l<l'l)~<I' 91T~ PiciG~c<t> ~-~ m<f~ '5filJliU 1trlt1S1f.t\1) ~ ~ ~ M•-.if.u-~~
~I~ ~-WI{~~~~. 'tlrn~ .!t '4'Nsh1<P~~~~I~
:i1s1R ~ ~ ~ l!l"'l't<m ''1Nnm1 f>tc:iG~c ~· en.~·"~ o:f\1m ~ 1 ~
Frnrn ~ "ltl:frnct'SITT' ~~ <!J<l'lj· (Switching device), J'f~f!fj (;1ro"C"lft;~ (Regulating), ~.
(Protectiv~) IS '1tt91m (Measuring)~~ l!l<f~ .!f ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ '1>IC"'l•Pitri1f ~ ~ 1
).~ C<i"l)f;!>cp ~ 1_~6~ .l!lt'&4~ . ~ (The 'Irti"portance of Switchgear Protection in
Electrical System) :
~n:mf ~ <!I~,~ ~ "'It 1 l!lf'U ~ f>tc:i5c11~ ~ <t>l4'4ailc9!'1f "I~~~.
·- ~4ta-l, ~~~;Frn3f~, 911~'11"'1<PI~ IS~~ ltll~ J'j(\51q~"'fC ~I
~9@ l!l'O'fil ~ ~!IJ '!~~~ <!J<l'lj IS 151i'[J'ff5t<P ~~-~~ "i(\51q'(l&Hl ~~IS ~-I
~~ -21~ lS911"11R ~ I lJ{(fl- ~ Ql'<m IS ~ I <!l~IS ~ \'S~~ W'ft Pi.ff;, M.
ft', ~. ~ IS tilf91~ Cll'filfit'Sr-!i ~ I ~ 91TIS1!BT PJciGllc<IS ~~ ~ '<P1ft ~
om 1~~~<!I~~~~~~ ~'1IT'b>t~(c<11 ~wrn ~ Clll'c<IS~~ 1
151~1-olMGoic<r> ffi ~~~~IS~~~~ ~~><fe ~ ~ qcc'I I
~~~~~~~cm~~ cm~ ":"F"2r>1rnct ~ ~ ~ ~ ef"~
'<P'1ft ~I cfl~ ~ PJc:>iJllC<t> R9j_~ 11~ ~ ~ C~ ffi ~ ~ ~ ..!l<f~
.2fC'&<t>f&'5 fib'Of~J'flil[C(~ ~ <fJ<f$ \51~ I
i -'ettwrt :>J.~6f'1tll~ ~ ft@cpfr;\s f\il!~JfJf\C('ll ~ :
.
~ (Selectivty) :
~ ~ f?nml <!l<f~ fib~f~"l"il[C'('!I ~'! ~ (Discrimination Power) m '(t<f I
~'- PJc:>iJCll~ ~ij_ ~ '\51~lift<IS ~ l!l<f~ ~ ~ ~ m '(C<f I~ ~~

~"It~
~"'4'1"1.;}'11!1 (Sensitivity) : ~ ~ f.!~ ~ cm: ~ ~ct ~ ~ P!ciGC~'!I

-~ r.rn m
'(C<f if!, J!"fGiSTHlb ~ ~ ~ct~~~ QTi{ ~ ~
~.~~I
~ (Reliability) : elf~ iSFU .2fd;<Pr&~ f~ ~ lJC"'f ~R~'>f -'<P'1ft ~ ~ fF<ls ~ ~
~ 9ftO'fi{ ~ ~ ~ '(C'i5 '(C<f I
~~(High Speed):~ 1bf\%il1blf$ ~ .~ ~ .~ ~ ~ \51~"llftcp ~ \'llf"f
~ ~ ~ 9lrol ~ ~ m '(CCf I <!I~ m ~IS 1m9llNl>i:i[C~'!I ~ '<3 ~~
~.~I
Contents
, '(l~,\61.(Stability): ~ ~CG4'"M ~$ ~'6 ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1

" .. : ~ (Sinlpii~ity) : 04~4'~15 ~ IQ~ f\\<sj~)j~c(<A $t '6 'l'il~ ~-~ ~ ~ I
. ~ ~"ltSJ~"l'{C(?I ~<!I~~~~ fJicSi:lD!it ~ ~ '6 ~~ ~ 'lllffif
~'it~ I
).~ ~ ~ JJ.~~i111l lill ~(List of Different Types of Switchgear) :
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \Sl~ ~ ~. ~ : ui?'lfU ~ (LT Switchgear) '11'1~
ui~ #,~m {HT Switchgear) 1 <u'l~IRi<fi ~ ~ .!!~ #'~ ~ '8U~ \Sl~ <r-m ~.
~: ~ "'11~1i!W( #~ -a \5ll~'&cl5Hl #~ t '
).8 "J.~bl'=iillt1BI ~~~(List the Switchgear Equipment):

~~ ~l:flil ~~ wn ~ ~.l!lq!:. ~(Relay) 1 ~~.en ~~f"Dl ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \51T9RT ~9lf.1 ~ ~ ~ \51~"! ~~~~I
1!1~ ~ ~ ~·~ 15~~ ~ ~"i~Olil (ll't~ ~~). ~.;~CWG Jil'li*i1ll1i1
(~ '6 ~ ]l"l~'il~l'il), ~. <fi'51<l>Ui1 '6 U!f9t~ \.!]~ ~91~ ~ I
Contents . -,..:. -
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) , )J.~rfi1c11i~i4'1"9tei1felfil•11'tGT · ·~. ··. "N1¥~: ·6~.··o'f .:~~;: ·f>J
- : >J.l:t>f'ltJICH ~'fti'! ~9ft11lif ~ ~ ~ <!!~~ ~ (Realy) l ~ ~ ~ ~9ttll
~ i1l"ff; ~ ~ ~ 'l(lil\blti -~ ~·~9Pll ~9ff.f ~ 'llfcti'Gt4 ~ ~~"' ~·~
~ rol 1 <!!l: ~ ~ "J.l:t>Mtilt'Sl'SI ~ ~~ ~ l:ii~Ol'G (11t~ ~t!Wi), 'i;01~wu
\lal'l'l'Slill'SI (~ '5 ~.'Ur~), ~.··45\Sl<l'U'SI IS naM~ <!!'SI~~~ I
~I ·isttitPJ,l;b1itlntH~ ~I . {<t/4S/~: »oJ.
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~I ~151'ti!t )j_~bf'lillCH ~~~ ~ ~1 {<1J4'Jffi1: 'o'o-]
m: ~ ).) "i{~ijl<u I
8 1 )j_'.\bf'lill'il dl1f it~~~ 'e cftcftr {q1qs!fitro: ·o~/
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(4)~~<!1~
(~) ~ (Realy) I
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l <t I "J.~bf'hll'll ~ ~ 1'1lf7 {<1/ifS!fi'w41 : 'oQ']
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; m: ~ ~ l!I~ ~~ii! I l!lfU~ PtdGCll'SI ~ ~91'11 J'f~"On~,
~' wqi~~. f.rnJJ~, '11~'11"1451~ IS ~ '!1'11'141~ 11"1~ J'f~'6l<l~Ji1C<? ~ I
~9\fu l!ltlttf ~ l!'C~ J'f~~ ~IS '6ll;;pl~f'lillCH mtl~ ~I {;q/45/m: 'oB]

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Contents
~~~ctr
(Concepts of electrical faults
~. :> ~ ffl ~ (Definition of electrical faults) : ,.

~~<rt~~~ ff~~ :r.1f¥r.'G~ ~~<fl ~. ~ <f.mq
~~?[ti(/ ~"11 ~~"WI ~~~'8~"¥-11l:
151Qf<n, <;~~<rt~~~~~~~~~~ J:l~ ,,-~--rvcf ~,
~~"!~~~~~I
~.~ ~ ~$ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Different types of faults in electrical power system) :
~91Nm'!Q~QT~~jj~"lfil..:1~,~~~.,.f5~~~1~~~
~~ ~ ~. <jQ/1-
~ IPic1'ti;4>Jf"1 ·~ (Symmetrical Fault)
~ i \511'\PlC~ffaq;Jl.., ~(Unsymmetrical Fault) I .
~.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Causes of faults in electrical power system) :
~ Qffi<!'(;'CG1i ~"'! :
~I ~..,<>jy,•R~
-<.I ~ \5ll41F'l4i ~
"i "!T~~ ~
81 ~~'1
~ I ~:•MJICG'1"1 IQ~ A;Jtf<:Mtt'il ~~!
~.8 ~~~(Different types of faults):
~~~~~~~.<IQ/1:
:> I PlDlti;4'Jl"1 ~ (Symmetrical Fault)
~ I \5iliiPlC!'ltii41Jl"'I lPU (Unsymmetrical Fault) I
:> I 17ici!!Dq>Jli\ ~ (Symmetrical Fault) : ~ QT ~ ~c:t ~ ~ ~ ~
~~'i cPS ~ ~ ~. VI ~ f"1C~ffi<t-J1"1 ~ <rl"1 I ~ ~ cPS ~
_,,'f1"1l'il ~ ~ uiq-$ ~ ~ ~;jj ~~Dry'! I
~Qfi'- ~ ~ ~ ~ 41C'ilC-V'il ~~ c<iiif'f<1'i 'i~~ (Displacement) 120° ~ ~ ™·
Plt~ffi'l'Jl"i cPS <fO'fT ~ I
~~'1. f5o$ ~ <!l~ ~~~-Gm <!l<l'~ ~ ~..!!~~~QI~~
~-s'ID- ..!I ~ ~" f>1~~ffl4Ji"'I ~I .
~ I "IMP!Ci!tfJq>Jl'I .....,, (Unsymmetrical Fault) : ~ QT ~ <f.mc:t Nit ~ ~ ~
~~c:t ~ ~ "11 ~ ~ 9@mct ~ ~ ~. C"I ~ 1511'1PlDllla4llG1 <PS
CW'! I
~'- QT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'f<1'i ~ ~ ~ (Unequal Fault currents
in the lines with unequal displacement),~ 151HHC~Ila<>JlG'j ~ <rl"1 I
151Hf3tc~ffa<ISJ!., ~ ~91 :
:>t ~~~~~
~I~~~~
~I ~~~~7PU(~~)I
Contents
• ~ ~· Jtlf¥tliit ~: . . . . .
~ ~ ~ Q.l ~ •-'lffeilii Jtt• ~. ~ ~ '8 f5il! ot"<rnt ~ :
~ I ~ ~ ~ _lfRS ~ ~ ~ 11t1tl"-fif ~ (Jletween single phase and.earth) :
"'----oy
'---------oB
f5il! : ~. ~ ~ C1l'1Sf ~ ~ wrr "'l'rf ~
~ I ~~~~~'lie~ "'l'rf ~ (Between phase and Phase) :
...------,,.--0 R
........__=---<>· y
'---------<>B .
~:~.~~~1ft~·~
..., I C"it<l'ICi11 ~ ~ '6 ~ 'lie~ "'l'rf ~ (Between two phases and earth) : .
.-----=--oR
'--------<>B
-----=--oy i
~: ~·"' ~ C1l'1Sf <!l~ ~ m:~ "'l'rf ~
8 I ~ ~ ~ "'l'rf <!l'R l!l~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Between two phases and at the ~amc
time there may be a fault between third phase and earth) :
..------.::r--o R
.....___.,.___.,y
....._------..----<> B
. . ~:~.8~~~4f(;ii!"'l'rf<!l~~~~~~
<t I ~ ~ -!l~ ~ 'J'fWlf • 'lffeilii (Between all the three phases and ground) :
..------.....,.....,.--oR .
.....___-Eit---Qy -
.___ _ _ _ _ _ _....._--oB
~:~.(t~CljlVJf~~~~~
4' I ~ '1P'f ~ 'wflf ~(Between all the three phases) :
. . R
------t::f--Oy
'---------~-=--<>a
~:~.i&~~~· .
\!l~ 'lie~ ~1lf"lf ~ (~, ~. ~. 8) ~ "ii"1PlCJJlla4iJl'1 ~ <!I~~~-~(~. ~) ~
Pt0llla<>Jl41 V'U ~ I ..
Contents
... - - .· .
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< .,.e,._ ........

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) I ~~~"rPr•t-n•~l. f41~: 'otl, 'o'l, 'olr, ·~o, ·~~]

m:
~ ~~~~~oof.im511:.
'(") ~if>J:CC'l•lif~~. (~) ·~~.~~1
(~) ~~ ~ (~) ~ ii91
(l!) ~-~ <.!!Cl~ :>{;Jl~Mfr;'51 9IWof ~ I
~I ~ ~ ~ ~. "<Jt "f'lltU? {'414'/firro: 'o~J

m: ~~<TI C<t'iJfi!<P ll41~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ;n ~ ~ ~
~ ~~ ~ ~ 'ift ~ illTifJ 9fttlf ~ ~'6~ ~I
~ I "'IMPtcaifQ<iSJl'I ~ ~ ~1 {'414'/Pfwr: 'o~J
~:~.~~~-~~~~"~~~~.C)'!~
"ll"!PlCtl\ij<l'JI., ~ ~ t ~ ~·" ~ ~ fim'Dl C« <RI 1im 'ift 4'51~ PlCiltij<J.JI.,
<PMl~;ij ~ mf ~ ~ I •
8 I Ptt'iifG"'11'1 ~ l!lll"'lf'it'iifG<ilSJfil ~-~~'lff I ~ [4i'PtAc<rt: 'o<t]

ffi :·~ ~.8 'il~aT<tJ I .
Cl' I l!lll'1fSt'1lfG"Jl"I ~~f'5iiJ~CR I · {~t<rf: 'oB]
m: ~ ~.8 'il~aT<tJ I
~I 1'flf-~ ~~ ~ '6 ~~?
m : -.f&'.;ffi$ ~ ~ ~ I li~-
(<!S) PlCiltb<J.JJc•i ~ (Symmetric~l Fault) (~) ~l"!Pl~ilm4Jl"1 ~ (Unsymmetrical Fault) I
C\' Pttstfl¥Jtl'i ~~~, . .. . ..
~:~~~~~1W-$~~~~~~~~"Ul,Clf
.~ PlC1lt°ij<l'Jli1 ~ ~ r·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CtiC<PICAI I!!~~"~
(q'SI'·~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ f$tc>GD!it fJ!oim<PJlil l1'U ~ ~ ~ {Equal Magnitude) f.W'f!
~l!l'l'.l!lill~l20~~~~~1 .
)I ·~~~~~,b~~I
-=~~.8~~a'i<tl1. .
~ I ~ "11'1>1\I( Cwt'1 I {4r<fS/PtcW: 'olr}
~ : ~ <m!ctGtG'ft f.fm:rt : ....
+
(") ~'J:C'l"M ~ ;. . M .... , • • ('ff) ~ Gll4Pit4 ~

{'f) ~~~. • '.o,;; "'-1•~,:·,·-> •'{lf) ~~-'·.:
,___..___ A.:... J;!?,o10Q.f!I!!;. ~·hrifif 1' • • •'
Contents
) I ~~~-.1t~cJtcJtr. /41iJSTM7.<ll: 'o<t, 'o'f, 'ob", ')o, '))/

~ : ~ 91t6~ ~ \iJlfiRt ~ctct'll ~91 :
. (4') l:ii>pJ"M llfRR ~ I · (~) -~ 1'fftr-i -~~I
(~) ~~~ (~) ~~91
(lfi) ~-~ <!l<l~ l'ijJIMMfflil ~~I
~I~~~~-~~? Nl~f~:·o~J
m = ~ ~ qti<t'l)f\§<f> lfi~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -n ~ ~ ~
~~~~~i{l~~~~~~~I
"l <eil"l~Cilfii+ll'I ~~~1 /"f1'fJ/F'K41: 'o~J
~: ~-~ ~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~. C'f ~
"IMPiDlt'fJ<PJ1ci ~ ~ 1 ~ ~- ~ ~ ~ f.mt1f c<rn <Rt 1tn1 O{f ~~ Pic:qm<aj141
Cf>C""'llC"i;{; ~ ~ ~ ~ I .
8t ~cilm+it'l -e "ll"i~cai~t'I ~-fRJ~<R 1 ~ £~: 'o<tl

~=·~~.se:r~a'B<u1 ·
~ t ~l"ifS!c~~:qsJI., ~~f6iJJ~<R l · f~'c<ft: 'os]
~: ~ ~.8 "l~aT<IJ I
~ I iiflf-~ ~ ~ ~ '6 ~ -.Jtr
m: -.fU-~ ~~~I ~Qft-
(<li) PicittfJ+lt"I. ~ (Symmetrical Fault) (~} "'liiPl~it!n4JlllJ ~ (Unsymmetrical Fault) I
" 1 ~cilm+11., ~~ ~, . ·· · . . . .
~:~~Cti~~-~~~~~~~~~~.~
.~ f3lc11ffi<PJIG1~~1·~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ C1'1C<t>IC'!I <!!~ ~ ~ ~
<'f1l:~ W'f ~~ ~ ~ P\cl'ijcllil Pttsltii'llJlf! lP1'11 ~ ~ ll'tif (Equal Magnitude) ~
'U <!l<tt. l.!lm 9fif'l'9rn 120 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I .
)I -~~~~~.~1Jt'3Cil~I NI~: ')o]

- : ~ ~.8 "il~aFu I . .
~I ~+lf'1Jtij_(~I ·• /'4/4StPfro : 'Ob"}
~: ~ ~'f'G"Cl'ft ~ : . )·
(<Ii) ~"J<C'l"Pf ~ . · ('41) ~ ~l<lif-il4 ~
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·.· ( ) .. '" ·... ,, ~>' """''°'"'·'·-.. ·· .. • ('l)
.... ..... ""·.'
(lfi) eii•HJ!COIJ"I IQ<lt :i{;JIMf'ilDt ~ ~fih . ·. . .. . . .·
Contents
" I Mj ~llfd#1R*ii'iftSi ~ l
~:~~"~~~~.lf~:.
(ClS) Pfc11ffi4Jl'I ff(~) "'l"ifStDltfi45Jli1 lPil I
Ptc11ffiJl'1 ~ ~ 1il: ~. lfQJl :
~ I fW-1 ~ l!f'l'CJI ~ ~
151Hf>tC:llt'fi4>Jl'1 ~ ~ Wf ~. ~ :
~I~~~~~ ~I~~~~
~I \SW1~~~~1 81 ~ ~ l!f~ "111" ~ l!l<R ~ ~
~~I
:>I '6~~~~·~~~~.~~$~1
m: ~~.8-l!f'if~~"l'i1"~~~: ~.~, .( •.(, .(.0, .(.8, .(.~.~.~~I
l
Contents
~~9Rt
· (Bl'SH.\R ARR.\NGEi\lE~Tl
,
~.) 4IJMl~il ~-~~ripUo~·of Bus~r) .: .·. , ., ·~. ~~ '.. · . . _.
.
~ ~ ~ <fl ¢1J1'Jflif.!}ll~-l!I~ ~ <fl ~ I ~ ~. <Jl4'°5Jl'Ildll~ ~. 1J11911 .~91 cit
M~i$?1fNl'll{3 ~~I l!l<J <ft l!l<l'ilf~ ~ '~ ~ l!l~ ~ '6 ~ ~ <!! .~
M~~ct rn 1 <i1>1"l!<t>11[1<: ~ ~ '1ffiblM'6 'B1 1 ~ ~ l:"'l'1J0'1<.'ihs l!l<i'~ 91~ ™
1 l!l~
'i5fl~ Ulfif'lJl'1 (Incoming Terminal) 'Sf.!~ 'Gtfif"iJl"1 (Outgoing Terminal) ~iS!<J:~--::ilt<l jj'~~5ffl W-U
~-~ WJI~ ~ ~ 1~lffii~ l!l'J ~ >i'll"l~IC('!I ~ ~ ~ ~; 1.Qq;@ ~ 1!1<1~
· ~~~·.mm-~. m ~ ~·~ mffl' ~ ~, tw.m; ~ ~ 1W-$ ~
• 1.!r<l~ M\®lcr.t'il ~ 1!1'<1'$ <rrn I
Wv'- ~9fl'M ~.~ct '6 ~'l ~ .~~ ~~ ~- ~ cs<m, ~~c>llC<iU'll ~
~ "ll$1<llC'll'il ~ Jt~!<Jl$f ~ <Wf<ITTI ~9fi'l'T (Busbar Arrangement) ~ I ~ '6 bl ~49[cf
~ ~9f.11 m Plc>G~\:I ~~¥~ ~ ~ ~'- ~ M\:l<iWe ~ ~ 1
** 41Jf41t'il'il ~ ~ ~ (The Properties of Busbar) .: <!l~ <l()f<l(l\:1\:1 ~ ~ >G'ftsct
~~-
(:>) <l!:>J"ll~'ll'll ~ ~ lml:I (Low Resistivity Material) ~~~~~I
(~) ~ .'1Rl4'5C"l'S l!l'\:I C\:lm:iiGJIC~'ll ~-~ m "1T I
(~) \!il9flrf.m ~ l!l'\:I C\:lf%t;f;JIC"\il ~~'It I
(8) ~~W~'~<>f>fl'<f<u~~~1
(<2') ~~~ct~~~-.r~~~~~"l~m1
(~) <iP'l"ll'll"f=i~ l!l~ ~ ~ NrT ~:<1~1c~ Plc>Gc~?t ~ ~ ~ ·e ~~ <lttffif ~ "11~1
D 4IJt4lCih1 ~ '6 ~: ~ ~!ffi!~ \511{1'6l'f~, <i'~, M~\Sll'ff\5\:1~~Il!l'J1.Q<l'$ <rm
'i'ffll 2 C~ 5 ~ ~ ~ I <ml_ <fl ~~ ~l:IJ ~8>1~"Ctll$f ~' ~-c<fl1U, '<m!f~::_
~ lll~ <l"lt ~I 4l>i<lfC'll\:I <!I~ >it~~~~~ 'J'!~~ ~ 'S 151"1JMC<t> >it~
~~ ~·~ ~~Ji~~~ QfWlS I ~ ~::,~ ~ '<3 fu"flf ~
~~ l!l"ll' ~ 'J'!~mM M ~I ~'CC'!r ~ ~ 1P1911 ~9f'll ~~~I l!l~
~~ '@'~91 l>"'l"J:l"l"f.I <ism, ~ct C"i-am, ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ ,~ ~
.~~ ~·~~ ~' m<$!~ <it:>14lrn'll ~ ~ ™-
:> 1 1!1~~151ml!)l't'l'll~~I ~I ~'C!'lf\511~'.'l't'i'll~~I.
~ I ~ ~ bJ!C<icr.t'll ~'ll I 8 I ~ 5JIC'1ca"l'll ~ I
Q' I 1P1911 (Hollow)~~~ I ~ I 1il911 'OIBl~l't'l'll C>f<l''"IC<j'll ~ I
~.~ ~ 4fft{ ~ (Different types of busbar) : .
(:>)~~I (~) e[IGUCi!il?t~t
(~) 'S't9fi1~1. (8) l!l~~I
(ct) ~ M~fisi'b ~I (~) Dt~ flWf 'l-iJ,ilfJiili!i ~I
(C\) l!l~~~~~~-~~I: .·· .•. ···-.:--
(lr) ~~~~'1cutm~€!-~~I··
(~) · 151~,JJICG'l,°615 ~ ~ .~ I
\
'
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Contents
. ~~9fift11
. '
eo!!9'1Moltl'f.i1Rfi9l·: ·
;,r .
. .., ' ;·.r"' :',,£ ,. ·- _,:,,.~,u,:
. ;~:-~'-. (:>) · ~ ~ 4Jct'(l"'Mt I' · .· .,
.,,,,.-·
' (~ -~~~i'5l<fl'r·~~'Jfiffl
(~) ~ ~ fcifi"ll i'5l<fl'r ~ ~'Jfiff I
(8) ~"lmS~~I
(<t) .m.~~'9f"nl
(~) c~"1'11~6.!IS ~· ~ ~'Jfiff r
(C\), C>t4>iiMldfl~\S ~ ~ ~'Jfiff I
~.8:) lffff "'1 ~ ~ <l<t._t"'fitt (Single Busb~r· Arrangement) :

1!1 ~~ CiSi'llC'!lff;~ ~ ~ PtciGCil'll ~ 1flill l!l<li ~ ~ ~ ~ I 'll>!<tlC'll11 ~
~ C6!'ile'!IU'll, Jil"laJS'll111'!1 I!!~ ~ '>!~~ ~I·~~ ~ CGMlcW'!I, ~ ~
i'!i(c>tlcoiU'll-1!1"!1 -;it~ ~ '!~~ ~ 1 i'!t\Suc•ttrn~ 'lt ~ ~ (Outgoing Feeder) '!~~
Jil'1¥ii111C'll'll ~ 9f1t"I '61l~CJ11CdfU'!l l!ftt<li I
I
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.
.
Isolator
Switch
-+-f f ( 33 KV
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I I
33.KV
FEEDER T
33.KV
FEEDER
H.TFEEDER
~-~.): ~<tt~~<lct1(1"'fitt
~:~~I!!. PL Cet<ilC'!lff;~ ~ l!ICf~ ts. Pf.~ ..Q ~~~~I
~:
(<IS) ~~..Q~~~~~.~d!N~<li'lf~I
('41) fWI ~9{0{f ~ 'E '1"!161 I .,
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('f). "'lrnt>ldf'll ~·~~I
(ll).~ ~ '!~ <Jill',qci'[ ~ ~-Cct1'f <li'lf ~I •. "' \ G:
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(•) ~ C'SIC~6!C¥ m., "'®t>ldf'll'll 1lAi ~ 'R't 1l'rit i .,. .:·

I '> .
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..c:- •"t'.
6
Contents
.)Ir -
\11~~1:>tl('( : . ' . ' '

('li) ~~~~~~~~~lftlll-
(~) WI~ (Energised busbar) ~ n~ct ~ ll,Pfli:fJ I ~ ~ ~ ~
~~C~~~~I
(ff) ~ i!l'f$ ~ ~ ~ <11 nCfWrif'1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ')j~~ )fl~<A> ~
C~~~~I
('ti) ~ ~ ~ -~ ~ ~ ')j~~ ~ ~,·Wl' IQ~ "fl)f"fl~ffl<A> ~
CoWli":~,f~i!l<f~~~W~~~~I .
~.8.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~9Rt (Double B~bar System with one Circuit Brf!aker per
Circuit):
~ ~ ~-~~-~~~~~~I 1fm ~~ ~tflif ~(Main
Busbar) <!!~ ~~ "ll~l~J;q>lm ~(Auxiliary Busbar) ~ I
G1 G2 ,
I I I COUPLER
L,L FEEDER
~"·~ :~~TI17f~~9Rt
~ ~ ~tltif <ll)f<ll'!lffi ~~<mt i!l~ ~~ <l!Ji<ll'llfG rn-stl.0 ~I ~~ ~
~ ~ ~~ '<!Tn~'1-e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ iSlf11M!liRI ~ ~
~ I ~tlti{ ~ c~ ~ 15lrntM!llrn ~ ~ ~ ~ <11"1 Cl519fi'rra ~ ~ !
'll CRt
~=· .
(<f) <!!~ M~<l~ 9ft~ ~~<Im I \51~ ~liR ~ ~ ~ ~ 161HqM!llM ~
~ 9ll'61ITTr ~~<Im I
(~) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n'!Wrif'1 ~ <l'm 1
(ff) C~WIC"li .~ ~ ')f~~ 'Rt~ I
(~) <!I ~9f"mf $l~ ~~'1 ~~I
(~) ~"6l"U~~~'flt1tlllt
Contents
' i
~:
(~) ~'ftil ~ ~ \Si™MlllM ~ 9™3lffil ~'il'SIJH~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I
(~) <.!l"it "'lrnbli\"ll ~ ~ I
~.8.~ ~ ~~~~ ctJ<q~"Ptt (Double Busbar with Double Circuit Breaker per Circuit):
~~ "ll'il'!il"l'"''f:l '<3 ()~9!,cf_CiS!'ilC'llfj;~ ~ ef~ ~ ~9Rt ~ ~ I <.!l ~ ~
~9fiml~~~~~~l~0,<.!l~~~<!Sl~~~i!TI
~'<3 ~ ~"Ci\T ~ ~'llC<l'll'C'RI :>ffe~ ~~' m ~~~~I~~
~ ~ ~ ~ CWTCi!T <.!l~ ~ QPm ~~"f <tt ~ ~ ~~ ~
~~~~~~~'
.....___...___ __,..----__.~-\--MAIN BUSBAR

AIXILIARY
BUS BAR
~:·
(q'i) Plc:>&vBI ~ 'ill~tl\61 (Flexibility) <.!l<t~ ~(Reliability) 9ft'8m lfm 1

(~) PtcAiCll1l ~ ~ <tl WlfO'fWri!Ft<rn ~ Rw'- ~ ~ ~ ~ lfm I .
~:
(~) ~"'l"lll{.,'l>"SIC<I <.!l'll ~9R ~ ~ C<lfi't I
(~) <.!l"it Wlf'~'! ~'<3 C<lfi't I
~.8.8 'fttif ~ ~ ~ ~ ctl~(l9Ptt (One and half breaker busbar system) :
<.!l ~9f.1m ~ ~ ~ ~
~~~~I
~ ~ ~ 1foU
. tw.$ ~ ~ ~ qsm ~I~~ P,-slO!l\1 ~ ~
8 .= ).ct$~~~~ qt'[ <.!l~ "1'4iNsw 'e11lil.'ll5l'Jt5 ~ ~

-
~~I
Contents
FEEDER
~~.8: -elfti{~~~~~9Ml
~:
(<fS) l!l~~~~~~~~<l'ii~I
(~) ~ ~ ~ <W!<lmf ~ iSRJ Wv'- ~ ~ ~ '1l I
('1) l!l~.~~~~~~~l~<Wl<lmfdl'fii~~Wc<;jf~~~
~~~..!jq~~~~~~~~~I I
('i.1) l!l~~~~~~~~I
ISl~'11"1'i.(:
(<fS), ~ ill'W91_cf ~ 111> ~ ~ ~ ~·~ ~ f.ftim ~ ~ ~t'>f"iml ~
~'1Hlt1i"l"llwf~~I --..
(~) ~~~'ft<ml~G<m~~Cf~~~~1fU~~~~
~ l!Jq'. l!I~~ G<m-<!l~ ~~ ~ 'ti1Gl ~~I~~~ ~W'!
~cf~ qq'i ~ lITTt I
('i.I) l!I~ WJ!'CfWrlli'f ~ ~ I
~.8.<t ~ ~ 41"1~9Rt (Ring Busbar Arrangement) : ~l'll<'l~iST\5 'l5W'r ~ ~ ~
~(~Cf~ m'.~ ~ I l!I~ ~9fimf CO>!<P»l~l<'l~iSTIS 15W'I "l[Ji"ll~~ C"11f ~~'<PT~
"(19fif ~ m~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ I l!I~ ~ 'Ji""'>j_cf ~9Rf ~ ~~~{ll!ll ~ I <!!~ ~
~ ~ ~ J'f'.~~ -s;~1~c~t;c<1> ~ ~ ~ ~ Oi"'S~ ~
~<Rflffit I
Contents
r ~: .
(<fi) ""'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C~ ~ C"ilSlll ~I
(~) ~~C:>!<P"Wm~~~~.<ll~~~l!~~~~
~~~~.~~~~-<£1~~~~"111
(~) ~~"1l~~~Wll'~Cf'G~~<Jffi1
(~) ~~~ f.rl; '~ ~ ~ ~Cf 2ffi1 ~ ~ 91~fu ~·'0 <IB'I <.!! ~9i~ ~~
~~~I
~:
(<fi) ~ ~~~~~~~I Ctlt<'!'IC"'I i.!l~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ i.!)~ 911'5~ ~ <liTifCCf w.:u ~ ~ ~~ ~~ 'Sf"IJ ~
~m91~~~' "
(~) ~~~~~j'f'Z~~mil1
".8.~ CJ14-li!l*l~l5 ~ ~ (Sectionalised Single
Busbar):
i.!l ~9Rro <11"'1<1IC'i'Hl ~ ~'Z"t ~'fl ~~ct
~·-2l~ W1 ~cf~~~~ <IT
f~ '11 ~ ~~ ~ ~'ZV'f '1~~ f~ ~
~ ~ l;ffi I i.!l~ jfli@~ ~-W~ ~C<,'>
BUS
COUPLER
~r---'--r--~~~,---~~--..~
; (
~WliS!•m~l ~'fl ~ !;f'ZV'f ~ ~ ~ ! f;1,.>G~"!il

><fU-~ 'l'fr~ ~~ <£fU f.i-.:?<st <fl~ i <TJ: <;i:<>~~
~ 'lnIT <Pi<11~fGc<:> ~~WI 1W'f <t:@ C'TIJ! ~ :
Iy l! ;":"""•" ;wee Iy Iy
~ ~~ ~ ~ G<1"Bl '<3 ~l~t"ilt<'1UC'i'h'l ~w.;
~ ~ GS1~ \S~ll 9ITC"'rn ~ ~(·f81i Giro~
~ "·~: C>1'f'"lillii~l!!!IS ~~
J
~ c~ Wifil ~ ~ ~ ~9fa'ftm· DRl'-m"t ·~

~~(Fire Proof Wall)·~ I
i.!l~ ~ ~. ~ C'"mtrn'Z-i.!l.if ~ ~ z.r~ ~ ~ (Closed) ~ 9fC'{ ~~ ~Z"l. ~
Pl'iCill'l'i~iSil!i ~'"if! ~ I .
~:
(~) <1Pi"llt~il ~ ~~V't ff C>i~ ~ \5fi'lJ C'llTCi'll ~'Zffi ~ ~ "1l <fi@ ·~~ ~~
~'Z"'~~,~~~~'
(~) ~m~ ~ ~ CS<ffil ~ ~. ~1$1~ '1lll'S ~ cef"'I 91~ ill 1·
(~) l!l~~~~-~I
(~) Wil'"fT~'iFI ~ ~ '<3 .~ 'ifi'1"11~'1<P.::ilC<1 ~ I
(~) <£l ~9Mrn CJ'l<P"~ ~ ~ ~-l!J~ ll1i1 ~ ~ Rtf!lt -~ 'fiJI~ ·~ ~
Ff.~ ~'Z~ ~<Tm I .
(~) . ~ ~~ ~ "lt'ti-if'rn-M ~ <fi1lt <rm I

~:
{<IS) ~ iJl5$ ~ ~tf.Jt'.t-f 911'<'lffif ~ ~ ~ I
(~) ~ Wil'~~<rn 'ilro'e i.!)q$ ~'ZV't ~~~~I
(~) ~'~~~~~ct,~ 'fl m~~ '<3 ;ief;W ~ c>t.P"l<iei'l>"l"11'1~ ~ ~ <u<11.,i9Rt (Sectionalised Double Busbar System) :
BUS COUPLER
-r--'---t-~~·~.--~MAl~NB=u~s~BAR
~
T y·;>,~~
T .1
fSar ~. C\ : ,~>i~<'fl"l.,_,'1.....1'1""'1~-\Sl~\S ~ ~ ~91"11
I!! ~{3 ;ffe ~ ~. I!!~ ~l:!R ~ '<3 ~~ 151f11f.imR ~ 1 ~~ <it·1<imfik<1S <fPl
<lSt~ ~ i5"M ~ ~ 1 ™
\!ilf~MmBI "lJ>1<i1~fGc ~ ~ ~ O{f 1 <m'f f.r~ ~
~~PIT, <rn~ ~ f<l~R3><t>iN ~ ~ t
~: . . . .
(q5) <.!l ~ ~ ~~"te 91~ WI!illfTC<f'iFCf <tSm ~ I
(~) eiMifdl~I~ ~ ~ ~ Ul<f4'fi ~~ ~ r.-;;;<l'i'~".-!00!~. ~'Ji Pl'IC..!rl"i~.'51\S ~ ~ I
'¢.8.'17' OM~ (Mesh arrangement) : ~-~ ~ ~ ~ 4M~lc~rn (Economical use)
~~~~~~91"111
~'f/cr'--'+'-P
t t
.9 ~
4--'t'a-/--'+'-i>
i f
- ~ ~ qim ~ ~ f.rn-3r<t ~
~:~.b'~~~9At
Cll"t ~ ~9Rrn ~ Ql<fiBNs~ ~ Cll"t ~ ~9\11 ~ ~ I ~~"C<'rt Cll"t
'J'I~~ 0t1S (Node) ~ ~· cU9!\S (Tapped) ~ ~ I
Wti1! ~ fi.".%1C"l$ m-fiJ ~ ~
qrm RmrCf ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ G<l>R ~ ~· ~. ~ Cll"t
'J'1~1.ln~ ~ 'll11l I
0 ~ ~ f.troT ~'ltPl\t( (The Basis of Bus bar Selection) :
<.!l~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ li"'ll'~ f.t~~Jj~( f.ool\91 :
(q5) ~ "'1rnc;1"''il'l1 ~ ~ 1cf ~ ~ ~~ist Dt'l ~ 'ffelll ~ m 1
(~) ~ ~ <.!l~ C"flm ~cf I ~-
(~) 'P!rnt>lllJ'il'!I C1Jft'll "11lztl~~l'11 ~ I .
(~) "llJl"llC'll'!l ~-~ I
(16) ~ ~~ ~ ~k "1rat>tG1"11 '<3 ff~'f $ <.!l~~ ~~I
{~) W!1'"1IC"l'll'r:'111 'l.f.tlft '6 41~1111ll,l'f'!I ~9fm I ""
(~~~"e~t .
(~) ISf.t~JC\6 "'lfi(\tlC15'11C~ ~ I .
(~) Rm9fl'f <.!li'!FISt (Protective Zone) ~ Qft"lSt I
"'.
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I ·1 I. I
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Contents
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liejJJit · -0 - - -
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----- + ----·-- ----·---- -·-·-----·· ·-· ._r. J
Contents
.;~,;~;~~··
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)~• llff.~~~'l51m~~~it~~¢tci~r-,~~ . ·. ; .. .
·" .·.~ =~~ ~~:cllN J'!ttffi1~.~~ ~"(Bolting)~~'- (Ctad~n'if~ ~ ~ i
)C\t~~~~~t.ar~ijr· · · ..,. · .. '~\
m: <!I ~ ~ 1~r>C<t1£, ~ ~ .~·>i1<1tSG-ti!, ·~~·~.AA~

\!)q"
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~I ~~"tl~~J1PU•f~~"ift:IJ ~I {;q/<f>/Pfr.~: 'oq, ·~o]

m = w~ ~ ~ ~'9f'fl ~91 :
'(:>) ~~~9fiftl
(~) CJ'f<t>"l"llii~iS'j_I& ~ ~ ~9fift I
(~).. ~~~~9fift I
(8). ~ G'm·Wfg ~ <WFffil ~9fift. I
(~) 15W\ G<t>Rf ~ ~ ~ ~9fift I
(~) 'elWT \5JJle ~ G<t>Rf (One and HalfBreaker) ·~ ~ ~ ~91"TI I
(<=t) ~i:.~~9Al1
(b-) ~ <fPi<!rn ~9Ai I (
-<_I '6~~~~~~91'"-ml~~~~1if~I [~: 'o(l, 'ol!l, 'o~]
~:.~..:>.8.8Ji~I
~I ~'6l1Jtif~~~~~~~C'MI {<t/~:·o~]
~ :·~ ~.8.8 "1'-~ I
8 I <qlJ'f'4111t<lfS CJ'f~"l"il'll~\5 ~ ~ ~? : {47;;ptfi'tc<t1: 'ol!;i, 'oci,' olT]
··~. ~ CJ1<1S"i"tl01~"ltim ~ <Jtr · . ·~ ·
~. ~ CJ'f4"'i"t~cet~ t1tfl~l\bl FJ? . ·f<t14'1fia<tt: 'oB]
~ : Ji ~9r-mi <llJi<ll~~ ~ ~i:_"f ~ ~ Wif'~"l ~.~WI ~cf PtoGOBI
~~<ll ~<fl ~·~~~\51"\;"I~~~ ~ ~.~~ l <!l'Sf<Uajlffil'f\5
~-vt~ <lli!<ll;slc<t' ~C{ll61"'1~C~I ~ <l1 ~ \5l~T.-l ~ q>QI ~ I Plcific~il "flf-~ ~
~~ I.!!~ ~ <ml I <!'Pf <lif~ ~ ~ <llJ'f<lHlffit4' ~· ~t"f \51~ emf .C"lm·~ I ~
<fi191<'1m ~ :~ ~ IS ISlrl:()'llCG'fGW;st ~ ~ I <!'Pf '<fit~ ~ 9ill"rn .~ '51'.1ffe<li
~~ ~ C~ Wifi·~ ~ qPf ~~ DRT9fte"t ~~~(Fire Proff Wall)~ I
a- I ~ ~ ~ ~ f.1tt1caii ~ -e· ~fly C'l'4l 1 {4/4>1fiti<rr: 'ol!;i, '01r]
~:.~~.8.~~I ···•
~ I ~ ~ 'l5'f<lil' ~ -e -elftif 1!il1t5 ~ ~ '41~--M"IRI ~"11\'l"fi cffiu 'ff? · ["llCJ>fk'll : '01rJ
-:~~.8.~l.!l~~.8.8~1
<\I ~~~ ~ '6 -elftif"1Jt\S~ ~ CU<ll:l9Anr ~'lifl'{'ffmiff I ·:["lt+/Ptz~,: 'olr] ~
vi ~~·~Cf'lf~<oq'19f~~~I · · ,~., ~:· · ['IJ<t>(Pfcil(~ '01r]
~:~~~.8.~~~I .:
..
Contents
~: ~-:>.8.~'if~~ I
)o I ~~~~~CR I {q/'f'Jfi'K<IT: 'oib}
m:~-:>.8.<?''if~~I
:>:> I '61li-f ~~~~~~~CR I {q/45/Ptc<tf: 'oib}
~: ~ '-'.8.8 '!~~I
:>~1 ~~~~~~~~r {q~'f'!Ffc<n: 'oq}
~:~'!>.\?~I
:>~ I '6llR "l5IJte' ~ ~ ~ ~9fiITTf ~~<mt~~ Cil'f I {'414'/fiirro: 'oqj
m:~-:>.8.8'if~~i
~81~~~~~~~~-1
ffi:~-:>.-:>"f~!IRJr
:><ti ~~-e~~~.~~r
m: ~ ~ ~i51T~ ~~ ~ "'JfU~ ~I~ Ill~~~~ (Main
Basbar) l!lq~ 151~ >1l~:ltll<?11'! <rr'f<ITT! (Auxiliary Busbar) <fC"'l I
~ ~ ~~ ~ CG'fti5 ~ ~ 1!1<1'~ "il~l~J'lll~ ~~™I ~~ ~
~ ~ ~~<fl ~Cf!r<r'fic:t '{l ~~~WT 91CID ~ "'!~f6rnlffi ~ ~
Qm~I
:>~ I '6llR "l5IJte'. ~~91'lt ~ ~ ~?

m=l!l~9Rrn~~~~~~~~~~,~~~~
~i= :>.~f'U~~'l'J~QJ!<fe01,<(l~.~'{l1JAi5!JTS~ ~~~I

)'11 C>t;q>"i"lliJl~e{t.S ~~<flt~?
m : l!I ~"'Rm~ ~ 151~"! ~<fl~~"'~~~ ~cf f>-tc>Vc~'il
~~<fl~ 'll-~@ ~~ ~ 151~V"l ~~Cl>@*~ lfro I l!I~ "J'ft~~
r
t l
I
!
l'!T<r-c~·~ <1IJ1<1l'!lc<11 ~rnJSi..;1lCl!ll
~9Rf ~f'U f.i,6'~ ~I
"'JfU <rt~~~ ~ QJl 1 P-tc>Vc~'il ~-~ <l>IC'ilW'il
)b' I <tl>t<tlCiBI ~ ~ ~ l!fm~r

m: l!l"<!SfU <ll"i<llC'il'il ~ ~ ~~c:r ~ ~-
(:>) <IPi<li~~~ ~ q;ll C'ilTl1 (Low Resistivity Material) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I
(~) ~ ~"<3 \!l'il C?lful>&J!C"l'il -WI-~~ 'ifl I
(-:>) ~~ ~ \!l'il C?lf%i;;\;J]C''l?l ~ ~ 'ifl I
(8) ~ <rm ><lfu> ~'P'F'l~ .91'fl~ ~ ~ m I
(<2') ~~ 91Wnct ~ ~ <ll"i<ll~P'f"l_~ ~mm~ ~Cf m ~I
(~) <1iJ'!<1h1J1y l!I~ ~ m ~ ~ Pic>Vc~'il ~ ~ ~ '{l ~~<fl~~
<it~ I •
:>~I ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ 151~'11111~91tellti ~ ~9l'OW ~I
~ : ~91"&t"ll f.oo1;91 :
(<!') .~~ ~ q;'j9f'i'rn '<l"lli ~ m I
(~) \51~611Rl ~ 151il:CJ1li.-r&~~zyrt ~ ~ ~ I
(~) ·~ \!Sl~C>tlCC'IU?l>ts'C"!t '<3~91'if ~ ~ I
,
r· Contents
.\O I ~~~ ~ 4J'll(l'fiffi1 ~t11t"4f~r .

m: ~ ~.8.8-~i! ~ ~ ~ ~~9fifrn ;iffe~~ ~I
~)I ID,~~9filt~~~?
m = fu~ ~ ~9J.ml ~ -s ~ ~qra <!!~ ~n-\?lro <mi' ~9i"ITTI ~~ ~ fiR ~
"ff,"Clil~ ~ ~ 11!19 <Fm ~cf~ <Tl:~ 'ill~hNilil "'jpl'N ~ ~ I
.:).~IID.~"U41'l~~~'RI
m:
~ ~.8.Cl' -.!19 'f5Jl : ~.Cl'·~ I
.:),_, I ~~ CJ!'ll"hl'l~Ull"lt~ ~tl'lt ~ ~?
~:~~.8.~~I
) I ~ ~ MC4f1ill11 f4tiiP1\( ~.I.... f<tl'f'/t~: 'ol!:i, 'o 'l, 'o;,J
~
m: ~~ !S~ ~ ~ f.1~1wrn ~ f.nffeif.t~ M -s ~ ~ ~ 6ro~-
r (<f>) ~T-\1 ..,Mlit"l.,1~ ~ ~ 91_cf ~ ~~~~ ·Wl ~ ~~ <wr-.(!;
(~) ~ ~ ~~fiORi en~~~ <11 DT'l m"<-m ~-~~;
I
II
(~) ~~<!l~~~91~'t;
('il) ~ ~-~ filcri;
(~) ~9R<ttl ~T~ -..~, "'iBfDi~ ~ ~"i''IK'i".';''f
(~) ~'!ltNC'Hl ~~ '3 ~~ f.@t~
(~) ~~~~~;
..;% ,!i<R :i::l<;J'J-&Bl f~-¢;
fi1q;:
(~) qf'~ ~ ~<n;

(~) Rm91'11 ~'1f<l>l;
(1$) ~>\llilflf.R '9 ~ ~~ I
~I '61lt-1~~ ~~ ~"At1Tf5iif,,1r:qif.lt~ I [4/<llJPfeifT: 'oq, '01r, 'o;.]
m=~.s.s~1
"I ~~~~~~~-:qcf.!T"fll!ICR~.,~~l
f<!,4'/FllW: 'oB, 'oq, 'o>!l 'o'J)
m: ~.8.~aFIT I ,
81 ~~~~~~9fiit~'ff~~~~~l {414>1Prc<tl : 'o<l, 'ol!:i]
~:~~.8.Cl'~I
<ti ~~~~~~9fimf~~'6~'C'ft~'RI {~:·o~]
~:~~.8.~~~~I '•
~I ~ <qj<q(l~~<Jt<Jt ~~~<ml,~ I .r~:'oa]
m=~~-"~'
C\ I ~ID.-'fl'4Rl,t~ ~'IS ~-~"t'll ~I -[~ift: '0<11
m:~".8.<t~I
b'I ~~~~"«M(l~~~~-~~"RI
m:~\').8.~ii~~I
/;'\
Contents
~I ~·~dRl:~<f"5~~~'6°4t'.4f1
~:~~.) a'it'1111'4~~~1!l't~~. ~ 1
~=-~~.~~I -
))I ~~~~f.Alr~<Rt•r
m: ~ ~.8.1; '¢l"J:C~(."1?J ~ ~~'"t .Ij7;<j I
)~I ~~~~"fiml~~-~~~'R I
m:~~.8.)a-'K<u1
.)~I ~M~~~~~'R~~<Q1l~-~~I
~:~~.8.~~I
)8 I C"l<t>"Hl+t~\5 ~ <Wf<ml ~~~~I
~:~'-'.8.9.~I
)a1W'~~~~~Jl~~-~~~I
'i - -IS-~!~ "·8·" ~ I
)~ 1· ~'. '4l"l<tlC1111 ~-~ CPi"~ I
~:~".8.8~1
i )C\ I ~~~9fi'lt~~~ I
I
~:~".8.\:r~~I
ii'I
[ l
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r t
l
i
' I
; t
I, ,I
; (
Contents
·~~~'t
(SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCL'L.\ TIO.'.\~
,
8.~ ·~~(Short Circuit Fault):

~~~~GI C':Ws~ <!l'R ~ ~ ~. 1l"RI ~ <!l~ ~ <!l<f'U~ ~ Gi ~
~ ~ m'¥T ~ 0#t ~ (Abnormal Current) ~ ~ ~ <.!? ~ >rffl ,,.:f<it>
GI "f'U ~ ~ 'W'l I
8.~ ~ ~ ~ -..f!f ~llf~f~~ Cfil1!'1Ji"J..~ (The Causes of Short Circuit Faults in
Electrical Power System) :
~ 9 fNnrrn ~oi .2f<Wr\t : ~ ~c'f ..iif ~ ~ ?,~~ m ~ 1
(<iS) ~ -..!fu;~ ~ I -,
(~)~~~~;
~) ~)jOC*'l"fi'f ~ ~ : ~~ ~ (Switching Surge) GI ~~ (Lightning
Stroke) ~9 ~~.~GI IS~ ~ ~~~ ~ 1 <!I ~ ~ ~' Plc>Uc11~
lf31~ '€ ~ ~i'i ~ ~:\1 Cl1SI I ~ IS~ ~ ~'i~C~h'l ~'i>j_JC<''f"i-1 ·
~l\i11f\!.'?l& ~GI ~l\!llf1fii0 tlG!Sif.i;!> ~ \!l<l"~ "W~ ~ ~ m ~I l!l'Jf<! ~ct~
~ ~ 9[<f F!<f1Ri~ ~ ...~ ~ ~ ~'l~ l!l<lS ~ -..nr-~ ~
~~~I
:
<~> ~ ~ ~ c<l-;/'!-<? ~ ~"~~·1 r.< . <im ~~ ~ ~ c<it-::. 9flBl 1 <.!:~
~ <Q<l:~ ~ m:<rr W,'qf ~~'13~ ~<!} "W-~ ~ 9frol ! <!I~ ~ ~~ICPJ\$!
~flMo:I ~i'j ~ ~M~ ~GI ~9f1C'rt ~ "W-~ ~ 911@ I
• <PU~ Gi -..iif-~ <'IC'?lc'ii'?l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ '>ft1Sm ~
(<l>) ~ J'l!(CS! ~ ~~ W~ Jflf<r-"U ~ f.rflA m <rm I
(~) ~~fUis ~ ~ <!l'l~ '~".-~I Riful9 <l>""?fl <Im I .
(~) ~'- $fl~~4''?lct HBJJl§c~rn %rrr~ mrr f.r?:li9ict m <im 1
8.'-' ~~nPl"lf~~ (Different types of Short Circuit Fault):

"fl1-~ ~ 'l:l ~ I <!Qrt-
(<iS) PtC1lffi4'JI., (Symmetrical Fault)
(~) ~HPlc~(ia<flJI., ~(Unsymmetrical Fault) i
8.'-'. 'fi. Plo:itfl<q1Jl*1 <Pil. :

~ ~ CID'lfia<f'Jl'1 ~ CfC01 I ~ ~ ~ ~ '6'fRrn ~ C<iC4'Wl1 <Q(f$ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ocar ~ ~ ~ f>lc;f;c:ilQ f>lc~ffi<flJl<'I " ~ ~ 1Wf (Equal Magnitude) t
f.rtit'B~1£1~1£1m~ i2o~~~~<m11 · I
!Slr;11\14Jl'1 ~ ~ : tw.rtU ~<!I~ "!'U-~-'iJ ~\Sm l!l<f~ ~ ~ <.!!~ ~ ~ .-..W-
~ ~-sm 1
8.'-'. ~. "lt~cai(Q4Jt'l ~ : .
~ ~ CIC:ilfGq>jJO'J
lP5 ~ I ~ ~ ~ /Cil'\i ~ ~ ~ <fm ~ "!l <!l<l:~ f>lc..;['fjqsJ!"I <flM1Cil-0 91~\"\!)C\6
~~~·
Contents
. ~l<iPl'1llU4Jl'I ~ ~ : ~'1$· C"~ ~ ·~Qf ~. -~ ·~ 'IfC~ "1tf.~ ~ ~ -!!~

~~~~'8llll
~~·~~=
.
~ ~ ~ Cll ~~~"I'~~~.~ '5M"i'l ~

~ I~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~'l!OO--fG~ (Between single phase and earth) :
.-------r--oR
-e f5i1l cq-em W'i =·
------oy
'---------<>B
f5:l!: 8.~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~
~ I .fw.{ ~ ~., ClRfl 'lli~ "l&J~ ~ (Between phase and Pahse) :
- R
.,..,., -...__--"'L-...oY
'---------<:iB
~:8.~~~~~'Vflf~
" I C~WIC"il ~ ~ 'e ~ ~ • J'!tf~ (Between two phases and earth) :
~R
L~:-1 y
f5:l!: 8.~~ ~ ~ ~'lli~~~
· 8 I ~ ~ ~ ~ Jl'R ~ ~ ~ ~~(Between two phases and at the
same time there may be a fault between third phase and earth) :
.-----=--o R
~: 8.8~~~·\!l~~~~~it~
<t I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -.afrf ~ (Between all the three phases and ground) :
. R
' '
"---"1:::t--Uy -
'-------~--......--oB
~:8.<tfw.$~~~~·~
Contents
~ I ~~~~~(Between all the three phases) :

.
'
. . . . - - - - - -........-nR
....___-!::::f---Oy
.._--------~-OB
f5;if : 8.~ f~ilflh:l,''Sf ~ ~ ~
<!l~ 'l{C<fJ ~~ mm
<~. ~. ~. 8) ~ l:lll"1Pt~llm'lli1., ~ <!l~~ 9fm ~ (Q, ~) ~
Pil.l![i'llJl<i ~1'U ~ I .,
8,8 Plc:ifii"l'Jlil ~ l!ll"1PtCll~"l'JI., ~~~(Difference between symmetrical fault
and unsymmtrlcal fault) : [~: 'o~)
~~otLij'i'Jl"'I ~ 1511"1PtCl!{Ii"l'Jl'I ~ I
~I ~ Qll(;~ ~ ~ ~9ffu;n'( ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~"! <T'fCiW ~

~~~I ~I
I
~I ~ ~ ~9ffu'iiict ~ "t>IC?JC-0?1 "Rl:!J I~ I ~ <t>IC?lC-0?l "Rl:!J ~~~I
c<ii'ffcr'fi ~~ ~ ~~ 120° filit I
~I ~ Ptc11tij4IJl"1 ~ ~ (Rarely) m ~I 911'8~ PtCiGCl!'!'I ~~~"f ~
~~·~I 1511riPtc11ffi<flJl"I I
81 M!.'l~<l'JI., ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8J ~'1"11"[0141~1~<1 ~ ~ I
I ~! . I
Q1 Ptel![i'llilil1 ~ ~ <t>'iiK! C!l"~ QI \5ll'il>icllffa<11J101 ~ ~mr-t ~R>":J G'i"~ I

~9@ ~ Di'i ~~~I ~981 ~<Pl ~i'f ~~ I I
~I P1c11[i'lll!"i ~ <flJl"l'J,'C"!•R ~ 'l'11 ~I \5l!"lf3i~ll\Ii<f>Jl"1 ~ ~T."P'l'l Jj~IS; 4 I
~I ~'1T.~~~~~f.i~~I I
8.ci--ftf ~~~~(Method of calculation of short circuit current) :
Plc>Gc11?J ~ l:ll~~ ~'1.<f "t>lc~a:>t'!I ~ct 1£lq~ ~'91.cf ~'O<!l <!l~ ~ct ·~~ ~
~c<!Q~~-
(<l5) '8~ ~N (Ohmic Value Method)
(~) 9ft'!I ~ ~ (Per Unit Value Method)
(~) 9il?lC>tC'G:si firnJl<t>UJl"1 9Nif~~» (Percentage Reactance Method) 1
{<IS) ~ ~ : C~'JIC?lU?l ~ il!'fU9J.cf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~N"1 (Z) IS~ c<l9 ~
~I ~ ~ ~ ~ Ni;e~c:irn ~~- C'3!"11C~U'!I, ill+tll'~lll'il, ~. ~ ~
1.!r<r~ ~ l!l'iil' ~ '8 C<lS. ~- I!!. c'!lfU~ 1£1~ ~ rrt, ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~
(Zeq) ~ ~ mcmtct ~ ~ c~ ~ ~) (Vb) <!l~ ~~ ~~ ~
m~-
2
~~ ~
.
(21 = Z (Vbafil'~
Vrat-:cJ ·
ohm
~~~
.·111 "111<1>11 <1>11.'l'lv, Ish -z
= Vbase =Amp.
·
'
~~ ~ h 3 x Vba~ x I h
•111 "111<l'11 C<lS. 1-0. <.!!. KVAs = lOOO . " KVA
Contents
{tt) ~ ~ ~: c:eti!leilthl ~ ~'19 ~ m ~ ~csll;orn (C1fS171- c•wncw~. fumH,

~. ~ C'f~ .!l<f~ ~ ~) ~ ~ ~ (Per Unit Method)
~ (Z) ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ Ni~i~>ll[C~ ~ ~C\5'1 ~ <ft ~ ~Qf<ft
w~ 9jJBl('1!C'i ~ ~ ~ \J1~ ~l:f@'I ~ ~<!I <!I~ ~"ftti5 Qi~ ~ ~I
<m'I Pr~ qr~~~~ 911i'l ~ ~. .
Zpu = Z,,u X h.'"VJ\,,3sc

KVAco.tcd
..m~~
11 1
I KVAs11
' 'lil<l>l1 ~· ~"'""• sh= 3V(Phase)
-,.""--= ~." KV
,., JOil<l'U <.'<'I'='"'<
A KVAbase
.nsh = Zpu (total)
(~) ~ ffi{IJf<tltG-i ~ : ~ ~ <!!~ f.ii"l~!Cq -.fff ~ <:>Jrnc-Oil ~ct f.1~ 1WlJ l!l
/'
~~-~"CTI ~I \J1 ~ w.'1i00 ~ H91_9 ~ ~ ~ ·~ Ni~i~C>l'!l
c~ ~flJl<t>tG"I~ ~ QJl' 1 c'!lfSt:>t;11"1c<t> ~i:r@~ "1~ ~ ~ "111 ~'I ~l:fBlc:j\5 i.!l. FL
·' C~l c~ C1t, ~ Ni~!~c>l'il Bl~i!<t>CGC'l'!l ~ C'!lf&1>'GJl"1 '\'<'Jm••rn '>ff<'ff'I hik114>ct1:•r.;i ~ ~
~l"l <ri{J 1 <n'l <!! ~ ,,,il:>iR ~"ll.4; "1'!-<t·~I ~~ ~<'·1"1 <:>t\1 ~M 'Jllfl~f.:i <l\"11
~!
%X = 1: x 100 ... : ....... (i)
:. X =I E%X
x 100 . . . . . . . . . ... . {"")
11
'
r E
I h _ ,!42 _ E%X _Ex I x 100 _ l x 100 Am _ (""")
s - X- 1x I 00 - E%X - E%X p m
KVA,.h = ~~ase X 100 ............. (iv)
<!l~,l =1F'I~~
x = ~ ~ HHIJl<t>l'G"I
E=~~~
(ii) '1~ ~ct~~~ QT,"~ fuUJl<t>c'GC'>i'!l ~ lR'
c<!M ~. "rJ ~ ~~ ~'!
Ql ~ ~ ~ I <!I~ ~ ~Pl~~~ f<:w~ >Ttfil 'b<t>'!lct RHUl<t>(.'G"f ~ ~ Q~ I
~ Nl-ol~''P1~( ~ Qffe<!S, ~ ~ ~ ~ml<PC:°&C"f~ 9@mcr X% = %X1 + %X2 + o/oXJ +
.••• i.!l<ft. ~ ~li'illt'\ICG'l flflC<ll, "b~ W f?rnJR.W'=;; o/oX = l ~ l

%X1. + 0A>X2 + %XJ
~ "fll'!ll41161 J11f¥iS~ ~ rnmlcist'G91 ~ ~ ~ ru <fi@ ~~I
l.!l~, 1!li{ ~ ~ QT, ~'1_cf ~'- C1l ~ Ni~~C>BI ll'll ~ ~ ~. ~ ~
~JIJl45,&~>t,4,.~ Mt4bi!IW '\5ITC>r I
Contents
8.~ 91fil~ ~ '<f ~ ~'liro ~(Difference bewteen per.unit method and

percentage method): ·
~I ~ mfira 9lrn ~ "fl'l ~ .!t ~I~ I ~~ 1>ff<l~~ 100 ~

l!l<f~ w.M QPl' ~ ~"'fr\? I ~ 9frn ~cf ~ <.!l'!'I ~~ 'liR 9ft\!M 1:lffi I
~ -~~~li"R
'(1:>1'1" "fR - ·~ ~R'l Co/! ll"R I I
~ I l!l~r.:!l ~'If f.l<ffi ~ ~ fum~ I ~ I ~ f.1cfu ~ Cilf\Si>'GJl'J1C<'l> ~

~ ~ <f.'ITT5 ~ I . I ~ 'lJffi 'TI I
I
<>l"l?I~~~ 7
·11.,.-<1:>1.,.,~1-·F.1:>"'1,.upi1=KVA..,
K\IJ\i,.os,· Z i ~(:;. "' IxX II
vi rox 'PU·
1 \!)! _ .. ,~.,.~1BHlJl<:ll&7i,%X=-yxlOO
~ l@f.il] ~ iU ~ 1
8 I ~111 ~
--""" "111"1'11 ~
"<'ii.~..,, Ish-
- ......,,. ":>-:;>.s;:. ~. 1 8 1 .,., "lil«'" ~' lsh = o•1.ox.•x., _100
·in• '<,1:>.'"\J '(1-·1~\!:>"] . 71
Q- 1 <.!l ~ RrnJl<t'<OG~ ~ f.lcfo <Tim Q- ! ~ firnJl'1'CG"f f.lcfu <Tim ~:::If]

~I ~I
~~-I-~-1-'il-~-'!'l-~-IC"'-·'!'l-~-,~-)l-IN-._'3_<._"'l_C<>--5-l_fil_\S_\';)_!j_p_'1_~-.-t-~-1---'~-l"l_qi_il_.)j-JC_'lr_'!7--~--l;)-fj -·-~ .,.~ I
tmur~!ic:'RPJR ~ ~ <rr 1 Rl{;Jl<t>c'&r.if?l •ITiPPlR ~;rr'l' 1 ,- I
8.'\ 9fBl~i;~F~CAdvantages of P.U. Method):
(:~) "iU >lti¥G' <;. ..:.~-;:- ~'1~. c-q;ful.£! ~". ~~ 7!~11
(~) ~~~<:<'Pl KVA-l!l<l JJT:V.~"~~~·:r@?I G'51J 9
i"i:'"f.9fl'!'I ~~fur;~~~~ f<r<mr
Rfo:.i 'llf~ fu;m~·;i ~rmuv:i ;;:~~-g~cn ~ i
(v) ~ ~W"llV'i ~ r?.~11·:V"l C'f<i!lt ~~ ~R~"CO'lt ~.,~, ~"'ffe~ I

• c<P1 ~\!l (Base KVA) : ~s11rc<t <u""~ ~ ~9f1R> (Equipments) c<T"A- CiSt"il~T.1il,
]l"i~"illllil, ~:-1 ~, ~ ~ c<I'. ~. ~ ~~ i!i~ ~'IT I ~ fu-~ ~ .
cil~>i>Jl"l, f?rn11c~>Jt ~~r 91rn ~©f.1D ~ l!ln.t1 ~~ ®l!l ~~ ~iiTCil C'T-sm ~ 1 f<ITT;::{
r;~f~>t""l:i[C~ "l~<-~i <:ilfu>i>Jl"i '3 UHlJlt~t"iil ~~ .:r;; c<ril ~ ~ .nW. "'ffe~ 'J'fil:fm'f
(Common) C<?. ~- l!l-<.!lil ;:m;~ ~fofT, f;5:5r~ ""~ Cilf%1>i>Jl"I, ~ <rt 9frn ~
ramt~<!> ~9\m ~ ~. ~ ;ffe~ :rril:fm'l 0N;<!! (KVA) c c<P1 c<I'. ft;. i!I (Base
KVA) <rCo'! I
ITT~<!!~~~~ <ft~ f.r~91 :

(<!>) ~Cf-¥ ~~l~C:>Jil ~ ~l!l ~i<n,
• ("<!) ~~'C"ft ~~
(~r) ~~ (Arbitrary) ~ ~loJ>i~ ~-B ~ 1
·-~~JI (Short Circuit KV.A) :

~ ~. ~ RBUICW+t,
%X =IFLX xx .100
'1riU C<t>fb.!I ~'<.'<:"!,
Vp
l
Contents
qt X = %XVp Ohm .; .......... '. .. {4) ·

' In x 100
Ul~, In= 1l"! ~ ~
- Vp=~~ . '
x ='8~ ~ ~ RhntC~i1
<rfq ~ ~ ~ m ~tu PHJJICSi'J x '8~ ~. ~ -.rfi3 ~ ~. Ish = ¥t . :. . . (5)
4'1-Z ~ct c~ X-.!t?! ~ 5'1-Z_~crn ~ ~.
Ii
.• -
~ ..
.•
·?:
shor{;ir~it KVA =Base KVAnox~)

"10,
~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ (KV) ui~-z ><ts-~ <>tc.~c'U~ "1ilHWf ~ (Al ~~ ><i°'J-
~~. fti. I!! 'Wi I
~ ~ ~ ~ (KV) \!l<f'Z "fi1-'J'!Tf4i/ ~~ ~ 15lllf'>1~ ~ (KA) ~~ -..W-
~ \!l~.~.c!l (MVl\,11) ~ l
~<t>~IC<l MVAsh = MVAbase (!1~~)

ffl\,11 ~ flff<W! -..fi1 - ~ ~ 0?l' ~ ~ :
KVAs11
;h = "3KV Amp
~~~...fi1-~~.fS.c!l
KVAsh = KVAtiase
- XP.u
-..fi1 ~ ~' lsh =~FL.

P.U
,:l!l~,
Xp.u =emu~~ RrnJl~Jlii I

I.FL= 1{<'f ~~I
r ..
' 8.lr ~~~"*'I~~~ (Solved problems related to faults) :
~-) I~~~~ 66 KV lit'lr71"1"1 ~ iooo KVA.
~ ~ -
Contents
5% 11lmt:qi~ ~ ~ :a1ttlf'illllC'iBI
~ yti ~I - Jil'liHlll'illt C9i"1IC'illt'. 2500 K.V.A 10%, lOo/o ~ <ql~<qlC'ilil ~ 1'fMltiit
~I ~ ~ iQl'li#iiiiltH ~ ~ ~ ~ llftf ~ ~ ~ 1~ ~ ~. C<pf ~~ 'ift-; 1Jt-
~ ~ ~'i{f ~·~ 'lSICile'ti! ~ ~ ~ tlil'llf'illllilffl 11/66 KV~ I [~: 'o~J
~:
11/66 K.V
~.VLlne~
1000 K.V.A
5%
~:8.'\~~~
~ C'lftiJf : . . \ ~lli·,
lfm~,WTOOl!l2500,1ll~~KVA~tim~t -~~. ~.;
' - 5 x 2500 :.. • >;;·\;.} .
~ Jat+pJl'!l:illlJBP'f!~•~~ rnml<PCG+i 2500 KVA ~ ~ - lOOO - 1~5· • " \
·~~
r.~iSi~.,~1c'!l"""'.u..,,_c'!l~'!l ··rn.,,,~""i:.' MU1<11til"I 2.500 KVA ~
~
1«.,,, 1:.•1 =
10x5000 .. " (
<.,
2500
:. w ~ ffiml<P~U'>i % x = 12.5 + 10 = 22.5%

'°' } QO/(J -,
.;·.
2500 KVA ~ ~~ 'f'1 ~ ~ (66 KV~)

I·= 2500 X 1000 = 21.87 ~I
~x 66x 1000
~ 100
:.~~~Isc=IX%X
100
=21.87 x 45
=97.2~1(~)
~1f
C'lftiJf :
~ ~. ~ 00\!I 5000. 1ll ~ Co/! KVA ~ ~ ~ t ~ «"! ]i·>tiJl'!l~IC'!l'!l ~
RI:mtc1i., 5000 KVA ~ ~
1«."ll~'l =
5 x sooo = 20%
~
1000
/ ~ ~ 10x5000
CiSiillC'!lUC'!l'!l 9f!VK~ ~~Jl<fSdl"i 5000 K.V.A Co/! 1«."11~'l = = 20%
2500
:. ooU' '11vfwiSf mm~% x =25 + 20 = 45%.
5000 K.V.A C<pf ~ ~ ~ ~ (66 K.V ~)
I= 5000 x 1000 = 43 . 74 ~>rnBl
'13
x 66 x 1000
._;;tl ~ . 1 x 100 100
:. -111 ·'111«'11 ~ Isc = %X = 43. 7 4 x
45
=97.2AI~) I
~ ~ 1fllr, m ~ ..iif ~~~~~I
l .
\
Contents
·~4. I 66 KV~ ... ~ ~ ~ ceMICil'ritilf "IJlill"llt'I ~~I ... CWMltir'titff ~ ~
·~ ~ t't401'4'tblf ~ 6000, lOOA> I ~ '6 ... C@MICir'tit~fl ~ ~ ~ ·~· AAA¥CD"I
4000, 12% I 4' '6 ... ceMltfGCiBI ~ 66/33 ~ ~ ~ tGl+t¥11Jtlfl Mtef ~ C'llt¥ ~IJi\~ltU
·~ ~ ~ ~~ 1~1 11'R~lfl ~ ~..q ~ ~ ~ fi41J14d;'I~ 7500,
5000 1.£1~ 5%, 6% I fili'BIC'llfl ~IUl-.c'G'I 0.3 ~/f.fiC'll~l'il I 150 f«o'llf1iGl'sl ~ 50 f.ft'11~111
ll"~ ~"-frf ~~~wr"'l'lf~~ ~'»(ff~~~ ~"ff 1 Nl'P~- ·~oJ
~:
66/33KV
0=---1 ~~-----.I
K..V-.A~5-%---~F ~
I '·
. i \'\)
·~~
66 kV
500K.V.AT:%
66KV
7500
/ · · ~:8Jr
~ <m, ~ 001.!l KVAt, = 7500
(C'Pl ~'<ls' C'Sl"llC~{Gc~~
~ ""1\5 ~ ~lUl4>&ii x ~ KVA
%X= ~KVA
=l0 x 7 500 = 12 5
6000 .
C'P1 ~ ·~· CISl<l!C®~~ % X
~ ~ KtlUl~iG~ x Qf.>f KVA.
=
~KVA
i •
= 12 x 7500 = 22 5
4000 .
ITT~ T1 Jal"f~?Pll~~ ~ f?rnJliG+t
= 5 x 7500 = 22 5
7500 .
ITT~ T2 Jal+t~~1ll131'!1 ~ ITTJIC'G~
= 6 x 7500 =9
5000
12.:\% 5%
.
~:
\
5o ~C411fii"GB1 ~ ~ ~~• ~"lffil" '(3m Rrn11<Pc&'1 ~ o.3 x s = iso.

~ ~ ~ I = KVAt,,.se = 7500 = 131.215 A.in .
~ • ' FL '\/3xKV '\/3x33 . p
Contents
.. WI~ ~r@~pt~~ Rrn114c&tJ = IF!, x Reactace (Q) x 100

. . . . Vp . .
·. ', = 131.215xl00 = IO 33
33xl000 ·
•
13
'<15' <!l<f~ T1' l!l9 ~ ~ RHlJl'11ii1"1 = 12.5 + 5 = 17.5.
·~· l!l<f~ T2' l!l9 ~ ~ BBlJl4'C1i"1 = 22.5 + 9 = 31.5
(<15 + T1) .!l<f~ (~ + T2) 1!19
~ ~ fiim1<>1i11'1 = ~ ;:;:~i :~ = 1 J .25
~ ~ o:W ~ rHul4>W->1
= 11.25 + 10.33 = 21.85
><M - ))~ <t>m
~~~:~::E~::::0608039Amp (J.,
. %Xtota1 · - ~
7500 . ' '
= 2 1. 58 xlOO
' = 3454.402 >
~-~I 33 KV~ 'cf;' 1!1~ 'w{' ll.TU CISl'11C~i'G:;; ~~~~~I l!l~ ~ ~ MVA
~~ 900 J:j~ 600 , cist11~c;;;i 1ru
m11.114ldh'l11 z,..,;r;; ~~ ~ ~ <iRf ~ CVC\Si Rhn14c'G'1 o.4
~I ~ml<t>Ut'll'S1- ~~~ ~~ ~ 9J~ 9J~'<l>~~ MVA ~?
900MVA~ 600MVA>#
Q40 0.40
~:8.lll
~~:
lW1 cm, Wi MVA (~) = 900
~· • u
~ """J.~r><1 <Ii Cii!'ilC'!l C~Hl 0l-OX = ~MVA
,.fii MVA x 100 = 900x
eOO
100
= 100
•
~ ~ ·~· ~'11<31UCM %X = ~gg x 100 =150
c<f"f MVA
l'1~~,lFL={J3X ~~
I ':>
=g~X lOOO = 15745.916~ I

3 x33
Contents
1lfl ~ ~ x rnM<l$t11"' · ·
cq11 ~ rnml'l'iiic'!l?l %X = ~/c<Rf • x 100
= 15745.916 x 0.4 x 100 = 33.057

~ x 1000
""~~~:
'' C>S!"iiC<sfGc'irn ~ ~ ~. ',,r' CIST'11UlU'!l l.!l'l"~ ffiml%t'Jl?l ~ ffiiul<t'tG+t (~~~)~~ 150 +
33.057 = 183.057-~ ~. wrr~ ';;;' c1S1011ui'Gc?l'!l ffim1<11'fi1IC"l'!l ~ ~ ~ ~ 1
'*""
~-ii-.,
........':>-
«'"11
./
~
,..,...... 0 -
l."lllJ VoXT -
183.057 x 100 -
. + lOO - 64.671 .
183 057
= ~ ~ rn~ult&+t x IOO
900 •
~/
(~)
I "
= 64.671 x 100 = 1391.659.

~·7+ ~· 5' ,7,
·~· CiS1<iluiU@1 <w1<f~ ~ W'1

'<ti' CSI"iT~ l!l'l"t. ffi@<t-UC~M ~ %XT (~) = 100 + 33.057
= 133.057
~oil '1.,~ c~ "!-!.~ RrnJl<t-t'G+t = i~~:g~;: i;g = 70.51
W. l.!l~ ...1x100.
=~ ~ RlmlCG+t
900 100
= 70.51 x
= 1276.401 I (~)
~-s1~>11fctdh1'lf'~~~~~~-.~~~~"fl:.
~ 'l51'fit : . . ..
<t' =2000 KVA 0.08 PU
•
J ~ =4000 KVA 0.12 PU
~ =5000 KVA 0.14 PU
T1 =T2 = 5000 KVA 0.06 PU
L1 =L2 = 5000 KVA 0.05 PU
T3 = T4 = 5000 KVA 0.06 PU
L3 = 1000 KVA 0.04 PU
T5 = 1000 KVA0.03 PU
~:
lfC'T~, c<PI KVA = 11000
"~ ~~i;mil ~
r
'
·~· 1!11t rnml<t>t&"I ~ ~ =

Contents
«!t'G<P"'H •
. ·~--~-.-1!1-~-rn~.tJ-Jl_<P_W_'l-~---~---,-=--0-.0-8_;_0~-1-0-000---~-0-.44-.-P-U--.------------------~
0·12
4~~000 =0.33 PU
'~' 1!11f rn41Jl<t>l&"1 ~ ~ = O.l 4 ~~~000 = 0.31
5 PU
~ Ri41Jl<t>t.U"I ~ ~::: o.o 5 ~~~000 = 0.11

T1 IS T2 l!l'?f
5 PU
T3 '<3 T4 1!11f ~ HBUl<>t&'i ~ ~ =0 · 0 \~~~ 000 = 0.44 PU
LJ 1!m Rl~ultl>"! ~ ~ = 0.0 4l~~~OOO = 0.44 PU
Ts ~1f rnWl<l'cU"I ~ ~ = 0.0 3l~~OOO =0.33 PU
<lS, ~ <. !l<!~ ~I!!~~ fuml<Pt'&"! X1 = l

--+--+--
. ~ . l = 0.117 P.U.~. · .
0.44 0.33 0.31 '
T2. Li I!!<!~ T4 I!!~ c;zji> rntiJl<!St&'i (~) X2 = 0.132 + 0.11 + 0.132 = 0.37 P.U.
Ti. L1 l!l<f~ TJ l!l'R l!l~ ~ Riml<11tl>"1 (~) XJ = 0.132 + 0.11 + 0.132 = 0.37 P.U.
m ~ QlW Ri@41dl'11 ('1Jl?ll'11C"'l) Xi-= g:;~: g:~~ = 0.185 PU

LJ <!!<!~ T5 l!l1f ort'U Hl41Jl<15t:&+t (~) Xs =0.44 +0.33 = 0.77 P.U.
~ ~ ~ ra41Jl'Pr.&" <~). xT = x1 + ~ + Xs
= 0.117 + .185 + 0.77
:: 1.072 P.U.
~~ . ~~I!! 11000 . . ~
·111 "111"1'\1 KVA = ~ h I ,,, = l = 10261.194 I (-.,~'ii)
<."liv P. U. 1~\IJ 41W"1 .072 .
-..M~~= ...fff~~l!I ~ 10261.194 x 1000

. "3 x 500 ...j3 x 500
= 11848 ~I(~)
~ -..f'G ~ 'l5JC'!lc}i;?l 1J'A c<l1f <Rf ll°W I
frL= ll~~OX 1000 = 12701.706~

v3 x 500 .
-..f'G~~ · - lFL
:. • ' !sh = ~ PU rnml<11tl>"1
·= 127oL 7 0 6 = 11848.606 Gill~ I {m)

. . 1.072 - .
Contents
~_;_~I 20000 KVA, 11 KV. 20% racul4c'G'1 ~A, B. C, D m$ ~ ~ Cet"llCfGil

<q("ICllCH ~~~I B ~ C Ceti11C~CH ~ ~ 25% ~ fflll<t>lJ1! ~I~~
10000 KVA, 5% khUl4c'G"I ~ :QIW!¥'A111Cilil ~lfJDl ~ 66 KV~ ~ c-:mt ~ I ~ ~
~ Jil91'l'11il1Cilil ~ ~ --t'rf ~ ~ ~. ~~ ~ ""llf ~ 4IC'llt-t'SI ~ C<fit 'fl I.
11 K.V
A V'"I
11 K.V
20 %
B9
20000 K. V.A 20000 K. V.A 20000 K.V.A
20 %
C \./"\
11 KV
20 %
20000 K.V.A
D V'"I
11 K.V
20 %
L.VSIDES
25%
10000 KV.A 5 %
H.VSIDE66~
Fauttf
~:8.~~ .
~: ttfu, ~KVA= 20000 KVA

CiSl'11tiG'!I ~ C<l'i KV= 11 KV
1!f~~~~~KV= 66 KV
~ ~
:. ~r.m1~mq'""'"'!l1lmlr-C'!l°''!I 711~"'1~'1.11l>1 CCflf_ K.V.A Qj'J_Gl~t =5 X 20000
JOOOO
= 10%
D•20'lt
lCY~ X• 10%
25'11>
10%
Contents
J :%1 35%t .017.8%

Bo
10% . F
~ : 8.)11) RhUl<!i'G:il"I wtm$f ~ ~ f5<ir : 8,)8 ~41H<tl'fiJl"I ~ 8 ~
mml't'CG'>l ~ '~ CllW ~ M{JJl<Pt:U"I 17.80/o ~ ~ l
ITTMVA
:. -..fti~ MVA
. =C1$ 3o ffi. mI<t>c:& l>l x 100
20 ~
= .S x 100 = 112.5 MVA I (-:i~~)
17
~~ ~ -..fti~MVAxlOO
o.!l<R •1:> "111"1'U <lliVilV = _r;;
. v3 x KV
= ll~x 1000 = 984.llA~I(~)
. . . • 3x66 . \
~- ~ l ~ 10 KV fw.f ~ \Gl"l~"l'l ~ C"1fiti&JllJ\ '<3 fi41Jl~t~'I ~ l~ 4Q I ~

~ Cijji!IC'll$t. C~"li-:l'll <Cll>!<tlC'11'11 5 MVA. 5% ™41Jl•H°6"1. ~-~91 !il'll#<ilillC'll'll ~ -~~ l ~
10 MVA. 10% ~41Jl'f't'i1wt
f.tfi'l't CWlltiG'll ~~~I~~~~~ 19i'1t{D<t>Jli1 "t1f ~ ~
~. ~ ~ CIJfti1f "t1f ~ KVA~~ ~ f.lcfif <ff :
(~) ~~~411"C\!l
(~) Jal"lll''il"llC~'ll ~ ~ ~ I
~:
~. 0'1 KVA = 10000 KVA

-~u~· ~I'; . JI ~
C\St'i!Cr~'!l?I ~11."11.v~1 BBlli<fll "1 ~ KVA "'"J."''" %
10000
XI.= lO x 103 x 10 = 10%
I
.n1'>lil"?l~IC?Bl ~~ rnml<>CU!>i ~ KVA ~ % XT = ;~0~g3 x 5 = 10%
~~
J.ll'l1•n., •wot,\..,~
/ ;\) hi
'1IC"iC iSi
u
!Hl<fl~ l>i %.XL=
(KVA) x M!Hl'l'Ciir:>l?l lfR IS~
lO(KV)2
= 1000x4 =40o/o
10 x (10)2
~ ~ '1lrfic4'iSi C?lf%iJUJl"I %Rt_= ~~O~?l~}!
(~) Jal"lfilo.r-:t ~ ~ ~ "5!f<ft~ c-~ ~· ljffi) 'F2' ~ ffiml<PiG+i ~· '~ ooU
rn41Jl<PlUC"1'11 ~Cf- .
Contents
~ % ™M4<.G"I %
:X,... + o/oX.T + %Xz. ' .
= 10 +lo+ 4o ~=10%
=60%
% ~fei:>UJt"I = 1Q% Xr= 10% ·' ;
~C~~~F2~ F1
% ~ =°'1(60)2 + (10)2 Ri. = 10_ 9(>

XL=40%
= 60.83%
• ~.....At:>.
•• -i1.1 "lll~l.1
KVA = 10000 x 100
60.83
= 16440 KVA
(~) .lll"i~~ll!C~BI ~ ~ ~ ~ 1''1 ~ ~ ~ W % f?alJl4C&'I CS!"llClW~ ~
C~~~F1~=%,N+%XT=10+ 10=20%
:. "JU~ KVA= lOOO~ox lOO = 50000 K.V.A I ~)
~- '\ 1 ~ 1W-f ~ cet"llt:11lt'. ~ liff; C$i"ll,'il'Gm1 ~ 10000 KVA. 12% HhUl+t'G.,

~ ISlBl ~ 5000 KVA. 18% ~iiJl<l'c'G'I ~ ~ I ~ fw.!ft Cet"llCil~'il ~ 441'>141Cil'il ~ ~~
~ ~ ~~~ 5000 KVA., 5% fihUl"l'c'G" ~ \Ql.,¥ilillt:ll'il ~ CllWS ~~I~~
~~MvA~~~CR.~-
(<li) Jil.,¥ili11Cil'il ~ ~ 1Pl ~I
I-
I
(~) Jil'1¥11)llt:ll'il ~ ~ 1Pl ~ I
~lftif:
lOOOOKV.A lOOOOK.V.A lOOOOK.V.A
12 % 12% 12%
B "\,, c "\,,
5000· KV.A
5% ~KV.A
5% .
5000
TK.V.AT 5000
5%
'
f5;1f: 8.)C\ .
iffil, c<l"JoT KVA::: 10000 KVA
I
12
I :. A i.~iSl~"l-1C1l""'1l"-C1l~'!l 911r;•,,fr:'.UiSI fihn14't&"1 % .N = (o~ggoo = 12%
<?
Contents
B C@l"ifcwuB1 ;1c>fcA;~· Hhut4c&"'I % Xa = 12 1~6gg 00 ..,; ·12%

)
C CISl"ilcWC:sBI '11Clfc;ij;16f rn~lJl4<0'G"1 % Xe = IS ~OlOogoo = 36%
lili!l#'SlailC'il'il "llclfc;ij;ISf rnllJl<l>lGi! % XT =

5
;01Q°~0 = 10%
(<l>) li~ ~<f'Slajl'31'SI Q'll ~ $ ~~ F1 l.!1 ~ ~' ~ RhUl<fltG"! ~ CiSl'1lC?t'GC<!:'SI

M~,.,~~~F1 9!W1
W % ffisiil<l>l&"1 C"lt~ % ffiml<l>l&"i Fl ~
=%KAI l%Xsl jo/oXc

= 12% I I 12% I I 36%
=66 +x 36
36
= 5.14%
.
.......;.. lOOOOx 100 1 ~
:. <r-v MVA = _
5 14
x IOOO = 194.51 '-"'"">!)
Neutral
12% 12% 36%
~: 8.)11
("f) ~ l1"1'1'ili!IC31'il ~ ~ ~ ~ F2 l.!1 ~ ~ ~ HlllJl4il&"1 ~ ~ C\St'1IC'SIUC31'SI

~~~~F2 ~~ % fuilJl4c'&"I I
cl1W % Mllil'f>lG'I F2m=5.14+10=15.14%
~ · 10GOO x 100 1 (~)

:. <1'"11 MVA = 15.14 x 1000 = 66 I 'Cl~
Neutral
12% 36%
10%
f5;Jf : 8.)~ .
_j
Contents
~- 1r 11{1l ~ ~ ~ 5000 KVA, 10% ft10tcpcl;'1 ~ ~ fi,11~, • •

~I ~ C'14'11fc-;;t ~ '9Mltii°Gt'IBI ~ 10000 KVA. 10% fti014c'Git ~ ~"C"14'1tifll ll,ft
ClJl"11Cil°Gt1HI ~ 8000 KV~ 12% fifOl<!Sc'Git ~I~ ~ c>t4-tC"«I ~ ~ -.(11 ~
~.WCCf~MVAIQ~~"fll .
10000 K.V.A 10000 KV.A 8ooo K.V .A 8000 KV.A
10% 10% : 12% 12%
A ""V A ft. ""V A "-'
1 3 4
o!t~
~
5000K.V.A
fSiir: 8.~o
~:
trrn, c<Pr KVA = 10000
C~"llC~'ll 1 o.!l<f~ 2 o.!I~ Yilc:sf<:UIS! Kl41Jl41CU'1 c<Pf KVA ~ =10 l~~gg 00 = 10%
C'S!"ll!A&'Sl 3 o.!!<r~ 4 o.!I~ "ll~Jfc4:11Sf Kl~Jl41CU+i c<Pr KVA ~ =
12
~oloOioo = 15%
~ ~{lJl41UC'IHl ~~ fihnl~Cii"'i ~ KVA ~ = 10 x ~ = 20%

Neutral
5% 7.5%
1 2 3 4
10% 10% , 15%
F 20% F
'fR: 8.~) ~:8.~~
)'{~ ffi41Jl<l>c&'1 ~ ~ ttt91 ~"'I'~ Rrn11<1Sc&+1 ~ •
.:t"'l'~ ffi41Jl4C'G'I ~ ~ 9lnfU ~ F ~ ~
w 3 ™ml4c&.,, =(5% + 20%) I I 7.5%
= 25 x 7.5 = 5 770/.
70
25 + 7.5 .
. _.,:;.. KVA = 10000 x 1000
•• q'~ 5.77
= 1733101~)
:.1P11MVA=173.311 ~)
Contents
-r~'-;;c"'~""'· ... ~.~-.f' - - · -.
~~.·,.fitt~~~~«~~:. ..
.. .·· .. ; ·' .. 9lm - ~ Zp.u =A~~~!Izz·. .
Actual Z x Base KVA
= (Base K. V)2 x 1000
~ 7 =KVAbase
._,,,.u KVA sh
~ 1
91m· ~~=Actual ~
Base~
._, 1 9ITTf ~ KV = Actual K. V
Base K.V
~ Zpu =Old Zpu x (Old K.V Base )

2
8 1 x {!:j_ew KVA Base)
New K. V Base \-Old KVA I;3ase
~I ~~~- 9ffif~~-
9ffif . · - 9ITTf ~ rn{lJl<t>t&'>I
~I ~~~9ITT!~~XWT~
<\ 1
WT~= Rated K.V.A
x Rated KV ..J3
1T 1 WT ~HC\S"I Z = Base KV2 x 1000
Base KVA
~KVA
~ I WT~= ~KV [Single Phase~]
~o 1 WT ~m = ccr;:i K.V.A [Three Phase~]

"13 x cq11 KV
ccr;:i~
~~ I 0"f ~C\S'I = CCfJ'I ~
~~I 9ffif~~=Actu~
cq1f . ,
~-~I ~~~~~Wf~9flit1if~:
WI'~= 10 A. CCfJ'I ~ = 200 v
~<ff : ("Is) Wf ~Cl!i'i ~
(..) f9'11fil~ ,911'11<\Jti{(W 9ftf ~ 1!i91tfl CR :
20 A. 0.2 A, 50 A. 1000 V, 2 .Q
~:ci;'<",-m~.
wr ~ = 10 A. ~ = 200 vccr;:i
. CCfJ'I ~ , 200
(CJ) Wf l:fM1C\S'1 = cq1f ~ =lO = 20 \S~ I cm)
Actual~ 20
(~) 20 A = ccr;:i~ =lo= 2 P.U I~)
Contents
B<t
2.Q =Actual '<3~ = ~= 0.1 P.U I~)

~'{3~ 20 -
~- ~o I 15000 KVA ~ 20000 KVA ~ ~ ~ C19Mlt~t'l'l'll filml<isc'G+i ~ 12% ~

15%1
C6!'11C~U~ 'ifu l lKV ~ 9 !Mm ~ ~ 1.ll~~l<l?JJ{l <ll>il<liC~ ~ ~ -..fif ~ ~. "IU-
~~ l!Jq~ -..fif~·~-!1~~? [~TI~:·o11:1J
15000
A B 20000
KVA 15 o/o
12%
~: 8.~...,
~~: ~ ~. Co/f c<l'i. fu. i.!J =20000
~ ~ C'61'1l~u~ A-1!1~ ~ rn{:IJl4>'1;91 XA= ~~~ ~~ x Own Percentage Reactance
=20000
15000
x 12 = 16
~ ~ C6i'1lrnu~ B-1!1~ ~ ™!iJl45CG91 Xa ;:: ;gggg x 15 = 15

khB1<11t[;+1~:
N
16%
Fault
F
f5iir: 8.~8
1PU F ~ ~ ~ Rnm+<:[;'i XT =. ~~: i~ =,7.7419 [~ ~ \!l«n.Xa "'IJl~l'llCC'f 'i~~l
~ .............,. Ase.sE 20000
~ l.<l'i'::>\!l ~ ~ C1'IJW "l'Ml"V, lFL =_KV
r;; =_ {O= 1049.72 Amp. .
v3 x KV v3 x 11
. "llj'if.~~ In · 1049.72 . · O
7 7419 X 100 = 13 9. 4 Amp.
• , lsh = %Xrotal X 100 =. .
-"lll"l'U 55 6
KVAaASE 20000 . . ~)
KVAah = OAi.XTotal X 100 = _ X 100 = 258334.52.1 \"'<nl.
7 7419
Contents
~- )),1200 KV.A. 8% ~4000 KV.A. 12%~~-~titt-.'C'll ~.~~

~I llfif r.15ltH ~ 300 KVA. 3% ~~ ~ 6600 ~~. ~~·~
~~)~~~~·~~~·~c<ir.~.dl~'fil
2000KVA 4000KVA
<IS 8% ... 12%
Feeder
300KVA
3%
jI1 Fault point

1
f5r4: 8.~(t
~:
~. C<l"f "'· ~. ~ = 2000

ITT~ '<IS' \51.-;:;l~C"ITic~rn ~ Rl~Jl'fitG"I = ~ggg x 8 = 8
ITT~·~· \51.-;:;l~C"!Tic~rn ~ Rlw!tG"I =~ggg x 12 =6

ITT~ ·~\SIC~~· ~ RlmJ;qsc'G+t = 2:0°0° x 3 = 20
 lfl<f~ 'qf \51.-;:;l~coroc~ =...... RI ··r;
1-.1"1-.:> czji1 ~ ~{.JJl<r>c "1 =8Bx6
+ = 3.428
6
.....................
..: 6%
,
...
!. .. • • • .. • • • .. .. • • • • • Fault polzlt
ISl.-;:;l~C"ITk~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
·~ ~ Rl{.lJlCG"I = 3.428 + 20 = 23.428
ITT~ "lll1Pf Cl'l'1TS ~ I =2000
. "l'"J."4I~~ ~.' ' FL .../3 X x6600
1000 = 174.95 Amp
~~~, lsh =-~~TX 100= ~~~;~ xl00 ~ 746.73Amp

~~ "'· N5. lfl. KVAsh = KV%Ash
XT
x 100
.· 2000 .·
=23.428 x 100 =8536.79
Contents
,,
· ~- )~ 1f.lm~ "f ~'(It'!~""'.' .. •1tl~h.ti, "!'If~ 'Pl. ~•.
A 'V . . IO MVA
If.;
. j
·'t·') . '""
'$';)~11,;~'i
'o~]
.
8MVA8% .· S. 9 % 5.Q
• -;:;_.,_).•;>• ~-~-· L
,f'"·' i.:·-··--
IOMVA
B 'V 10 %
~:
tffil', ~i!l~. ~- Ul = 181!1<1.~~~= 66KV

~ rn ~ ,
~ ~"J.«i1><1 A-l!l~ ~ ~TIJl4>l '1 .1~ = IB'x 18 = 18
8
~ ~ CiS!iil©i1 B-l!l~ ~ rn!lJl4>tU91, Xa = 18

1~ IO = 18
..SO.Ji
~ '5r";f<i:~1l'1ll'~~ll'!l~ ~ ~ml4>C
rn I; '1, Xrr = 18x5.5 = 9.9
10
~~~~~c~™sVJl"1Ri.= 1~~:~~;05 x 100

~
::.=:: 15.289
~ (l1) m ~ ~ ffiml4>t:&i1 XA=l8%
XTotal = (X°A I IXs) + Xn- + Xi.
18 x 18
= 18 + 18 + 9.9 + 15.289 X,,=18 %
34.189 =
~mm c~~>GJ1'1, RT= 2.066 ••:, ,(_ ••• L
Cll$ ~ ~CC:.S'1, Zr =V,...f_R_T_}2_+_(X_T_ow}- 2

=.Yc2.066J2 + (34.189)2
= 34.25
18
. = 34.25 x 100 = 52.25
~- )~I 5% fiaJl<fic'G91 ~ 10 dl'Jt. f\5. i!l, 10 ~ ~ ~liiCaiGtil'll ~ ~ ~ ~
fmth~ ~ ~ ii(!f'~~ C<JltilllJFCil~ ~ Clftw 'llltiicCii 8 e"C'ff ~~·~ , •.. · .
. ,, f'f-.li['.tl~~t,::~>.J
~;. ~- -~:~; !'" ~:...-· : ' ':,".>
IOMVA5%
~~:
lffif, ~ i!j'if.. Ns. i!i:;:: 10 i!l<l"~~~ = 10 KV ..· .·.
1W{ ~.~~~~~'Ji~~~ Bfllltl'!li1 ~ ~i1Jl•MG'1 =x ·.:
'/
/ Contents
~ ~ ~~l~c"ltc~~ -~ii~t Rf~ii.Pt~~ ~ ~ g>< ·5 ~"fF "

w.n~~.
C:isMIM11 c~ ~ ~ W ~ f'Q{lJl'l><.t"l _= X +5 ·
~ ~ >•fihnf'W ~ 1 = IFL x 100 =IFLX·x+100
· • . · · sh Total o/oX 5
~' lsh =8 lFL
lr·L x 100 = 8 I
.. X+5 FL
~. 8 (X + 5) = 100
~. x + 5 = 12.5
:. x = 7.5
-mur ~ I _ MVA-Oase X 1000
....-t;c
~-,1.•11"'«'11.'!l-v, FL- .../3xKV
= l~ lOOO = 577.367 ~
3 x 10
'<3~ UBJJl'l"CG"I x = Vp % x .
IFL x 100
10 x 10000
= V3 x 7.5
577.367 x 100
= o.79'<3~1:(m)
@:rr~- ~8 I ~ llKV, 15000 KVA C'Si"llC'11GC?l'11 kliBl<ISCt'I 0.15 P.U I 111 Rhl.114>,t'I ~ ~
~'--111 ~I l!l~ "'t'~'i\SI~ ~ ~ 110 ~Cf~ c<f'f ~<!! 30000 ~ ~ 9fRI ~ rn{:IJl~C.G'f
~~7
~~:
~ ~. ~ P.U. ffiml<P<:G'Jf =~ Zp.u x (~~KV)2

~~KV
(~C<P!KVA)
x ~ C<P! KVA
2
= 0 ·.15 x ( 110
11 ) (30000)
x 15000 .
= 0.15 x (.1)2 x 2 = 0.0003 P.U i (~)
~ct- ~ct I~~~~- 5000 KVA. 6.6 C~'11C1f&C?l'l1 9fRI ~ K¥ l'lS--"''{;'-f! 12%
-c::.Rl-ih...... zjff ~
'Glf1f"ilC'1 f%of ~ -rcfG ~ ~. ~~ MVA 111~ ~ ~ f.MlT ~ I
~:
l!l~, ~ ~/QlliSi =~~ =3.8 KV

v3 ..
'61ll<t>Jt{lfdj ~ 3.8
~9frn~~= ~~ =3 .8 =.lP.U
P.U~ · 1
:.91rn~~~= r: I ~=-=o 12 =8.32P.U ·
P. U 1~HU C15C&~ • -
- ~KV.A 5000 .- -
~ ~ ~ = _ro ~ KV
- V"3 X l.'!ll.l1\:)
r;;
. v3 x 6.6 - . .. .
=_
= 437 ~'61l*"IM.,,..f1l'rn-..
;. ' - - .
.,"~.' -·'
. '.
Contents
)I lPG~=~~~XWf~=8.32x437·
= 3640 ISIJI~ I ~j
~I ..UMVA =f3x1Pl~x~
=f3 x 3640 x 6~6 KVA
=f3 x 3.64 x 6.6 MVA
= 41.6 MVA I(~)
10.000 KVA
'"\.IXPU
_ _......___,---.----..--6600 ~
I. 83300 c<li~-<!l
f5.iif : 8 .~o
'@~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~l!l l!l~ ~ 83300 ~ C$MlcW~'!l ~ ~
RrnJt4>c'GC"l;;i ~ ~~1
~~ Z
....-...r:r
"1"11'11'1 : ...,,.,.,., ""111"1, .p.u = KVA base
KVAsh
~~ ~ CISiiilcefGc~rn ~ ~ ~ 0u = ~~~gg =0.12 Q (~) I ~)
~- )'\ l ~ ~ ~ 20 MVA, 10 KV \JliiGB1cifUC'IBI \Sl'S:r&al"1 ~41114@'1 5% I ~ Ci'l~iGJl'I

~ t ~ --rlf ~ ~ ~ ~ ll'f ~ 41Ci1W1t 8 ~ ~ ~ 9't -.t1f, ~ h
Glil;lilC"l'r;CH ~ ~~~ ~~ f1lWl+@'l '1Jt,~~~r'
~: 1lli CG'fT'5 ~
'PMl'V, IFL =-r;;
20x 106
= l 154.7Amp.
v-3 x 10 x 103
~ / c<i"S'i, Vph = 10 ~
103
=Ts Volts
~-..ru~~~ C"fliS 4'1wc4:1;;i s ~-c~.W!~en,

:. ~ RrnJ14'CGC"I~ ~'1 = IFL 7sclOO = ~ x 100'"' 12.5%
:. ~ BHJJl4'CGC"1~ ~ct= 12.5 - 5 = 7.5%

l!l~ "'ilcJfCoUiST ruml<PC°&'I, o/oX = lFLVXohm X 100
ph
.,.; .= 1154.7 Xohm X lOO
"''• 7 .5 . 10000
-. {3
:. Xobm = .7.5 x 10000 = 0.375 QI(~)
{3 x 100 x 1154.7
• .J)
r
l
Contents
~- )b' I ~ Ctli"llC:c!ft'. ~ 3000 KVA, 7% raml4c'G'1 ~UlCft. 4500 KVA, 8% ~t1Jl+t'G'1

~ lf.$ ~1:cic1t:ci ~ ~ ~ m~" <f'Jt91TM 150 MVA. Ptc:itiic4 ~ ~ ~ fil1s
~ 7500 KVA. 7.5% ~41Jl'flc'G'1 ~ ~ \Gl'lil'il~l:c! ~ ~~ ~ W'!tl ~ ~
~1~'6c'1tfil'. ~ !Stc~tl'flllwt ""l'if ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ -e1S!ilewtf1S ~ ~ ~ ~ fihUl<t>di'1
<tl~<llCilil ~41Jl<t"'GCil ~~ ~ ~1 ~ ~ 3300 ~ l
~~:
iffu, ~ ~.1%...ii =7500
~ ~.1% ...ii ~'A' clS!o:i1~'fim1 ~ Rrnil<.'G'>I = 7 ;;;io = 17.5%
~ ~.1%..ii ~ 'P' CiSl"'llC~UC~HI ~ MWl<l'CU'>I =B :;;io = 13.34% .
~ ~.1%.l!l ~ll'>l~~~I<.~ ~ rnmlCG'>i = 7 · 57~~~oo = 7.5%

3000 KVA 4500 KVA
7%" 8%
A 'V 'VB
~7500KVA
-'VvvWWv-1.s %
Xo/o
CB CB CB
iffu, "ll"1<1im1 "llC~r!&iSl rnmilG"I = Xo/o

~ ~1~u"11rn~ mrorn F~ ...fif ~ ~ ~~~ ~ rumic&.,, ~..ii~ 2;~ wrr 1
Neutral
A B Neutral
17.5% 7.5% 7.5% (X+7.5j %
F
• J.~ ••
j WJ!: 8.'¢~
~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ 'F' ~ ~ ~ rntiJIC!StGC">I~ ~
Contents
= 7.57% 11 (X + 7.5)%
·= 7.57 (X + 7.5)%
x + 15.07
-.rfff~ - (X+ 15.07)
I "lll"l'l.I K.V.A- 7500 x 100 x 7.57 (X + 7.5) .
. ~ -.rfff~ KVA ~ ~ m~~ (Rupturing) <fil"r->i1Piffl'll i50 x1Q3 c<!i. ~. <!l'll 15lf~
~~'iii
. x = 7500 x 100 x (x + 15.07)
150 103
·· 7.57 (x + 7.5)
. <n, 7.57 (X + 7.5) = 5 (X + 15.07)
x
7.57 + 56.77 = 5 + 75.35 x
<:'G"1c<> {3~ Qi~'ll ~ "'fl<3m ~
o/c X = (KVA) Xohm
0 10(KV)2
7500 Xohm
<n, 7.23 = 10 (3.3)2
<r!, 7.23 ~ 7.23 x7~~; (3.3)2 = 0.105 QI~)

m~<W!: IFL = 7500 x 1000
Xe _ o/oXVph -{3 x 3300
!un - IFL X 100 == 1312.1597 ~I
- 7.23 x 3300
-1312.1597x lOOx~
= 0.1049 QI (m)
~- )l\l I 3000 c<T'.~.~. 10% RHlJl4St'fi'I "Ft:f ~ C'S!"'i!cWil 150 MVA ~ ~ ~ ~~
~~I~~ 12000 KVA, 5% ~ilJl4Stf;"I ~ .'.Ql'1'1"1lail'll ~ ~ "45Jl~ ~ ~
~ 11!1 ~ ~ ~ -~ \!SMRl;q~ ~ ~ ~ wr
~ fil1ir ~ k1ID1C11f;1:1 Zt'l'Railti!il
~~~~~?ll~,50~/~.-fw.l~~~~I
~:
3000 C<fi.re.l!l. )o 3 3000 c<ll.~.<!l. :>o 3
'V "45 r'\,, ~
X=?
Contents
.
:>J.~6mlHI .~ ~cJ;qs•trf
- 1200
-.../3xll
~629.836~1
~ ~ ~· CiS!"llc'!WUBI ~ RlWl<t>t'G'11, % ~ = 10 ;01 gg 00
= 40
,..,..~ .....
.,..,-, ~"J.'H'l<I
"'I
I ....~r: I .,.. OL
(.151"1 C.1111(.'!l'!l. -,..,_,.'Ill l~~j "1(.11"'1, 70
x <I= 10 3000
x 12000 = 40
~ ~ .n1"1¥~:11IC'?t'il ~ ffiml4lt'G+t, % xT = 5 ~;g0°i 0 = 5

~· l!l<f~ ·~· CiS!<il_c'!WC'?f'il ~ ~ R@<t>t&"'1 = !g: :g = 20
-· ..... . .,.. G; ._;;5 ~ ~.fG.l!l x 100 .

.... l!l<I'~ "" CiS!<ilCWC'?f'il ~ ~.ro.l!l ·111 =------
0/o~
= 12000 x 100 = 60000

20
.Ul"l'l''!l:illuHI ~ ~ ~ (150000 - 60000) =
= 90000 KVA
~cm, rnml<tl'GC'?f'!l ~ Rhul<t>t'G+i = x
I .i41"1'l''il:iim l!l<I'~ RmJl<tl'Gl'!l'!l ~ raiul<tSt&+t = x + 5
"1<il'J:"1IC'!l 120~0+ x5100
i
= 90000
I
r qt
•
x + 5 ,,;, 12000 x 100 = 13 333
90000 .
<ft, . x = 13.333 - 5 = 8.333
~ rnml<tl'Gl'!l'!l ~ m~Jl<t>tU"I, % x = 8.333
~ ~ ~ rnml<t>t'G'1, % x =IFLVX XL x 100
Ph
8.333 = 629.836 x XL x 100
~x 1000
qt 8.333 = 629.836 x XL x -J3 x 100
•- 11x1000
=
qt, XL 0.84 ohm
~~m,XL=27tfL
.. L =21tf
XL
=--"o'-'-."-84~- [~, f = 50c/s]

2x3.142x5o
= 2.673 x 10-3 ~
=2.678~~1(m)
Contents
~- ~o I fli1114c'G'I ~- ·10 MVA ~ ~ CUMIC'Jl'G'll '41l ~ ~ ~. flilll4tl;f1 ~

~~·~~ CO'+IC~l~'!'f· Cl'lt'S 4IC'lltt'll 6 ~ ~~-ttr Rif.!Ptwt: ol.'I, olr/
~o l.Qll.NI.l.!I (MVAJ
%
~:
~ <fflr, ~ ~R~ ~ ffi~ll~U?I % X =X
:. CiS!"ilcWC?l?I o:rt'G % X = X + 4
"llt'i<J::>ilC?I, lsh = lFr ; 6
.,... IFL x 100 =I x 6
-.1, X +4 FL
<n, 6(X + 4) = 100

<n, x + 4 = 16.66
<n, x = 16.66 - 4 = 12.66
C<l>.~.l!l 10 x 1000
1Pf-CG'ITTS ~' IFL = 'J3
- r;; ~
x C<l>.r~.
=
-J3 x IO
=577.367~1
•
• •
'€~ HF'Ji~t'G;;i ' Xohm = Vr
"(l"l"l' . ·'
11
IFL xx 100
%X
_ 1]r-xl2.66
I·
i - 577.367 x 100
= i.266 n 1 (m)
!-
I
I .
(
Contents
<lB
. .. -a
. it1Him\iii!!rn~a
~~·~ .. ~,~!~
· .
~I 1•(lf)f~~~~-~4't4't1 · :.. {q/<p/{iimn: 08,'o~, 'oq, o~, ')of
m : ~~ ~ ~ ~. <r'<fl : (<!') 13~ 9i'liif~, (~). 9frn ~ ~ 13 {~) 9ftc>fc-U'Si
Rrn11<t>t6"1~1
~I 'll~l'i~C~l'U~~? {~: oq, olr]
m : >11<\UH™rn"' ~ ro"fC"@ RrnJt<t>tGC"i?l ~'I <ll"I ~\Sm <:>met '61IC~5IW ~if<!> ~
~ ~ 1 i!l '1>IC?l1JC~ >it<iiat<if.str.~1; ~ ~ I
~ I C<Pf ~.~.Ill "<t'lP'll!f-f tAll ~7

m: ~c<r.rel.!l ~~~~~9!1@'
(<r) ~~ ~ @ffl-z l!l~ ~~~I
(~) ~ G>Jl~ '>i'rR ~ ~ I
('ii)~ \£1~ ~ "fR l:fm ~I
8 I 'll<tQl"f~(.{l-0~iU"f~~7 f<tl<t>I~: 'o~]
m : >i1<tlil"lf%ic~iG ~ ~ re~ (l5li;&H1CofGil) i.!llffi:I ~9f ~ ~'I ~ ~ ~~
i.!l<f'Z RrnJl<-tUc'iiil ~ct~~~ 1 i.!l Rmt<t>CU'i!C<:>~ >11<diH~1cwU
Rlmt:qs1.U•>! ~ 1
11- I 8000 KVA 3% !1HUl4tG"I AA'!- 3 ~ 50 Hz l.!l1f l!l<f>lt ~P&t~C"f'GC:sl'!I 10,000 WT ~l.!l ~
~~~ Rl~Jl<t>t.&'1 ~1 f<11l<t>tfilrc<n: 'o<1]
m: ~ ~~ i5!<rrm ~ ,
~l~~~~~~I
~ : <l~ ~<ff ~l:fi ~ ~ ~ ~ ·.!;~ J!'Z"">fl"f
~ ~t-;q ~ :>f'Z~ ~ <10'fT ~I
0. I -.fG~cp'U~~'t.3~~? .
m=~~<PU121~~~.<r'<ft:
(<!') Pic;iffiJM <PU <!l<f'Z {~) \5lli1Pl0l\ii<t>!IO'J <PG I
rr I f1!CJlt°D"llJl'I ~ ~ Cfeil?
m: ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,,.-i~ct ~~~~.VI~
~ Pl~Sl[lJl<'l ~ <rM I
~ J PicsitD<tlJl'I ~ <n ~ '<3 ~ ~1
~ : P.csiQ<>J1"1 ~ ~ ~. <r'<fl :
{<f>) fw.l ~ <!l'fC<1! ~ ~ I
(~) fw.l ~ .Q'fC<11 ~ ~ -.rif ~ I
~o 1 ~l"lf1!csim<t>Jli't <Pi1 ~ ~1
~:~QT~ ~ct~~~~~ ~9 ~ ~ ~. 01 ~
~ 15ll"lPRll!D<t>Jl"l ~ 'W'f I
~~ i G1Hf1icsim11i1" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'
~ : '¢1!"1Picsi[i<t>JIG"J ~~~ ~ :
(~)~~~~~
Contents
<ltl
.I (~)~.~·.~~
(st)~~l~~(~~)r
~~,~~~~~,
~ : ~~ct ~ ~91, i5il~. :>t111f.iMlb?1 ~. -.rfiJ ~ ~ 1iE ~.1
~~ I ~ ~ ~ W't ~ i'l~ PlOOC~'il ~ <ml7
~ : ~l"lPlt:llfi!4'Jl'1 ~ c<!M "!~· ~ ..ll<f~ f>tc~1fi!Jl'1 ~~~~~ I
~8 I "@-~ ~. >!lf<ffd;'!I "11ftfl<fili!~!"il ~ ~7

ffi:~~W11:
(<1>) >il<\UHfurn-U ~. (~) ]l"1!\5icwt ~ .ii<i~ (~) ~ ~ 1
~Q I S-c<Ri ~ ~ ~. ~ 'filGir:t:'il ~'t C<ffit ~7
~ : >il<\Ul"lfulC~oU ~ ><J'U "frf* Tr:~ ~'! ~ czjif ~ t
~~I JiHf@m14:; ~· ~ ct>IC'!ldG'!I ~~ ~ CCR7
m : <met, <.!) ~ ~ RrnJ14'cTit"1'!1 ~ct ~r ~ 9frn I ~ ..ffl' ~ <t'IC?ICoU?I ~ct
~'\I :U1'1f%:r<Jl~~~7
~ : ~fa;~ ~ ~~ .c."IC!i-Ot<ll~ i!HMrCWG ~ ~I I!! f9ffinrw ~ 'f.m ml
511-:i?:~f{~n:i-IJ f~f?.,.r5 ~91~·1 'P'l ~ I
~ir 1 >11~1.wicu.:u ~~ \lfil~•wi ~r
ffi: ~~ ~ ~lfil~<f'l'i ""l~ ~ ~'?,.· ~'8~ J'fml C~ 2i3 ~~I
~~ I fflifW ~ ~ ~7
m: %-~ ~ ><fU ~ ~~\l!U~ ~'<3m?I ~ C<l f~ ~ ~ >il~C'i!JBl51"1
(Sinusoidal)~~~.~·~~ <fCO'f 1
~o 1•~ c<'IS.~. ~ i!l1f~~r

m: ~jfm ~.f-S.<.!l ~"'11 ~Base KVA x !?XO 10
~) I • ~ "PIC?tCt'il ~ ~7
m: ~ ~ <f'l@.43?1 ~. Isc =IF1. (~~~)

~~ 1 lif ~ <t>JC'il'C;c<fi ~ ~ ~ ~ • ~~ ~m lITTfr
.m: 'rf ~ <1>1~-Vc<l' (~~)~~ct~~~~ "fl'{,lm ~ 1
~~1~ffim1<t>r:'G91~~r · •
m:~~l[f!~~~~IS~~~~~~~~~
~ RhmiV"I <fCG'f 1
~~'- o/oX = IFI.Xohm x I 00
Vph
~s 1 P1vdi:i•1111~~C1"141G1a11 ~~~~,·
- : PlC:llf.1i41Jl61 ~ ~ ~ <f'l~C1:J'!l ~ ~lffif 120° ~ I
Contents
~:~8.~"il~~I
~I lOOOOKVA, 5% ktfUl<lit';;if lOKV W-f-~ 1S1ii&H1'4Ccu ~ ~ ~ ~ ~(qif{;15 <mll'r
~ ~~ ~ -.iflf ~ ~ C1il"1Jl"Clfl; ~. C"ltW 4IC~C~~ ~ ~tcft ~~'ft 1'
. /q/<fSJPfc<n : '>>]
m:
~ 8 i.!J~~'f ~~..,~~I
~ 1 ~~~ QR~<Rf~? {41'1'tfiff.i17: 'o<l, 'o~, 'o'l, 'o~J
m: xfU ~ <l>l~~c-0~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ 911-em ~Hl:
~I ~~~~~~~"i;~~~<irnl
~1 ~~~~..!l<f~~Rifrl'f~<:m1
Bl :::::~ii~~:~:=.:~=~-=~-\ ['1~1~o'oQ, 'o>] I

m: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'(3~ ~ ~· ~ rnml<Pf6~ ~91 '(3 ~ ~
c~1c*Gc;si~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ffi{ll<Pc&?t ~ 1
151~ o/oX = lFiX

Vp
x 100 ------ (i)
l!l~IV'! %X ... ~ f?rnJlt'G?t
=
IFL 1FJ ~ ~ (~)
X = -s~ ~ ~~ R!m1iG"i
vP = ~ c~1t'U>i>1 ( ~)
(i)"l~~,~~
%X =I~X
p
xlOO
~..!l<f~~Vp~~'f~.~.
%X = IF~2Vp xlOO
= xy:i
p
xlOO ----------(ii)
(U) "!~ Jiift~Cii<g ~ l!l<f~ ~~Qi~~ ~
(~I)
=(
io6o)
V xlOO
2
x1000
X.KVAbase (~)
= lO.(KV) 2 I \<1"111"1~
~1 ~Ghut<t>CGW1~"<39fti~~~~~1
~:~8.~'l~~I
~1 Wf~.~-~~~~'tilt~~? {<tl<JS!PK<n : •0 b-J
~ : ~ ~-~.l!l f.f(rnq ~ ~zyit f.ooli9! :
Contents
~ I - ~zyff f;;s(a:c>1i1 ~ ~..!t I

~I ~l!l~~m-1~~1
C\ I ~ c<fi.~.~ ~1 [<i/4>/Ftr-W: 'oq, olr] .
~: ~ OOX~ ~~ ffiWt4><0ii?f l!l"il ~ KVA emu~ <!l"il- \;~~~I ~ ~
~ ~ KVA emu~~~~ 1 ~~.a~ ~~er C<;s.~. <!I emu~ <!l"il ~9ra~ ~
~ ~ ~ KBUl4SC.'iii1 _c<rn ~ ~ I <!I ~<ITT!Cf ~.~.<!! ~t<:> ~ c<lS.~.l!I ~ ~ l
17'1 91~~~.f!tfR~'E~~~~~~I [•U:qs~l:'ob-]
~: ~ 8.-<. <.!1<1"~8.~'l~~ I
<'> I ~ <m'iJl:I{~ Ci'l'Qf I {;q/<p/fiitt<Jf : 'o\!1, o 'l]
~: ~ <rnl<:f'tl~ f.'r!Rli91 :
(<IS)~~
(~) ~ \5l1<t>f"1l<t> ~
( ~!) ~~ 'Jlii
(~) ~~91
(1;) 151l'i4JIC'1"1 <.!!<!~ :itJ11<lf.iff;9 ~ ~ I
~ol~~--t(f~~~~I f<ilifl!Ptrn: • o'l/
~:llf'U~~~~~~.~~:
(<rS) ·f)ic1lUl<t>Jl'1 ~ (~) \5lt"IPic-iffa<t>Jl'1 ~ 1
PtCllti.i4'Jl61 ~ ~ ~ ~. ~'<fl :
~I ~~<.!l~llfU~I
-<. I fl5;i ~<.!I~~~~~-..{()'~ I
151l'iPlCllfti1'Jl"1 ~~Vii'! ~. ~~ :
~I ~~~~~I
-<.1 ~~~~I
~I ~~~~~I
8 I~~ <.!!~ llfU <!!<!~ ..!t~ ;m~ ~ ~ 151N' I
~~ , m ~ 20% RBUtcWil ~ s MVA <.!!~I!!~ ciS!"!tc'i1ui1 <!l"il ~ ~ '5~ rn4l11<r>d;.., ~
~~"Clll~ <1SW1 llfU ~ ~ C<fiH;:Q>Cll'4: ~ ~ <t>IC'i1C.U'i1 3 'S~Cfi1 C<!fir ~"if!? [<11l:qslRc'l"I : 'o~]
';i;l,
SMVAo:: roOOo- ~ ...
"" ~
~ ~:~81.!Hl~~·R~~~-I
~ :>~ I PtC~lr.<liJli1 '6 ISll1PtC~~'tiJlt1 ~ ~ ~ ~ I [<ql:q:>!~: 'o~]
Oj" ~: ~ 8.8 '1~5BC.&"1 ~o ~<.!I ~o ~ l!l"il ..s~ \5l~li1C"I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ IS~
a~
"
rnmt<r>C.Ci"I ~ ~~"Clll~ ~ -.JU '>!1f<W ~ C<fiiC"ll;:Q>Cil'( ~ ~ <!SIC'il~'Sl lr 'S-ccRI c<ffi'I ~"if! I
-[4141M: 'o~J
I
er
Contents
)8 I 171cai~+Ji-t '6 GCl~caitD<1111-i ~~~CR I MIC?lrt~I : 'o~]

~:~8.8'l~~I
~~ 1 ~ rn~11<Pu11'J1 ~~ 1<fU Jilf~ ~;o ~ 1<fU ~ ~R;<Q f.lm ~ ~9R ~ ,
0
[<ll<Plf'irr-:l!": 08]
ffi:~8.~('i'f)~I
)~I ~ HlJUl4StG'1 "1111tN;C'!.~ ~ <m'ii-U '<3 ~ ~ ~~~~~~"fl I
!~~:'08]
~:~8.<l'.('if)<i~~I
~'\I~~ C<f'.Ts.<!l. ~1
~ : ~ ~ ~ (~~) ~ ~ l!l<R ... ffl' 'fif~ ~°J9 ~W<l c<r>.f5.l!l ~ ?:7.'i'"l
~ ]t C<P.ft:.l!i. ""lffU 'l!f?iJ C<ti.fo.l!l. ·.:"'! ~ I ~Qfr~
~ ~~ ~ .,.ffl' ~ c<l>.f5..!l (K.V.A) = ~~b'o

_ 3VI
- 1000
100
X O/.X
70
r
a....
_I (100)!
Isc - \ .0.-'O..:'\../
v 'I _J
100
= Base KVA x %X
:i:. 1 °1i'~l1f%iclloU CJU'J ~1

~~ : ~..;-oz@-~<t-.si ~~ C-•Ht<1l ~ (~::U!iwi~) ~~ 'Grf~:;_,'i•'f <.Q~,i: ¥::; J1Tf$U UI, ~'iik'.:4~~ .qq;_l)~Qfr~><j 9!~ ~~ ~ ·;r.:v,;iJ ~ <irn I c!! <>;t,°:~1'';;-; ~i~"l 2 <fl :3 ~
<>:-.j~ ~ I <!l (/J°G 'fl 19-:f~r-~ 7.i<:.;~f~1.~;i}' c:.$ <17.'1 I .!; Piffu:rc;s i5!"P'G ?:TC~~ ~-;JtT,cs,-;; !'.!'\!5
~'<11~1
:i;, i ~H~c~o{; ~ <ftr

~ : J'!l~Hf&rn-U ~~ 16MMKtJ 911f~ f~ ~~PiJ e>-~ <ii:"! 1 <!l~ ·~if~ ~4'1'1
>i1~1iimc~-u f~ '5l't9f'Jlil ~ C<lfiit, <!! "imT ~ mJT<PW:;; ~~ ~ 4>lc'!lci6'il ~er
~~I IQ f9i~ ~ ~ ~ ~l'i™C~-0 ~ ~\:9f'Jlil ~I ~ ~ ~ <!l~
ri~ ~C9R ~ I, .
~01~~~7
- : <.!INC<l! C'S'i<4ldG?l ~ ~91_cf ~ 91<fu- ~ c<r-:;zi'!l ~ ~ (Z) '6~'Dl ~ ?'ilt~ ~ I
~ ~ ~~ ~ Ri~!~yrn ~~ : C-st<il~?:U'il, ~~' .Ii!·>jf.i·'R ~, ~~' ~
~~ {3 C<l".fu.l!l caji)~ l!l<I' e.p "fl, ~ ~ r;-.,~fi ~~ ~~ (ZegJ c<!'TM <!lq$
~ Y.i~'f ~~(~Co/!~ Vb)<.!'.!~~~~ ~91~ 'f•?iCI.!> ~I
~~ l:(X"'1C'S71,
Z=z(Vh~l
2
ohm
Vratect.J .
...;:;L
·w~~lsh=
. v~seamp
~ i' • 1
"it:~~
I
C;- ·" KV'/\
"111<!'11 ....... Ill:>.'"< .nsh
= 3 x Vbose
lQQO
x Ish K .v . A
Contents
~~I 91Rf~~~? ->' ~ • . ~ ' <> - • • • ... ; j.,
~ : C6l"llC:~i&il ~
H"'l_cf ~ ~ ~ f\Ssf~:c>t'il, ~- ~'llC31'Gil Rl~H'4''Yil, ;'Q1111~'!laiB1,
~ ~. ~ ~~N;'!l 9frn ~ 9i~· ~ (Z) ~ ~ ~ I Ji' ~ fQ;15l~>i>ilJ:rof
~ ~ ~<ff ~"1 ~ ~ "'1Ji'!ll'11C:"I (~~~>i>t~t.~il ~ "f(C.ll~-~ ~
~) c<ra ~ ,c<fiMI <!!~ ~lffil'f ~ CCl'i.f\5.t!l t!l'!l ~~ ~~ ~~I ~'1, ~
~ f\S'Sl~>t>tiJ:C~il ~ <!l<f~ c<lS.fu.t!l <!<? liR ~ ~ ~4 '1't I ~~ 9fBl ~
~ KVAtJ..~se
'7
'<,1-'i'-"'.'l '-'PU = LJpU x K',--A
'7
\. ;""ltt:'tl
~ I 9lt1T ~ ~ '6 ~..ff, 4ef."~ 'ft<:t"J ~ ~ I ['ff<f'7fiirr:<fT: 'o~, ):>]

~: ~ s.~ a'B<fi ,
.1 ~I ~ ~ ~~·1 ~r-tl ·~r~~~ lz.~ CISti\ICiGC~ W<ll -~ ~t 6 l\IVA. 6% ~UJi4t'&"I <!l<R.
1 '\5f~ 4 MVA. 8% Ri~hi<l>LG"f ~ ~ 10 MVA. 10% fffil"ll,U'f ~ ·~ ~l+tlf1l111Cil11
'ilt~ Plc:sGC1l'!l ~~~I ~ ~ llkV, ~<pj' ~ ~ ~~
200 MVA ~. ~~~~~ khUl•HG"!'il ~~~7 [~"f7:<ff: ':>:>}
m : ~lrj_Cl>I:". 8 l!iT~ ~"-;{.-,;'f ~~ ...Q~ '1mi i
~ I 6.6 kv f.IT.sfi' ~ Ci!ii"il~~ "1Jl"11911"1 ~~ ~ I ~ KVA cef.tit -..s ~~ f.atUl<t>W<ff ~~

6000, 10% '6 4000, 12% I C'S!~leilUC'll'il ~ 66/33 kv ~ ~ ;'al'1¥~1lh1 ~ ~ C~
<!l>MIC1BI "lll:lTC1i ~ ~1t'5lffil ~~I :Ql"1li'il'4H1 ~ KVA ~ 'S ~ RHIJl<!>C.'G'I
~ 7500 kVA, 5% l.!l""<lt. 500 KVA, 6% ~f 9IDl4d;+t 0.3.Q/ km I 150 km~
SO km li.'if~ ~~~~•~. "icfff~~-e KVA f.Mll<R I fe/WP/N/: '>of
m : \51<@.l' 8 t!l~ ~'lZ ~1,.(~'f a'B~J I
s1 ~~$"'ti.iiF1'<3.F2~~·~~~t,·~~~KVA~~1
[ctr~: 'o~l
~ (0--F--<;;111~ r;;>----------. Z = (0.1+ J0.3 \.-2 i KM

6000.KVA 7500 KVA, 66/33 KV
10% 5%
~ e--'-F.~lu 19------~ __; 2

8000 KVA 5000 KVA, 66/33 KV ,~- - - ... SO km ~l- ..
12 % . 6% .
Contents
<t I - ~~<fi"5 ~·~~~ 91n, ~~~lft<3 I [<tl<t>Jfiifeiff: 'olT]

m: ~ 8." Ill~~~ -.rM ~ ~ ~: 8.~ o ..(, 8.\!l 8.8, -8,~, 8.~ ~I
· ~I f7tcai(D"PJl'l ~ ~ G!l"i~DllD"11'1 ~ ~ ~'t'lt C'l"t I [<tl<t>Jfiifl<tl : 'o(f, 'oib, 'o~]
m: ~ 8.8 lll~~cf 'Pft~'C"ft a'E<IJ I
C\ I <t% fihlJl"'°GJl'I ~ "- ~. )ooo c<ISfSl!l, )) ~. ~o ~ -~ l![Cf$ 'dl~lilCoWC'l'l'S1 ~ ~
~ raM4'~1'1 ~ ~"CliM ~. ~ ~ C4ilei\IJR11~ ~ ~ "Plt'11C'{';'11 )o ~ffi czjif
~ett? [<il4>1R'c<ft: 'o~I
~: ~ 8 l!l9~Cf )~ c!i9ruffi I
lt I f.\w ~ 6 MVA, 6% Hhnl<t>t&'I ~ ~ c191•m;1r&11 ~ 4 MVA, 4% Rl{IJl~t'i;'I ~
~9t "dlt9t iGl'1<i'ilJll'1 imf ~IUD! 9lt'e$ ~~I~~ Cil~iGJl'I ~~ HiIDl"ISL'j;'I
~ 3 ~ 5 ~I C\911lc<;iffl'. ~ 11 ~ ~~ :Ql'lf.l•M ~ 33 ~ I :Ql'lfil-1-1
~~~~·~~~~~~~~C<lit<RI [<!l<t>IR'c<ft: 'o~)
4MVA4%
i
6MVA, 6%
~
3Q 5Q
'V .
VWV' '® ....
11 KV
~
11 I 33 KV
ffi : 151~ 8 c!i9 ~cf ) .( <!l9 'lffil I
)o
.
~ I ~ooo ~~ ·~ )<too c<ISfS~ ~ ~ ~ CISl"llt1r&CiB1 ~{IJl<t><Ol;"I ~
Cetiil~il ~ )) ~ ~ "tte1mt ~ '<15« I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "Jf~
'WI·~~~·~ c<ISfS~ ~~i'
~: ~81!19)o'il~~Cfa'E<IJ I
I f.roffg"q'~~~~~~~. ·~~-~.~~<RI
)<t% l!l~ ).(% I .
[<!l"Plfiiilt<tt: 'o~I
{~: 'oCl]
lr' MVA, li % )o MVA,
A 'V .,____ _ ____,
"\,, ___
,__ _...
)o MVA, )0%
ffi: ~ 81!19~cf ).('ii"~ I
)) I ~ ~ ~ 66 kV lil'lf14-t1 ~ 2000 KVA, 5% !'iflJl4>t'i;"1 fcUil!l ~ .'.Gl'lll''il~IG'BI ~
1W ~I Jr lil'l~ill'illt Cetiilc<;ilt'. 5000 KVA, 10% ~ <!l"l<!lc<;i'SI ~ "1l'1tCi1t ~I Ill
~ .'.Glwtfl~ICH ~ ~~ ~ ~ ...U~, ~ Clfftt6 ~. ~ ~~ ~ ~-~ ~
~ett CCllif ""!lf ~ 4>1C'Sltot'SI ~ ~ ~ 1.'.Gl'l<i''1~t11$ 11/66 KV~ I
m: 151~ 8 Ulif ~Cf )'i:{'.a'E<IJ I
I
Contents
11- 100 K.~1 ---+-!

i+'-- 20 KM - I
6000 K.V.A
5%
fuCll : a·. '!l'1
~I 1000 CCJ.~.l!l '6 1500 001.!l ~ Ci!!!'ilCW~il Rl4lll'<PtG'1 ~~ 10% '6 20% ~ ~
~3.3~1~~~-.fif~~C"Nf~~~~i!l~·~~~
~~? [~t<ft: 'o~J
[-:~~·~= 3061.71 efi~l

·~~®l!l=l7500~-!1 J
~1 ~l.!l~~~~~~furrRrci>vro.2nwi""fG~~~
\cl') ~~cmiW <n ~1 (~) --trf ~ CCJ.~.l.!l ~ ~1 ·
. 1200 C<l>.%.<£1
e l-10~--- 6.G c<r..fu
7%
2000 . "'-~.Ill
'V 8%
8000 c<li.~.l.!l 6.6 c<li.~
7%
1------------1~ ~11
la 1'!¥11~111
~:8.~11'
[-:~~~= 1050.44~].
-.W~~l.!l = 6932.95 oo<!l
Contents
81 Fim~~~~~\ll'tl.~.t.!l""~:
G1 G2 ,.03
rv · rv rv
25MVA 25MVA 2SMVA 25MVA
16% • 16% 16% 16%
tm : ~ <!l'efE.!1 = G25J
ct I ~ 20000 ~<.Q 3 ~ 50 ~/~~ 11 ~ ~~ ~ ~ khUl'l'c'f;"I 0.02
P.U. 110CCP'f~~10000 ~ ~t.!l ~ ~tWl~Cif&11ft:q ~~fb,~.~~?
[~ : 1 x IQ-4 91nl ~f
11:: I 2000 KVA ~ ~ 0.08,4000KVA ~ ~ 0.12,5000 KVA 9frn ~ 0.14 I t.!l
~ Cet"ilCJG~ ~~~~ i!l ~~·~~·"Wl ~~~~ '6
~~~-!!~~I r~:><i'U~~=4239.63~1rrnl
_L ><ffr ~ ~~ = 48466.256 r.¢~<!1 _J
0. I 100 ~~ IQCf~ 1500 ~~ 'rfU ~rnf f~r:JT~ ~~ 10% '6 2t/ 0 ·,; <1;.•14;~ ~
3.3kv. ~ ~ ~~ ~~. -.sfS' ~4i'.J ~ Ui<I~ ~ ~ C-~~ 'V5 ~T<T?
1000 KVA
~i------8-~-~---'-----~
. 3300 volt
(
1500 KVA
B
10%
•
~: 8.~lr
~: 3062.22 Amp. 17503.91KVA
'·
Contents
. . . ' ~~fmmfi
·.' · · . , · . . · ·· (Current limiting reactors)

'
~.~ ~ ~fiN14\1'1 Hhal~urn ~l!!it (Deffinition current limiting reactor) :
<!lt'U ·~~ l:s1<t>ft;~ 1>~4. <TT ~~~ ~'i1l' "ilJ ~ 1>lw'G~<ti ~i ~ct ~~ Rm~
~ ~ ~ 'l'@ z.rc<: 1 ~~ ~14>r~~ R"WB! 7;m.T R-v~ ;jlfil'!l<t-~ct ~ ..!l~ ~ ~
~·f~cf (Judicious) 'l!<Ri.~ <R~;'Z t.¥~ ~ <f.73! ~IC<f; 1
II ~ ~fi\!!<fi\1'1 mim '1J4i(JC'.l~ ~~~ :

(<f.) <.!l~ ~ ~ ~ 1'1l~vt;~ ~Cf <~'11~~4 ?'C"f <.!ffi 1 ~ ~ ~ ~R <l7ij' 9fIT~,
01011. <!l~ ~cf~~ l:jC!~;:7if~ ~ ·~~-~ ~ <m:; i
(~) -fl<: <lJ<l~.~ ~ ~ ~~r~?: ~T·l ~c;;:;<f. ~ <im <!i<r~ <!l~ <:i-r li:~si ~;:CRJ °S9i1: R~'.1
-=l·'C"~
7ff.f.J ~ ..Q<;~ ~ -::W; ·.s ~~:;?! (Rc!.te & Size)~~~ f.Rn9icf ~~ PTG~'J~c<li
C'f~'~'l<fi ."'!<ftrn ~ ~ W,:l I
(~). I!:':~~ <.!l~ ~ ~ ~m. ~ ·Pi,:sUc11~ ~ ~ ~ <1f 91fu;q<Wi ~~ <n~1
~ ~ ~ 1 ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~rn;qf,;,~ ~~ ~ ~ lf!\Ss:: ~m,
('i) <.!J v;'.f.f.w:; -~ mrrrn #'ffiE'i <IT~ ~ ~ 'R"•1 ~f"fil ~~ ~ ~ I .
(~) .!! <rr.,~;91-.rm firnwlr~ }~•1rn ~-sfup'GJ,C"i~ ';i.fR f.ti «.'lr<l'I '.~imi ~'!N3~ '5!"ib1l ~~ "1 'f"'R 0·r~
DC01:
a-.~~ *ll~t-<t-~'f NilJl<iiUCil\1 ~2f<:r~ ~·1~ {Principle of operation of current limiting
reacter) :
f<rive. ;r1f11-!-4'?,C'f ~ ~ 1IT;~t'Y ~.sTI5~ R:~wH'G·>< ~ l;:;1ra~ ~ 1 '.!Ire P?.~ -R\S'l~
fomlCGC'#\'il JW,QJ ~R~ ~ ~ ~1i; ~ic~o\J~,.. ~ >!· <l>C'~ W.:ct1·'1 x <!l<I~
~~ E ~. ~~ ..~ ~ ~. Isc =~ ~ 1 <!l~ 1ffet ~ P1c>Uc11;;i RBIJl<t>c&"! <r~rcrn 7<.11, ~

~ ~· <m:~ ..wf 911[<; I
x
E
Isc = E
x
~: "A't
fcriv(!, .R,fi;~~cr finm~ ~ P.c>fic'<~ fihJJi?W?! ~ 91TII 1 R:-9 ~ .~ ~ ~
9iC?I ~ ~M. ~"'ffil' <H'?. •lT 1 ~~9il'·f'l '~?;1 (Generating Capcity). ~~ f.r"'f~ c~lc'"'J.ti,
csriilc~U;;i <!l<i~ ~ ~ lltm ~ml<f'ro'Jl--.Q'Sl '5~ ~ ~ ~ f.l.;;;i ~1
PicS&c:.i;;i 9ft'<3~ ~ <mcCf ~ <f'IC~C-0'51 ~ct'5 ~ "ITV I ~ ~~ C'S!"'lll~~ .... ~~
'1Jl<ill'1!C., ~~~ ~ ortU ffim!4CU"I ~ 9l'Rl t 1Wi ~~~"I~~~ ~9Wrn ~<r-!T
~ 91'Rll ~ ~ ~.~ 9ft'5~ ~ ~~ ~ ~1MI~ ~ ~ <r.w.ei
i3ic:sUc11;;i ~ ~ <>IC'!l4>C'IS ~ ~ ~ i!l<f'. Piob11cc;s ~9j;f ~ W:JliT ~ 'll'rn I
Contents
a-.~ ~ ~- ~ ~fll\!ifl'1 .fbnh ~. ~ $ (Differe~t Typef!I of Current

Lhnltlng Reactors and Th~lr Descrl~Uon) : ·· _
a-.~.}fiiiillitn ~f.N>l'I: - . ,~ . · .,, . ..
~ ~9R! f5fu ~ Rm11,?Jc<t> ~ iS1V1 IST'>f <ism ~ 1 ~-
(z.) ~ ~~91 I!!~ ~ ~ {Dry Type.· ir Cored Reactor) !
(~) ~ c<l'IQ ~ (Iron Core Reactor) 1
('il) ~ ~ l!lm ~ mrt~ (Oil Immersed Air Co~ed reactor} 1
<l'.\?.~ (<Ti)~ ~9f <!I~~ mmh :

\!i[;~$;
I I a.,
~~I
I,, , • 1 n;~I·~
~ "(.. T;';-v:
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(.~j-i ; ~\;.- ......... <.!l<!o
?j<<;"".,,.,., '-"i ~
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:~'!l,\/'t)(.'Q ~rr:.
1'-'l'i"'f.~
'1~C<1P.~ <l'~fu>t M~ -.P:i:\J ~9frn ~1J 13rn c~ yewf 1~~1~ ~9f i m ~~
<!lfJ "'~ ~00 i
SECTION ONXY
f5at <l'.~: i!I~ ~<if'~ mrr~ ~
<.!! <1>~rar.u Wit~ffl ~ ~~~ ~ ~9rn ~9!'i ~ "m. <!l<f~ 5'1rillltfG~ ~~ ~ ify ~
<11~~1
<.!i lf«'f.~ mJli'.~il ~· ~ ~ <:T.<'i f<rnJt~ v{;R '<1'1 ~ ~ ~CfJ" ~ ~1 I c!lre
·-:..:~<'1"1 c.wrr~1 '51-;;:~ ~ <!I~ ~~ ~<!> ~~ <!lcr~ ...fff ~ ~ C'll'~ m
~-::rr;~rr.<i i.!!<r~ ~ 9.{f(.ql:
a-.~.~('lf)~cmf~:
1£ ~ fmrrm~ ~1Hf?.'1 (<l'f<'I ·~ ~ I ~fIBR ~ <1i"!~ICi'lil ~ ~ ~ <ffire"f QI ~98: ~
-~ ~r ~ ~rm ~ <!I c<Pf?I ~1'1 (Saturation) f<r~ ~ ~ ~ <!l~ C<f"t ~
~ ~ <'~~~ ~ <lTCi5 ~W'f <!l C~ <TT "IK~ I
a-.~.~(~)~~ l!lWll ~f.irnrtb:

-!l ~<rn ~ ~·l1_1.•1"R l!l<f~ ~~ ~ '11'1B!Cfi5 ~4'1 ~ ~ ~W:> ~'4Jl!. ~
<flal"lc<l> ~ "lt<!J ~ ~ ~ -!l~ ~ ~ c!l'ffiil' ~.~~I l!l furrm ~~
~.~~'<ft '°frRs'Z ~~~I~~ 'iJ!~ ~ ~ ~ lffi:'!i ~ ~91 ~ ~ ~
~ fihu1worn ~9rn ~ m
rn~ (Ring) 'o/1W1t ~ l!lq'(_ <!t~ ...fff ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ I~~ firnJ1m ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-1!1~ <lJT~ 151f\bfui& "ffi;lfl M ~ I
Contents
•
a-.>!>.>!> GICll{ICi\'ll ~9Rf ~ ~ fih1JIB'llc<l5~~~~~111ll 1 ~'- ·
(<J) C6fi\IC'll°G'll firnnh (Generator Reactor). . ' ·' ·' . .
(~) ~ OOmh (Feeder Reactor),
(~) ~ fmmH (Busbar Reactor} 1 . -
~~~~~'lt~~9fmf:...
<~) mt~, · ·
(~) ~RrnnH~t
a-.~.>!> (Cf) C9f"11aif;i! ftllnh : . .
1£1 ~ ffimtt'il"I~~ C'St"llC'i!U'il l.!l<lt ~ ~ llITTf ~ "'It~ ~ I 1£1 "1'4ifi':it'l6 ~
~ ill'fU "'1t~ ~ (f6u1! A~~) firnJtm ~ ~91-1.!l~ if?R ~ ~ <fiCll
'llrn 1 ~ ~ Pli!WFl"ll>t cm»l ..PI~~ ~toon ilrfflM~"I ~ "'It~ ~. ~ Pl"lWl'IM'Sill ifK
~ 1TI€m if?R ~ fiJ>l!l!~P'l~C~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ (~ ~ ~ 'llrn ~
~~ct 9l11Sm *.ct~~~ ccif¥t ~~~)!.!In; '<3~ ~ ~ ~ ~1Sm
~ ~I ~ ~ ~'<3 vaor CG'ftiS ~ ffi{lJltC11'il lllfl ~ ~ ~. ~ ~
~ ~91 ~ 911'<3m "l"'1 ~ r
D A
~ a-.\, : C6!"1IC1l~'ll fbnb .
1£1 ~ ~ "'1t~ ~~ C'Si"lll'!'lfflt ~~~~I~ "5il~·c:St"llC<!l'Gl'!'l
\SbblllC"l'il ffi~Jl4Sttlilff ~ I ~ C~"llC'i!U'il~~ -..fff ~ ~ MCetC"i'!'lC4> ~ ~ ~
~9fmfl
t~ ~:
(<r>) l!I
~~I
~ c~"llwtl'il l!l<lt <1t>t<Ul'!'l'il ~lfJ ftrnnH "'1~~ ~ Rl:ITT! l.!lt'U Cet"ltl'!'l'&'ilc<ll ~ cQfe<lS
~ (~) l!l~~~~I
.... a-.'!>.'!> ('ft) ~ fhJttif :
.I~ 1!1. "1'41fi':iC\b ~ "ffi"""UJ~)t"""11"1""'ll;rr~ ~ '<3

PJslS·l·l'!'l'il 11. ~ ~ ~l!il'll"l~t'A:'ll ~.~ "'1t~ ~I
~ . c~01tt:W'!'l mnm ell~ ~91 '<3 911'®Rf tf'l.~ ~ l!lt'JFC11 ~t!"I ~ fJf, m~
I I . ~ ~ ~ ~ 4Sll'!'lC1i11 ~~ 'S9Rf AA~ ~ ~91 '<3 911'<3$ tf'l ~ ~I
1!1 ~·milJltl'!'l'll :il~~ c"lfi't ~~ RtITTI ~~ ~ ~ ,.· ... '.. .. · .. , :.. ~~
• •• < ,, ',,'
·> •
....
• <
Contents
.. ' ~
fSi1!- <t .s : mm~

~ ~ f?BUl~C~BI ~ 1;5[~~ ~ ~Qf ~ ~ r:UIAl@l{lll:15 ~~~~I \!1
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <!!<R ffi@tC{l{I ~ ~V'KI 1!~ f?ml ~ ~. ~ ~ ~
l!l~ ~ ~91 '<3 9fN3llrn ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ ·~:em?I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \!Jq~ ~
~~~~~'-M~ci>lcwUcci>~mN1
...
a-."·" (tt)~1bnk:
~ ~ Rrn1liilW ~--Jr~ ~~ ~~~ ~ QJJ ~~ ™ ~ ffrnJTb <fCi'f 1 ~ OOmR
~~- .
()) ~ ~ : 1£1 ~ ~ffi~flJ~IW~iP1~~=( i<llC{lit 1!~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ I lJSCl'f ~ ~ ~
~ ~91 '<3 ~ l'pl ~.ft·,
..•.. ~
. f$;Jf a-.~ : ~ filuth
<!! ~ f.lfift ~~ fi11Sli!C<IS "'1~ i!i~ CSMl~{I
M 9fl'8m fi1is (Feed) ~ ~ I
~ ~ ~illl~CU ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ aj I~~~~ Jt i1liffi~
i;,1~. .~:Ji! if ' ~
~- t ·~ ~ g
' ::t.ili~i~ i--
~
...~u11 ! 'i fi·
h~f w ~ti~11 ,..
..t .~;!u: ~~ i • ,Ii?. •/
;i;- «>
o/ <f. o/ j:;i
~ ! ~('"\·"" ·-IG-IV~ 'P~p;-
i
i JJ;i; "'.id<!W;~ .
f :·i:~-1E,
q'.) •
. ~ ~ .: #. ~ h ~~1 ' if.I Ii' IL
' ~ ;:. J11i -'
., i
~ ~. ~,, j;'
@- . . - - -
:lj" J!j? ':t1!f11!· '
I E~I~ ~~Et~~i·2i~
'!i l:iJif'
Contents
I. ~&~~1w ~Ii'~
0
' hi~ f& ~-i
:1 .
J; ~~~w~ ~P>" ~~ ..
(@ r:=::t: ~·« ~ i ~ti iori U! ·
t1~~~"'~ ~~ ~~~ 1 ·ii~~~
~ii.~.~ w~
' '°1l
1
~J~~*i£nht~
~~& : ~ -~
hfh;~~
~ft 2l ~ i= ~ ~
'i ,1qu~~
hh : _
~ ·~~~~! €~
>C:J ' - - - ' - - - - - - ' - - - - ' - - - - - - - '
._..._.
------~-------~--------~
-~ ............ - ·----·-~.... -·- _...__~-·-·- ---- ----~.
Contents
It.It~ ~~16fl~ fbJth~ "filJUl<c!fil'll ~: .

~-):~~~A ~B ~ 5000 KVA. 10% Qml4c'G'l~~fbnhw
11"~-1~ A-iw~ loOoo KVA. 100/o Amt«'G'I~~~~~~ 1
~ B-~ ~ 8000 KVA. 12% ffi4Jl~Jl9f ~ ~ C6i'lltd&i1 9fl-em ~~I~
~ B-~ ~~"~.~-..{if~ KVA >e "1U ~ MVA f.lcfu~ I
A B
~=~~.Wf~<.!1=8000
ciStriitW'll_l-..!l~ ~ RrniltV"l = so~g0~ 10 ::: s
Cet'llt'llU'll 2-<.!i~ ~ ffiml<!>tU"i =8
Wf~<.!I~,
ce.ri1cw11 3-1.!l~ ~ ffiMC{ldi.., =so~g0x0 12 = 12
CWllCW'll 4-<.!I~ ~ ffi{IJl4tll"1 ::: 12
WJ ~ 1.!l ~ ~ Rrni1%rn11
~ ffi{IJ14>tU+1 80~g; 10 ::: 16

= 0
· · 8x8
.fSJJ ~A "ll~"llC'll'll 91onJ..,..l'l -l'1-l'1 ~~ffi cmU ~ B:{IJl4it'&"I = 4 + 4 =4
B •U:>1"1lt'll'll "'111'111011'1 ~~~ cmU ~ ffiml<l't'ii"I = ~;: ~; =6
I 2 3 4
Neutral
8%
A
Contents
~~ c1;t~1~u;ii ~ ~ ~ ~ F ~om;_~ Rrn11C11c'fi'I xT·= (4 + 16) I I 6 ·.

· =20x6= 4 . 6 ~ 5
20 + 6 .
~~.....,.G, sooox roo = 173347.78 \"'"'")
~~ "IU-"lll"l'U l."l'il:iJl, KVA.11 = 4.615
~
:. MVA.1t = 173.34 ( - )
~- ~ fml ~ MC~IOl!t'il..,,. ~ ~ ~~ -"tlf ~ ~~ ~ ~, ~ ~ ~

~~~<Rt~~·~~~Cfit3~r.
10 MVA 10 % 10 MVA 10 MVA 10 %
8% 8%
~: iffif, <:<PT <!l~Jl = 10

CiS!<ilc;siu;si1t1"CO'ITTI ~ rn{IJl'llCG"I = lO to lO = 10
~l?l"CO'ITTI ~ RrnJ14><0&"1 =3
. (~ rnm1wc~;si <11Jt911P!$ ~I!)~ <!l~.!I C'11Slff ~)
10% 10%
9%
8%
'T 8%
~a-.).., : R~ul~cfi'I ~
·~ _ _,.,.,.. - -==rt rn r; oo + 8J x oo + si
111\11 )11 IS ~lT ·onw11•1 -11.,.1>< 1."llU -1,.....,..,., ~{!Jl4'C "1 =(IO+ ) + (lO + ) = 9
8 4
~ 'ljl' m Clf11; ~ rnm!'llCG"1 XT = :~: ~~ : ~g =6.296

-..fff~ l!l~l!l MVli. = 10 x 100 = 158 82
' nsn 6.296 •
10% 10% 10%

Contents
W\ll ~ ~ ~ rniul"l't'G+t
1 1 1 3
XT =10+ 10 = 10
10
:.XT = 3 = 3.333
" -..M~l!l~.!l
MVAsh = l~~~~go = 300.03

~~ <;'lfiqrn QT,~~~ O{t ~ -..fi1 ~~<ft ~l!l ~~ ~
~91Wll
~~: 200 KVA. 16% f'i~Jl<i'cG'f f.tfVll A. B, C, D . Cl9t"llC$'!1 ~I 200 KVA. 20%
HBUl"l't11'1 ~ mmR, Cl!!t"!l'1fG'il A. B I.!!~ Ci!"llClW'!I C, D QlS "t1i~ ~I 1000 KVA. 4%
~Wl<l't11+i ~ 11/66 KV \Glvt¥11i!l11 ~~~~I""¥"~~~~ ~"-tlf ~
~~.ff~·~ KVA:filvt¥11~1CiBI- 9ttt-t4~~~~7
f'\.., I'\,., 'V I'\,.,
A B c D
2000KVA
20%
TIOO~:'·
~·:·
iffil, ~ ~l!l = 2000 ~<It~~·= 66 KV

~ KVAs . 2000 ·
1l°'f ~ 'l'l\.~l'V, IFL - r;:;;nr = - r;; =
17.49 Amp
"\/3KVa "\/3 x 66
~ ~l!l ~ '\Sl'llu:i&~~~ Hl!Ul4>tU'I %XA = o/oXn =%Xe= % Xo ~ 20 gg;

0
16
= 16
ITT ~.!! ~ R~ll1'lil~ HHJJl'15t'fi"Jt % KR =20ggo~20 = 20

.~ 001!1 ~ ]l'Jt~'i'l~l~'i'I ~{]Jl<l>C'fi'i % Xtr:;: ZOI~~~ 4 = 8
16% 16% 16% 16%
8%
20%
Contents
A l!l~R B CiSi"ilWGC'?BI ~ fi1411f+,&'1

.
% XIB = 16 x 16 = 8
16 + 16
c l!l<r~ D CiSi"ilCJWC'll'll ~ifiiwfqi,t;.., % Xcn = 1~ x I~ = B

.<•' . 1 +1
%Xcn l!jq~ o/oXR
.
..!l'll ~ ~!fll<:pcij'I o/oXcoR-' 8 +. 20 =28 (~ ~~~~)
. . ~·
rn
%XcoR 1!1~ %~ L!l'll 1"11"1~'.~__!IJ 41<: 'I %XcoRAB ==
Q.Q....,. I Ji , x 8 = 6.22 (~ 7i~rq-f~)
28 +
28 8
~ ~ ~ o$ ~ml"P,G9i.%Xtow
. . =6.22 + . 8 = 14.:22
.'.i!l'l<P'i1111t"1BI 66 KV~~~~~ Ish
.
=In x 100 = 17.49
%XTotaJ
x 100
14.22
= 122.99 Amp
~~-.rfif~ ~. KvAsh =KV.As x 100 =2000 x 100 = 14064 .98
. . • % XTvtal . 14.22 ·
. . .
~~ • .lli"1<Pi;~IC'il'!l 11 Y<..;
KV-.!J11m~~. y,-
~---- ·~1:···-
IL =V;_,:IH = 66 x :~2.9~~ 737:94Am? I(~)
~- 8: fmf ~ CeMltfit'- ~~~~~~~I~~~

mtG \Gt•l'B~ICiH1 Q'IC'1''SIRC\!i fit-~~~(~ F ~~.~~~"It'~ MVA ~~
~~'RI [~: o<l']
.,
\
A B. c
'
I
I I lOMVA "\,,
. 30%
L M
IOMVA · <:.:: 10 MVA lOMVA

10% 10% 10%
5MVA
5% ~,5%
5MVA
T T 5MVA
5%
Contents
. .
:::f~ $ ~cl;•P!Oi
~:
~. c<Pl, MVA = 5
~ C61"1IC~C'!¥?1 i>fl'4Cit1St ~tlJl~tG'i
.
-~ ~A~
. •
= 30 Ox 5
1
=15%
~ RltiJl<t>'fiCil'!¥ "'ltcAdiJISt rn~Ul<t>C&'1 ~ MvA ~ = I~~ 5 =5%
,f
~Jil"l~?lailCiBI "'lll~l-0$1rntJJl4Gi•fc<Pl.M.V.A~= 5 ~ 5 = 5%
~ ~ ~ y:'tf ~~ F~ 1(!1, ~~ rnml<t><."G"I ~ ~-'ffil ~-~ ~ ~
911c$fc-01St Ka!Jl<t><.G'I f.!~ ~ 1tm I~~ c~ ~ ~ F ~ Ol"J1i 9llCJi'c-OiSt rn~JJl<PC'G'>!
= !10% + 5%l 1 I 15% + 5%
15 x 15 0
= 15 + 15 + 5 = 7.5 + 5 ~.- 1_2.5!1o
Neutral A
15% 15%
Neutral
15%
5% 5% 10%
15% .
G
5%
F F
~ : 8.~l;t RlflJlCf>lT;'f ~ ~: 8.~~ ~ rauJl4~'1~
·~~MVA _ c<PlMVAx 100
·· . - % ~ RHi11<1Stu..,
= 5 x 1oo =40 r (-)
12.5
~-a- : 6000 KVA. 20% filIDl'J@'I ~Wt CSMl<Oilt'1 150 MVA "1t~ ~ ~ ~
'®1it~~~I-~~ 1000 KVA. 5% ~~\Gl'1¥'il>l!11Nar ~~"'llfSilt
~~~I \!j ~ ~ ~ ~ \Si"lrnct~'!S ~ ~~~~ (f1lfil' ~) ~'
li1"1f#:sli!ICH~~~~~~? .
S ~. 11 kV, 50~~"1'"~~01'1~ I
. .
~ 'Jll~ 6000 KVA 20 % 6000 KVA 20 %
x
Contents
·~:
~.cm-.~ ~<!l =12000 ..·

l!IG'Z~~= 11 KV :
~ 12000 ~ ~ ~·
~ ~ <1·1~~-v, In=_ JO = 629.836 "011-·1~1~ c<Pf 1.<1<1~<.!l """J."'1"1-
-v 3 x 11
~ RrnJl<t>t&'ll = 6~0 ~ =40
120 0 20
'cl>' CiS!<'llC'!l'Gc?rn
·~· C'Sl<'llC~C'!l'!l ~ KHlJl<t>tU·>j = 12 ~~00~ 20 = 40
]i"'i~'!llliC'!l'!l ~ RnUl<>t&'ll = 12
~~g; 5 = 5
'<II' <!l<!Z '"<!' CiS!<'llc'!l'Eic'!l'!l ~ .,.~ f?rnJt<t>tU"I =!0+4

x g= 20 ('1Jl'!ll'11'1 ~z~~)
0 4
~~ '<15' l.!l<!Z '"<I' C-si<il©c~rn ~ ><ffl"-~ ~<!!, KVAsh =Base~~ x 100
= 1200 x 100 = 60000

20
]l'Jf~'!llllt31'!! ~'11 ~~~~.a~~= (150000 - 60000) = 90000
.~ <m-, ~z~ fum1~C'!l'!l ~ RrnJ1dJ·>1 = x
]i*ii'!l~l'!l <!l"R ffi{lJ:nc'!l'!l ~ "~ RBlJlcU.,, = (X + s <~ ~z~$f)
~. gooo = 12000 x 100 {KVAs11 = [KV~b~e x 100]

X +5 Vo_ ~rutal
12
<ft, x +5 ~~~~0100 = 13.333
<ft, x= 13.333 - 5 =8.333
~z rnml<t>TJt31'!! ~ rnml<t>t'ii"I = 8.333.
~ m, %x = 1FL x; x p
(QJ 100
: X (Q) = 0&X x V r ·= 8.333x6350.85 = O 84

~ If!)< 100 629.836xl00 .
~~ fu@§C'!l'!l ISW rnml<t>CTJ'll, XL= 0.84 IS~
~~.XL= 2rtfL
:. L = 0.84
2x3.142x50
= 2.67 x 10-3 H
= 2.67 mH. (m)
v
0 ,.
Contents
~_q, :. 20 MVA .~ 30 MVA ~ CIMIC'iitil ~ ~Vtt1111 - ~ ~ 000 MVA.

CIP!tt11tii 111lf filll"l'c'Cwt ~ 10% ~ 12% I Cl'llli~. 911bfffl'C'6 30 MVA. 10% fi1flJl<!il:ttWfl
~ ~ Cilt..lc~iC11 ~~I~~ '6 ~ :JJ.l:l>fi1i11CH ~ ~"i{l ~ <n ~
fiiiJl<15~'1~~~~?~C5tc'iier11 KV.
20KVA 30KVA 30KVA

10% 12% 10%
6000KVA
~:
~~ CG!i\ICm;C11~ ~-~ <!l~<!l = 20 70100 200

~ C$ti\IC11UC11~ ~-~ <.!lzj%1!1 = 3 o ~dOO = 250
~ C61i\l~C11'll ~-~ <!l~l!I= 200 + 250 := 450
~~Cet"llC11UC11'll"l'if-~<!l~<!I =3 o ~OlOO =300
~· <il"lt. ~· ~"~ ~ "'1'Ci\l fii1mft ill~ CllW "l'i1-~ <!l~l!I = 450 + 300
. = 750 '
m '1"1i"1IC11 >J.l:r>~tJIC'!l'll ~ ~ill~. "M-~ l!lzj%1!1 600 <!I~~~~~
l!l'C!t.<!l~~fumfl~~~~m1
rn~B1!C11~ ~ rnml'l>~U"I =x
~ C61i\l~C11'll <!I~~ rnmltC11'!l ~ R~ -.fif-~ <!l~l!l = 750 - 600 = 150
. 30 x 100 = 150
.• lO+X .
<n, 10 + x = 30 x 100 =20

. 150 .
~'-X= 10
~ C$1i\IC11UC'll'A !°'! ~ ~. IFL = 3~ I 000
3 x 11
= 1574.60 Amp.
lox 11000
·~
•
·~ru .r; -
~ "-'"<.l~"i"fUl<Pt 'I -: _ X lOO - 0.4033 ~I \~>
.. V3 - "'~..
1574 6
Contents
~-C\: ~ , ......" ~~~~1ftt't~ ~ 'lilillti\11 rtm~....~.~

ftlUtk "l~ttb """"~·., ~ CtMltil'GtiHI ~ ~ ~ l'i111l•c'Dwi. ~i«ii .·20 MVA ~··
15% I C9f"iltil~t11~ ·en.~ 11 ~. 50 ~I~ fSttiGOl11 C1f ~~·-~~~
~ ~~~ ~""IW<Rt 60 ~~~I~ ffi!Jllt11'll 11tif "'5?
10 MVA 10 % 10 MVA 10 MVA 10 %
8% 8% 8%
1%iir <t.~~
=
. ~ : ~ ~. C'Pl l!l~l!l 20 l!J-q~ ~ Rtmi~Ci'li'I "~ Hl~Jl<ISCG"t =X
~~. f5'mi~~~~t~~I
~ ~t~ A CGMl~i'1"6 D fihultC'SBI ~ Rtml<ISC'fi"I = x + 15
~ ~t~ B C6!'11WGi'I -e E fihu!tC'!Bl ~ rnml<l't:'fi"I == X + 15
~ ~ rn . r;
<.!! 'l.'" 91Jli'll"llG1 ~ "11~1'"1'-:I ~ ~~Jt<l'r. "I =- x +- 15 = 0.5X + 7 .5
2
~ F ~ fihlJlt~tJ'I( W ~ fihlJl<;>dl"I, =0.5X + 7.5 + X
= l.5X + 7.5
~ll!l<R2~~60~~~1
~t A l!Jqt B C6!"1lur'iiWi'I MmltGC"l'9 ~ 40 \51~ ~ ~91 ~ I
•
A l!Jq, B C6!"llC®wt:t ~ rn
1"l1"11:1 ~ ~Wl<l>t11 "l = 15 x 15 = 7.5
15 +
15
~. ~ ~~~ Mml<l'WC"l'!l 40%-1!1~ lfR~ 7.5
:. 7.5 = 40% (l.5X + 7.5)
=
0.4 (l.5X + 7.5)
:. X=6:~=7.5
20 x 1000
1Ff C"f1iS" ~' lFL = -{3x 11
= 1049. 7 Amp .
. X (Q) = 0/oX x VP
.. lFL X 100
llx 1000
75
. x "3 - .
= 1049.7 x 100 - 0.45375 ~I ~)
r
Contents
, .. mi~~~
)I ~~~<n~~? - {q/qs/~/-:'~o]
m:~~~~~J<!Qff-
<~) Ci&1"!lcW'll ~.
(~)~~'
(~)~mmHJ
~I ~~HhUltC'll'll~~r [~: 'ocr, '1!1, 'o'l, o'tr]
m : ~· ~ ~ >cfif-~ ~ f.if-ifZ ~ ~<fJ ~ ~ ~ <li~c\!) ~
Ri~f~O"Pl"[~ ~ Riml4'Cb")j ~'Bl I ~ ~ ~- \5lf-!)Kl\$-> ~~ 9f1<3WI ~ ~
~~~~~-~,-
~!~~~~,
~.~~~~~~? [<t/~:'01!1,'o'tr]
m: R1J'- ~N\!l<l>'ll'f ~ ~·<.!1<1$ ~'Sl<l'fG;:, ~. <!1.2jC{lliSfC-l'll ~ r i ~'f ~~
rnmlcWJl"I ~ ~ ~ ~ 4>l~o\;C4> ~ ~ ~ I
8 I ~ ~fill64~U:·i'l1 ru\llllt'll'll ~~? [<tl<t>lfArc<n: 'oU-]

m : ~"I41'1ifl ~ <.!19 ~ .,~ ~,f.l;~ .2jvr~ ~ ,
<t 1 ~ kim1•c~'ll f.l>t~~ ~~ ''®1t$':~~ ~~~ ~ ~?
~: 'oB, '01!1, 'o'l]
m : ~ ~ rnml~C9'll ~ ~'ffi ~ ~ ~ <r.r<f.1 c'G:Ul@l~l~\5 ~ ~ ~
~ I <.!! ~ ·Yo'f ~ ~· ~ ~q~ ffi~Jl~Cilil ft ~'ZV'rn ~~ M ~ ~. ~ ~
~ 1.!1-re ~ ~91 IS 9f1'8lffil C'f"f ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~'61Tra J'ffN ~ ~ ~ W,l <.!l<f' ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -..iU-~ 4>IC'i1iGL<:> ~~I .
~I ~fmth~~? [~:'01!1]
m: ~ ~~. ll,W ~Q-.!i~ ~~ <il"1<il~il ~~ Jl'~ ~~~
~~~~~~~ie<l>~~~I
C\ I ~~~~~~~7 [<tl<t>lfiirc<n: '01!1]
~:~.'l.'lil~~I
lrl ~~~~~~'Rt~C'R? [<tl<t>/fi(Cq(:'oB]
-=~~~><fi1-~~~~~~~~~~~
rei5~J1"1i{C(il ~ Rrn11<PcoG'9\ ~ -rn , ~ 9f1~ ~ ~ "lftf<l> rnm1<11d;.., ~ ~~
~N16<1S'll'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1!4~111\lll'll ><fi1-~ <lliC'lloUC<ll ~ m~ ~I
~I ~~M~1min~~'<3~~7
~: ~ ~919 AA~~ fW-:1~1 'll'Qff-
(<P) ~ ~91 <lllffif ~ ~
(~) ~ ""1'11 ~ '
(~) '5frni'I ~ <.!llITTf C<Pl1l ~ I l

Contents
)o I C@lf"ilWGif 1bJth ~ ~7
m : c\Sf'ilc'!lu'!I l!)q~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ;i~~ ffi\111~'!1"'11 cet011uro'!I ~ <!to'T , ~
)) I ~fbnh~~1'
~: ~ l!l<f~ ~ -~~ ~ flls-Sl'!l;ii~C~ ~ ~ ~~~ ffi~Jl~'!IC'l> ~ Rrnm <fCO'l I
)~I ~ ™iUlhC. ~~~~~"flt ll'tllf
~: ~ ~ ~ '5fC CiSfi11CWC'!I @tblllC"l'll
Rm1«.'G"I Qf1t 1~ C'Gi"ll@u~~ "lffU-~~ MeetC"l'!IW ~~-ti~~ 9ftC'!l 1
) 1 ~ fihn1la11 "11111'.lirllC'I ~ c'GJll~Ht~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C<Ve{? [~:'ob-]

~: ~ <2".l!l.l!l(~) '1~~ I
~ 1 ~ 911'<3lffif f>l~tll~ Rl{lJl°§C'ilil ~~~~.fir [~: 'cs, 'oJ:jf
~ ! ~~ ~ni~<f.'!lCf ~ (jJ<l~J~i:'!f ~~ !
(<f.)~ <u<r~ "ii'f :>Jlf<1>1'1S1f.1~ ~55-;IJ:l'!I ~~~I~~ qf<H'!I "17'\:<l ~ 'R~ ~

~~ fcr-re ~--sm C'*" ~ 9frn I
(?I)~~-~ 9f'!l-.s ~tu~~~~~~ \5 ~ 'lf'll"Wi""i~
~ ~ (Protective) ~ Wl. ~ ~ I
(~)~~ ~ ~ @$~ 'R "®'f~ ~~ ~ ~ltl~'ll I
(~) ~ .C'!I$~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ <rca'I ~9R ~~ (Installa~ion Cost)·~~ I
~I ~fmth"1Qi~C\!l~~~/~~91°t'Sm~7 [~: 'o~J
m :~ 91~fuic~ ~~~ ~ ~ '"'*"'~ ~ ~111 ~ ~1 Rrnil§c~rn ~l:ll ~
~ ~ ~ "1T, ~ ~ 9!l'S~ "Pl ~ 'll 1 ,!) ~ ~ 'ffe~~~ ~. ~~
~t"Tf f.i.r:Rr-t, ~~~~<fl~ ~ ~ ~~~f'l'i ~ cef~ ~ ~ 1
~"1 ef°"~ ~'{3 7J~~ c!l<f~ ~m~ ~-::f$.:>J:>J~U81 emu~ 91BM;C•Hf ec~ ~ '1t I
8 I ~ hliUl4'UC'iBI ~ ~ ~4lJl<q;tlCU ~ ~ ~ I [~: 'o<!, '-:-~]
~:~~<2".8~1
~ I ~ ratul<t>U'il q:J<i(lC3BI ~ ~ C'N I [~:·o~]
~=~<2".8"ii~~1··
~ I ~ ratUllCH ~~-emf ra41JftrJl'll ~ CIM I

~: ~ <2".8 "if~~J'I
C\ I ~-~ CISIC11'.i6C. ~ ~ ~ llll!P
~:~~.~~I
Contents
17' I ~~ filllllL'll l;'&l~'O 9t1Jlct'~LWl'il 1lt-l ~,~ ~r

m =,~ ~ ~,~-~ ~ f.WTt ~ 1TC~ ~ ~ ..-u ~ ~
f\S~f~>'P'IS{WI ~ ra~Jl4<.S'1 ~ iffi I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ rnmJ"l'c&"l ~ ~'-
~fill5<t>?l.:f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '61N5"lli1ll?I ~-~ <l'IC1lif;c4 ~~~I ' ,
~ 1 ~~ R1mllt11 c11fi1~1c•B11!1-fCfsi ~ ~r
m : 9ft'51Trn ~ ~ rn~IW~PP[C(?I l:~1'5fG1S rn~l'PtG"I ~- cqfilt ~ l!l•R C'1lf%t:;;UJJ"I ~ <R
~ I ~ l!lftJ fJ'lciGC~?I ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ BhUIWUBI C'!lferii'iJl'l-1!!?1 ~ CClfiif ~ WC<J
~ 'PIC'!lCiG?I ~ ~ C.::>11.PJISi, '&1a9f ~ ,l!I~~ 911~'5 'i:lim ~ 1ll ~ iffi I ~
f~ C?lfSt}f;Jll"'!?I l!R ~ ~ ~ I
) 1 ~~~~F~~~-Cl1'1Jf·~l(ll, ~vfif~MVA ~~r

{<sl<tSlfitw: 'ou}
15MVA
9%
30MVA 30MVA 30MVA

10% 10% 10%
F
ffi : 'i:li~ Q l!l?I ~'! 8 <!l?I "lJll! I
~ I 1!1~ C\St•!IC'iltt'. ~ <1', '{ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l '<1'- C:>t•Pltii11 ~htL"iliC11'il
~'- a-ooo ~!JI ~%. '{- ~ '6lii&BHAliC'il1'1 ~'- C\<too ~!JI C\3 tJl<f'. 'Sf- C"l'P"f"Ci111
l:ll'11'11LifG''ll'Sl ~ )o,ooo ~~ 17'% I ~ Ql'fi~ ~ f1141J1;qi~t'ilil 111-f )0% l ..- C"l'fi~
~" ~ ~~~~~·~·~~~ ~f.Mlr'ff t ~ ~
)) ~I {q/cp/Pfccrr : 'o~]
m: ~ '1' \!!?I~'! 8 'R l!l?l "Uffi I
~I ~~ 'F' ~~fw.r~"-fff ~~·,~~~ \!11r.~. !JI ~~'ff I
{</JifS/~: o<l]
50MVA 50MVA
10%
10 MVA ,__..___, 10 MVA ,___.__...., 10 MVA ,_..-.....,

5% 5% 5%
,F
Contents
81 ~ fRar ~ lM"il''il~~ cili~Cifi1 ~ '91PfWff ~ ~ ~ ~ 1llfi\". 'F' ~ ~ fw.f

~· •lfll'1', ~•-# ~ 'fl!~r · · : ·· Nt<i-Jfitm: 'o<l"]
(°") ('f)
I
.
lOMVA
10%
lOMVA
.10%
lOMVA
10%
T'1..fj T\!!"j~'WJ~r~o~
5MVA 5MVA
~~~
·~A
5% 5%
I
F
m :91~~ ~<u!m ~Cf .8 ')~ l!l~ 'Um I
~I ~~t.fmlh ~M:ijCU ~CfJMJt<R I
m:~<?".~~I
~I ~~f~~~~t.furrtfffi~·~lft'el
m:~<?".~~I
C\ I Ci9f"11GW11 ~iBIWtilil ~-~~-cerl cer... I
m:~<?".~~I
11' I fif$ fi1iiJl9CH ~~fl~~-~ "llt'llb"11 ~ I
-:~(2'.~~I .
~I ~1hJth~~'(i~-.rr~~~-~Gil,l1lbi\f"CRI
~:~<2'.~~I
Contents
~
(Fuse)
,
~.:> ~ ~ '6 ~-"1raSlif"'ll {The Prin~iple and operation of Fuse)
:>l:r'l.o ~ -!l~ ~.2fq.r ~~~I~ ..ii<f$ ~ 7."!Cl:fFl ~ ~ ~ ~
~'{j ~ "l"l'ill\'iMP<fg ~ ~. ~ ~ <:"'5'iftt\!> '!~~ ,~~ ~'11 ~ 9 (Er.li"f <;>~CR:'!
~I ~ ~ lTWm CDn1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m"! fm ;,;f<{.;,'G~ ~
~~~~~~C~.~~~I
~ ;q_;~~\!> ~ ~ '{J ~ ~'f ~ ~ ~ ~<r<f. ~°Bl I ~ ~ ~i:ffil~
~ ~.,-.m; I~ 4'~!<11f&N5f&, ~~ ~~ ~'1 Qfr~ "O' I >!l~ ~ ~ '1~~'0 <r>m ~ I
·~ ~-t ~ ~ ~ ~f.i~:;it!G'!l 'ft~ ~ ~ ~ Qr,t<ri ~ 1!.if~Ri0 ~9!
~~"$ ~ '11 I c<fltt'ft <ffii~ ~- 1<f'i1 >i:f.f:; ~'<!l ~~-CO'Jll,"''i'l ~er f~©G1 ~% 2l~
~ &~ q.w;-r~ ~ cef..r ~; i.!l~ ~9f'..t:m ~ "'frn <!]<;"~ ~ "1"C"I ~ ~ w'hl m m
~'@~JI cQfc ~ ~ Cl11l 1 1!115'!Vf ~ c<fltt'ft >J1f4'Gr.<:> ~Qf<fl· W.trrc<11 'fl ~~
~~VB!~ C~ ~ <fi@ I
~ ~ ~ f.'l~?l ~ ifilC?l!."&?l '@~ i <f.Tffi ~ m<i ~ Wt ~ ~·~ ~ fir~,;; ~ 'i'j~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C-4fiit ~ <'!T~ ~ '3Kf ~I ~~. ~ 1!i<r$ ~ ~ ~
~~I f.ic!i ~-~ l!l?l ~ '!'l'S ~ Wf( I .
1400
1300
1200 \
1100 \ '\ 200A fuse I
...
'
~
~ 1000
-- -
\. I lOOAfuse
~ 900 ~
' r-. ,,.60 A fuse
~ 800 r-...
ro 700 '< !"... .
~ ........ '-..
.s..... 600 I\.
5 >C ..........
r--...
500
!-<
~ 400 ""' .......
........ v t--., -r- r-r-
................ _
--
.............__
() 300
200 ...
-
._
--
1 100
01 02 02 05 07 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.50. 7 1 2 3 4
Time In seconds
*~~:
(<ti) ~'1 ~'1P'P[C~ "if(;~~~ '<l ~I
(~) ~ ~ l!iC~l61'iC<llC"I ~ <ff11 ~ I
("1) ~ c<fltt'ft ~"llC<l'll'C:cf?l 2fC'ITTiSR ~ '11 I
('<1) ~ ~ ~. '51f~, ~ <l'1 clfmr <idfo.131e<11 -..ft1 ~v ~-u ~ f<rn-.!I <Ii@ 1
· (~) ~~~Rclrn 'iSRJ .!ll'U -e~ ~ c~!Vi wt'\S~~-1
(o) :l.!l~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ '5l'lffi ~~I
(~ l.!lfU '1IDI ~ I
Contents
* GPJ;RtqP'l\t(: •
. (<IS) ~ ~ ~ '~ ~ ~ f.@fB ~ '@~ "i{f ~ ~ 1ll1I "ill, lli ~Yf"-'1"14' I!!~
~~9f'lli I .
(~) ~ f.f<ft~ ~ ~ ~ ~Yfift "i{f 1lfrlil1l ~~ (S3 KV~~11 ~~) ~
~ ~ ~ qsm 1im "ill I - .
('11) ~ ~ ~ ~ (Cut off Effect) 'Get l1ft<ml ~ c:etc'GC6t'il f.h1Jl4iffll5 ~ ~
~"lR:i~>ii5 ~ '@~9Gj ~~ ~ QfTC<lS I .
(~) ~-<!!~ ~ ~!!. f.llfrnct qsm '2frn ~I~~~~~~~~ llm"iit I
(>,;) C1l ~ <!!~ ~ ~ 911@ qc<if ~ ~ ~::.~ B '{:l ~ lW* ~(li ~ ~
911@1
~.~ ~~~(The Different types of fuses) :

~~~~~~~~C!!~'Sl~qsm~9ffrn1~:
~ I frr.Mt9Ri f1l15Set"'1~( I
~ I ~~ f1ll'fGiSP'f:!J:( I
frr.Mt~ ~~~~I l!Qft-
(<15) ~!!.~ t;T<fil §-.s~ ~ I
(~I) ~~Cf "l'a!\bl"'l""'l:i ~ ~ I
(~) tijf9f~ ~Ill~.~. Pf.~ I
~~ f1ll@etC'l' ~ ~ 'St~ <!Im ~ 9ftC1f I 1'.!Qft :
(Cl>)~~ (~)~~
(~)~~~ (ll)lll~~~
(>,;) !i91-~ ~ (o) ~ m\91 ~
(~)~~I
-*~~~~-
~iUl'il4'1 ~: ~ ~. ~. ~ '6 ~ ~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~11
~ "f'il'J <!Im llm I
bi~ 'li~'\!l>t"'t:f ~~: ~-~, -em<Pf91.'6 ~~ '6 ~~~I

~" ~ l!l~. "$. f'r. fi1hr: ~-~. 'CwPl91, ~ ~ '{:l ~. ~. ~
~-ClRl~~~~~~~~I
. ~~: 33 KV. 8700 A (~t. cnl~) 9fW~ ~~~~I
1~
~fi1hr: 132 KV, 100 A. 6100 A(~ <llJ19f1fillt) 9llfs ~~~I'!~~~ I
~~:'6~~~~~"111!li~~~\'l~-~~I
NiPl;MG"M li1'11l''ililhl, -e-m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'l'.C'll'1"'1 1'111 ~ ~ lllll 1
~ $ ~: C~ ~ "ll~bt\5111 \Gl'1Y'ilil!Ci!I '411-c>flC'lt111!l'f'- i91 ~ filih Iii~
~ ~ <IS'ilt ~I
11
: I
!v
~~:~~GlJlf~~~-1
t~•llJI ~ 1 JI~~ "!if'- l'l~ c~•1fi\C1SJ1it f'&csr1:t'111 _IA~~ ~ _,,.,...,
~ \'!~ 'iil:4i1llb ~ ~-~~ tpi" '6~C.ilft'll11111' ~-, . . : ., .
'V
L_
Contents
v~ .. ~~~!ll'il • fic&4-M
~·" Mfii ~. ~ ~Ci!C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <»Mlf7ilt (Fusing Element,
Fusing Element Rating, Fusing Factor and Breaking Capacity) :
~ ~ (Fushig Element):~ ell \!ift.11f@ ~ ~ ~-~ ~ ~ l1m
~~~9IT'1lif~~t.~~I ,
~ lfiic:qt'G'il ~ ~ (Current Rating of Fusing Element) : ~ ~ ~
~'llm~~'llm~Cll~ct~~~9frot~~~~t.~1
l!lllftif~~~t.~~~<fi'll~~I
Nff ~-.!Hf G1"J:Cilf11"'1ct11~
13T91 $1t ~. ~ llJ!tUrnm.,, ~ ~ 1S1McC1S"'R <!l<rt.
~911R'q>1bl'il '@~ ~ ~ ~t. f.i,;'il ~ 1·
I
'
~~(Fusing Current) : .
~Cll~Cf~~~~~~liWWR<li.!f~~~~~t.~I
l!lfU ~ ~ ~~ \!i!C~ c<lP't m I
Schwartz and James have defuned the fusing currents as "The minimum current to
fuse the wire in such a time intervalas shall be necessary for the wire to have
attained its steady temperature."
c•11'111_11\!> ~~
3
~t.~,I=Kd32
-!l~, K=~, ~Wf~~~'@~~~ I
d=~~I
~t.~~
~Oft. ilJtblRlWl"l>i K<!l~Wf
d ~.ti!". dl'll'. l'll'.
) . <fi'91Rf 2530 80
~ '51Jl~R~l1:1 1873 59
.
~ 406.5 12.8
"8 CO'f\S 340.6 10.8 !
'I.
·~~~~~~:
())~~9Ml~~'@~~~I
(~) ~ l:fd!CllC1i'il ~ ("'qf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c<ffi't) I
(") ~ l:fdiC11W'il ~ ~~ I
(B) ~ l:fdtc1:1c1i'il ~~ce«1111 ~-~ '@9rn 1
(~) Ulfii'iilC"l'il ~ '6 Gl'l~IC"'l'il '@9Rf I
(~) ~ <1fQJll<1'ilcm '@~ I
(C\) ~ ~ ~ (Stantered) AAl Oft~ r
~ lPJtk (Fusing Factor) :
~~di~~ ~lfl1f ~~~t.1fllh ~I
':'· ~~
~~t.~= ~cii$i
l!l1 lftif ~ 1 lfl'if cm CClfilt m ~r
~ "1t"llf7tll (Breaktn& Cap~city) : • ~. , .. , . . . . . , . . . .
, ~ ~ "1f9ftP!ft .~ ~ ~· ~ ipic91ft15 ct>leilcit'i1 ;a, Pi. C!IC""lli\JI~~ ~.
Contents
: . _.* ~llllfillf.W ~ (~spective Short Circuit_ ~t) : -·· :, ... :. .· ·; : · -
~ ~-~-~-~ ~-~--'5i~1~&i!tf41~4~ii ~i~~ ~i4c4 ~, _lft ci~ci ~
~ "'~· ~ ~~ ~~if'1'1i ~~~lti ~tifi~:~~ ~-~
~I
.
..·~
.·....·
\,.
~
~-~ ~ (Cut-off CUrrent) : ""ft'~~ <ft ~ ~ ~ ell~

~~~llrn~<ll"fU-~~~ I'
C- .9[t'<f
.
fit-~~ (Pre-arcing time) : ~-~ ~ "[i1J ~ C~ <t$-~ 1fM C~ ell~

~~~-~~~<ft<i11!1~~$Jo.00;~1
~'- ~ (Arcing time) : ~~ ~~ ~'<3lffif ~ c~ ~ f.rtf~ ~mn W ~ ~~
~<ft<i I
~ "1!1"11tii$'. ~ (To~al Ope'rating time) : ~-~~ ~ <!l<f~ ~~ ~-<!!~ Ql'f~
~cf l.?I~~ ~~I <!HI~ $1 o.oo~ ~I
* ~ ~Plti!c;\;11. ~ (Material of Fusing Element) : ~ ~ l.!l'l~ ~ ~ ~
'll'll"¢1li""rn 9f'11vf ~ ~ ~ c<lfi't ~~~ 1 ~- fi;;l, ~ (Lead), ~~~ {Zinc),
~ (Silver), ~91rn IS '¢IJl41~f.!{Jlll ~ I '¢l$l ~ ~- ~o 151JIFl§IC'IHI ~ ~
~ ~ fi;;l ~ ~ "i~~ (~C\% ~ <!l<f~ ~~% fflif) ~ ~I '¢1flf<f' <1'1@;4';~ ~
~9®.~·~~I - - .·: .
~~~~~I 'iffet19 <!l~ ~ c<lfi't ~ ~~ <IJ<l(IC~il ~ ~-
(~) <!lfi;~~C~~I
(~)IQ~~~~ Rlffil ~ct~~~~~ 9frof I
(~) <!l~ <t>'iSl<Pftif\;fG czjif f<rlffil ~ tl1'i ~<RI~~ '51~~ ~ C<lfit I
(~) <ll'"'>ili5"ll'l~ ~9f$lll ~ ~ I~ -..M-~ ~ ~ ~ R8"C"l'lf ~ ~ I
(~) ~ ~ ~ ~ \!ll~l\!llNi! mo; m '¢lf5 ~ ~ ~~ ~ C'rn I
~ $illc4';~ ~ ~~ 1lft<l'I ~:
{))fim~I
(~)~~~~I
.
(~)1.?18i1CIS*ICif~ ~ ~ I
~ '
(8)
. ..
f.nH""'lf.>tftt.4 ~~I_.
" '
(<t) ifTtli ~I ; : •
L
Contents
. l&.8 .ttf.f '.<i

~ .~ ~ h .M ~ ~ ~f.4151'1 (Classifi.cation of Fuses
according to the Construction and Current Carrying Capacity) :
~'<3~~'11'Wt~:
) I~ lllifC#lfi ~~WIC'il<iil'I Mw ~ ~~1Jf11'!1:
111SIM4 ~ 16 A, ~t 2 kA
~~200A,~t~4kA
1J1SIM<11 ~ 500 A. ~t 4 kA .
~ I ~ <!l~ <ft~ ~91 : ~ ~ ~~I ~Qft- (<lS) ~-~91 (~) ~~'lS ~91 I
" I <!l<J{~ ~91- 11 kV, 250 MVA
8 I !i91-~ ~91- 100 A. 200 A, 300 A
~'~~~
~l~~-~$~~.~f4!:
(<lS) '<3"tlM ~ ;;m ~ ~ I
(~) '<3"tlM ~<J{9fti'r"li{ ~
(ff) \S"tlM ~ ~ I
· ~.<t ~t'lt~ ~ '6 ~(Th.; Constructions and Operation of Some Fuses):
~.<t (<IS) tw~ "l'ilflll"l"'t:f M1lf (High Rupturing Capacity Fuse: H.R.C fuse) :
~~ ~PliR©•f.l m.i, ~ czjit ~er 91i>Smil ~er ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 'l5JT~
~ ~ ~ <Rf ~I ~~ ~CMf.mrn ~qt ~'!'-'4ll?145mcrn ~ ~ ~ f<l~'!l'f
~ \Sl'.o Wn?l'f 'll'lllbl>t~ ~ (~ ~~~ <!l~. '5lm. Fr. ~ ~ ~) <!l'!l ~
~I
~~.
Nfiit. 91T'<3m ~~
~~.-.,:HRC~ .
~ 11!91DlRf~ <llJT~ ~ <!l~ fu"flf ~~~I~~~~ ~91 ~
~ ~ ~ ~I ~~ Yfrn<1<£Q'!?1 'Wco;'<3 <!l?I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'ff I .!l?I
~ lWlfi '5191 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~'f fWrccf ~(Resin)~~
~ I ~'ffilct\51'9fi?I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I
<!l ~ ~91W't ~ IOlltl?ICif?I ~ct <!l<l~ ~ ~ ~"f ~ ~ (Qu~rtz Powder)
~ ~~ ~. l!W!~·~ ~ ~lffil ~~ ~ ~ ClJ ~ ~
(Electrlc Arc) ~91:f ~. ~ ~ 161~1161~ f.f<flf~ ~ 1 ~~ ~~·ff, ~ \5l<f ~.
~~~~~~~~' .
f.ifift 1fttiff ~ ~ ~ --ti1-~ ~ w-u C<l5W« ~ ~ m "f<f ~·~ct~~
~~~~<ml I~ ~MCl!CoG ClJ ~91 ~91:f ~ ~ J2RE ~~ ~Yfffl I ~ ~ .
~ ~ ~ ~ tttl'r ll111, ~ ~ ~~WU~~~ ?<i"l)f'!<IS - ~91:f ~I
Contents
~ ~~ ·~ ~ 1ll'<rnm ~ C9~>i1Jl'JI ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ PtMC.U ~91::J ~ l!l~t.

~ ~ ~ ~9f ~~I 1l't"f ~ ~~ f.Rlf~ ~.llffi I
-1!1~ 500 A <15JT9f!Pt~ JFf:1. I!!~~ ~'Z <15JT~ 16 KA, 20 KA. 30 KA~ 9!rof 1·
· ~·: ~ m9f61fite. <ISJt~ ~ ii1lf ~ ~:in:~11~lt ~ ~ ~ c<lfif, ~
I!!~~ C'>W'f I!!~~ Qro'I ~~I~ i!1 ~ <U<l~C99 ~~ ~ ~l:ft
9fl\Sm <Tm~ <(>l(NGll-<!l~ ~ ~l:f<f> I
(~) \Sf:O~~~~~~~ I
(~) ~ ~, ~ ~ Wlfi1 ~ ~ ~ m~-z <l'>TI~ ~ ~ ~~,
'lll9!Wnct ~ w.u ~ ·~ m~ '~ ~ ~ "*¢101t~ci<t> C<lfl<t m 1
(~) ;fN ~ Of'l ~IS ~@l'Sl9 ~ ~ ~ ~ i5119Rl-i51191f.r <rol <Im <it I
(8)~~-~~~<!l~R~~~~I
(~) ~ ~ ~ c<ffit f<f~ ~ c • , ~ ~ 161\!#l~I~ mo; m ~~
~~~I
(~) 4Sl(C'll'Cll! w-utou C~C<f'IC'il ~ ~ <!l ~ ~ c<lfi't ~~I
(~) I!!~~~ ~tl\5:>t""'I~ J
~:
(~)~"'~~~cf~~~'
(~)~~Cf~~~ <>fr'~ ~ ~ 9fTC9 'it w I
(~) ~1~01M'>'Z ~'WI
~.ct ('If)~ cmitCS•!<ttl:l!i ~(Carbon Tetrachloride Fuse) :
<!l~'l"f~. ~~.$.~.~1~13~~
~ ~ ~ <!l~ ~ ~@csrn ~ 1 l!l~- ~ct
1!1<1$ ~ $'! ~ "5rn <!l~t. 1~ ~ ~ Ft
(Brass Cap) "It.~ fl!ttCIS I UPf ~ ~ cmit@l91~15
Lo--;;:;;='--~~
~ Nm 9j_cf fl!ttCIS I . ~ cmll'*liU~\5
1!1<1$ ~ ~ ~ ~ F.21-Z-<!l~ ~ l!! ~ ~ ~.s : ~ c\ml@l9~<s ~
~ ~"fQ ~ <'ft~ fl!ttCIS <!l"<R WcU ~ ~ ~ IS
~'Si»~ <!!<!$ C9~>iJJJ"'l ."f"~ ~I
<r~ ~IJJlfibRl& ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
<Tm I I!!~ 'Si»~ C9nstiGJ!<."19 W-U ~-'llf.f.U ~~
m
9frn. l!!Cf~ C"fli ~-z-<!l~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~\'3 ~
·m ~ ~ ~ C'rn I~-~~ <fi1f ~'Slffif ~
~t.\'3 <fi1f ~ I ~t.-1!1~ ~9f ~ c'Q:'Gl@l'Slil:l5 ~ 9ffil~
~ ~ f.Rtf~ ~ I 15~9r:J ~ W'I ~ cC!fi't 'it 1(\'3~
~~~ct~ iifr 1!1$ <!l~ ~~~cf
~~f.Wf'Ot'!' ~~~I
~.<t (tt) 6i9f • ~ (Drop out Fuse) : .. . .
-!i ~ ~ ~-~ ·-n "'INsRi'& ~ ~ "llR1 ~ .
·~~<rm i!l<ft. ~ ~v1'6 ci~"1m ~ ~ ~
~'Iff~~~~~~~fO!TC<tSI $]f~.<l':W't~~
<!l 'lllll ~ ~~9f ~~ ~ ~ f.lm ~I
Contents
WI . ~~~
~ .,,l:"f11J1'i ~ 9lrn>t"friqs1~ flis~r.'if'SI ~ i'l"l'J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~~'6~~~~-e~~I .
I.!! ~ ~ 'l'ft~~ C9Jtfl ~. '5(1~'CCISl'll .Iil'"l~'lla!l'll C4?11<.G+'1t.ifit ~ ~- <li'llt ~ I 1!1
~ 211l'i11JM l!l<fift1 ~ ·~ l"l"IC"'ltGIS ~~ff "It'-~~~~~ f.ID
. C~ ~~I~ I!!~·~~~~ f f l:"l"IC"lt'&IS ~ ~ ~
~'-'Utre ~ ~\S1lt ~I l!l ~ ~ ~ C~ ~ ll11f, C~ ~ ~ 'if l 'ltt.ffif'fi5 500
KVA ~~ ~ Nif'Sf<llS"lif Jal'*ltJ>'lllll'll (Distributir :i n-ansformer) U!!llC&4>-rt0111 \lfrlJ ~91 ~
~~<IJ<f$~~ I.
*~~~(Expulsion Fuse}:
~lif ~ l!l~ "f\l:li <I'!~~~~ l!l~~ <m1 l!l ~~~~I l!l<"
~ ,_fU $1iF9!-\!l'll ~ \5ll~IC'il ~ I l!l'C<fi ~9f ~ ~ ~ ~ I <l't'll't-l!l'll ~ l!l~
~ C'iW1 ~"/ 'lT?;Qf '@~ ~'<11 ~ C~ ~ Mw ~ ~ \!ll~~ ~ ~ ~
~\Sfii&w 'tC"l UIV'I ~ ~ \!I~~~~~~ :(\5Hf;e4 ~~ ~ ~ I
l!l ~ 'ltt.mf'f'§ !'GPJaf<llS•t"l lal'"lll"'ll11l'it, \S~ rot~ \S~ ~ ~ ~ ,,~~~
0
' ~~.I l!l ~~ 11 KV, 250 MVA~~'@"Wn~ I
~.<t ('Cf)~ '1JT91 ~(Horn Gap Fw;e) :
I
r
l!l~. ~- Ft (H.R.C.) l!l<I'- l!l~9fli?tif (Expulsion)~~ ~ CClfi't 1
'@~ \!lll11"!IM'll ~~ 'G1'iJ ~'l<r ~ ~\S ~ I ~ 151l$i<t>l'1 66
~ ~ ~ l!l<I~ 2500 ~l!l ~ ~ Jal'J1¥'llllll'll'll ~ "lt~'t
~ ='itX!ll~'Si'i4'~lC<1 ~ ~ ~-1 l!l~M ~ ~91 ~ ~\S ~
~I~ ~9( ~~mm ~.~I~ C~IC<ilC$i'll ~ ~
I
i
i
I' 'ft91\S ~ ~ ~ 1 l!l ~~ ~ ~ (Horizontal) i5AA ~
i
I
!
~ t l!lri5 ~~ ~ ~~ \!ll~ (Gang Operated) \5lll:c~·11C'1B'll
(Isolator) ~ ~ 1 \5ll~C"11CoW'it~~ ~ ~'i'f (~~ ~ CllfCG'f ~
l!l~~)~~I ~~.~
T
l
T B
_l
f5iJI ~. <\ : ~ fjJt9f ~
~.~ ~ ~. ~-filCJPletl'il, filshf ~ \!ilr'$:C:l!ICtWC'IHI 1lro
~ (Comparisons among
Circuit Breaker, Auto-reclosure, Fuse and Isolator):.
~ I <!I H .
~il<slf.l<ll ~ fim! ~ f'ft1'f f'ml
"'i!f~~ ··.~~ .<ml ~Wlf1~1.
~~~I ~I
Contents
lr'I
~·
·~~~·~~
~ ~I . "'!~
(C"IP'lt ·;n <r.1' .~>.' "~
M~'8~<rnf~ ~'J!'TJ;j~f! ~·~I ~
~~~mwr<iT ~~~~Wl
~ <rim 7.lrn, ~ wt ~~<n~<rim~I
~~I
l!ll ~ ~ l!ll ~~ l!ll .'te l!ll<!l~<!l~~~
l!lfU~~<rnf ~.!IN'G~I ~Cf~~~ ~I
m . 1!1$ ill'fU ~ 11i1Vf. I
~ "lt, ill'fU ~ ~
~I
81 ~ . "
~ mlT C'fflit (o.)
~O.l!l~) ~~WlJI
Ill ~ a1 l.!l~>G ~ a 1 <.!!~!"'ITTI ~

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~ m~ ~~~cqfi't~ ~~~~"l!I ~ ~ ~ <rim
Cli?llCU41"tvi'SI ~ ~l.!lil~ccffet~ ~I
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r Contents
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m:~ClJ~cf~~W'l~~~m\5ITTI~~~~~~~
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m:~~.'-!)"'!U'.WUI
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--~~'5f~aT<u1
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ctl ~~~'\5l't'lt-ect~~b>~~~~'lt~7 {~: 'o>J:]
- : filsGOO'!t ~to'ft 'SM~~ lllm ~'8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0!1, ~q-
(<15) ~<!I~~ c~ <uRl> ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ W-J ~mu~.~~~
<.!l<tt~~'Pf'llil
(~) ~ f.rfr9R"Rt ~ ~ ~ ~9f'n "'If·~ ~~ct\5 (33 KV-~'!t ~~) ~
~~~~lffii~I
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l"'l~?SJi\5 ~ lS~911f 7('8~ ~ ~ I
~I ~<t$~~<Jtr {~: 'o<t, ·~1
~ : --!U-~ ~ <n ~ ~ ~ c<f llW! c~ ~ ~ %f ~ llrn ~ ~-'5f1J5
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~: ~-~ ~ "f!J ~ C~ ~-~ llWi C~ ell~~"!~~-~~~~ I
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- : ~ '&.ll'('f) 'ilt aT<tJ I .
~ ~ ~ ~ "IM~tih'I ~Jll<qqil!SI ttOO ~ I f;q1;:p1fi?r<11 : 'o~J
-=
)o I
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~·I~ ~.ll'('f) ~I
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hff I~ ~.ct('f) ~I
Contents
)~11¥ii=.Jfr
~: ~ ~ ~ ~ 'l~tl!M \!!<!~ 1!1<:$ ~-~ WIF~ ~I~ 1!1<:$ ~
~ ~ '<3 ~ 'lf'l•H4f4fifa ~ 'i$, ll1 ~ ~ ~~~ 'flITT' ~ ~ ~ct
~ "IM~'l'i'I ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ f.l~ ~ fill 151~Rl'<J> ~· ~ ~ ~
m ~ ~91_cf 151'-~ ~ CQft<IS ~ ~ ~ I
'tt'T
)~I ~. - · ~. ~ fils~twtil ~~I
m : ~-~. '<3wPf9!, ~ ·f.Ws~· ~ ~~f-? ~. ~ W-1-~ ~ ~R~
'(3
~~~~I
)<\I l!l~"ft-1"1-1~~ CVl'4tJ
m = Nireaf.lts~ :G1"1'l5?1~1?1, '(3~ ~ '1AA ~ ~ <>11<1cai?l JI~~~ l!l!I ~ QNT
~I
I )b'I~~~?
m
=~QI 151~--® ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'l1rn ~ ~ ~91NR <fl~~
l!l~~I .
)~I~~~~~~?
- : ~ ~~ ~9f@:ltU ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ <l"IC'iJC;{;~ l!l. P=f. ~
~.\!Ill. \!!JI~~ I
~o 1 ~ ~ CfitC<IS ~r
m: ~~ '1~ ~'<3lm! WC~ ~~~~-cm~~~~~ <!zyf I
~) I "!"ilCil~ ~ <lt ~ "!"llCillU'. ~ CfitC<IS ~? ~ 1IFf ~?
- : lit-~~ \!I~~ ~-\!11'1 Q:/l'i11Ml<t> ~cf 1519fmlff;~ ~ ~ 11!11'1 ~ '2frn o.oo~ ~ I
~~I l!I~. "!11l. ~. ~~7
- : I.!!~. 'i5!B!. Pl. l!l1'! ~L~f ~ ~ ~ ?l1~~ ~~ ~ (High Ruptuiing Capacity
Fuse) 1 ~ ?l1~~ ~9f@:ltU ~ l!l<fifi> fu..fl! ~ ~ ~ 1 'i5!!~ FbP3af<l6"ii'i ~.
~ ~ ~ 9fl'<3m1'J ~cf~~~~~~ <!1Ji9f!Plff; ~ ~ ~ <fi?l1 ~I
)I ~~~~~'i5!9ll~"i-Jl"'I ~91~zyJT~~ I [~: olr, ·~o]

m:~~-~<!i~~\5[~~~1
~I ~~~·~~~Cl"'IT~C'R? [<t!WPK<l!: 'olr]
m:~~.)~I
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- : ~ ~-~ l!l1'1 C"llf 151~-.i ~ I
.8 I ~~"!"flCil~ 'ft91~1't~ ~I {qJWfi'frAI: '01r]
1 § ~I
-
-
: ~ ~-~ i{_~ ~ '5!'-""t ~I
~I fif~'iC'li ~-~ ~ Mi't'l"JJt""l:f ~ ~ c<fi'f?
: ~ ~.) "'l'-aWu I
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[~:'ob)
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m.: ~ ~ 1511fitll aTcu I
'Ir I "ll~JflC'l'Gi1 ~ ~ 'Jlttclt ~ ~ I [<t/Cfl/fifl:.qf: 'o~]
v
P. -:~~-~.,~~I
Contents
i. I . ~ ~91IC11lU'- ~~~<ml' ~ ! [4/1'1Ffc;n : ':i~J

·m:~'l:l.~if'.~~I
)o I ~l:filt11c.U11~"Clrt~~7 .. f41<Frfirc<n :'o~, 'oq/
~: ~ ~~C:ilW'l1 ~ ~~~~~I <1Q!f-
(:>) fiffl~1 . {~)'m~~~I
(~)~~~I (S)f.ffl~cy~::fl
(q.) if1Cl! ~ !
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·~: ~ l:l.~ l.!j~ ~ ~;,_><j ~I
HI ~~~f'r~~~ctffef~~I [~iro: 'o(lj
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:
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('!') fo~si ~fcic~c41Q ~JTJ'f,
(8) fo•@,.;1 ~Moi~'GQ ~=~r"""'.~~c.,=.~ ~Br-G;liff~.
(lf)~ll'~'S~,
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)ct I~~~~~ "lJ<l~IC'11'il ~~?
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(~) i.!lfli ~IUR! ~ C~ ~I
(~) 1.!1'11 ~ ~ <l5l! f<llffll ~'I~~~~~~ I
(~) <P~l<Pff;R,f{; cqfif f<llffll ~ ~ ~ <fi"ll I ~'. 1151~ ~~I
(~) ~~ ~9\~ \~~I 4lCIS!~ "~~~ ~ ~ ~ f.'lg~ ~~I
(~)·~~~~~:¥1~:!"$~f:m~~~~~~~'
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) I ~. ~. f'r. ~ ~ '6 ~cttfit ~CR l N!~tPtc<:rl: 'o(l, 'o'l, 'olr]

m:~1:i.~c~>~1
~I . ~ ~ ~ ~ WPf~cr.1if <l'cf.tt ~I fq/;prfitc<n : 'o~] .
~:~~-q.(~)~!
" I ~ ~ ~-H\GIClil'il, ~ l!l~ ll5lll:c>1lctWC1h11l'ro ~ ~ I [4/IPfro: 'oB, 'o(lj
~:~>b.~~I ' .
8 I 1*f.t c?\'GIG1Sl1fll;;s ~~ ~ ~ ~t:flffr ~ ~ ~ I [Cll"lllfiilt<ql : •oct]
~=~~.~(~)~!
Contents
,. ·. "
,-' .... -·~~
. · ·
.
. · .. {Circuit
,
Breaker)
'\.~ ~~~(Definition of a circuit breakers) :

~ ~ ~~ RITT!ct '5 ~~ M' ~ (~ zj"~: ~e. ~)
~91.cf ?ilf.tGC<t> ~ ~ ~ ~ m
l!lfiJ 71"~ ~9AT ~~ 'Jf~:c~JS'l "f~C~ 9f!Uf ~ 1·
,,~roS'l ~ ~ ~ ~9frn ~ ~ m ~'Wl> 1~~~'-'41'1~1~G~ Ni::>1~c~'l1
~'\51 Jilf<l;U~<ti 'Jf~"ClWf ~ ~ ~ l1W I
'\.~ ~ ~ 91BlWMBI ~ ~'. ~~ <!>~.fl'lffer (Principle of operation of a circuit
breaker and its function} :
~~ .!!~~~JTW~'S9f~ (frr.fiJ. fuT.01$:~11f.,) :;;i~1.<i1R1~rn~~ ~ i
0>:!~<1' ~\!I~~ G<f.ffi Ci)c<li JI~W,S'j '!3 Rf~ ~\'! 'SM) (~!i-J.~i;;! ~~ ~
<l>C~IC"1'11 -m~) ~~~~<mt I
~ I "51".ill'5!f<t<i' ~ ~~~<l ~ 9l':f '5f~1<1~ ·~ q;~ C"i11 I •
~ I ~ ~'(fJ® 9fiPJJl"J.~lM ~ ~ <H;i!IC"'l~ 'lTTi:fR"l JI~ 9f!i'J'!~~'M ~ I
• ~~ctttif : ~ ~ ~ l!l~ ~ ~ <11T<f>21crffel ~ ~ I
Busbar
C.B
------+-....,-Relay Contact
!---Trip circuit
Link ,. . . .
Mecharilsm:· :- -- -- -----:- · ---
. .
C.T ..1 \;
... Relay Circuit
.............. .J
Feeder Relay Coil

15ur: •u Pt1t. fttCif -e ~ ~ ~~
~ ~ ~JU~~ .<3 :>JU ~'1<1 ~ ~ I ~ ~ 9!fuDi'1'1f.<l ~ Pl.ffl. ~ G ~ 011; ~ o<'tm <!>~ ·~ ~ ~"ft~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~
c~ ~ ~ ~ ~1-1 ~ 1 ~ 11~ ~ ~ GI~ ~~~ 4't«ct z~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~. Piffle~ ~Rifil·& ~ ~"'11 <wi me;~ -.!!~ ~ <!l<t~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~'! ~ ~ R\m ~~~I <!lr-5 fG9f ~ ~~ ~'8~ ~ct tij91
<mlG'!. <!!"l!'S!l°$;>& ~ 1£1<1'~ -.!il'i> FI~<fl llJl<lllHIStllC<t> ~'! ~ 1Wi f.'l~<fl llJl'lllMISIC:tt'l1 ~ ;;~~
~ ~ ~ '\5ff"1~ ~ C3f'll ~I<!!~ ~JQi, ~ ~ ~ ~ f'i~ ~
~ <!l~t ~- ~ 91:~ ~9!_cf ;;m >Bl<l~l~<t> ~ ~ C'ill t 1iaf9!~ ~•. # ~
m9!~moor~'G~~~~•' · ·
I I
Contents
~~ JJ.~bf'rnl'!I ~ ~t&<l>"t-i
•· ~~~(Classification of ctrcuit Breaker) :
· ~ Qi41'SIC4 ~ ~ ~~ cRt ~ 1-~- ~ ~ «.!!~'. '151tci! fir.ft91't llt~
~981 ~.~ ~ ~ ajCTlM"Ul'f ~ ~ ~ t ~ C'SICfBCtt'!I ~ ~ ~ ~
~ 1 lff4T-'
(<ii') CGfl ~ ~· G<fiRf : ~ ~ ~ooo cstFU-1.!1~ RcD I
(~) ~ ~ ~ G<m : ~ ~ ~000 cstFU-l!l'il TS981 I
. ~ fir:ft9ftcm llt~ ~ ~~ ~. <WI. 911f.1, ~ (.~~-.,,.....
aP....l'!!"""l~'-15 (SFa) <lt ~·U'l§I
(Vacuum)~~~i
~ fir:TI9fCC11T ~tflm ~~~~~~\SI~~~ I ~~

(~) ~ 9J.cf ~ G<fiRf I
(~) C~'ik~'i ~ G<fiRf I
~9J.cf~~~m~
(~) <rrq; ~ ~ G<fiRf (Bulk Oil CB) I
(~) ~ ~ ~ ~ (Minimum Oil CB) I
. (~) ~ C15t'ilt'JlC'&l5C~~91 ~ G<m (S~lf.Generated Pressure Type CB)
(B) . ..!l~tU1'41f.1 CiSt'ilc;oic&l!i ~ ~91 ~~(Externally Generated Pressure Type CB)
M C~<'fk~l'i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Cl'flSm ~-
() 1Smm ~~I
(~) ..!l~:!:l;:;~~.1
(~) ~ C~~l(JJll'!ll'$:15 ~ ~ ~ ~IW'! ~~I
(~) ~Jl<Jf~I~ ~ G<m ~'3 ~-Pr.~~ '{3 I.!!. Pr.~~~ I
ct.~* l!l~ ~ ~911W -e f.f.fM't' ~ : (Arc and the Process of its Production and
Extinguishment) :
* l!l~ ~ ""~ ~ = ~ C<filCifl ~ l!l"fGiSif.ilb ~er ~11l!1~rnoe; ~ ~ ~. ~
~ ~~~ ~ ~ lffe'- ~ ~ ~~<ml I ~ I.!! ~ <PoUltJqC~'il 7ft~ ~C'i'll$'f'
~-l!l'il ~ c<l'~"tMC'f'!I ~~~~~I
~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~'- <t-.UltJ"'i:i[~ ~row~~~ l!lfun (Area) ~ ~
~ l!l~'- f<l-9J:<'f ~lltct (~ ~ ~ ~) ~ ~ I ~S'Ci'ITTf ~~ ~ ~
C'!!WtYGJl"il ~ 9frn I~ l.!I ~~ ~981 ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
<'fl'! (I2R) ~ I l!l'C'lb ~ ~~ ~~I ~i:frn~ ~ ~ 'lloUlt"l:i[Wt Dl'!l'91tt"t ~ <lt ~
<ft ~ fF.rn 9J.cf ~ I ~ ~~ ~ C'Pfni ~ <ft 'SfIPl ~ ~ \!lllCWil~6JIS ~ I
ISllCiiMl~6!'5 ~ <lt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1.!1~ ~ ~ 'lioGftqCtJ'!I 7ft~ ~ ~
I
i
lffi1 ~ ~ ~ I eilCtJHl~Cet"1'1-l!l11 ~ ~ ~Cl'l~'i ~ ~ I 1l5'Cl'I '!S4l<Jll'll~et•~ llt~ 91_cf
~ ~ ~ ~ \!l<f~ wim ~·llft<lit ~'(3 ~ ~ ~ 1lftCl5m ~ <lt ~
'fi~1
ct.~.~~""·~:
(<is) ~~ eill"IN?Cii '!l41CilMl~.f'1-:-\!l'il VC"I ~. '<3 911lllt~ ~W ~ ~ ~ l:ti't~C'i'!I
~~~~'
(~) ~~Ol~~~~~~~1t~1
Contents
C\.~.~*~~:
~ ~ lffi;~ <r.-Vtw"laicq;.'ii $ ~ f.f<ft9Rcrn .ccm--« ~~ct Oft~ N9!_cf ~~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O{f I <Jlml ~ "J'f~~ ~ <111"11~"1~Q;·~ ~ ~ 9lrof I
~ ~~-~~ ~-~f.f<fl9Rcrn~~'1 ~~I~~~
f.f<fl<PftCrn ~ ~ ~ I ~- . .
I (<IS) ~ cml:f ~ (High Resistance Method)
(~) ~ ~ ~(Current Zero Method) 1.
I
(<IS) h ~ ~ : <JJ ~ $ c~f%ll{;Jl9f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 91ffiw1011~ ~
91lft~ ~ ~ ~ 91rof. O{f, ~ ~ f.r<!tf'91i5 ~ I <Jl ~ ~~ ~!:ft W'it ~?I
~ct W $ ~9rnl ~I~ Wt ~'1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 'il'iillbl)!""'l:i ~ ~
~~~~I <.!l ~ct~~~ fi;,Ff. ~ ~ <Jl<I~ Fffl '8 ~~
"il'ii!IW'l""'m <.!l. Ff.~~~ <RT~ I
-~~~ ~$ c~f%t>G1191 ~ ~~-
(i) ~~~<ml : $ C'!lf%l~Jl4f (rare:= ~:c) ~ ~ "J'f1tQf ~ "J'flliii~ I
~ ~-<.!l~ ~m ~ ~ CliUf ~~~~~I <Jlml. ~~ct~ C'!lf@t:itJl'11

~~I m ~ C~IC*&CiSi'!l C'll'Cill i!lff1 ~ <rn I .
(ii) ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~-e~ 9rn <!l~ bl'!IMC'l''!l 161lrnloil~i6!15 lit~ ~~T ~ i!lff1 N;-
~ / ~ /~ /
~1Cil!"ll"'ii6!15 ~ I i!l~ ~ 9R~ (Arc Path) cml:f <'~ 9fm t.!l<l'. ~ ~ 1"'1<1119f\3 ~ I ~
~~l~<ll~D!9!~~~~~91q~&l~~I
(iii) ~ ~ ~ : <ffef ~~ ·:..:~ ~ l"i'5m 'lTffi ~ ~ <l'SfTIJ ~ "iSi"IJ ~
c~1<}(lciSi'!l ~ ~ ~ 1lR ~ 9frn I ~Qfrc:., ~ ~ C'!lf@t:>iiJl"1 ~ 9frn I ~ "iSi"IJ <.!l~
~ ~~~~ 'l'iGIW"l~C~ ~ .l:Pi~~ ~~~I <.!l~ $
. 9R'<Rt C'!lf@t:>iiJl"1 ~ 9fm <.!l'R $ f~rfr~Cf ~ ~ I
(iv) ~~ ~: l!I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l!l<l'. HfdWI~ (Spliter)-1£1~ ~
~~~~I
3 2
~
f5;ir : C\.~
,. .
f4fif&IM~Q; ~ ~ ~ wr·~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~1'1'1'51'4 ~~
<Rl 1aJ I i!l~ Ji'l'l'C"l'Jl i!l~ ~ ~9Rt afe1ll~ -~ ~ QR~~~~~ ~ct CliUf
~ C'Til I ~ ~ ~"fm M ~ ~ ¢1<1~ ~ ~ ~ 9lrn \S i!l~ "J'ftN ~ ~'.'C"I ~
~ liRf 1£l<l~ ~~I ~'Pf$~ C~f6t$6Jl+t ~ 9lrn '8 \?llqil'5IN# ~ f.m;~ I
Contents
' .
~8 . ~~ ~ ~,r;;:4-,·
(~)~~~(Current zero Method): $f.fclt9!tcra l!l ~·l!l. ~- Pic~ciHI ~ ·
~ ~ l.!jq~~ ~~~~I~. ~-'it~ 1!1. ~-'it ~-~f.r<fl9!ct ~ ~i <m'f
1!1.~.-~ ~-:.ifl:cqsc., ~ -s~· ~~~<ITT!,~~ -f1ll"1~~ Jj/~ITJ<t>15IC<l,Zf(Jl
~'<3$ ~"! ~ 1 ~ 'S~.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. (Vanish).1Wl
llrn I
~-l!l'il '3TM9ffe"f I.!! ~ ~ '8 W1~ ~ 1!r<R ~-•!Hf mwrn lf!~ ~-~c<i4>(ia<t>
~ '<li1f ~I fff ~ '6~ ~rc;ra ~~ ~ <!I ~ ~-~C61<l't'iJ<11 ~~~<rm l!l<r~
~ ~8"'11f<l-£14~1 ~ ~ 'C1.~ "!"ll111C"l'il ~Wt~ ~g~ ~<rt~ c-18m
llrn ~ ~ ~ ~ fifclt91ct ~ llrn I~~ <!I ~~00 ~ llrn- .
(i) ~ ~ "J:iiJ111Cii ~ ~ ~ 'U!l"l~C~ ~ ll'Cl:fJ \3llCW1~iSf15 'Z:ft~ ~ f.mr
~ 'Z:ftl:fJ'Of (~. <rm_, <rt SF5 "IWJ) fifrn ~?frf <r.'il1 llTII, ~ <t>"Gl~~Wil -.rc<n ~-~~"'l<>W<>
"ffu> ~'f ~ 9fWf l!l<l'~ ~ ~g~ ~ 9lml "11 I
(ii) ~ ~ "'flJ ~~ ~~ * 9ft~ <1>-01~·m1~ -.rcl:fJ ~ DR9!Q ~ ~ ~ ~
· •
'll~ ~ ~ ~ ~ *
f.r<fl9!Cf <I'm <ITT! I
fil~~R>". ~ (Restrlking Voltage) :
* fifclt9ftcrn ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1i1'lf~m1-t ~ ~ '1"'~M\ll ~
~~rn~llf<f.i~~~I
cm
• ~~(Recovery Voltage) :
~ ~ 4:l~c11lfrt<t>>1-<!l'il (Harmonics)~~ tOscillation) ~ @C<!'IC~MCI!> ~ ~~
~ ~ c~ t1ffl'"11c..1 ~ ~ ~ 9ft'Sm <ml ~ ~ ~ <W1 1 ..!Im 0ITT
J'\1f<W ~ C~ ~~ 'IS':il ~I
• . ~ ~ ~ (Oil Circuit Breaker) : ~ ~ ~ ~ f.r<f!9fCcra 'Z:ftl:fJ'll ~ ..!i<r~
~-~~ (Olf&ffimlat) ~ ~ ~ ~-~C'i<t>UJ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~~I
~~lit~ 72.5 ~~~ Cflfl<li 245 MsC'1)1.~la'i6 c~ 245 kslftllc~1b5 ~ ~ ~ ~ I
* Fl".ft9ft'Rf lit~~~~~~~~-
(4>) ~·~ ~'i::ijlcWQ ~ ~ ~ <W1 ~ (Live) ~ l!l'l'~ ~'<f ~ <!l'il' ~ 'i~~
~~<ITT! I
C\,8 ~ ~ ~· ~ ~ 91Rl61i'Mlil ~ (Construction and principle of

operation of the following circuit breakers):
~) C~ ~·~ ~ ~ (Plain-b~eak oil circuit breaker) :
<!lfU ~ ~ ~ G'~ ctj~ ~ ~l<filC~~ l!l<l'fU ~~I l!l'CI!> ~ ~ ~
ll'C~ ~~~~~I~ f.rfl9Rcra \gf"IJ ~ ~ ~ ~ "111
c~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lflWrn ~. ll~:
("l)~~~~~:~(~: C\.'-?)~~~~~.~lWfil
~ ~. i!l<f~ ~··~ W'f~ l!l'il' ~ ~I ~'C'lfli11 Wf~ 1!19 .lf~ l!l~ ~C'14'cij1Cl5 ..
~ ~ 1lft@ i!l<lt ~ W'f~ ':if~ <filW'1ol11. ~PH~ ~~ C*l>IMSt11- <t>-Ot~t<li "51~
~~i!l~~·~~R~~~~~~~q.,-r~, ·.
Contents
I
~:'\."Pi~~~~~
'l.8 <")~~~~~: m (~: C\.8) .Q<:$ c?I'\ ~~.~~ (~ G<f>
~91) ~~ ~ 1 ui<t$ ~-smcml:f<!$ ~ ~ um.VR ~ uitu ~ ~ ~ uicr~
'Un~~ ~ ~"i"'IC'1f6~ ~~ ~-sm QfITT'i I 'UJI~~ ]l'J\~'!l~HI ~ M ~ <!lm ~ I ~·
~ ~ '<3 ~ <t>-Ul~J11~ 'Jn~~ ~ ~11'1 ~1CG'11~1c;q ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~-~. ~rn
~ ~~"CC'ff ~ ~ -.!l~ ~~ ~R~ ~rrc<f' 1 '!il'41~1f<;qs ~ c;qM ~ ~ <ro'! fi91
~ 'l'I~ ~ 4>-U1~c<f' R~ m ~ ~ ~~~<;f ~ ~ ·, l!l "Im!~~
<!J~ ©~~ ~ l!!'t-~ ~ ~ <ll'VW ~~~Rimi .£Jt<f' ~ G'f' ~ ~'{3 <f'1l ~ I
DRIVE CRANK
'
!
FIXED CONTACT ARC
Ji.'
~:C\.8~~~~~
'5l1f~IR4> ~ ~ ~ ·~:<;~ '5l<lJ<l~~ ~ ~ :!f'S~ ~ ~ lfl~ f.f<ftf~ ~ I Ul
~ 'Urt~e<r>·~ ~ ~ FRr9f<f ~ ~"i>J:CG"IU'!l ~ * ~ t ~ l!l. ~ ~ C<f'fQ'l1
~~Cf '11 emf, ~~ ~ ~DR~ ~ f.r.flf~ ~' "~ l!lC<f'. C?j<{ ~ ~ ~~
~ qc<'! I '!ill<t!Gtfrll!> ~91 C1T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~; \5l ~emf ~'$~ ~ 'UJl~t<R ~~
IQ~.~~"'!.~~·~ I l!l~~ QJ, ~·~.~ ~ ~ 151l<fi'Sff.il!> ~"'f \!i~·
C<lfiit ~QT (~ 5000" ~) ~~~Cf kC'1fil'll41S!I~~ ~ ~ ~ <!!~ Ul'G~ ~ ~
~rit ~~~.~ ~fll>l Qj~ t ~ 45a\115'1"[~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
C~ Q/1C<f' I di '1lllJ \51~ ~ ~ll<l~ vc<'f ~ ~~~ ~ .~·llJITTS I~~~~
. .
Contents
.·
-~~-~
<!l~ ~ 1ITC;:i (Critical value) :i!il~ ~ <!l<!~ ~ ~ ~ dt ~ ~ c~. ~

~ f.rcf!f~ ~I <!l~ ~ f.f<fr9ft<rn ~ ":sft~ ~~ € ~ ·~ ~ ~I ~
"F11\5P'I~ ~ ~- ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ <!l\5 ~ 'Jffiml m
~Cl!, <!1$
~ ~ ~1'1° I ~ f.f<fl~ <!l ~l:fl ~ 'ilifRl't\5 11 c:<lS, ~' 150 <!l~. ~. l!l. <!l~
"If~ ~ ..!I ~ .~ ~ ~ I "Jif~Cf\5 <111! 'l!')Jl§/:>f'""f:'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
<!l~ 'Cn~r:<li ~ ~ ~ 1 m
~ 9fl-e~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ 1irt~r:<li ~
~~I
• ''"'~~~~~'6~:
~(Advantages) :
~i..!l~~-~'8~;
~ I ~<ft~~~ ~ <f'm <mi;
¢ I <!l~ Wt~·<.!! ~ ]l'•P.P~)JM ~9R ~ ~;
8 I ~ frrfr9R'8° ~ ~ ~'t ~ r.~M ~ I

~(Disadva~tages):
~1~~~~~~'1T~~f.Rt9f<t~~;
~ I ~ f.f<fl9R'8° ~~~ct <f'm ~;
¢ I ~ f.f<fl9R'8° ~ c<tfi't ~ ~'if;
81~~-~~~~~~~~~~ilt;
<t l·<!l~~~ct c<tfi't~ ~~~~ <.!1<!~'(3~'(3 ~~;
~I <!l~ ~'1Wf'ljict ~ c<IM;
q I ~~ 151l~tki5l(jl ~9R ~ ~;
tr I~~ ~'!Nl"f<IBm C~lC-!l 91~, ~~~~~;
m
~ I 't"f ~ ~ <ro'I 'IT;
~o I ~c<ffi'f~~~'il(ll K.V~) I
'\.8 (~) Ci'ft ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Low or small oil circuit breaker) :
~~~~ 1l:fU ~ ~ -~ : ~~. Top chamber
.
*
~ f.f<fr9Rcrn ~. ~. ~ ~
~I ~ <ro'I ~ C~ Cl!,~~~
Breather
~ '51f~~~ ~ ~ ~ •. ~ ~
lrcult brealdilg
10% ~~R<f!9R'8'~~~ I chamber
<!l ~ '@98l' ~ <ro'I "'l10'! \5frnO'! ~ ~ • -Arc extinction
151IM"'f"6 ~ I <!l~ 1l:fU ~ ~ ~ ~ Moving deviec
4 .......= contact
~ ~ ~ ~ "'f."1 ~: ~~ "lll«'IJ
~~ ITTm <.!!<!~ f.rmifU "J'!T!m~ ~~
(Supporting chamber) ~ <l>liSl ~ I <!l ~
Supporting
~~~~~~.liWD<!l<fiITTr@f chamber ·
~ ~ \'5lilJ ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ 9frol° I
• ~'lflt~~~: <!l~.<!l~~
~l:ll ~ <rof: .2(~. ~ ~i:. ~ ~
f.f<ft9R~ ~ ~ ~ ~ct ~ ~ ~.
-~.~~i:.~~~~~~ ~~Or;DraJn valve
I
'~~iltt ~:C\.<t~~~~ ;
Contents
• "'IWf'\l!ftlflr ~ ~~: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~·~~t'lt VfWli I~: ;;;

(<l>) "flt~ ~ (Supporting Champer) : 1!11t 'ft'®~ ~ ~ c<IC+"l~r:rli:i ~ ~ <!!~
<.!1~~~~9ffl~~1.<.!11U~~11,cf~1
('Qf) ~ ~ ~ (Circuit Breaking champer) : 1!11ft..~~rtlfur
~~~~.I l!l ~ ~ qtm 1cf ~ <!!<!~ l!l~ ~ "!~"Rr1'.~l'IE<f---
~ I "IT9lm. i!l<f~ 0.mml ~ ~
~ 1 ~ ~ (Moving Contact)
'-' I 'G!{C01Ui'l I .
. <.!!~ ~ ~ Vr9ft ~·R ~ ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~9ffl ~<mt I 'Gl{CC1U?I ~

f.rfr"R'BI ~ ~ ~ ~ <!!<!~ Cl~ l!l~ (Axial) \S Ci'lNHUl"1 ~ ~ ~ (Vent)-~
~I l!l~ l!l~ ~ ~ ~ ~~<1:f ~ Frfn"~ ~ l!l<!~ ~ ~ c'1fiit ~
~~9r:f ~ f.f<frf'~ ~ I .
(~) 'ii9I ~: 1!11t tlil(Hnf'!l ..!)<!$<!"ii' l!jq~ ~ Gf<r-~ ~ ~9ffl ~ llfITTi I~~~
~~~l!lfU~~~~~l~~.~csfcf;~~~~
C>iffi.ifiis\S~ 151Jl<P1Cil~ ~ ~ "ll 91T!l; Q1iSMJ 1;91 ~ f<iV'!1f <!J<!'(I ~~I
• ~~: 1l~IM:q'l ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~I~~~ O'rn,
~ 1Iaf91~ F~~ l!l~ ~ ~ ~ T;y;:i ~ I l!iC'1 ~ ~ ~·~ ~ ~ ~ \!)q~
l!l~ ~~~~~~I 151l<P°6iHl6 w ~91 ~ <ll""'llrnlb ~ ~ c~ ~ ~
<rnf I <.!I ~ C~ ~ .~ ~ ~ fu:i"~ l!l<f~ tl!{C"f&Cil ~ ~ ~ -~
mf~ ~ 1 l!l~ Ut{C"i&?I ~ \S 15114stf.r'5 ~ ccrn ~ ~mmt ~ ~ 1
I. e ~(Advantages) :
~I~~~~;
~I l!l?I ~. ~ \S \S~ 'fill <IB'! ~ ~~ ~ ~;
'-' I l!l~ 151!4S'stf.l'!l ~ W@ ~ ~;
8 I Q'ifi~ct ~ 'S ~ 'fill '1TCSI;
~i&blM'!> l!l<f~ ~~~
<2" 1 m
~ 91ffiw1e:i1?1 ~9Wrl~ 1
e ~(Disadvantages) :
~ I <.!I~ ~ ~ct ~ !lfl<ml <>l<f<il~CISl•R-l!l~ 9fffnnct c'1fiit ~;
~.I l!l~~~~C-P'l~~~<fim~l:fJ;
'-'I<t>l<fill~CISt~?I 9fRlmct ~ c<lfKt ~\S'TI'rn ~ ~..~CC'l<t>l'f.i<t> ~~~ ~ .JJlf 9fm I
e ~Pl\~ (Characteristics) :
~ I ~ ~ 9ffifmct ~ ~ ~. ~ ~ fif<ft"feeffi ~ ~ ~ ~;
~ I 1511f<lf~ ~ ~ ~ l!1'l1 1CQf[cl> 2 ~;
" I 1511f<lf~ \!!~ ~ct <t>iGl~>ilJP~• ~ ~ ~ "11;
i 8 1 ~~Wilm (Quenching chamber) l!l<f~ c.~11~~-1f.i~1ST~11 91QJ"<lS ~ ~ l!it'1 C'11?101MCii
zl· c<l>TCiit ~ ~ "1't;
~ <2"1 ~~~~<fil!'"'ltt~I
t C\.8 (~)~~~~(I!!. f't; ~)(Axial Flow Air Blast circuit breaker)
\!l'ID?I ~ ~ ~ ~ f.rft91'1, \!l@ ~ l!l<t~ <f':!i <I'm ~ ~ ~ m~ "lll!>ICJ'l'll $1
~- ~~~,~~~~l!l~~"ltt'"t~~~~~~
1 ~ '81C~ ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ q':ji <Rm ~. 1fCl:fJ?I ~ "11115IM"I' ~
:if ~ ~ ~ l!l~ ~~ ~ ~-fif<ft9ftCRt ~ ~ ~ I f.l'tR ~ elf~ $f '5fe9Rr
I <11'\Wf ~ ~ ~tt ~ <fC"1 I 1itm '<3 ~~ ~ elf ~ ~ ~ ISltCJ'I ~ 'St'Pff.f'-
v
6 ~ <tt"l I ~cc
' Contents
. ~lr;.
•l~ctlfil:
~~-~'Rm~~'.~Nrn
~ m9rn ~ ~ ~,·~·m91 <P"'i'GJ 14'G
~ ~·~ ~ 1l'm l!l<f'- ¢11!f ~~
IJ;;ii+H----~'- cpofGJJ<llU
~~~~·~~~.~
'3<Pl~C. DT91 ~ f.!cs ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ QP5 ~~I
-.~ ~-am·Jlml ell~~~~ ~~~
'@~ ITTlm ~l"l·l'fl!> ~9rn ~ ~'-(closing)
~m~mllrn1~ ~:'\.Ql!llITTI~~~
~~~~~Rmt~~Tf%R~~~m~~~~~I
.. -~'5tC<f ~.~.R ~ ~ QJ1Co\ll§>i~~ ~ <llll -.{'g zji I
QI ~91C~o\l>i1l_~~~I
~ I ~<i"'ll~"l<P~IC'l l!I~ 'S~ ~ I .
"t I 1!1$ ~ 'qi~l!>l>i""'m ~~~~I
... ~(Disadvantages):
~ I l!lrl!> l:e<i~<P ~. <!Im 'fi'C"'~ '5 <!Imm~ l!I~ ~'f' ~ <fl'U ~ ~
~~I
~I 1!11l'~~C'l'filt1
~ I 1!111' ~ ~.,"'ll\'1<P15IC'l ~ I
1!1$ Wfl''llC'l'll'C'lil ~ 'f"li 'Sl<1<lC61~ ~~I
8 I
QIHt{Gl~Ms'. '1!5lc,lj)C1Sfij ~ ~ -t-f'1>ll!S~ ~ I
~ I ~91 ~ l!llITTI fftt<llCillfil ~ 0!1't<ll I
~ C!" "fM ~ ~: l!llITTI G<lS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'61ri ~ :
460V, 400 - 3500 A. 40- 75 KA
3.3KV, 400 - 3500 A•. ... 13.1 - 31.5 KA
6.6KV 400- 2400A, 13.1 -20 KA
• '. '"""1W ~ICl'll~li, Sulphar Hezaflorlde) ~ ~ ~ 1
~ ""'1PTff Ci(tllQl'ltll-li 1'11llffl f.dn ~ 'IJ'l'l t l'I~ 9°c (48°F ~9111'ti1ir ~ 220 191, "I",~'
··fif) ~ 9IW ~ ~ ~ 11.111~~mv5 •ct~ 1.11~ ~ 'l'lltlPf-~~
1'P'tl J ,$: t'f Afiit I ~ ~$ ~' ~. ~ IQ~ '(ttt+c'lllCilt'llf9W tm I 'lt(ffffr IQ$
'- • "-"'•I• lff lf8'f;f ~ ~ fiM1~ ~I h W"'I lilt. 1:tt1•I• ct\~ ... '"' I
l
Contents
·~~- • :t:t
C\.8 (11) '1Jt"f ~ C(i!ICJl'liil~, SF6) ~ ~ (Gas SulphU:l'-hexaflQuride1-SFe Circuit
breaker): .
. ~ '6 ~ : Will ~t <\. C\ <!l ~ Cll'3!tl<JPl'Sll~ {SFa) ~ ~ ~~I <!!~ ~~
I
!
~-~<!!<ft~~~ I \!1<1$ SFa~ ffietl'Sl'8!'Sl <!I~~~~~~~~~ 1lft9IT
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~9fi{ <pj ~I~~ ejlJll!l4114 ~-~
~91'1 ~ ~ 'l(ll I \!5llJl\514>1'il CllM ~ :.;c-<1- I ·.!!~ ~~ SFa ~ ~. 'l(al Cll't\5 9l'lt'Sl I ~
~.·~~<!!'I'~~~~~~ c~01;; ~ (<:>~'61~~) ~91~~1
Fa GAS
INLET
INSULATED RODS
FOR OPERATING
MOVING MEMBER
~: C\.C\ ~ ~'SllllJl'l{l~ ~ ~
~ C~'3!11Ul'f'Sl~~ (SFa) ~ ~-~CC'J<t>tii<t> <!l<r~ ~ f.r.ft9Rcra ~ f.mRT ~ I <!!t'U
~CC'J<fi~l-C'fC~~ I <!I ~ fils-4-CC'J~'i ~Cf ~ ~ ~I <!I ~ ~~ AA ~ SFa
~~~~I~~~~~~~. ~~-<!l'il~~~D!912-8
~~ ~.fil. ~ 1 \!5!11~1!4<t> ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, <!I m Ri6!111-:i1'Sl
~SFa~ 14 ~~ Qf.fir. m91 ~~~~I <!I~ fils-~CC'J~'i ~Cf~ I <!!ti~
'<3 ~ ~ ~~ 1l°t~ ~-(CC'J;:ptij;:p W ~ 9frn I ~ ~ R<flf~ ~ I ~ f.r<ft91Cf
~ r'2!~ <!!<ii ~tlW! "'frnTI! ~19~ ~ ~ ~ 'l(ll 1
* SFa~~~~~:
* ~(Advantages) :
~ I SFa SfJW'Rl ~~ f.l<fi91Cf ~ -~ f<rlffil ~~ ~ ~ Ofil5f I _
~I ~ C6rn SFa ~ ~-4:<;0141fG;:p W 2 ~ 3 ~ f<rlffil Wt 'PIC'!lCiU'Sl ~ Iii~~
~I
\!) I \!519llC'il'~ ~<!!'ii "f"'i (Noise)~ i1T '<3 ~ ~ C4ltc'il ~ ~5f ~ i1T I
8 I "l~l61MI! ~~ 'l(ll i1T I -
~I SFa~ \'fl'G~ 1'11~ 'Sl1 ~I ~Cf, <!l ~~I
~I ~~~'l(lli1tl
C\ I ~~~. ~ ~llSC~~~<!l•R~~lfl·~ I
IT I <!l ~ ~ 9'Rf~~ ~ ~ C~ Sealed <J<i1t ~.-~ ~91 ~ i1T
~I '
I
_ r- - -
r )oo
Contents
• 111pffe111l"lf( (Disadvantages) :
lllf.
) I SFa~ l'fllf .~ ~'8lT!ll o.!l G<m ~ I
~I fietl'lllSIOJI *~~.~~I
~ I ~ 1Sl91mr'tt~ '9fit SFa~~~ Cii'8lITTr ~Rt®~ i'fM I
* ~ (Uses) : l.!I~ ~ ~ <ml ~ ~@f 50-80 KV ~ o.!l<f~ ~ ~II 60 KA
·~~l~l!I~~~~~~~ 115KV~20MVA~~~
~ o.!l~ 9lt'elmf ~ 10 MVA ~ 20 MV.~ ~ ~ I ~ :>fl~C'lli<'BI lie~ <.!l~ ~<>$~ ~
~~lffifl
C\.8 (•)~~~(Vacuum circuit breker):

~·'6 ~: ~- C\JT 01~ o.!l ~~~~~I <.!JqsjT; ~ ~ ~
~~. ~ ~ l!l<f~ ~ fi'l1rs ~9A ~~I ~ ~ QU4;'ic<'l:>f (Stainless) ~ ~
(bellows) ~'m11 ~ C1l'fllHiSf1l-<.!l~ ~ ~~~ ~ 1 I!!~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~I~ ~>J:C61fG~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f>i~lfil~ ~~~I~.~~
~ct ~-l:C61'fltijqs ~ 9f\5Ci{ ~ 01'@.:Tf ~·I
INSULATING VESSEL
ARC SHIELD ARC SHIELD

ARCING RANGE
MOVABLE
FIXED MEMBER
MENBER
I
t
CONfACI'S
MAIN ARC SHIELD
I INSULATING VESSEL
~:C\,lr~~~
t
i5Jtf11l1r 1!11r ~-l:Ci1'flt°ijcp W
'fl~ I o.!l ~ re~C\6~ ~ ~ ~ ~.~ I ~
~'.:119fmW~.~~.~~~~.~~l,Q~~"i~l!CllJ~~~I
~ ~ l!lctt ~ ~ (Ions) \5lttW<tl:C'1&i"Rffi! ~ l.!I ~ ~9r:i ~ 1 ~""ii~ I!! ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1.€1~ ~ wr 1ITTf I ~ 1!11l ~-l:c.,<llm• 'ff ~ R~ ~w
~ f.Rlf~ ~ I 1£1 ~ '.:119frof"1C'i'll 'Ml~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \5!t: (0.625 ~. N.) ~
~lllll I
Contents
~.~ ~o.
"' .\5Jl~illii~~~~~:
* ~(.Advantages):
. :>I l!lfG11!,~<!l<ft,~;
~I ~O{l'fl~~~;
~I ~~~<!!Gt,~~~~~'i{l;
8 I l<IC<PIC'il ~ ~ l!!fG ~9flCW <firn;
<2'1 ~~~<!jqt_l!)f~~;
~I ~~ U'5 '5TC"f1 ~ ~;
<\I ~~~;
1r I f.m1!'c:t C11<t>lf.'liST11 I!!~~~ 91l'5~ a>JR~;
l;i I ~ ~9i'IN"R;'
:>o I ~-~C"i<t>ffi<t> <!!qt_~ C'!l~P'&Jt"I ~ l1ffi:<li I
* ~(Disadvantages) :
:> I ~Jl'fm11-<!1~ lfl~ ~ f.r:fi9fc:t ~ I
~I ~M~m11~~~~~~~1 .
~I ~~~#1§~CW~'1J!il1~~~-~~-~'1<P@<P~~~1
81 ~~KVl!!~~~l!l~~~~"'rnl
* ~: ~Jl'f~l11 ~~~.~KV c~ ~8<2' KV l!l~ 'iST"1J ~ '<t>m W'f'5 ef~ ~ ~~
KV m~ '<t>m ~ I ~ ~~• .'.ial"l~'!llll'!l ~t., ~ ~~. <PJl~ <ITI~~ ~fk ~
~ ~'iJ'GCC'J•f", cWM ~ ~~ ~Jltm.~ ~~~~I
* 15.Jlttll~ ~ C :;trnf ~ (Rating of Vaccum Ckt. braker) : f.rorn m'if ~Jlt~l11 ~
~ ~~ l"fl{3m w;r:
Rated Current (Amp) Rated breaking Current (K. A)
800 - 1600 - 2500 at 7.6 KV 12 KV 36 KV
25 25 25
50 40 31.5
~ ~ (Comparison of Oil Circuit Breaker
with Air Circuit Breaker) :
(~) ~~~'!I 'iST"1J ~ m m~ '<fTi c~) ~9i'IN"R ~ lfl~ ~ ~ ,

~~~I •
(0) ~ 41-01~'4" (~ l{3 ~ \ll<f~ I _(o) ~'i>p'l"fil l!!<ft, ~ m9Rcra ~ ~
R<fr~~~~~I ~~'
("\) ~ l!l~ ~ ~\Smli <t>4:ll5:11:1[.ll ~ ("\) <!I ~ '.il15lrnl <tAitt'>l~.ll

'll'f~~I ~~I
(lr) ~;~ ~~ ~ ~~ct -rs ~ <!zyJ
l!lfG~'S~om1 ,
Contents
(~) ClSt"'~ CllITTS ~ 'CJTU ~ <rof ~ (~) ~~~~~~~~

\!ll¥l'!>lf¥ ~-~l614>tia4>
~I
* ~~ ~ ~ ~ 161{:'1\!ll~ ~-~CG'l"lltij4
~ 9frof'{t I
w ~
()o) ..!l~ c<lfi't ~~ ~ ~ i111 ()o) Wf ~<>fTPlfU~ ~''i''"""'i' -.fS ~I

C\.~ ~~~(Circuit Breaker Mounting) :
~ ~ ~ ~ Ql4>HP!:l[k ~ ..!l<?> ~ 11?' ~ ~ •wMIC~1i1 ~~~I Wili~Cf
'13 Cll?ll:ilC\b?l ~ ff ~~'l61m ~ 9iW't ~ (Live) ~ '(l ~ '~ ~ ~ ~
\5lll:C>t!CG1U?t ~~~ 1lfITT5 I '6ll~D'llW'!I C'1liSM~"1 ~ ~9ftffi ~ ~ I ~ '13 9f'Rlm9Rct'!I
~ ..!)<?> <l'l ~ ~PT.~. '13 f91.~. ~~~ ~ ~ I l.!1~'13 ~ ~ ~ ~~ C41IC''llJl'C4
~ ~llC>tlCG"fU?l ~~ ~ i111:!rn '51 ~ ~ iS'RJ ~ '13 ~ ~4'1?t'1f4>~ ~ ~ I
~ ~ l.!l<f~ l.!l~ ~ ~\"i<lf514' Ri~i~>Pili:~ ~ ~9f'!. ~~ l.!jq~ C~ICG<fi•lc•rn ~ Q:I
~ <l'l ~ ~~~\5fe<fi~ ~~~~I
~9fi'[ ~ C~ >t1f.iii ~ ~~"C<li ml \STC~ ~~ m <fffi I ~~-
()) M>tsf<l<l>Jl"'l (Cubical) <l'l ~(Cellular) ~911 (~)~(Truck) ~911
(~) ~~(Metal Clad) ~91 I , . (8) '13t9fi'! ~91(Open·rYPel1
()) ~"PJl'I ~ ~~91: l.!l~ m~~ ~ ~ l.!l<f-;. \5lt"r<lfq<ll ~~t'~>t>t:iitJ; ~ ~
<l'l <f>Z~ ~ ~ ~ <l'l cm"'!~~ I~~~~~~~ I~
~ <lS"'-<feiit ~ ~ ~'13 ~~ 00 ~ ~ I l.!l ~ c>J"!~"CG'll ~ CQfC<l> '>1""'9J.cf
91~ ~ ~ I c>J"I <1t ~ ~ ~~t'"I ~ ~~<ITT! l.!l<f~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~~~~l~l.!l~~~9!"i'rni
(~) ~ ~91 : l.!l ~ l.!l~ ~ ~ iS91?l ~~ ~ 11fITTS, l.!l\SMJ l.!l"C<li ~
(Movable) ~~'13 <fc<1 I CWR C>t'1 <l'l M>\Sf<l<t>J1.,-l.!l"Q ~ c~ ~~ Wili~Cf '13
Cll'!ll:ilC\!.l?l iSF!J ~ ~ <frn_ <!l<fZ ~ 'fi8~9fi'! "<fim <ITT1 I l.!l ~ ~~ ">It~~ )) ~
~ '<G ~Qo <!I~<!! ~ ~ C?tff1i:. f<!fi<r'Z ~~ ISMJ ~ ~ I
(~) ~ "JiJtW ~91 : l.!l ~ ~ ~ c~ ~ G<m ,~ ~ 91?1 <!Im '611'-t.fil<ll <l'l
ts"1%ICjt'il'Ui:. ~ M 91_cf
~ I ..!l~ ~ ~, qffeJ '13 mr"f1 C~ ~Bll?t".'I~~ ~ 9fW l.!l<f~ c<r'! f.rnr9!'1 ™
I ~~ ~
<!!<rZ :>ooo <!Ill. fiS. l!l ~ >tTf<iS'i; C?tff1i:. ~ ~romrn iS'RJ ~9ftln~ 1
(8) 'E"t"'M ~91 : m~~ ~ 'if'll':lf"i~ ~ ~ ~ ~m ~ ~ 1Sfo'IJ <!l"C<li
'6lf'J:~~4> lT¥~ C~ ~ ~9fi'! m ~ I ~ l!l ~ P\.fi>. ~ M. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~
~. ~ ~. <!11ffi! ~ ~ '13 ~ C~~l<JPl'll1li5 (SFs) ~ ~ l!l ~ ~~-1.!l
~~I l!l~ ~91T@"R ;n~~ ~ ~ C~ ~~I
C\. C\ ~~~(Rating of Circuit Breaker) :
~'iJf0 ~ ~ ~ '13 ~~l~IM<l> ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c~ l!l~
-O't~, ~~\!!<ft.~~~ iSil'i11 l.!l<l>Ri ~I IQ~ ~t'11 ~ ~
01'61Tt ~. l!l~ ~ ~ ~t. CfCl'f I
':>ftf.$ ~ ~~-1!1~ ~1$T ~Wm~-
()) ~t. '1Srt~ (Breaking Capacity) I
mz
(~) '1Srt~ (Making Capacity) I
(") "-tr:~~~ (Short Time Capacity) 1. .
Contents
~·~
<.!I~ '8 ~ ~ '1$~-l.!l ~ ~~ D INATAMI' OF CONI'A
~ ~ ~I ~- C9f'!G'r ·~~~. ~ SEPERATION
~<fl~~.~~.@C<l'IC~M lg
<.!l<f~ 15f~ ~. (Operating Duty) ~ 1 ·-it"?rt----1\
(:>) ~ <!iJt~ : ~ ~'l ~ ~ T----o·
~ M ~ (Recovery) IS ~~
(Restriking) ~ ~ ~ ~ i
· ~~~XERd
~~~~~~~'llJI~ i ~~~~-&....T--'-'~-p I
I qzyr 1 M~4~'l
'@~ ~I
Component) l!l<f~
Componnent) I
~ ~ ~IS~ ~ <!!.
~ ~1;if\Sicu-U lc~c:V~ 1fU
<.!!. PT.
1%. PT.
PT.
~~ (A.C.
'@~ ·(D. C.
:
~:'U~
'@~ i5ffif. <.!l1!. 1!1'1. ~~ P1c~fa<l'JIG1 (Symmetrical) ~~

~qzyr,
j'jlllllf.:h<t> <fl Pllllffa<t'JtG1 ~ .Jz

~ ~ ~IS~ ~ <!!. PT. '@9ft11M IS ~- m.
'@~-<.!!~ ~ Q11~ ~J'j~~1Ri<ti <n
15lHP1c~fil<j>jl'i (Unsymmetrical) ~~ ~ qzyr 1
15llill~IM<t> ~ = (]2J + (y)2
~~ ~ c~ J'j~~IM<r' <.!I~~ 15Pi~"l!Rl<> ~ Fl'rn <r>m ~ I ~~~ ~~ <r>TI9f@li'U <.!I~.

ft;. I!! (MVA)~ <r>m ~ 'QffC<l> I
M
~~ 'llJI~ ( l!l~~Clffi ~) VP x Ip x 10-6 (MVA) =
~~ 'llJI~ (f2!-Clffi ~) VL x h x 10-6 (MVA) = '13
<.!l~, Vp = ~ Clffi ~.<.!I~ KV .
. . VL=~~~.<!l~KV
I = "i~~IM<t> <fl 15lli~~lful<t> ~~ ~. KA
~ ~ ~ l!jq~ ~ 1l'~ C'8TiU '5 ~1ffi! ~91 ~ ~ ~ ~~ 'l1Jt"fffer$
=-13 VL x k x 10-6 (MVA) .
(~ ~ <m"'llfSi~ : ~ CIS!<fGt'St ~ ~ ~<fl~~ ~ ~~ >il~C<tlC'i~ ~.
~~(~.Pf. <t>C""'i!C"'l;{;>il(.) ~ ~ m~ Cl'JI~ "W! I
~'-'llTl~=Z
~'- ~~ =
1.8 x ...j2 (f3!c~tii4Jl'1 ~'- ~)
=
2.55 x (f>iclltncis11oi ~ ~)
Jl~, ~ <111mit11 ~ ~ 9!!-<rntif ~ l!l~ ~~ '-f2
MCClo"'ltil ~ 1.8 1iml ~ct CRT-.m
~I
(~) ~ ~ .rMlfji~ ~ llf'fl ~ ~.: ~ ~ ~ 1;tl'l1 ~ ~ Ill~· <Jl~ ~ l1t
~ ~~ 11Sl11:01~• ~ 111~c• ~ ijf ~ ~ , j ~ ~ wftf ~ <111c11itc<11 ~
~ Clff1 I ~ ~ '11111 ~ \ll'fh 1!'U ~ wftf 7f1filtlt ~ ~ ~ 91'mr, 9mf
~ m
~~ ~ ~ 1J'l111 ~ ,.... "l1Jt11 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1tT ~'l ~ ~'ftlit'
~~'fTtl~~-.11~~1
Contents
)08 ~~~
~ ~ -B.S.S. ~ lffei PlC:ilc'fi4SJI01 ~~ ~ '8 ~ <PIC'StdU'St ~~ So~ I!!~ <11'1!
~~~~I!)~~~~ llN 151'l.~ So-l!l"'St c<IP'f ~ ~) ~ tim ~~I
C\.C\.) C9fM~~~~~~:
~ ~ C'St$~-l!I C9fte'r <it ~ ?l~~ ~ llfTC<J I
~ ~ ell \51~~ jf'f~-<!l"'St ~ ~~ ?l~~ QflC<P ~ C9fTO'r ~ I ~~-~ ~ ~ •
C9!T<'I l!l<f~ I!) ~ C'il'V1I tij9f0'[ C9!T<'I ~ G<m ~ ~ Q,~ I .
C\.C\.~~~:
I!!~ ~ ~ W-U ~ ~ C'St$~ f.'ffefB ~ ~m ~ 9flC"'St I <!l~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ <!l<f~ \5198!lU ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C<t'IC"1llbC~~ ~ 'l>m ~ <rn I
C\.C\.I!)~~~:
~ !3Jsc<tilrnMcl!l ~ \!il~ ~ 'Tl ~ CW11 ~ ~ ~ (Continuously) ell
~- <!lll". <!l?l. ~ ~ ~ Jf'ljil[ ~ ~ <lltr~ ~~~I~~~ C\b"f <!)q~
~-<!l"'St ~9f1mll ~ ~ 40°C IS 35°C 1
C\. C\.8 "51'11c11lt~ ~ Operating Duty cit ~ ~ PtC<lllCJl"I (Rated Operating Sequence) :
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ (Specified Conditionsf et ~I
~- ~- ~ (I.E.C) ~~ ~\5f~~Ple41lrn">t~~~ ~ l!l~~llfTC<J 1
(~) 0-t-Co-tO'-Co
<!l~ 0 ISC91f.'1~ \51~ I
C=~~\51~1
CO = '5C91f.1~ \51~ 151<lM~l!l ~ ~~ ~9fml"R
t = I!)~ ~ ~. 151tGl~C$>1iS!l'St ~-~'Tl ~IS'ID"'St W-U I
t =I!)~~~. 151t.Glf?JG$'11Sll'il ~ ~ W'f I
t'=I!)~~,
(~) 0-t"-CO
l!l~, t" = ~~ ~ ~. ~ ~ "!t'GlffiGPletl'St ~ ~ i1I ~'em"'St ~ I
C\. C\.lt ~ @i~IC4lft! (Rated Frequency) : ·.
~-c9fta'i ~ ~ ~ \5l1'i"'f (Standard) ijse411rnf*I, 911-em Plc>Uc:ii'St ffisc<t>IC{lM ( q.o.
~/~.)~~I~~.~~~.~~~~~ !3Jsc<t>IC~fol ~
R!i91Cf 'l>m ~ I
~ ~~·~ (Performance)-1.!1 @iWIC4lft! ~:
(~) <PIC'iloV<ll~ \51,C"f ~ \51M911C"t ~ \51,C"I @sc<t>lrnM ~ C91CCi <!l~ (eddy) ~ ~ \5191
~ ~ 1~ ~ ~ C'St$~-<!l"'St ~ ~ ~ (Derating) I
(~) ~ ~ ~~ ~ !3Jsc<l>IC{lM'St ~ ~ t \51Qft~ @>C<l>IC{lf+t -.W! C91Coi ~~ ~ ~
91Mt
. , (~) @i~IC{lM'St ~lilrif'tc§-U ~~(TRY) IS~.~. ~<!l~ ~ ~. ~91"'St ~ ~ I
l!I~ )8~ ~ ~m ~ ~, m91-
~~ 145 KV r:m.s
~~~· 160 A.r.m.s
~~~~~~ 31.5 KA r.m:s v
CD
Contents
~.~· ...
~~~t. 1 Sec.
~~~~t.~ 79 KA{Peak)
~cfG<J~ 2.5Hz
~'<::Si~~ PlC4>1C{l"1 0-t-co-t'-co
t = 3 sec.
t' = 3 min.
C\.b" ~·~<mt ,&~"'ll{'I: (Usual 1'ests of a Circuit Break.er) : .
~ ~ ~ ~ f.lm C""'iPlf*C<PR ~ ~ l!l~ f.;1ftct ~ ~ ~-1!1~ <r>!lf
~~~~<rt~"l<Rffif~~~~I
~ ~ ~00 f.ooii91-
(<fi) ~91 ~(Type Test) : _C'l'lTr"'lt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9rn l!Jq-$ ~ ~~ ~
~ c:mu~ ~ ~'{3~ ~ <.!l<l~ .£r f.@fg f1iS!1~eoi'il c;qfi~P11l:~ - ~ ~91 ~ CW'! ,
~~~~~~~1!1~~~"1"11
~ ~ ~91 ~ f.ooli91-
(~) Cll4>1M<f'Jl<'1 ~'
(~) ~~ ~ ~. 1Wi ~ ~91 ~'
(~) ~~~.
(8) -..ru~~-
(i) mt.
ci;Jt~ ~,
(ii) ~~ ci;Jt~ ~'
(iii) -..ru~ ~.
(iv) '<::Si~~ PtC<f'IC{l"1 ~ I
(-.f) ~ ~ (Routine Test) : ~'SG4'1~4' l!l~ NPJf~C'll"R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~9!JID
(AA <n c~ct)-1!1~ ~Cl!~~~~~~~ 1
~~'<::Sil-e~~-
(~) '<::Si~~'
(~) fiif.'r ~ ~91 ~'
(~) 91l-e~ fil'c<f'IC{JM ~ ~ ~'!16<t>l~<fi ~. (s) ~ fil''41C41M ~ ~ ~9R
~ (Erection Site) I
(~) ~~~(Development Test) : l!l~ ~'ll:i"Pl~"P, ~ -e ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~cf '<::S!~l<f <n f<wct<r, 1111t'GR1m., ~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~
~~-~!
('if) ~. ~ {Reliablility Test) : l!l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7811 ~
~ ~ ~- ~' 91lfu'1ffl ~~. ~-<iffef, ~. 9fi39fi ~~ ·~ ~
>irJ<:>~!C1~~ ~~~<I''. '<::S!~•(Col~ llMJ ~ ~ ~ ~ (}Nt~.~ I
f.twfii~ ~"C"lt ~t. ~ ~
(~) Vl'flR4>Jl"1 '<::Si~ diiU, ..,
v
IX> (~) 4oGltl>t¥£C~ ~ ~.
Contents
.#~~~t'G•ll-M
(o) ~'>J:C"l"M C'!lf6iS6Jl+t ~ (c~ utf1f'ilt'1'!11l~ C'!lf6iS6Jl+t),
(8) ~ ~e. C5Cli, . .
(~) ~~~'.Pf~M~<mtlll~~CD<lS~I
(~) ~~OO~l!~~~CR~I
(W)""il ~ c~:lfi'!\f( : -..tu~ cUf-Ut. ~ ~ ~ ~t. • ~ ~ Ill ~zyrr
~~~~l
~ ~ cUPVt. ~~I ~14t
(~) ~~91~t.~.
(~) "lJl"lcWfu ~91 cUPV'- I
()) ~ ~91 ~ ~ : ~a.'rn ~ ~ ~ ~ <fW ~ 9ll1Slm! ~ c~
~ 911-Glm! ~~I!!~ ~F0f1°1'i ~~I
~:
(~) ~ ~ ~ ~'-~ '<fITTl ~~'--\!I'll~ ~ 9ft1Slm! >1~'1'0} ~ I
(~) 'lt~~~l'ftell~~~'f"11!1~~~~1
~:
(<fi) ~ ~" ~ ~- ~t. ~ ~ $ , ~ ~ ~. ~
'l'IGlCi&'!I 1l1'1 ~ 91_'!1<f ~ ~ I
(~) ~g~~~~~"11
(~) ')j'l~ ~ ~!®~ ~ ~"1''@ ~ ~ m-U Df'l ~I~~ ~t_~ C'1iV5
9fl1Slm! ~ f<l] "!l ~ ~~-.!l'il ~ 9fl1Slm! "i'il<BllC~ ~~l"lq\\51 ~I
(lf) ~ cUPVt. Ill \5ll~ ~ ~ cUffl;t, (Synthetic Testingi ~1416!'i4'-olcq ~~ ~
•
(~) 'IJlctCilff;'l'I ~ ~: I!! ~ cUWt. Ill .:!!fC¥lliSl~¥l 9ft'Glml fu"fq\SIClJ1'$:Mst.
~ >ifb~-olCst1'$:C'4'!1 ~ctr l!.l"<ft. ~ ~ ~ I
151"1f.4•111'1 \'( :
(Cf>) ~ ~ ~ llMJ .:!!fC¥ll6!il1!'l 9ft'elm! ~~~I
(~) .fu"l<:t\SIC"I NliS!i'$:"1fl6 Ci6!<4IC'!IUC'!l'!I -..fG ~ <!11l.f5 •..Q (MVA) <fiJT~ ~·98f .:!!fCilliS!Zllfl 91l1Sm'!I
~~I,.
C\Jr,) ""llf ~ dMt ~ (Short Circuit Test Plant) :

11lf.,,. «!MIC~'ll : ~C"fq\5ICitl®ct\5 ~ ~ ~~ CiS!<ilcW'll
i Contents
!. t ~~ .)o'!
I i
1 I · ~ ~ '6 ~111"1 ~ (Drive Motor and Impulse.~xciter) : "iff ~ Cti"'llC'l'IUC'fFll
~ ~ l;f"'IJ ~-~ ~l<t>"fif ~ ~ ~ ~ l!l<J'. ~-~~(Special fype
~f Excitation) Cl'f'<rn111 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .Wll<fi ~ l!l~ ~ 1 . : ,. ,
C\.b".~~~~1mt'h:
..iff ~ '11l<Jlc4'i'l'l lltii '<3 911~ lJSJlH-lll'l'I ~ fi· ,.3£•1 ~I~~ ~ '8 ~~I
. ~ ~ ~ (Master Circuit Breali:<!~J : ~ 9th~ ~ ~ l!l~ bs
'll'iiil§IJ'l""f:f G<m !ifWJ ~ ~ ~ G<ffil ~ I .
~qrn ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ ~ Cl'f'R l!l<J'. ~ Wlfl '1l<JI I
'11f.ls~ W (Making Switch) : l!lffl f<tcx1~~1c<i ~ .2i'il!i'fl!i ~ ~'- ~ ~ ~
~~ ~ ~ 9fll'l'l l!l<J~ l!lffl ~~ ~ ~ ~m ~~ ~ i.
'- T---NElITRAL GROUNDING
HORT CIRCUIT
GENERATOR
IMPULSE
# ~ () EXCITER
DRIVE
MOTOR
) -MAIN SWITCH LINKS

I I r· I / ..
. ..1.. ..1.. ~ ~-SHORI'CIRCUIT
... T ... T ........ ~ .... Y......
····: T: .. .:.:t :: ... ··---~:1:.: ::~: :.. ··· ·
TRANSFORMER
1: l 2 . 3 4 :i-TESTCELL.5
..
U· .
M
..
1'5il( : C\;)O.
C\.b"." • ~ lil'l'fll:illil (Short Circuit Transformer) : .
ceMlrn&c~rn ~ ~ ~· ~ ~ .~ ~ ~ l1'1¥'1'1iil'l'I ~ ~ ~ 1
lil'lt!''l'lill'l'l~l"lt ~ ~ f.Wili, ~ ~9Al ~ ~ 911'8~ l;f"'IJ f.ilRi::t~IC<l ~~~~ Cl'f'<3lrt .
1lll! I Ill ~ lil'l(JS'l'lillt'l'l'l'I ~ KBIJltll'I <R ~ ~tf11 ~89J:{ -.M ~ ~ ~ 9lm1 I .
l!l~ ~'<3 ~ ~9flR5 ~~I~-
(<IS) ~i:r -e cm -e ~·~•
. (~) '14°1i1~'11 '>:51911Cil-IC"'l'l'l l;f"'IJ Pl<A>l<Jl"I ~ (Sequence Switch),
(~) '61l'flf'r4 ll1!~1NlJI>(~ I ·.· . . . _. _
Contents
)ob- .~~~~
· c\Jr.s ~~:(Test Procedure): : -. -- '· · ,:
. "f<f~~~-~~ l!I~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~. ~. rn>la1l:R>" ~
~ ~ (Rate of Rise of Restrtklng Voltage: RRRV) 9fl-e$ ~ ~ 911-ellt lirn 1
o.ll~~i>f<J~'1'.~~~l.!lq'.~O'J.91m~~~I
~ ~ 1511 ~ o.~ C"IC<P~'SI 'lTCl1J f.rfifS \!!'llf'I"'lt~ ~ ~ (Drum Switch)-1.!l~ lfl~
<W59flt '\51~ ~ ~ ~· 1~ Ill~ GfW'- cr;JT~ ~ Pit<l>IC{l"I Oi"ISllt ~-
(!>) f.r(ifg ~ ~ D1'fRl 9ra Jil~ W ~ ~~·I .
(~) ~l!l~l~&"i-'!Oi~~W~~~I
(~) ~Pr.R~~~1
( 8) <:51PfCff~TCtF~Pl~b ~ ~ ~ I
(<t) ~~~~~I
(~) ~~Pl. R. ~ <!l '<3t9R ~~I
(<\) ~Pf. R. '5t9fi1~~ I .
(u)· l!l~~W~<Rl-~1
~ ~ '1'lrCi l!I ~ ~ ~ m
~. ~<>nl ~-~ \5lPtC"llC*!>l91 (Cathode Ray
Oscilloscope) l!l<f'- ~ ~91 ~ ~ <t>'C'SI ~ ~~ ~ '8 ~91'Rl·~1
(Cl>) ~~x{if~~I
(~) -..fff ~ ~. -..fff ~ l.!l'f~. ~ ~ C91~ \5l!~IG11Np ~I
('St) ~<!l~'6l911. . (~)~~~~~~I
(1t;) C'Sl"l!uWCil~ ~I (o) ~~~I
(~ tia91~~~1
<\.~ ~f.1Ci16l'i1 ~ ~ (Miniatur1: Circuit Breaker) : filHC{lbl'!I (Miniature) ~ ~~
~~ ~ ~l Qt~ ~11'1 ~~~~.I.!!<!~ \5ll4>1C'!l'!I ~MIS ~I!!~
filHrnbl'SI ~ ~ <!tG'f 1 •
~.<.!Im~ '5 ~ 9fW<rc-$' ~~I ~ l!I~ l!I~. 1$!. fjf. ~ '8 l!I~ ~ .
~,~ l!l<!itJI 9"-em 1fm 1 ~1~1f.q<ti ~ l!I~-~ rum~ <l'l'!I ~ l.!l<i~ ~ C"l1N
<It -..fff ~"'I~~ W1 ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~Mo{l~IC<l Ui91 'lil'!I ~ ~
~ ~ ~ Oill1 l!llmt Ut.91~ ClOl<t>JIHISllt ~9/rn 1(3 ~~~~~~~I
Bl - MEl'AWC STRIP SOLENOID
~· C\.~\) : ~f.lCilbl'il. ~ .
~ : fml l!l'llfG 111Mc4lbl'SI ~ Qtqsm ~ ~ llTCI! l!I~ ~ -~ l!I~ l!lm ~
~ P3i91 (~ ~· ~ ~ l.!l~ll ~ i'll~) m • 1!1~ ~ 1111~n:.-ifG41 ~r;'fl<jiffl;s
~ l1l1t<J 1ll"lit~1ll1J fiftv ~~ (9i,<f f.I'~) corn~~~~.~~
~ P3a~ - ~ ~ 11111~~~1JTil l!I~ ~ 1f'Jf't "9fl'n 1
• '• ! .
i
Contents
~~~·:~~~~~~~~~·~~~';tl:sf~~~I~
. ~~cm~-~ Pll9lfb ~ ~ ~ 9frol. '1'f, ~ ~ ~ 9frol '1'f I~ C'f ~
>tM'iWCiS'!I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'<3lml ~ 1.!1<1$ ~ Ci51'(4>C"Jji(l1Bl ~ ~ i.!l~ ~"I~ 1
~ Ila91 ~ (Trtp Iever}-c<lS oo vn:i. ~ ~ ~ ~ <!l<f~ ~ ~ 9lffi 1
C\.~o \5ltGIC111t'fi ~IJPllS!l'il ~ ~-ral$15llS!l'll (Automatic Reclosure or Auto-reclosure) :
~ ~ Wu"~ ~ ~ 'ffi:Qf ~ $&>t~tll1~ (Network Inter Connection) ~
~ ~ 1 llfrn ~ ~ ~'- ~ ~ 1ir5 Dic:iUc~i'l ~ m ~ 1 Q&>t~tll'l~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tij91 ~ <!l<f~ ~ '1T ~"'~ ~ >t~tll'l~
f<lfue ~ ~. lll f.rn;qfue >t'!M'lllt'A3l ~ <ll1"lJ rm 1 ~" ~ "' ~"I ~ "'~ ·
~ ~~~"f ~ JaH~c~-0 (~~)~I ~ ~ C~ ~ 90% ~ ~- ~~.
9fffel, ~ ~~ ~ >tl~rn4'~1c'1 ~ ~·~ >t~~ ~ ~ ~ m l:sf~" ~
~l~i~iR; ~9A1-~~ ~ ~ I i.!lNC<f! >tllffil'1 ~ ~ f f ~ 01"3m 1f!i1I m91 ~ <Im IQ<f~
~ ~9A1-~~ ~ ~"3 ~ ~ m ~~RJ-~~IC"I "f{8>t~tll1'rf ~91"! ~ "ft I <f~R
. 9.f18>t~~ ~ l:sf~~~ ~~ 1.
~ ~ ~~ ~'Bl ~ i.!l<r~ f.jg;q~ ~ ~ f.rw:51· ~~ ~ ~

. fiiCJll\Stl'll ~ m ~ I .
1:5!iGf ralJPllSllC'il'il <tSl~f\§ :

15JWt ~@liSili'l 'l[·"~ 1£lq$ ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f.'ffefB 4'C~4'<lBI l5JWt ~~ IQ~
~~I
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ IQ~~~ cir<i~ (>tl~~ O.'-' ~) ~ ~ ,e 9['18

>t~~'rf <!'C'!I ~ I ~ "A ~ i.!l ~ ~ ~ ~ <{f ~ i.!l~ ~ "J.O,g >t~~ ~
"ftl~~Ci1m~Cll,~~~~ri>t~~~I
i.!l~ ~'11c®Ci'l'll '@~ mlfJV'f ~ r i f.lifui"I "' ~ ~ ~ ~ Df'l ~ ~ 1
i.!l~ ~ Cl!, 'if~ ~ lll ~91"ft-'GlT9if.! ~ lll<mf ~ i.!l<f~ ~ HlUl'llSil'll <lM~IC~Hl ~ ~
~ fi-i<i<llCi'li'l C6'Brn "f{& >t~tll'l~ <l>m ~I ~ ~ ~ <!I~ <R i'ftt~ Cl!, ~ >tll:fBl"I ~
~~~"ft I ~~~'f ~<ft i.!l"I. $(L.11 ~ i.!l~~~~ I
>tllffil~ ~~~~~~~~I
())~~.~~~I (~)@!-~~~~!
'm ~ ~ ~ '@1» CISICPClCiSri'l 'ISi'U ~ ~ ~ ffi@llS!ICJli'l l:sf~ ~ ~ ~ 1·
~,,~~
l··
Contents
:>:>9 ~~~
~~~-liiU~ irp~ ~CJ'letlt11il "'"'~~ ~:
iii$~
TIME DELAY TIMEDEIAY

- - ~
OPEN
-
1SEC !SEC ISEC LOCKED
OPEN
~: C\.:>~~~~-Hl<JPll!l!ICilil~~~(l2. K.V. ~~)
C\.:>:> '51~c:>t1Ci1lititii ~ '<3 ~'lffel" (Construction and function of an isolator) :
~l~C>llC'1U'!l ~ 1!1~ <Q<f$ W, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <n \5lll5 <fim 1frn I <.!l~ ~ f.r<ft9fecrn
~ c<!'fCil1 ~ ~ "ll I .
~l~C>!lc"f(;'!l ~ ~ ~ ~ '<3i~ ~ ~"ll I (Wt~~) I~~~ C'rt'iS
~ ~ <.!l<R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~C>llC61U'!l c~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~
<!!~~ ~ ~ :i>l"t '{3~ ~~ ~ ~I <.!l~ ~ '~ li!>J:W'!l ~ll:C>!IW'!l ~
~~1 <!Im
ei1'$:c:>t1c;.;&Ci1'!l ~<{ m
~ ~rnbl"l'iltn~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .1
Contents
* llll~c:>tlt-itcH «l+liit'Otf ~ :
~ I 'Sfffi<li)IG'I ~ ~91
~I o:ra6!-&l'1 ~ ~91 (~ ~ ~ ~ ~).
¢ "Slffi~i'1 ~ ~911
I .
* ~ 'G ~ : m
fullM C"fM -:iif&'41Ji'1 ~ ~91 151~c>llCi1'ii!1 ~ ~I l!l l!lli~C>ilCC'!b~
~ ~ ~"'fe9 Wr~ ·I!!~'(;~ ~9fi'f ~ ~ I .
~ '5!900W ~ ~ fb'1llij_tllffl ~ ~ \51~ ft!~~ 1519fITTfU~ ~ ~
'iJr-1t <rt~ ~
~I 151i~C"11C"'1'ii~ ~ ~ .I!!~ ~~~ ~ ~ I!!~ ~QI "!~~ ~I c~ f.rD c~
\51~~ ~ ~ ~ <!'iTI m I ~ \5l'U ~ ~tffi!Cf ~ ~ ~~ ~ 'l1 ~.
~~~-1!1~~~1
RINGFOR
~~-HOOK-sTICK
OPERATION
ffi!!: ~.~¢Isolator
~ ~ '5il~C"1IC"'1'ii'll ~ ~ ~ f.r::t ~ <l'iTI ~:
(<l'i) ~ C'lfti'JBf ~ :
~ I ~Q["Cl! ~ ~ IS\:91'1 ~ ~ I .
~I I!!~~ '5il~C"1IC"'1'ii'll IS\:9fi'! ~~I
¢1 ~~~~~~(~~)!
('It)~ 4"i <Rl1l ~ :
~I ~~~~~IS\;9fi'{~~I
~ I I!!~ ~ 151l~C"11C"'l'ii'll ~ ~ ~ I ~
¢1 ~~~~~I
* ~: ~ ~ ~ "i~~~m CAi?.l~C~'il ~~~ ~ $~ ~ ~
~ l!l<r~~f'I ~ m~ <l>~ ~ ~ ~ 151l~C"11C"'l'Gi1 ~~~I
* ~ ~ l!l~ l:ll~CJtlcif{;c'il'il ~t!T ~:
~~ l:ll~CJtl,~'iiii
~I ~~~<i£~c~~~ ~I '51 l~C"i IC"'l'G'il "it~~ ~ ~ 'l1
~~~~~~ml!l<r~ ~151~~~1
151~i~IM41 ~ ~ ~ ~9f'll-~'>ff.I
~'>fro11
~I ~~~~~Rm9Wf~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~. '5il~e>1IC"'1'ii
'RN '>fro1 l!l<r~ ~'-~ ~ ~'f ~ ~ I ~~R~~1!~1
j
!
r,. Contents
\!I I .JJJ'U~~~'n~~~I \!I I <!lfU~-~~<lt~~<mt.~l !

81 <!lfU~'<3~~~~1 81 <!Ifft C<fi<M~l\tl ~. ~~ ~ fu;\' :
~~I .
QI ~~~~~~~'111 .QI ~'- 'l"'~ ~ 'n! I
1.
~I l!ll'U ~ "511 l~lf<l<t> ~ --rn~rar~~IC<l ~I ~~fui;~~IC<l ~ ~ '{f1 <!ll'U ~lll'J:~IM
~~~I 91fuolMG ~ 1
<\ I l!l~~~Wti <\ I l!l~c~rn ~~1
<\.~~ ~ ~ Ci$'-~~ :>\11$\Jl<lM~ ~~ (Solution of problems related to Circuit

Breaker Rating) :
~-~I~~~~~~~ 1500 ~lf>-rn~ 1000 1!1~, 1i5 <!l, 33 ~. 1i5 3
~ 3 ~. 50 ~/~I~~~ (<Ii)~-~~. (-.at)~ <lilt~,
('f) ~ ~c~tra"1111 ~~ ~. (~) ~ m"
~. (~) ~~ ~ (D) ~ ~ ~
~?
~~:
(<ii)~~~= 1500~1
(~) GI'*~ <l>Jt~ = 1900 I!!~.
fti. l!l
100 x 106
(st) ~ f>tc~lii<t>Jl) ~~910fit~= i7.496~(W!~)
('D) ~~~=33~.~I
R: a: 00'*~ <llTI~ = '12 x i.s x (~~~)
=2.55 (~~~)
Contents
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* TIWr •tM4J~'lt ~Clll'Si"lhl\bl :
~~ <fl ~C{l!iS!rt1~ 91f<l"T!'I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~91 Rre 911@ I ~~
~ ~ '8~ !ZtCf.l<P•wrn ~ ~ ~ '8~li'1C'11~~ ~ ~ C9fN 9fmi I ~.,
~'i>JC'1"1'istH'!'I ~ <.!l~ m I ~ore~ ll"l'5m (Damaged) ~9fiR? ~ <!t ~ ~
<n:'<IB ~ •w5r 1 ~ <>f1fr~ ~~ m<ftDT 0WTI ?.fAJ ~ ~ 911-s~ Pic>Gc~i'1 ~?ff:;; -;:;?;
~ ll"l'<3~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1lrn I~~~ <.!l~ ~~WIT~~ ~1:;~ _c,,1c:,
~-s \!)1~1~1~ ~ ~ <rrvq 1 ~ ~ ~ HiMfik;] ~. ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 01<rr <rn;
~ ~ '11~ ~~ \S~'!'I Q1<fr $1R~ I
.* fitcer ~M~~'lt ~:
(~) Picif;c~~ ~ '\5f~"C"t ~ crNt ~ futo1 '\5f~ ~ ~"INlWtC\l .!r '\5f~"C"t ~~ ~ <Ht
m1
(~)~~~~~~. \5!~'\5f~C~~~I
(~)~~~~<!t~'\5f~-c..t~cq~~~~~I
b'.~ ~ 91Rlbli'i"il'lt ~ "IM~'1BI ~. ~ct ~'R ~t ~ ~ fWRf- ~~
(Classification of Relays on the Basis of Construction, Principle of Operation.
Mode of use, Qualities and the Timing Characteristics) :
"1Hlbl61%t~~~(2!"1'h1C6'1:
~ I ~JlUt'f'CU\5 ~ ~91 fu'1f (\!lfU lC'1<1'CGI ~~ ~JtQl<fi•fr-1 ~<mt) .1
~ I ~~~ ~9f fu'C"l 1
~I ~l<t>"R ~91 fu<'T (\!lfU ~Mld;I ~~~~~)I
81~~1
m., I
ct I . f\S~lCi'1M§l"f
~I f\Scs'<P"f.IT6f 9fte~ <fl ~ '9ft'6lfrn fu<'T l
~l f\SCi'1"1'"f.IT6f 'C~ ~ ~ I . ..
b' l ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ 911'€1ffil m., I
Contents
~ I_ 'S\5R( ~. 'S~ ~ ~ '<3~ 9ft'<nTRI .filzyr I

)01·~~1:· . .
)),I ·C'i1~$¥Hit'!I ~I
Hl~~,-
~~~«l't'l'llf0\5'1:
~ I >tMiicms \5IJ% ~~ m9! mo; I ~ I ~WI ~9! fu<'! I
l:l I C911'11\:ll~iS!IS ~91 fu<'! I . 8 I wt>fG~l~l\:1 ~9! fu<'! I
Q' I ~ C<>fT'i ~91 fu<'! : ~ I IS~ ~IS1ffi! ~ ~9! ~ I
'11 ~ ~ ~91 ~91 ffio; I ~ I ~91'1 'm:91 ~I
:>o I ~ C~ 'm:9f ~ I :>) I~~ 'm:9f fu<'I I
~~~RC'Rf.f!<l>lilC\511:
:> I ~;oi'GJHc:&PrnPi 'm:9Pl fu<'l 1 ~ I ~ m., ~ I
l:l I ~ ~ ~ ~91 fuCo'! I 8 I ~~ "!Jt~ fuCo'! I
<2'1 ~~"!Jt~fu<'!I ~I ~~~~~I
4J"l4]C'll'll ~ ~ fWRf .t'.l"lll'llf0\5'1 :
:>I IS~~, IS~~. -ssrn
9!T<31ffi!~ I
~ I ~li5!\:1 ~. ~ ~ l.!l<f~ ~ 9fl.S1ffil ~ I
':ll IS~@<J:C{JM,~~~I
8 I IS~l\:1~<'11'5 ~ I
Cl' I f?t ~I ;:j 9ftlS1ffi! ~ I
~I CJiiiPlffl-o ~ I
'11 ~fucc1 I
b- 1 ~"iV>Hc:&Prn1;;i ~ 1
~I ~~t fucc1 I
~(Glossary)
'f9l;qs 1:5!t91 ~ (Pick Up Level) : 15ill1!?C{Jfi;~ C<l'IWiifGffl (~ '11 ~)-<!!"?! c<l ~ ~~
C~ ~ ~91TCW ~ ~ f~ ~91 ~ CfC<i I
~ ~ (Reset Level or Drop Off Level) : -~ '11 ~-i!l"?l mcii ~ C~ ~
~ ~ ~ <!jq~ ~ '11 "l'1 ~We"?!~~~~ <re011
~911C'11ftt. ~ (Operating Time) ~ ~ ~ (Relay Time) : ~ JI~~ ~ISm"?l ~ C~
~ ~ M ~ ~ ~91 Jf1f<f.i1 ~ (Close) ~>Sm ~ ~ ~~t 'm:9f <fCo'I 1
~~~~~~~~~I c~ ~~<fl 0.02 ~ c~ o.o4~1
~ ~ ~ (Fault Clearing Time) : ~ ~9ffCT$~ ~ l!l<ft ~ ~ ~"'®~
(Intenupting) ~-<!!"?! ~~ ~ ~t ~ <fCC4 1
~ ~t ~ <1"l1 ~ 'lfll"ljif\?\:1 ~Cf ~ 1lHl <!l<f~ 9!TIS1ffi! PtCJUlll\:1 iGJlf<lfatfb (Stability)-<!!"?!
~~I~ ~t ~ Jfliffil~ O.OC\ ~ c~ o.:>o ~~~I
~ ~ (Reset Time) : \SlJl•ac{lfGt C4>!Wtfflffl-i!l"?l m-1 ftWW ~ (Reset Time) cs-rn f.ftD
'lll151ffi! ~ C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ffle>t'ii ~'WI' I
~ ~ (Primary Relay) : l1l ;;i1f.f>Uc c:!::i1c:&•M ~ m, fuCoi CJ! ~ ~ ~~~
~ff~~~~I
Contents
Contents
m.,~
~lr.~:~~
f?lm ~ "l~V-11~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ llffi I lJQJT-
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~,,~~~!
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~·~: ffi"f ~ ~ Wl ~ ~.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~"t<f 1 c!!w.n
.,.~1:1d});?J~IC<l ~ ~ w.n ~ ~ ~ l!l<!iffr ~~ ~ ~ I \!!~ Tia">f ~ <K"l I
':ifCi"! ~' F ~ ><ifi~ ~~I ~"f ~~~~~I l!l~ Pl.1'U. cf!~
U1C"l'&lfi115~~ ~~~~~~~"'to; W-1 ~ ~ ~ q;@ ~I~~~
~15~ ~Qf "ltt'll ffiq ~ ~l'M ~ l!l<i~ ~ ~ ffa91 ~ ~~ ~-sm ~ ~
~ ~ '8l:9fif ~ il:!'fU9I_cf ~~"ITT>~ ~ ~ I \!!~ "f'.l'Cfrn Cl!, ~ ~ "!T ~ m
~~~~~'1tl
ffi9f ~ : ffi91 ~ ~ Cl'f'Sm'!l' w-n l!lfU ~ l.!l<f~ ~~ M'l)C\!i'il '@11:.~ flfl<lll ~ I ~
~ ffi91 ~ ~ Cl'f'S~ ~ ~ llffi I ~QJT- (~) cfl"ef.U ~ f-S. Pr. '@11:,~ C~. (~) 911'$~
~ C~ l!l. Pl. f.rn! I
f.5. Pl. '1W ffi"f ~ :
b'.~ f.rnl#I~ 4!!C<11flft15 ~.~ fttiRr "1Rbli1•1B'I ~~~(Principle of operation and

construction of the following protective and control relays} :
(<4i) J'tfit"ICJI\;' ~ ':ltltff ~ ~ (Solenoid and plunger ~e relay) : _
"1M"1C4h5 ~ m.rn ~"f ~~.... ~~~~I~~ 4Sl0C'U'!l ~cm
'@~ l!l~ cis1tfcis1§;:i1 f.l'°;;i
q;@ 1 ~ 'lllrnc4i;;i "'!Wnct l!l ~ ~p..ic.;u•BI '@~ ~ ~ l!l
~~~'8~llffil
Contents
f5iif : IT.~ )!lit"lCTl\li ~ ?it~ ~'Pf ~

t!l ~ ~ ~ ~'Zl<f 01~ ~I t!l'!l ~'i~Jil ~ \!l~ ~ Ul'!l '@<>ra ef"f\5 I ~ ~
~ m~ ~ C~ ~ I Ul~ IQ~ ffi>.Jaf~frl~ ~ Ul<l"'Z ~~ ~9frolfii~ ~ ~
~1~~~~~~~&9f~~~r~,~~~~~9fT@fU'Z
<KW!~ Ujq~ Rl~l~M'Z ~ ~ 'jR~ ~I~~~~~ '@~9l11
'U<$ ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~'f~fil..:ilC<l ~- ~ I
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fffi I Ul~ ~ ~~~ 4C?J'1fiJC\6 ~~ ~ ~
~~ <ll1fil'l ~~ ~ 1W ~, ~ ~l'1<t>~1~11~ ~~ ~ mm~ m ~
~I~ m9! >ilr#C ~~ ~ ~m91 ~~~I
~'Z ~ ~ °F~-z 'jRVTI<;t ~ ~ ~ ~ cmu'Z Ul<l''Z ~ ~ ~~ m ~I
IQ~ ~ ~9f'U c<rf'-1 ~ Rfif2 ~ '1JT<;1 ~ ~'8 ~ ~ I Ul ~ mflllnrn UJ-q;ffl
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 Pi(?{;c~?l ~~ ~ ~rm '@m ~h~ ~Q' ~ C\!.~.,
~~( E~!i~W-!~~'1JT<;1~~1
('lit)~~ (Induction Relay) :
~ : ~ ~91 ~ '$:l'141~MI~ ~-&l<Pl-1 91~ ~ ~ <llfiS1 ~I <!lffl
~'"{ ~ ~ ~'l ~ <!.l<l''Z IQPf 9l~9f ·<1Jt91~ ~ <rol Q)Wl> I <!)ff; 'fS.'Pi ~91
~ ~ "1t I ~ ~ ~~ ~ ';"f'Z~ Ul~ \5bl<J:filf.rnl~ ~. ~ '¢l'11il'!leiiffl'Z
"1TI~ ~ (Ul~ W~) ~~~~I ~ ~ ~ "IT:~ ';'{ml UJ<R ~"IT:~ 9!1~
™'~~~~-sm'!l~~~~~iGBHIJl4"M~~~~l!3~~1
~: ~"M ~"IT:~ l:S14"f'i'I ~9f 1!3~Hl41C?loi; ~~I~(~: lT.8) °$:-&l<t>"M rn9f
IS~l?l<!>IC?loti fuC'1 ~~I
IQ fu"C"l ~ l:;;sl<fi"M ~91 ~ "Ki11 ~I <!.)~ '@~ '8 FITT ~~~~I'@~
~ ~ <llef.lfifB Ul<!~ ~~~~I '@~ ~ ts91Ul'!l ~ ~ 1!3~'(
Ul<!~ ~ ~ C>lC4iSIRl 1!3~~ ~~I'@~~ IS~'Z ~ ~ 'Piff; ..!l'!l
~';"f'Zvr!<;1 ~~I ~~~\$I~~Cjj <1! IS~~~~ ~I~
~I!! IS~~ 1!131' ~ ';°f'Z~ <!.!~~~~~~~I t!I ~ ,-r~ ~'Z
lf!Ri~ <!CC'! I Ul ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ OfCl ~-~I '@~ CiiC<fl<SIHl IS~'Zffl
~~~~~~~~-..fff~~,~~~llTC<lt~
~ t!I~ "'lJIClfiiMfil~ <ft~~~~~ I~ ~Qf t!l~ -~ ~ ~
™• lll .fJC?Jll&Wi'!l ~ l!l<tSfft fi".fl~ l!l'!l ~~ ~ ~ i91 111~C<li ~cf~~ I~- 0°
c~ 3606 l!l~ ~ ~ ~ 9ffilrn 'lJlll 151Jl151S!l"V ~ ~ 1 .....,,~3lli1 F.f!~ t!l'!l ~ ~
'i)qS Cl11!3m ~ I
Contents
- .
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...: -
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.
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~: Jr.8 ~!<t>"l"f~9ffu-l
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~~9f::T ~I I!! ~.Jl'f.l!l<!i. Uil1 ~ ~ f.lwl ~·~ W-l ~~~I~~ IS~~-1£1
• ~~ ~ l!)Q OJ!~~ 9fT~ C\1~ Cl11rl l!l~ ~~ ~"ra l!l~~~~I ~
. <r'ICQc4'Q 9ffumccrn ~<>ra M~Q ~ l!l ~ ~ct q;;r <!l c<ffi'f w.i ~ 1 ~ ~. f>~~ CJQ ~
~~~~Cm:! ~l.f<l> ~~~~~~I~~~~~
"It~~~ ffj91 <mW'rn ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Tia91 ~ ~ '~ ~ ~:
t'fi91 ~I!!<!~ <ll'fi}9L<f ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~I I!!-~~ '3~ l!l.Pl ~ ~
~ <lM~hlC~l~11 I
(ff)~ 911'<3$ fttciot (Reverse power relay) :

~ 9fi>Siffif ~ ~ ~ IS~fGfii'Gi@l ~ct ~ ~91 I IS"')~qsJc~i\; ~ ~~ 1£1J
IS~~ l!Jq~ -~R~ f~:J~I ~ ~ c<l*1T 911~ ~ I l!lfi/ ~ ~91 ~ ~~ I Jl<t>$ *

fu\li C\1~ ~I l!l ~ ~~ l!lq~ fil"CD 'ffe ~ ~
~ 9fi'51ffif ~ ~ IS ~~'Cm-st
~.I ~9!Urn~~ ~ l!Jq~ ~~~~I s9mra ~1l"C~~
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~ mm ~ ~ I -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l!l'l5fil '61Jl"lfilf.BJlll ~ ~ ~ I '9
~ ~ <!J'CjljU ~9ft'i5 ~~~ ~-lit~~ t'fi-t >tlf«iC<t> ~<f ~ ~ 9fiCQ I
. ~9fm ~ ~ c"'1c¥tlc\Sli1 ~~~I.!!<!~~~ <mW1 ~ ~~ ~
~~1~~~~....:l!l~~~~~~~I
Contents \
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<p2 al V=~9f'5~
<.!l•R a= 90 - e l=15!~'Z~
:. Ta VI sin (90 - 8) a= ¢1.!!<r~ ¢1 l!l~ 'mt:U ~ 9fl~
aVI cose a~ 911-S~ 8 = ~ 1!!<1'Z 4ilC!lC4'4 "mt:U c<ffi '11$i>J
~~-- ....
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~~cfurn.~~~<!l~~~~,~~~~~~
t>t4>~1'Gc4> t'fi91 <Kll"I ffJ'§-1!)~ ~ ~
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i ~ Tia91 ~ ~ ~~"CtTl'if ~\ti'<.~ "frf.W ~ Ila9f ~ ~ ~~ ~
i ~~I~~~ F~~ I!!~ ~rc<rJ <!l ~~~~~I ~'f, I!!~ 'Wf<l'i
1 ~ (Driving force) ~~ '11-S~ ~~ ~ 1 l!l ~ fucc1, Pl"1CJF1""1l:>f C"ffeR ISi~ ~91
1 ~~ ~ ~ f<:w~ ~ ~c.,!, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 m ><M ~ ~ l!l~
~- ~ ISID"! I
_Ni<:-A<t>~ '{il'Ol'l'lC"lll!i ~(Directional over Load relay}:
Nit~4i"Rt<'! '8~ fuo1 ~ ~9! {l~j~<l'i(Ao\; fiw'! l!l"<r'Z ~ 9ft-sm ~ ~ ~rth I
~ ~ ~ ~MCWGlilJ:~<l' I!!~~~~ I~~~-

)) fiSC'!l<t>~ ~: 9f1'8Wl' ~ <.!lffi ~~ •.<rt~~ '11-5~ 71'1'l<'l'llC~ ~.~I l!l~
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~ 9fTCil "111 ~~ \5l1Vl ~ ~ (~ I l!l<!~ 2 ~ lTJ~) '5i"'frCW ~ ~g~
'€\5l'l'l'4'1Gll4i ~~~I
Contents .,
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l:MC~CiG'll ~1>fruf-l<A'll 9Rf tii91. ~ ~ ~ <r':fi <mt I ~ ~ ~ <Rt1t ~
~ ?ft'l'f o=rt'f;t ~ l!I ~t~ ~ ~ ~ I i!lfU '<3'5l'll'l'IC~"G ·~J~C11W'll ~ lllfC<IS I '6'Sl'll<filC'll-V
~MC~C4i'll ~9IT'll lUt~ ~ ~ Wtf91t ~~ ?ft'l'f o=rt'f;t ~ 01m ~ I
Directional
element
from er
Over
current
element
(Non-dlrectiomal
clement}
f5oir : 11.~ fiSc3w•l-ttif '8<sl'At'1115 ffcir

~.ft'iffer : ~~ ~ 9 fM'ITT'll ~ ~ Nc<f' :?::~ ~ <K<1 ~rrno'! 9fT~m ~
(~<ffil ~) * ~ '11 I l!I~ IS~lil<lll!.il-\1 ~ "5l"J:C'€™1!1 ~ ~ I ~"l ~~~<it
'5n1~1f<l<:s ~ QJT, ~ ><!U ~~<ff 9fT'8~ f<i9fID ~ c~ ~ ~ C5'Zt ~ l!l~e.. l!I
~ ~'>frn ~MCllC4>'!1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 l!l~t 2 ~ 'lt~'l'f C'i1I I l!I ~t~5f ~ '8~1'll<t>IC'll1'
~MC~C"G'll ~ Wilf~ QJT I ~ l!I "51tffi Wii; ~ l!l'll ~t ~ m91 ~ ~ 4>-01~C¢
~ ~. ~ ~ G<f'l'llC<f' ~91TCW ~ '<3 ~91_'1 ~t-.rtc<fi ~~~~I
~: l!I ~ ~ fr!cffi ~ i!l\5 ~ 151"J:~:'ftai' c<I, ~ 2 ~~ ~ 9ftl5'ITT'll
f<i~ ~~ l!lfU~~ 15~1 ~ ?ft'l'f ~t l!I~~~ c<I, ~'<f'~<il
~ ~ <rmrc"f "4t~1f4c<r>'ll ~~~wt~~~~~~ l!lffl J'f!R>'tc<:>
~~~~O'rnl
<!] ~ ~ ~ <f¥ ~~ W'l1 ~~~~~<!I~~~ c<I, fiW1
~ ~ 9fTC'li '11 I l!I~ l!l'll C\SWU~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'lt~~ <i"llT ~. ~ ~ ~
J1<l ~ ~ C'flffett C~ ~C{lliSl~l{l ~ ~ ~ 9!M 1 •
(1!) ~~(Thermal relay):
<:sirnt-tl'll ~~ ~ ~ fuco'r ~~I jfliffi!~ l!I ~ ~ \51~ ~ "ffum9t ~
'1t I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O'rn I l!I ~ §c"! "51Jl'i<1JIC<i"1 ~-vni
<t>!C3C"G'll ~<rut~ I~ l!l<l'fU ~ ~ m., '<3 ~~ctffer ~cf.1'1 <fi'll1 ~I
~: l!I·~ ~l:(J ~~ ~~~ ~ \;~ <ll~C~UIM'l' Rla91 ~<l' I~~
PITU ~ ~ 9fn: : l!I ~ ~. ~"P'J:CC'1C.&1!i ~- ~ l!l'll ~ 'lt~ ~I ~ 'l<fJ19115 C~
(SJ l!l'll ~~ f>~t-(A) l!l'll ~ ~ <fi'll1 ~ 1 ~ cGwllC35l'll ~RiC<tSt~. ctlal<'ll'll ~
. QffC4' I
Contents
BIMETALUC.
·sTRIP
HEATING coir.
.TO TRIP-~.... TOC.T.
CIRCUIT...._--+Ol'll"'
INStJI.ATED
CONTACT ARM
~:lr.C\-~
~~ <!l ~~91 ~™Im- ~11~1f4<t> ~~~ ~~~~
m ~'{3~ F~~:e ~ ~ I 1FtG'! ffl491 ~ ~ 1!'hl I <!l"C'i3 F~t-<!l~ ~ ~ <!I~ ~ m
'ft~~ I ~Ui91 ~ G"IJ:il~"l ~I<!!~~~~~ I F~t <!l'!l ~ ~ ~
~~t~~~I
(5) ~·(BUCHHOLZ) fWRr ~:
.'Ul"iil'il:ill<JHI ~ct ~ ~ \Gl>Jffl~l?I Wt~~~~~~ I <!l~ ~91.~ ~
~~ <Ii@ I J:il"t'l''!l:i!ICiHI ~ ~ l.!l~ ~ ~ 91rnWMl'Sl ~ ~ ~ ~ I Ct1 ~
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l.!l~ ~ <!l~ ~ Cf'"lt'&'ile'Slil ~~ ~ (Jiil'& QffC<t> I ~ ~ 'IVf <!I~~~~
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Contents
.. ,n1"1*'ili!IC'!I~-~ ~ ·~.~ "Pfi; (~--~; ~-~) ~~~ ~ ~9rn ~

~ ~ ~~ ~ 1llU I~~~ <!I~~~~ fms QW1 ~ ,_'lq~ <!I~~~
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~ ~ 1Ji'Pf ~· ~"!J~.t1M' m Jll+j~111llCM.: ~ ~ ~ Cltt! I
~ ~'l'IC'!l"ifStlll'I ~ (Differential Relay) :
~: ~<J'IC'!l'iPHllG'J ~ ~ c.!l~ <!I'll ~~.~~qr ~ce1f<rl> ~C"l<t>Ui<t'Jl'1 C<lllWl!'G!U~
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Nl~f~:>iC<fl ~ 'ffil' I
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(Incoming and outgoing) ~~ '8 c<Rtm ~ M ·~;~T-1 ~ ~~ (Re~ultant) <ffi~o{;~'i:
~ ~ ~ :;,~ Q!<f'm Tia91 ~, '~ielfci<t> ~ ~ ~"ll fi:i-ni <r>rr-1'V ~ft~ Q!.<r "Ii 1 .a
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)8 l ~i4"!"1 ~9f '61Sli14lCilifi ~ ~ ~ctlfif ~ 'R I
m:~ 1r.IO(~) "1~~ I
)<?"I ~~~~<RI
m:~1r.~c~>~1
Contents
I
~.) 151.UFllC"i~CH ~ \al'1¥'11~1Cil'il ~ ~- .flro&c;.ff;;s ~ ~~ C<ffefBPt~t( (The Major

Features of Good Protective Gears for l\lternators and Transformers):
¢1~1~1R ~ ~<; ~<;"'fM"! ~ ~ <5il'!lt..,Uil <.!!<!~ ~-~ ~ .'.ial.'>lq>~~l'!l~~
~ f<l9fl1 ~ ~\ <fi'!lBI W<'lJ ~ .'1"l' IS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~"IC<!> \llifiJ<>:<f 15/~><f ~ l5IM11ifl
~
~ WrrJ~ ~ ~ 'K""f lltllJ<f.fiJ¢ ~~ -~~~~~~I~-

•Hl\JMS'llef (Selectivty) : <i,<~~ ~ Ftm I!!<!~ flb~i~"i:>Jl)_l~'!l 9fl~<f ~
(Discrimination Power) ~ m I~~!<; f>ic.,\Jc~~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ <.!l"f~ ~ ~
~~~1~~~~"'!11
~'4"f"i~Wil!I (Sensitivity) :
~ ~ f-1'~ ~ m'll ~-n ~Cf C<IM C"1TCiS Pic>Gcll'!l ~ ~ m "1'11 ~ ilf'ffliS'fH\6
~ C<JC"l'IC•'! 9iWnct ~~~~~~"WI'~~~ I
~ (Reliability) : ~ ~ iSli1J ~ ~ f.lfi¥Z ~V1 >i~ro"f m ~ ~ ~ ~
~~9fm~~m~-tm1
iSw ~ (High Speed) : ~ ·~h;:l\!l!~ ~ ~ ~ ~~QR~ 15/~"fe"I' ~
151~"! CQf~ ~ ~~ 9flC'!l VI~~ ~"t<! I ..!l~ "@-~~IS ~9iif-.!l>i~Wl ~ '6
~9Rn ~ 9fTCCf I
~m~lbl (Stability) : ~ C$C~ C'i"IS~ 98!~ <!i~ ~ ~'1T<ffei ~ ~ ~ I
~(Simplicity):~ "01~ <!<"<r~ ~~IS 1!51~ ~-~~~I
~ "'F~ ~ "IT ~ (Non-interference for Future Extension) : ~
m"'lc~iG'l•Jpl'll ~ <!i~ ~ ~ c<R fJic:>Gc~'ll ~K<iJC-.!l ~ -e "l~ik-f ~ en~ ~ "11
~I
2D.~ (Cli) ~wVl'llO'tGC'iBI It~~~~ (Major Faults that may occur in Alternator) :
()) ~~~:
(CJ)~-~-~~
(~) ~-~-QR'i ~ I
:
(Cli) '11'f-l-~ ~ ~~~ <!i ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ emf.S~ <!i~ ~'1'>J:C'1'R l!ll<l'll"C{l'Sl
~~~~C"K<;"f~l!l-~~~I
(~) C1Rf~ ~~: ~ 15~~U! ~ ~ ~ "R~ -.M~~ ~ ~ 'R~ ~I
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~Cf
~ ~ !>fl1lfC'1fG~ ~ N;qs1ci'IMWI c~ e11-sm 11/tt<fl 1
•ct
l<i'>J:C61"1il 01'<3llt l1ftC<fi I '1Af-i-~
<~ ~~tr-f~ =. ~ ~ 15~~ ~ Wf~~oo~. ~ ~ l!J~

~ ~~ ~ 'Rl1J -.ffj ~JR~ ~ ™
~ ~ ~ 'l'C'1 I ~ fi¥1f<ifi"tl
~~f5ttvl!J~~~~I •
N;qs1<J1fit4ll61 Gl!tlt&4-t-f l!l<R tN:5ii!l'lllC~P6 C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C'ill "1l t l!J ~
~~~~~~C~~~~I •
j
(~) • ~ : ~ ~ Wf ~ l!J<f~ ~-~-"1!511Qf' ~ l!J ~ ~~~I ~ llITT l!J~~
~~ ~ <mftCf ~~<!i1f ~'i'>J:C<'l*A ~ ~ l!J ~~I .
j
Contents
)8) '
~ ~ Cct"ll~UC'i'l?I ~ ~t.( tPU Ciftlt~q>"'fii o;'®t ~I

Hig/J
~~tPU'1!'8~~~~~~~~~
~ ~· ~ f ~~ ~ ftii. ~ '"'~''~'&~, ~ ?J:. Exr:it ~
~~~~~~I<!!·~~" "i"ll'G41lm ~ '5
m ~ C?l~PGJl"I ~ ~~~ ~ 1 ~ ~ rnfa~,,;J!->:
Nrn~~m<tl~I Relay
~~~~~~·~".il~~~~
l?i~ ~ <!il'U ~~ ~ 1 ~Qf' ~ ~ l-;:;:\;1Hcl1f.l~!"i
uru~~<!i<f~<!lfUt.iJl'11:f~~~~~I
(8) ~~~~ llt"<31it (Failure of Prime Mover}: zji'; M
~<:WI lfrn <fl~~~ ~'C<f ~c"J1~1.••i'G"StfG ~ f~ WT <!!CR~~ 9fl<3~ ~~"!
~-CiSi"llW?I ~ I
1
!
~1<!lre~'8~~'6~Ri1~1 I
~-061"1IWG?I ~ C'lFCin '8m't;Bf ~ (Water ·wheel) >a ~ ~ ~ I 9ftf.Rf ~ <!I~ ·
~ ~ ffill m c-1ClT c~ (;'6!'ilt<il'U?lt,4 ~ c~ ~ ~ O'rn I I
ra~p:f 9fl>S11H ~CU4>"~ ~ ''S!"llC?IV?I C2llCV-."'"M ~'Cl! f\ScM'frrl"l ~ 911-e~ ~ ~ ·~ I 1.
(<t) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Failure of Excitation in Field Circuit} : ~ Urc<t-

C'S!<jlC'l'll>?I QW ~ ~ ~ l!l<l'~ ~ ~IC~vl?l?I f<lsC"Si't ~~~<fl~~™ 1!
.!J CIS'i"llC?l'G"Stffl ~r-1 CiSt'11<di1?1 ~ ~ <P.<K"<f c!l<r~ ~ C~"C<fi l.!l~~ (Exciting) ~ .

~Cf ~ I l!l'C\3 ~ '6~°S~ <!i?I ~ ~ 13!'~i:! ~~ m mR I <!!Wf~ 15MJ7J CTS'M!?:~'f>?.'!lV'ff 11
'S~i'!'lC<ilOS\5 ~ ~ I
EXCITER GENERATOR
ARMATIJER MPJNFIELD
~ ~.~:N'5~~~~11t~~~C'4C~lt41~
~ ~ nwr,
~ ?'Jlt~ fID9:~ ~ <!!~~ ~ <'IJT~ Rf-~~ ~ ~ ~~f"Ji;ws1c<1
CiS!'11C?l°G?lf&C<IS ~ ~ R@e ~ I
~l:SIM<t> ~ \5l'iil'l'leoroc~~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~'h~<A> ~9fm ~ mt"! ! ~ m
~ QlSMt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.f.rco C"l'Cll ~~I Ill~~~~ tfif9r~
RftG'f l!l<ft. ~ ~~ m-~~ fuci'r "'14JJllll"Cll ~'9ftC?IU ~ I .
(~) ~Jfifl51'il (Unbalace Load} : 1511'1"'1Jl611"11S ~~-l!l~ lJSt'f ~1'ilHIC'1VC?l'il ~ . IS~t_n!
~ PlC<t>ICil'I ~ ~ ~. ~ <.4l..@ ~ kiij'fC'l('<JJl~ <mt I 'lfl .
~ ~9fe'JF ~~ ~ k'(<'C"lt'lll MCJ 'lf%c<1c~1 ~ 1 ~ ~ ftflct Wf'11~ ~ ~9r:f
cotc"il~it ~ ~~ 'i5191 ~'-?J:f ~ 1 <:11~1;ic"l'Gc?1?1 "l!<i"'IJl'll"l15 ~'- CG?iltf;<!'-M ~'<31ffif ~
~ PtC"'151Cil'lf ~~~I
·1, Contents
..
~~~·~I .
(C\) '<i'Sl'i1C'11f\5'- (Over loading) : ~ ~ I!!~~~~ l!l~l'ilC611Ni~ ~I l!l"i:I
llfC61 ~ l!l~~ ~· ~ ~- ~>Jl61"M. il'J. ~- ll'tlr I ~~ 15liG!'!1C"lUC9 ~ ~
Pt"ICl!l'l"llJ'I rnml<?l'G"l '<liC<? I
('tr) '6'S\'i1~ (Over speed} : ~ ~- ~ Gi~l1i"1tt~ -ciSl'51f-!1\S'6if41! ~· ~ c;rn 1
~ ~ ~-~C61<P$'l> ?flW ~ '6-~~Qilfit4 ~~ 'Gl~~C"I ~ -~ l!l\!?ll!I~ ~
~~'ft Rl:ITT! l!l~ ~ ~ 1 ~~~~~~~~(Valve) ~91~1Jlll 1
(~) ~ ~(Over Voltage) : ~ ~ ~ ~ .iRR ~ ~ ~~ ~
\51~ W.U ~ ~ C9R<'r l!l~ ~·~~~I-~ C-=>lt!&Ctstil iWU ~ ~~ l!l~~
~ l!l~~-l!l'?I ~ OfZ ~ ~ 9fJUf I~~ .C\5tc'6Ctst<il ~ ~0% ~ ~ 91rn,
\S1 ~ ~ ~ c;zj>ip ~ ~ ~ QfAST ~I
(~o) -.,..""'1"1\l!!f.\16 ~ : ~ CG'ffS <11 f.Wrt1f ~ ~ -~ iWU l:ll*Gt'?IC"IUl~ ~ c'NT f1c~
9frol 1 ~W.U ~ ~ (Vibration Detctor) '1J:9f"' ~ ~ i
()))~~~:~~.~Ii 6190>~'- ~.~ ~ >itilfCVl"IVl'51 ~ iSf<U funRl~
· ~ ~ ~ 9lmf 1 furtfik-1!11t ~ CG-llC'516t4 ~ (femperature Monitoring) ~
l'Jt~~I .
. f .
~. ~ (~) lat91¥il~ICil'i1 ~lfli1 ~~ iil'~J'f\~ {Major Faults Of a Transformer) : ·
~ I l'll~!~l$lm ~~ ill'fU I . .
(<IS) Jil'll/'i!1lli! ~ 151~ '<3 ~~ff I:. (-.f) ~ 9ll1"9! l!l "f~R ~ ~ I
~ 1lJl"1ll''?11ll'il '<3~~ '<3 ~~VT!~~ I
(<IS) 'G~"-l!l'?I ~ 1!31fi't'--:.!l"1f ~ ~ I ,-·
(~) ~~~ -a ~~ )j~Vf1~ ~ (Incoming and Outgoing) 1 j
_
(~) Wr91 cDfiil~-l!l"i:I )j~tili~C"f ~I
~1'6~~~~1 , ..
1
'6'Sh'lC"lllS, -..M ~. ~"l~C"'l"t-l ·~ \!f<l'f. ~ ~~~ ~t ~ ~ ~ ~ I
·.U!'llF'511llt'?I .~ ~91 ~'-91!f ~ !lftC<i1S I •· •· .• · ; :'!;~::: .

8 I ~t -.t'ff l'll~i9!f.\I! ill'fU I " . ~ . .. . . .
~ ~ ~ '6$ ~t'S!f.r:5 ~ :Ql"lfliil'l1. ~\ft~~ ~t~ ~I Ul~ ~!<IS~
· itct•'W'J1~--M~~~·~if~c'f1·~~1~- .
(<IS)~~. ., ~w+tr.LJI{~~~~~~.
(~) ~ Ut-f ~ I ; . ~'~:~~~~lit';
' -- ~; --~~""? "~??=<
.
Contents
~-~ 151~111t'1°CtH -~ ~ ~ (Mer.z..perice Protection of Alternator) :

151~l~Cli'tic'ihl ~ '<3~'.-~it ill'lt"'l>[Wf ll!!tG4"!r>i1l V-U ~ ~ ~ ~ m&f~
C:!lltG<l"H ~ I ~~- ~ '31eUli!(j1'6Ul'!l ~ ~'-~ lll"ffl'1>[~ ~ ~ (Check) ~
l!ieUl'!lC-Wi!C<IS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~..:~ ~ ~ fi5~1C~M~l'1 >ilil'fC"ltG'- ~
~ ~ ~~"TI'f ~ I
r--:='IPt<=:-r~~~------==1'1"=-~-*-R
~ y
B
.. . t.:r::u~
15iJf ~.8 : 151"&li!c4GCiB1 ~~ ~ ~
<.1Vt"-s ~ Prt.><'J., c~ ~ ~ ~'8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' ~~ w
\!5l'{)!~1f~ -;wc; "$~9i:'j C:i1Lci; S! ~(Suppress) ~!'IT~ 1'fil~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <lllti14'Cct>
~~f*'--l!l'il lfl~ <!l ~~~~I
15i~Btc.Wc~rn ~ Jft~~ c.!l~ Ci1™;;'.GJlC'lil lfl~ ~ ~ ~ I 151oUli!C-WC'!l ~ ~ ~ ~
~ l!l'il ~'--c.!l"il ~ M lll\ilfNlHl'& ~~~~~I c.!l <1'1Ci!C'13'il ~ <Q<i$
f.!ilt91'1 ~-~ ~ 'gfiij C'ilMJU'!lfb ~ ~ 1 l!l ~~~'-~~cf~ \S~~ '10
~~Wil'l~~orn1~~~i!l~~"f(Zone)~~1
~~
r-=1~::7~~.--~---;::==f!~+,_-~-R
•lhf\N'll"ii:=-""":::rlir--'WV'--+----1h=~rt-ti.!T-Y
"i=ll!tc:-f~-'lllU'---7'-------H~~-HL-t--B
Contents
<!I ~ ~'Rf ~ "fi{;HwiGt<iH1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <RT .'Q <!I"<!~ ~ ~ <!!~

~ ~ ~t.~ ~ ~ 1flflil fll~g 1. ~89RI ~ ~~ ~R~<mf ~ ~ ~
'311?! ~ ~ ~t.t1TM ~~I ~ ~t.-dl~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i511~ ~ ~ WMH~
· ~ ~ ~ lf!~ 'b!ii;i{lci!'G{I~-~ c~ f.mie ~ om 1
<!! ~ ~ ~ 'G~~-<!IQ "J.~ ~ PI.f°U QW ~~I~~ Pr.f°U. ~ ~W~
~~ (7f!lffil~ ~ 'G~~ ~ ;:r~'Qn~ Cl'f'<3m ~. ~ ~ ~~PT!~ ~ ~ '5~~ ~
Pr.fU-·~~ ~ Ul<f~ ~ ~ m
~~7;Wf! ~ ~R~ ~ I
&!.fU.~ ~ \S ~ ~ ~ 1fll:!Wl' l.!l~_ 7iZ~ ~. <!!~ ~"fffi ~ ~
~lfi ~ ~ 1 P!.$-~ -Uctf'~"l <n ~ <!!~l ~W,OlQ (Identical)~ W.1\5T-'fJ11fffi1.!f~
~~~(Spill Current) ~ ~ ~9fir~ ~cq 1 ~ ~ '~ ~<IBTJf 'Ur~ '3~
~ ~~ ;;:~&.~ C"f'3m ~ I l!I~ ~ "ft~Hl't\!i ~ ~ 'li~<'l J'f~~T~t ~€1Jf?! <!>~ii I ~
~ ~ 9ff.<1bWl~ ~~ i5MJ ef.* @<?WfQ f.'1#<1'51 Pt.fU..:l!l~ ~ ~~~~! 0''81TI ~ I
Piro) Prt'J~
~~~ R
•lhl\f\N~~-ff-~-+----li-;=ofl'=f--~.L.f--Y
'+-tfp.;+~'P'---r------+t-:>t~-hl~..+-B
LJ:§§~ffi~$:!__J ~~'1"
\_~~~ffl
;WI
r.- ....f--1ii"I
.J_
!'=--···' .. ~
~ ~-~ : ~ m~ ~ \Si~li1CoWi1 ~ ~
c!l ~'Ii.~ ~ ~"! C~iT~~ 9f1'5'%i ~ f.l~ f-1.'ffl. C"ITTi fur:~~~~ ~i!.'T?. 1
co;;rc<r
vi!fui>'GJ!'>l mm~~~~~. <il~ <Ul<'fiMZ c~fS!iGJl?i <rCC'T I ~ ~ $ifi~ 'Wit ! .,~ ~~
11;'~ Pr.f'U-C\5 ~ <!>WrofJ 1<,Wli f.!<tm ~ ~ 9l~Co\3'it llT-1 "'fTJ ~I ~ ~f-~
~ ~C.,. ~ ~ 'l.TCti'J <n ~ "€ ~.@ ~l:fJ B ~1 ~ ~ ~ Pr.TIJ-03 <1'1C'i!C1hl
ora
·~hP'll~J'~! ~ l!l<rt. ~· ctil~C-0~ ~ ~~'Z ~ ~ ~~I ~ ~ ~?fITT'i;
~ ~ G<lll'itt4> Ul9f ~ I
~~ P!c'"1tiiif ~ ~
(~) ~ '<3~t-i.!l~ i.!l~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "TI:~ -.i~ ~ ~ ~~ l!l ~ 1514114'4>?! I
(=<_) '3it (Through) ~ ~ i!l ~ ~. Offi I~~~.~~ <Sf~
~I
~~~~(Inter Turn Fault Protection) :

Contents
~ ~ ~~ Si '<3 S.Z. .~ ~~"t 11jl'i11"11i'j ~Wllff <IS'i1l ~ <!l<f~ Pr.~-~~ iJPI ~

(Cross Connected) ~I ~l-atf.44 ~ Si '<3 s.z,.. 1!1'1111111 ~ ~ ~-~I ~ m
~~llJ~~·~~~'ift1~'6-~"CU~~~Pr.~-~\5Pl1f.~
. - .' . -
~~I <!I~~ 1'l3 m

~ ~ ~ <!l~ ~ fi;<>f >il~QIS ~ ~ <!l~ 151i'iiBwtfhRCIS
~Cf<fQIS~~l.
* Jll'1lf'A:qlc'il'il '5ftWll' ~ (Transfomer Protection System) : 'l<l'iJNs4 ~~ ~
}al41~'il:lll'i1 <!l~ ~ '<3 ~ ~ ~I J.ll"f~'i1:11l'll <!l'l$ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~~ ~ <!l~ ~ 'GJ!~~ ~ lfCl3 ~~I <!l <!Sfm;'f ;'Gl"l~'il:llleil C"mf-ilJifiJ ~
C'f1! ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fTC'i1 I <!lW.U l!i"l~'il:lll'ilClts ~~ <!l~ c.:tlc'C<t>"fil P!cSG:ql'l\4' :
(<:>) flW1 fuc<'f (~ fuc<'f) I <!lffl ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c;irn I
(~) ~-~ C~ ~-<.!l'il l!T~ l!1"1'l''ll:lll'i1C4>; ~ ~ ~1'[ <!l<f~ ~ UJif ~ C~ ~
~ <l5'i1T ~ I .
('11) ~ m..,. <!l<f~ ~~ 151Jlw•U1'i1 m ~ c~1c.U ...1i&if.l~ <!Stm:ct (~~ ~ '6 ~~ ~
~) ~•PJ:t:O'l"fif ~ ~ C~ "'i1"iITT <l5'i1T ~·~fl .
<!1~'<3 ~~ ~ C~, ~~ <!l<f~ '<3~ C~llU<?•fi{ ~~~ !
<!l~~ <>fl~~~~~~ c~ ~~~~~~. ~

li1"1~'ll:lllC'i1 ~ (Size) <!l<f~ <!l'il l?S~, ~~ ~. ~ ~<fl ~ ~ 'GJ19f CD@mf ~ lS<>!il
M~'il ~I
>J:~~I~ 9fi'<3~,lJi"14''lllliC'll'i1 C~ m~~~~ ~~
(~) l!1"1'l''il:lllei!'i1 ~ ooct-
(4) ~<!l cill5~ I
(~)~C'Slflif'<31
(~) '<3~~-<!l'il ~~rq-f~.2fctffer I
('if) "i'jl'SIC>iC'tilS! rnml'l>lU"I ~ ~ rn{lJl<l>lU"i I
(;g) ~~~~~~mt,~~ C'Slf\S!JtJIC'Jlil ':ll"R I
("D) ~<fl '¢11~1iC15IC'i1 ~~mt I
(~) <l'"i'Stl'llC~'ti'll ~ ~ I
(~) flf.ffl <!l<f~ m..,. 91Wl"l-<!l'i1 ~ ~ ~~ ~ Oi".fJ '<3 ~~~I
(-.:i) 9ft'<3~;'Gl'l~'ll:llleil'S11ilf1i'iilC61 ~ 91Wnct I
(8) Jli"1~'il:llleil'll '¢1<1~1'1~~ ~~~I
(<2') ~ (.~ll1i<P"f.I ~ ~ ~ .2fC~llSTilJ~ ~~I
~.8 -~ ~Jil'lfl:qlc'il'il ~lc&<t>"fil (Transformer portection by Merz-prlc~ System) :
Jli"1~'ll:lll~ ~ (Protection) ~ ~ >il'iltt:01fG~ ~ ~ ~9Rr ~ ~ ~-~ <fl
Nilflei!MWI ~ ~ 15~~ 1 ~ct <!iffl Clll"IST-~~ <!lq~ ~-~-~ ~ ~~ ~
. '~I.~~~~~~~~~ m
~I ~ct ;'Gl"1lf'il:lll@t ~ <!lq~
C"1QIS61~ '6~~-1!1~ Ul'f ·~~~ ~ ~ "ft I ·~ iUl+tlJl'll:lllC'll~ ~ ~ ")'ft°Clll~.2fctffe!-.S <!!~
~~"ft I 9ft"<rnRt Jil.'1~~11IC'i1 ~-~ •.~-~. ~-~. ~-~ ~ ")'f'.°Clll~ ~
~I ~~-tlRi ~/Ji{;m 9ft'8lml Jai"'1lf'll111C~~ ~R~~ ~~I .
Contents
Contents
*
Wl'l'lc•{Gcn'• ~ («llt'G•Pt"I ~ Jt?P'IJl<qfii'l'I ~ ~. . . "< . . . · ·.,:> "'~
~- ) : 3-'7fSf, 11 ~. 20 ~'lf. ~. If! ~-~ ~ ~li!<:-1'G~H !ihOICfiGG'I 10% -~
~ ~ <fi119tc'Jli 175 1151JlfDi>llll'l'I llllli!<Ul'll91 <JIC'l'IC~'l'I 1lliU' fWJ 1fM 'fltf ~ ~ ~ ('11til
~ 10 'SM~~~ ~1U91 ~~~ ~ ~"lllllfilf" ''l'lfilt~Jl9j ~'fftqJ
~I ~~HICif'GCiBI '6~ ~~<Rt~ I
~:
~
~
ii) .....
l~C'111CM ~ ~ "PiC.'ll'V IFL =-r;;20 x 106 = 1049. 73 Amp.
-v3 x 11000
~iU1~c..uc~m ~ ~ Rnu1<:>iG"'f = %XxVp
IFL x 100
= lOx~x 1000
1049.73 x 100
=0.605~
~'5~~-<!I~~~= 11~ooox10 = 635 _08 ~

. 3xl00
~ ~. r '5~-<!l~ ~~ ~IC"l Jj~~N ~ m I
~~. ~~~~ ~. Z =..Jr2 + xz
~~~V<rn~~
m9f~.u ·~
= 635.08 =3.578 IS~

..Jr2 + (0.605)2
QT~~~ 175Amp. <!lm91~
(635.08)2 ~ ~
:. 0 75F r2 + (0.605)2 (\::I~~ ~ •pi 'IB')
<n, r2 x 60625 + 11209.516 =403326
392117.08 - 3 578 ~ .
:.r = 30625 - . IS.._., I
~- ~ : 50 lfl'lf. ~. If!,~~. 33 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ (11tVl~ ~)

~ ~ 'fiil't ~I ~ ~ ~ li1'1'111i!IC'1111 ~ 2000/5i:IUI~ ~111C•tG11 ~ "'1f
~ ~7.5 ~ '1l~~JIC'l'l'I 'lft~ ~<Rt~ l ~~~~"!It'll~'-~ 0.5 1151JlfDi>lfll11
~ ~ ~ ~ "5l~~cut ~ ~.·~ llll~htcotGCH ~ ~-~ ~ '1mlfif ~
~~'6~~~1
I..
Contents
~ ~ __..:;................; 190,5x Fl -.
\:11~1"'1'1:1 ~111'<.l~'.-1!1'51 ~ <1'"'11 <i'l~WV = . 151}) JlMl ............... ())
7 5
~ ~ ~ 151~'. ~ = 2 ~00 x 0.5 =200 ~Jlf'NiWJ ................ (-<)
~ '151911tW ~ ~ Cill\!llC4<15 )'{'. t.!I~~ -<'{~ ~Cf-.!19 ~ ~ m I
~~ 190.5 x = 200
7.5
:.X = 7.874% l ~)
2t.<t ifil"1•11i!ICU ~ ~ ~1,tl•Pt91 ~~ J1)!J1Jl4fit~ ~tl'R :
~- ) : ~ ~ ifil"l'l''ilill'il (11 KV/ 6.6 KV},~/~~;;'.~ ~I l!ltcli
~ll'IC11filfllil '«!1Ltl4"M ~11l'51 ~ ~.it. ~~ ~ ~ I 6.6 KV ~l ~~ f3r.1l ~ m
600/5 I~~ (H.T.) ~Pr.it. C'5lfiltv3 ~CR I [~: 'o~]
~:·
WJl ~.~
~<m,H.T. ~I ~JIM~~~~
...j3 x 11 x I = ...j3 x 6.6 x 600 (J:li·>i~~P'll<•~rn (;.::.~ ~ ~<!I ~)
:. I = 360 Amp.
fi ·<!I~ H.T. ~ f3r.f6-.-<!19 ~~I
6.6 KV~;;~~~ m I~ f3r:fU-9 C"'1C<t>51Rl ~ 5 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~
~~I
~ 11 KV~Pi.$. ~PR~~ I
5
~ H.T. ~ f3r.fU.9 CJiC<P&lfu ~ ~ =..f3
. 5
~~ H.T ~ f3r.f6-.C9fit-e = 360 : '\f3 I (~)
~- ~: ~ 3-~. 33/6.6 00, ~/ ~.~l,i5'Ill"llP11ill11c ~ ~ ~ C«llt.tl<Ptt"1'51
~ 'fft _ , ~ ~t"l¥11ill'A~"C51l Cilt-~ ~ <f'tc:1a:f1'5I ~ 300 : s wr. ~-~
~ ~ ~ ifil"111'11i!IC1111 ~ Cf\6 ~ ~ 1!1~ f3r.$. ~"C51t Ccflt-! ~ ~ ~ ~
~I . /4145~: '08]
~:
-~ '~@[R
;
- f5il! ~.)o
ifirn/ ~ ;iJl'llP11illC'A'il ~ ;;t~ Pi.$. \!19 ;;~vn~ ~/ ifirn m 1 ~ ~. 911-el!rn Ja1"!¥~111m1
Ci'll-~~h .
Contents
~-~ 'l~~ Pr.~. ~~ ~. ~ = 53~~2 =·~~-A ... :
~Pr.it. 'G~ ~ 'l~~. ~ P'f.1l-l!l'il ~ ~ ~ ~~A

-~~<ml, 911~ Jal~tJS?llllC?l?I ~-~~Ii
~~ {3 x 33 x 11 = {3 x 6.6 x h
Ii= 6.6 x h =h A
33 . 5
ClK~ ~-~~Pr.it.~~~~.
~~ ~-~ ~ Pr.fU. <!l?l ~ ~ ={3 b
.
;
· 3x60
~-~ Pl.~-?l czjit-s =152 : -{3 li = 60 : - ~ I (~)

t 3x60 -v3
~-" : ~ 11000/400 Volt, cr#Gtf ~ Jil"l'l''llilll'il R5¥1C'lffil411'1 ~ ~lc°G4-M'l1 ~

~~I lfRl"_ 11000 ~m 91t'<311RJil'l'l"llilll'll ~Pr.~.-~ 4lt'i1W'il ~ 2.1:.1~400
~m~iGt"1¥'ililltcH G1filre~~r
~:
·~ <!ifu. 11000 ~ ~]liitJS?llll@l ~ = I1
~-~m. i 1000 ~ ~, P'f.i'U.-l!l?l ~ ~ .J\

c<TR°1 ~-~ ~~~~~.~Pl.tu. >-Ji{.<f ~~'ig;.m I
. I
Pi.tu. -l!l?l ~ ~ =2.\
~ mJi <ml, 9!11Sm?l 1ilii~?llllC?l?l 400 ~ ~ ~ =b
~R {3 x 11000 x Ii = {3 x 400x h
I _ 11000 11 _ 110 11
2
- 400. - 4
~ CC1P!T~t15 ]liitJS?l~l'?l ~ ""!~~. ~ P'f.fU. ~ ""!~~ m I
P!.11'.-l!l"i'I ~ ~ = d\
.....n=? 11
~ 'l'i~ll"\1 = {3 x 2. 1
I - 400 ~-l!l"?l" ~ 4>IC'l'.1CoU?l ~~ = 1140 Ii : {3 Ii

. 3 x 2.1
. =110x.../3x2.1:4
= 100: 11(-)
~-8 I ~ C.-. lil.,flill'lf 220/ 11000 ~ ~~ "'lqt~"' ~~I lfRf 220 ~
~~f'r.$ dff~~600/5~ 11000 ~-dff~~f'r.h~~~
~ ~~ "'1"f "'l'li~"' ~~~~~,
~=
~~. 220 ~ ~ ~ ~ =600 ~JIFvtWI
:. Pi.fU'?l ~-.u-i ~ ~ ~ = 5 ~
Pt.fU'"?l" Wilt~~= 5 x {3 ISIJI~
Contents
·..
)qo ·~ . c~c;fitrmt l5/JIW d!ft~»/o:i ;.r.,.:.•:::{;,,~ .
. <!I~ (5.,/3 e!JIH1ffif) ~ ~ 1i~ ~~~I~~·~~~~ e!llMllRl Pi.tu·~

CliC"fi(StHt~~~~I .
:. ~~ ~~~~ 11000 ~ ~··~ = ·5'[3 '6!JI~ I Wr 11000 ~ ~ ~. ~
~l~.~~~~W=CliC<l>(Slrn.~~~I ..
ql, .,f3 x 220 x 600 = .,f3 x 11000 xI
<n, I =.y3 x 220 x 600 = 12 ~
x 11000"3
:.11000 ~Pi.ff; cm~~ = 12: 5../3
= 1.385 : l I ( - )
<!l PI.ff1. ~ ~ ~ ~ °l'j'~~ ~I <Jmcf, l!i ~ .Jal"lll''!l~l~?1 ~ °l'j'~~~ ~I
~- <t I <!1'1$ ~ ~ :ql'lfl.~lil 400/ 11,000 ~ ~ ~-~ ~~~~I o£l1l
400 ~ ~ (Side-<!I) ~ ~l'lll'?l~IC?I ClllC'i!C>(;il ~ (Current ratio) 500/5 \'!JIP1lffi!
~11.ooo~m~~•ltilt"til~<n~~~~"lti~N~~~~r
~: ~-~ ~ °l'j'~~ ~ ;'Ul"l<l'~l>i!C!f!f Pt.ff;~~~~ \l'.l<f~ ~ ~ ~
~~~m1
~ • .fl~.!al"'l'<"'?.l~!C'?.1'!1 400 ~ ~ °l'j'~~~ m ~ = 11
l!i~ ~·~ 400 ~ fi1t<fl C~ ~~ 500 ~/ 5 ~I
:. ~ CiboliJi ~~Pm~ fi1t<fl ~ = 5~0 =·lgO ~ 1
5
:. ~ <l'T8MJ = i ~o x {:3
PI.ff1'"?.1.ll,OOO~~~~R~l~~PJ.fU~~~~"f'IC'!1Ci&!f~m1
:. ~~~~= lgO x../3~1

~~(11.000~~)=h
~. "3 x 11,000 x h ='13 x 400 x 11
. I _ -J3 x 400 x Ii
••
2
- '13 x 11000
4
<n, h = 110 Ii
:. PI.fU'°'i-1 11,000 ~ ~ <?ll?1C4Js ~~-
l io ;{! Ii : 11 = 0.0364 : 0.01132

= 21 : 1 I (hit) , <·
~.~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ ll5it'iel11t0\'Gm1 ~ 9lt'Sllt1'I C«llc°G<fi"li{ (Reverse power protection

of alternators by reverse power relay) :
~ '&ls'll~c<ts ~~ C<?Mt ~ct~~.~ ~-UH1Cilt!f!U ~ ~ ~ corn~~
~ ~rNrnrn ~ <mf I \l'.l ~ ~·9ft\Slffif ~ ~ ~ltG'P"tCiBI ~ .c-mt ~I <!I~
e!oUBIC'i'&!f ' 8 - { . \l'.l~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ Ptffl ~~Clft~ ~~I c.
Contents
~ ~ l5IFGHW@fiijj16IM+ ~ \;~IM+~· 91t6lmt ~"1 ~~ ~ Pifh ~ ~~

,. ~ ~ ~~'.\flcistiTJ ~ ~ I ~ ~ 9ft'61ffi1 ~ \S"i)il~ ~ ~ ~ ti;91
<Rt I ~ ~ ~ nfll I~ 9ft'6lITTI ~ Nic'!l•PMIC1 91t'Sl!Bf aisl-1.!l~ ~ ~ ~ ~91 ~ I
DIRECTION OF POWER
FLOW FOR TRIPPING
_)_
'
~. '
~. '\ ~ ~ ~ ~iQl91fl~IC'lBI Gil5J'S~"1 ~ ~ (lntemat fault protection of

transformer by Buchholz relay) :
~~( ~ l!I~ ~ 1Wfi.·ljJU ~~WU~~ ~~Ut ~'lift~ ~I~
~1<'1~ ~ lTCtfJ ~tffit~ ,l!l'f4U ~~ 1.!FR ~9G$ Flw ~ l1/iC<l5 I ~ -ol'1-.::> ~ ~ ~~
<!l'f.li; ~ ~ ~ 'C'll~ ~I l!l~ '-'1~ ~ ~ ~ IQq~ ~ ~Qf ~ t'tlf9j~
• ~ 'f~m)';'f ~I~~~ ~l<°!'O ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ Q;~ .!i<!~
~ ~ jf~m)';'f ~ ~ "111 1!!~'5 ~ ~ '8. w.;u ~ l1/iC<l5 I f5"c<ll l!l~ ~ ~ ~
~~I
<fit1f'~'tffer, : ~ ~ ~
Release
'"ill~IM<ll ~ ~ c<lfi't Cock
~'f ~~~'SW!
~ ~91 ~ C9far ,Ut"lll''!lill'!I
l
'iiJT~~ ~ N;4~ ~I
<!!~~~
70% ~~toilCiS!i\· ~ · ~
~!<!!~~~~~
~~~·~'I!'tfJ :;:-::-=-=:-=---- Io
~ <t>"llSll'!lCoUC'!l'!I ~ CtTCi5 :::2"'.!!':lt---tr!P
Circuit
DRT l!liSRJ fui'f 4!1C+IC0'!1
I ~~~t--Mercwy
~~';'[ ';'fW! ~ ~ CW'l1l Switch
To
~ Flw ~ Ofll I ~ From
'6~ ~ ~f.{w~ =f=~

~ ~ '!~~·~ 9fBf\'f
~~t!Wi~~~~
<rnf I 1Wr 'I~~ .. ~.·~ I Flap Test Cock
.l!j~~~·~~
~'(jm ~1 ~:artti~ ~ . ~=~.)~~~
~~~~tie tit9f ~ '3<Pt'!IC41 ~<11( ~ ~ ~ "111 ~er. l!l ~ iSRJ ~
'l>IC'!lcifi'!I ~ 'f'l"lflf ~~~~cf~~~ "11
I ,·•.j~~~-; . ,
I~'._
Contents
Jil"llJl'lliilURI ~ "1iJ ~~iii'$ Clflr-{- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~· ~ ~4'ijf ~ ~

~ ~ 18T I ~ ~ ~~ lJfiU J.il'ltJJ'll)flSI Urn_<15 CQft<J ~ ~ ~ 4i#\$llSICi5{;C'll ~ I <!I
1ft'6$ ~ ~ JIJl~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ '6ta '6 ~ ~ ~ .9ftll I~
cWr,
~ ~- C9fei'T Ila"'f • ~cf~ <!l<t~ ~ ~ t'fi"'f .~ \T;l'jpl:fM m Jll'l<l'Sl~ltJBI ~ .~
~ Cln1 I
~~~:
()) .l!l"laJ'?lallC'!Bl ~ ~ l!lfT1 ~ -m~~ ~~~I
(~) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ J!'!U\Wf.l'\!5 :>j~$Jq>?)'f ~~ f-tt~
~I
~:
()) 4i"l\Sll?IC~U~:P'I~~ C\Wl ~ Ja!'>\<l'Sl<ll'!I <t1$1~ l!l ~ ~ ~PTW i!l 1
(~) <!I ~ Jll+PJl?llllt:4 Jf~~ 4>Jl"lli1'll ~ ~ ~ ~ m
~I
(~) ~ ~-.; <.Q<t$ ~ 11"191 C~ ~ C'i"fe"f <!lffl ~ ~ ~ f.'IWr! ~ ~ rrt 1
(8) ~ ~ ~ \'<1 C'lM ~ ~ ~1{ ~ llrn "II I

(~) Ul ~ ~ "1-~-orn <!l<t~ ~ ~9ITT?lfU~ ~ o.) ~I
(~) ~"f\bq; ~ ~ 500 KVA-l!l~ ~ ~ fiW'! ~ <!i'lll ~ "11 I
Contents
) I ~ ~ ~@cwt14't '<ftr
m: ~ ~" ~"ti'tt m91-
(<:>) '1Ri-~-~of ~ >!fq'- (~) Cll5tlf-i-~ ~ I
~I ~l~~~~·~r
m : ~lfRI~ <!t ~ ~ ~ 'l'ciJ I ~ '8~'--<!I~ '(i:t>J:C'l"f.1 \51<1'ljiClFi1 ~ ~
~~Qf~~ml Q~~'l'ciJI .
~I ~~~~~r
~: ~ ~ -G~~ m Ur-f ~ M~ ~. ~ ~ <!t~~ ~oo 9inmf
lTI:~ "!U ~ r.~·.ffl ~WI'~~~ UFl ~ ~ I q fi~IMMW ~ ~ ~ <!t ~
~~9imtl
~I 1511'i<IJl'll"l\S C'll\Sej~\!l ~~~fittif~4!ftifl'f<R!~r
~ : 151H<IJl'11"1" ~~-IQ~ 1J5"C'1 ~~ ~ 'S~~ni ~ PlC'4'1C¥l"I ~ ~
~.~IQ~ Ci1C~ FlC'l'IC~l"f ~~~I
~I 151~l~Ci1btil'4 ~ ~ ~ 1JRPl1''~ ~Slt"f'll'"Uif~·~~r
m :151'1JH1c.W@1 ~ 15~'--l!l~ l!l'fG>i~C~~ C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~
'~~I
~I 151i{;l'4cAtltil ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ '~~JGJllJf ~~'flt~ <!t"R c<A?
m : ~<ii1m:rroc'!l ~-~ ~ 1 $B' c~ ~ ~ ~ 9tt®Rf ~ Pl<isu<i~ F1.1t.
C~t"~ fiwri1' mc<ll ~-mtrrn C'!l™Jt1l"I ~ 1it~ ~ ~ IQ"C<li ~~ c11fil!JtJl"I <fci'l I
C\ 1 1il'f~ Ptcwtvl'4 1=1~'l'tO"C'ft ~ ~,
- : ()) ~ ~~-lll'il <!I~~~ ~~~lfro~~lJSl'IGl;t'f <!t ~ ~'1'14¥::11
(~) CSft (Through) ~ ~ I!! ~~~rm 1 c,.tj"tl<>lt>s ~ ~ ~ ~ t3T ~
qc<'f I
lr I tnl'111'41llciht '8'SRf ~~ ~ ~ ~ "fAA17

~: IS~li1C'11\5, -..tU ~. ~ ~ <!l'l~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Jalilll''!llllC'!l \Slf':lfo-5> 15191 ~9f:l m ~ I .
~1•1111111ltil'4 ~ ~ ~ l!iifI ~~ c~tco~<>"fil ~ ~ ~ ~t
i·
Contents
~ I Gl~Fl:C"lliil ~'GIWl'l'Sl~ic1i'i'1 ~ "5tti'fl' <..l'jlt°G'151U'S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~? {q/4'/fiirrq,·: '08, 'oo-J

~: ·-:iiC'11 C:!::liC'G<t>fE:~ ~~~!<,~ 'ti·',<l~>t:iJ:~ ~9! : _
(~) ~~. (~) JfZ~~. (~) w~1, (~)'@'co~. (ll) ~ ~-qz (~) ~ i
~ I ~l'l~i!IC1BI ~~~Pf.~~~~ f.f"1*!1b"Sl"4 ~ ~ ~ I [<tl'PJPrc<r/: '06]
m : !..'j_C~"f ~.8 ~ (~) 'iZ .!l'Z) ~ ~. (8) ~ ".l,~li'l ..:.;:,t'j q_ni lff'8m, (1) Wos ~ ~ ~
~ lft~. (~) ~ C.-;•'-", ('1) "<3~~z. (17) 'G~, (1'1.) -~~Rl W.~. (~c) ~~ ~
~<iZ ())) f<rnifuz ~~ ~'B'W I
81 ~clG,<;t;{f;ut:s:i~~~~~~"RI
~:~~.l!l.':l~<JI
a-1 151~1?,-;'&t'Jl~~~C~~~~I
~: ~~-:>'f ~-~ -!i~ ~~~"I atZJ
!i': - i
!_ ~I ~!+'1'!-il'1111 -2llfR .fft:r-1 ~~ ~f >rl''l'l i

m :]1"1« i'l"llC'?Hl 2il:fR :!!<a<1 i!< fU'l-._~ ~91 :
0 0
~ ! ~~ ~~91tN:-t>!i ~I
(<;>) ~~ CW'rn ~~ IS ""l*'-Tl'1-stf.i~ ~ I
(~) ~ 9fT-i 'S ~~R ~~I
~ i ~-"1~1111111 >Bmmz IS "lzwr~ ~ 1
(ClS) IS~Z-<!19 ~ IS W"fZ-<!!1l "lITTl '1l'-ffl I
(~) ~~ IS~·~::;) "1Zt<ri~1~c"i ~fU (Incoming and Outgoing) 1
(~) 'iiJl91 c$z-.!i~ 'J!Zt<ri~ ~ I

~ I €"5ra ~z~ ~ I
s 1 ·~m~z -..ft1"'llf<imiS!M~~1
(<;;)WI~"·
(~)~~~~.
(~)~~~'
C\ I Jil'l&~i!IC11<a ~~ C-f'ti\ m ~ ~ ~ ~ lJiRT ~?.
m:~~.s~1
lr-1 Jil'lfii!ICH -~ ~cG;qi"l"i ~~~I
m=~~._8~1
i- I ~~ ~ ;UIWifl:lll<a. C<l!llt&;q1"1rJ1<1 ~~~<Rt~?-
~:~l'l>.8~1
.
Contents
)Ol~~~-~CWl'4fl ·.: ! ··· · • ,c, ~:.

' ~:~ll>.C\aWul . • ,:.
))I .Jilwtikiaflt'Ail~~~~.~~~~~'R.tt~~.
m : ~ ll>.8 Ul~ C"ft1f (~) ~ I
) I ~~~ ~Jil"likiafltil'il ~~~<:R lf<'ll'Prfi~: '08, od-, 'o~, 'olr, '>o, )>)
~:~ll>.8~1 . .
~ I ~ ~ fWi\l ~ ~ ~'flf.r ~ <R I {:q/<ptPJro : '>o, '>>]

m:~l'I.~~,·
\:l t ~~{Reverse) 9ftelffil ~ ~ ~~. ~ ~ ~ ~~ CWl'4f t [~ro: '>>]
~ : ~~ ll>.~ "!~ ;:r2<!J I
8: '$f~~Jil"l<;"Sl~IC~Hl-.sftf~~C2Jl(G<t>"t'l'~~~<RI {<tl'Ptfitr<!T: '>>]
m: '3l'J_l~'1 ~.8 "!~~I
<ti ~9'MWtWRl~~~~I [~: ')o]
~:~ll>.~'l~~I
~I ~-~~~~Ji!'l4'Sl~ltihl~~~~'<RI
~: ~ ll>.S "l~aWIT I
C\ ! ~~'f ~~~fu";;rn Cf'ttf~~ ~~~I
~,: \5i".J.f.tQ"l ~.<\ .,~-1'.)Zqj I
'r1" I~ ~~'l''ll"!ICiHl ~ .QCR ~viii~ C~ 01'<3llt ~.~~fl I
•
[<tf<p/Pfcw : 'olr J
~=~~.8'1~~1
~ I ~-;~ ~ ~ Jfltt•'llafltiHI ~~~~<ff I [4/'Ptfiitc<rr: 'ou-J
~, m=~~.sW{~alqf 1
)o I ~~ ~ ~ ~-~ ~l'l*'ll~IOSHI ~~~ ~cf.ltCR I [<n<pJfitw.: 'o~J
m:~~.8~~~1
)) I W, ~~ 200/1000 ~~~~~~~I~ ~oo ~ ~~l!i
~~~~~6001swr1000~~~~~1""~Pi~~~~m~~
~~~~<f~~-llit~r . ['ff~: 'o~J
~~: ~'1 ll>.~ <.!!~ ~~"( :>'I~ W<!J I
)~I ~~ml~~~cttfi(~<RI f~rro: 'o~J
~:~ll>;~i!~~I
)~I~~~~ ~~l'AC"1t~il ~~~'ff I [4/'PrfKrc<tr: 'o~]
~: ~ l'1,8 'l~:!l'BtMro: 'of/)

m:~~.s~~~'
)~I ~~~itlff:$3f~cmr~$<Rt [<4/<t>Jfirro: 'oq/
m:~~.~r(~~I .
)'\ 11111f'~~ ~~l'l'#'ilillCH.~~~~'R I {qJWfiK<TT: 'oB]
m:~~.8~~' .
)lr i G(~i11C"'lliC'll'il ~~et~~~ Ctt:llt'r.'f."fif ~~'ff I
m:~~.~~I .
)~ I ~ G(iiGl11fOil'GUBI ~~~<fr~~ CR I
~:~~.~~l
~o I G1-lt11Ql°GCH ~ ~ ~ ~ '.rilt°Gct>"tif ~~~'ff I
m:~lll.~~I
~) I ~ G1-ll11cil'Gc'll'll ~ ~ 'f!lc'6ct>"H ~ ctcf.n CR I
m:~~.~~I
~~ I ~l'lfllllC'A'll Gl'SJ'iilcf ~ C«!itl';qs~ ~ ~ ~cftfir ~'ff I
m:.~~.'l~I
~~ I ~ ~-~. 20 MVA. UKV, ~ ~~ C'Slil!l.:sr'tiitlh ~ ~ 'Pjq\~Clb ~ ~
~ ~ ~~ilr.t. ~ i200/5 ~ ~~ ~ ~ o.75 15lJlf°"lm iii~~
9fClR; 6 ~ C'il~SGJll'Rt ~~ ~ ~ ~I ~"1 C<>1il1C~'Gi1ffl ~ ~91tc'Alt~ "5lc:iiGC'St Dt1'I
~~~~-~;,-~~~~~~~e!Wfi, ~f4cfu<R I
ffi: 17% I
~8 I ~-'tlRf, 22/11000 Volt Jil"1¥11illi1 ~/~ ~ "f~~ ~I ~ 220 Volt-l!BT
41"'1"6'11 ~ 600 : }a ~ ~1'11.l''ilillC'll'll 11000 Volt-~~ flr.ffi.-illll ~ C'ilfilt'e ~

~~ m 9!W't ilr.t.-llRf ~~ ~ ~, ..
m:12:s.~~'
~~ I 11/32 KV 9!tem1f ~!'lt?'ililh'l ~~ ~ ~R~ ~I f.ili' C'>s!~t·s:~ ~ P\".ffi. ~
600/5. h "51Cfi6C'8!4 mP\".fii. ~~<HI
m i 40 '\f3 : 1 I
Contents
~--===:::::
~o.o ~ : ~ ~ ~ N;~f~>P'\l[~~ ~ "i~~iSl c~tc'i~'l""fl Cl'i-sm ~ IJ:"~ ~ ~ .!l<l\
~M"IT~ c~ C11'5m ll"1l1'i'fl1 ~ mnr <lT ~1<1M'il ~. <m~~ ~ l!)q~
~~~~~Cf~~~ Qf''f ~ 1 ..O~lS ~ '5~l'i!C<'ll\!i&Me il!'fU ~ Cl'rn !
~ 9f!'5~ ~~ ~'®"R> ~~~~~~I~~-
(~) ~ fil>-~-rn (Radial Feeder).
(-./) ~ ~ (Parallel Feeder),
($'1) "ffi'~ ~ ~~h1 (Ring Main F<;!eder) I
~ l!l<l~~"fif ~ c~1cucis•1cr::i'l ~ ~~ f.im!i91-
(~) IS~~ Cl!IT~ I
(~) ~ 'tllCG•PM I
· (~f) ~ '5m'Rl~ C~~ I
~o.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Time Graded Protection System of Feeder) : l.J~~
~ ~<IT~ ~ ~ ~ ~ >ml f.lifu:l'f l!I~ ~ ~ c<l"1 ~~~
~ ~ ~~V'i ~ CVT-.fl ~ ~ ~ ffi'1 ~ ~Q.f ;j)o"fU9,fcf "!'21 ~·~ ~ ~~r~<:> ~1
~~I~ l!l<f~ ~ ~ C~~ ~ ~i~ ~~I :!f"CW~ ~ll'J ~I
~o.~.~ ~~~~~(Time Graded Protection System of Radial Feeder) :
~~: ~ ~ 'lfU <ft~~-~~ "liiC<i<l>•fil ~ ~ l ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~. c>Sl·mm~ <ft~~ c~ 9f!-mrrn ~~ ~ ~ l!I~ Nirn'icr::
~e ~ 1 l!i ~ 2!ifi"l ~~111 ~ ~ JT~• ~'5~ ~ ~~ ~ (Receiving End)
~ f.~ m"'./T 'W<! ~ -.rr, ~ <Jl1'!J onr , \!l ~~ ~cm ~ ~ ~ l5ffiri'l' ~
~~~f«.;~~~-
(<f.) C\5f~ ~ ~ (Definite Time Relay),
("<!) ~·r~:Jf 'G1~l.l
R:o'l (Inverse Time Relay) 1
(<fi) ~ ~ fitil ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~·: WCCll ~ hll'iil ~
~M ~ ·-s~ ~ C~ Cl'iG~ ~ C'm1 ~I l!I ~Ill~~~~~
~ f.:!~ .Qq~ ~9f!~~ ~ ~ l!Wrn.~ ~I 'e~ q.~ ~'SIT:~~ l.!J~ ~
<:>m ~. ITT~~-~ Cllff<IS ~ cqfiif ~ ~ ~ c;>!fi;~ ~ ~ m efre~ I
Contents
~ ~ ~ ~·-~ '519fro$t .~ ll~ 9.p ~' ~ ~ fik~~~. ~. f\WT. ~

0.5 ~:"mt~ m~i <ti~~ ~~.~~~·~~I ~Jffif~~
~ o.2s ~= ,~·o.s ~=:.:!£1~~~ ~··~ ~ 1 \!lm ~ ~•.m~ ~ ~e.-~11
~91 ~~·~~~I~~· '<3 ·'~;~~vit'~ ~ m~·~,.;~ ~'~ tfi9l~~
G!t"R<l'i ~ c~ ~ ~ 1.f<ls::i ~ ~~~ \51~~ ~ ~ f<i'i:rm ~i<-rt l!I~
~ ~9fmW. ~ "11 I ~ ~·-1!1~ ~ Ila9f ~ 'fl~ ~ ~ '\'l'-1!1~ RrtG'f ~ ~ 0.5 '11:
~ ~ 9ra '151'.fi'- vi';)"!~· ~ l ()1: 9W '519ITTW ~ ~ ~~"te<f> ~~ ~ ~
~I
<ffer <olJ. Tia9f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ la1'ifZ5tcfliU -e'5Bf c~1ci&c1Srn ~ct ~ ~ \51~
~~I i!l~ ~ Ila<>f ~ 9fJ~ ~ mfUt 'G~·~~ ~~~I
i!l 91q;f>!l?i ~111 Wlt, zjif ~~~ ~ ~'f 'It~~·~ ~ C\S"i"llCM?l ~ i!l"ffl 'It~~
~ t'faf91~ W ~ O'fi~ I ~fl~ i!l ~ ~ ~ 2 '11: tm9ft ~ c<rc<f I i!l ~111 ~'RI
iSRJ ~ W
~ ~ <fi1'f! QIT.\5 9fml I
(~) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tlli1&1a111 ~ ~ : l!I ~ l:ol<P•frl ~91 ~
'G~~~~~w.l~!
.il1 '~
:
I
~~o.~:~~~
i!l ~ ~ '51"f!@li;~ ~. G19fmlff;~ <t>R:'?lt'G'?I me~ <wlf'i~ ~} GI~ ~ ~ cqfiit ~
91Wf, ~ ~ \!Sl~l\!lf~ i5J"s>froW ~ I
i!l ~ ~ ~ c~ ost"ll<31tilt ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9frn i!lq~ ~ \51~,P'lir.<1
~ Gl90C<l'U ~I o!l~O{ ~ fuCG'! <fi, ~ ·s 51 ~ ~l<lf¥~:.! ~. ~ ·~· IS·~!' G!~'C'"t '1'.'i'ffl
01~ ~ ~ '<fi' -1!1~ 9!C<f ~ ·~· GI~~ I
~o.~ 91Jli!l'lli1 flli1SIC1fll "l'tff~ (Protection of Parallel Feeder) :
~l'Jtfi'l"'M <ISJt9f@rtU ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '1Jli11'11l"I j-R~ <:>m ~ I ~ ~ o!l<fi ~ 9ft'G~
~ 01-em~-, <.!l ~ ~ ~ i!l~~ ~~ 1!11TI<fl ~ -e ~~
c~ _9JQf<fi ~ ~ i!l'ft ~ ~ lf!~ ~ 91'1-elTrn ~ H<.14~~ ~ ~ ,
- ~ ~ C<t>WiT ~~tu 01~ ~ff~ m
~ c~ ~ ~ ~ f<i'lffil ~~
>G'Sffi ~~~~~~~<rm "ll 1 ~91~ ~ Cllii "<l~!Pi<t> ~~ ~~
~ c~ ~ ~ ~ "ll 9ff<31 ~ Rsi~<fl"f'11G'l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
<fftft O'f>em ~ I t!l'ISRJ ~~ ~ 41~!'1"1~ 'G~ ~ ~ (-) o!l<f~ ~-~ ~
~ 9ft'$~ ~<ff~~ 9ft'e~ ~ (-) ~ ~ ~~~l'if <P.fl ~ I
- I not
-
CB ~
-
·mm~
Contents
~ '<l>'·-~ ..... ~ ~ ~ I!!~ ''l"f' '6 ~· ~ 9f'TISll'rn ful'f I llN ~ ~ 'lls' ~ ~

~ ~'Z'lfie ~ 'Wf.W! ~'-..!li': ~i:jJ fi1ul ~~~~~I m ~·-\!!~ ~ttl M ~
~~~~I
~ ~ ~ ~ ~<!'~" U'1 "G' ~~Gm t'U9! ~ H'1_cf ~\5hlC4> ~~I
<firn'l \!I f.; •.-~~ ~<i.::J.:. ~1'$::.i ~. ~ ·~· ~ ~ '<j>' ~ cqfir ~ ~~
.~ll ~ ~· :->:~"1 ~911Ci':~ ~ .!l<l~ ~9j_cf ~ ~ C'<Wfi ~<:>Bl onT I
<.!l f>tQ'G<..;; ~~~ 5.>;_Ri::;~ e11-smW1!-
(GS) Wf ~ ~~ (.1:>"i:'i!.-.~1 '11 ~. ~ ~ 9\1-em ~ tjt91 "f!G ~ ~I ~ ~91_cf ~
~ ~ :l<:<:'i Ji.., "1\!.:;!v:: ~ 2Fn~ ~ ~T<l'>C<f <.!lq'Z Pic>tc~il ~ Gi'Z~ ~9rn ~
i:: ~ ~
~I j\;...- 3!1·>!m<': '5.;'i!·-l' ~ m~ \!I ~~ "rf ~~I
(~) c~::: d!?i (Sending End} <il>MIC?lil H<>'G<ll! ~~~~~~ ~~
<~I <.!i~ ~ -<,ifl ~-~ ~ ~ '1ratilM~ ~ f>i'iClll'l'ii>'I ~ ~ uiff; ~91_cf ~ _
"it'G"{ffil fo =<: l<l> 'f.~ '<:~ ~~''if' ·15 '<1' @·.::if; ~ l!i:lJ Nm~~ C~ <?itt:<W ~~ Wl' I
<1>~'!fU~~,~~w~.1
!lo.-:> m~ f5-;_•.:;~.,i1 ~~~~(Time Graded Protection of Ring Main System):
<.!l ~ G. ~<ll~~ ~"'")~'!!:'$~ ~i'1 !Jlqz Yif<f-~"R ~ffi ~ meyc:o:; ~ rn-z ~ <1"11
~ I ~f~;"j ~-?:~5°",') >r'~q. C~~ "'1115~ ~ C?fni llJl\:4> I f.l~ ~ ~'Z ·~ <ft ~- -
c:4J-Af'1 ~,- -"- ~·:; ~ ~.,<: .:~t-~ ~ ~ C~"f:.~iT>'Z CJV'"R ·,s ~-~r-R! 9fl-&~ ~ f.r~<llt>.;z~
~~TI.~-£~ ~I f?lt~~~~ ~~l"l ~<T>m~I ~tiIDiT~~
~ ~ ~ ~'1. l!l~ ~ ~ ! ~11~ 91t.Sll'rn ~ ~ 911~ fim'Z ~ "1t ~
<!i~ m ~ ~-'."'1~il•P,~1'1 fm:<1. ~ <r.m ~' m
f?!~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O'ffi~
flsC\:l<I''"~ :;;~"1 ~ '1'>i1'i ~I I!! ~"$ ~fii'TO'I f~ Gl~t ~ l.!l~ ~ ~ ~ilC<f.,
c<RR~~c~~~W'ff.1~~~~~~1
1 sec S2 1.5 sec
A. B C D E
.
- -
25 sec 0 .S sec 2 sec
- - 1 sec S2
-
1.5 sec
-S4 S3
@iif :>o.8: "Rf'-~~~
~ ~'Z c..4:., ~ ~ ~-~ (S1. s;.
S3 '(3 84), ~'Z ~ {G) '~ ~
Cl'f'Sm ~ P'lciVlll'd ~ ~l"t 1PU ~'Z~ W'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ m ~
~I.
Weill~~ ~~~{A~ J) i!il f\Sc~4"t~l"1 -5~ ~ ffi"eJ I

Contents
('ff) ~"lf<1-~~ ~ 1!.r~fi\W~~ {B.C.D.E.G.H '<3 I} Nic'll4'"1"ll&1 ~ ~

~I .'·'· ..
('1) ~~m ~91~ ~"IT~t ~. ~ .llFttl;pilC'!I Cl'!U ~ ~ l ~. ~91 (G-S S1 Sz $ 3
S4 I.!)~~ ~~-(A.C.E.G -e I)~ ~t ~91-
A = 2.5~ ; . C=2.00:
=
E 1.5 c;;: G = 1.0 0:
I= 0.5 ?f: ...-·
~~ f<f~ ~ CfCfC<IS "l'J.91 (G, $4 $3 S2 S1 G)-1.!)i'I ~~ ~~ (H.H.F.D '{3 P) 'm_.1
Qifij~ f.t:rni91- .
J=2.5~ H=2.0~
F= 1.5~ D:::l.O~
B = 0.5~"1T.""<>S
~ E Ill~~ F-i.!i'!I ~~it ~<11 ~ ><i1f ~ ;,,'<l~ ~1J \!i"C<f ~'1.cf ".5f'.(t-! "ft-~ C~'T,<l'i Yff{l~rn
~W.1
CtflR- (~) ~tut~ ~ '1T<f-~ S1 - S2 f~
(~) ~t ~ c~ ~-o:U><~ S4 - S3 NCTl
l!l"C\!i ~ A.B.C.D UJ<l"~ J.I.H.G ~9fITTiJ ~ ·.-rr 1 ~~EI!!<!~ F ~ ~9fTCW ~ 1 ~<l"f -!!~
~ 01frit ~ ~ ~ <r-1 .n<rt .!!~ ~~ ~ni :f..t<is t?,-~ 9fTe1!m ~~ ~~ i.
~)llqqi~J:
(~) l!l ~ 9f'Mf9ftfil ~ ~ ~9flr~ ~ <.Fr<W'! WI ~rrc~ 1
(~) .£J'1iffl fu"! 151~ ~ ~ I.!!~ fu"! <519:1WM' m
~<ml'~ ~ <rr<l~ 0.33 c;i: Cllf"C<ll"
0.5 0: l.!l'R ~ m
~ 2 C-"'f: ~ 2.5 ~:-1!1Q ~ "rn I
('51) l.!l ~0 ~ ~f; ~-~ C~fli C"f'{l!J"i ~ "fr@ I
8 ~'SF!f~~~t;t;~~~(Different Pilot Wire Protection for Feeder):
-£1 %R;W ~«fGt'!IC"l'G'!I <!l<l"~ ]t?itt"Qll!Ci'l'!I f~~mW.ri"'T c.~~~ .2ITTi ~9! : <>;t.,~ ::<:"1r l.!lt>::P!.1!
c<!M ~ ?f~ ~ ~-C-iJ1,,,.1 .~ i fuwn:~if~"' ·<>:~--srn c2fx~ <lT"fm rn~~ ~,..11
9ff~-1511Jrn 2iW<r>"tvr ~~ ~~M <n<f~~ 7<:f.l! ~1~ i . - ,
(~) 1!ilSf-2iWf ~~~~I
(~)~~I
(~) Mc Cs1~ 'lmfCl'!!t'- ~ ~1-1 '9(~ I
(8) w~ ~~ >lBlfC"'lfU~ ~ C~r! ~I '4~ 1il:~i ~r~-~1~ ~ ~
9r.ef~~~~I
!lo.8 ~ ~,!iJ'~m"1 (~ ~ ~) ~TSMJ~,:i ~WT~ <uT'TM ~R5 (Merz-price Voltage
Balance System for Protection of Feeder for Internal in between relay set Fault) :
C.B C1i CJ:i C.B
,.... ; R
R
: i : ............. .. - - .... #
y - : - '""'·.-·~--""'=~·r--------·-n-"'tr".-r-t--u-i..__y
·-·-· ' F
B---';-,:.rl-t+ni8'~:~·t---'"'!r----t+~~t-+~
Contents
<!l ~- ~ ~ 1~ .!!~ ~ (lndentical) <!1 ~~ ~tm:r ~ Pl.1~. ~ ~ 1

Pl.~-~ C>IC<l'6lffi ~ ~--emrn ~ ~~~ ~ 1 ~'f ~ ~ ~ (Sound) llfWl5
C~ll'G4il:ftN5 ~ ~~~ (~ ~ ~) ~ ~ ~~ ~ <!1 ~ tlP15tC~BI "tftl:fJ "-M ~
~ "IT ~ ~er ~ 1 ~PL~. ~ "15~9m c~1t41c:st9 ~ ~ -a ~~ ·llfTt<l'i 1 ll5t"!
~ lll:fJ ~ ~ ~ >il'ilfl"lffl~ ~ ~ ~ '11 i ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ <!1 fifm
. ~ ~ '-M ~ ~ ClNt ~. ~ 'l. ™
4'IC9Ck"i9 ~Cf ~-cqfilt ~ ~ I lJSC"! 'i ~
-Pt.~.~ ~~9m c~1c41csrn ~er ~ ~ ~ ~ '11 1 q;ffi cffin c<alc#Gc>sr'il ~ ~--emrn
>ll'il'1.'CC'lfti~ ~ ~ '1fl:fJ ~ ~ QJI I <!!~ ~ ~'1]11~"1 ~ Tia91 ~ l!l~ ~
Ql<:SHIC<f' Tia91 ~ 1.!f<f~ ~ Ns\ShlC'f. ~ C~ ~ ~ O'rn I
<!I "'l~foc~ ~ Pr.fU.-~ <.!llfl$! ~ (Air Cored) ~91 m ~<Ii I c<FRT ~ ~ 1
~Fr.~-~~~~ Qj"T<f'"~ ~I~ Pl.ffl.-~ C"iC<fi'(Slfa~ ~~9m ~. ~
<>1c9ct'il ;m;QJ ~~ m ~ 1 ~ <!l1ITT! ~ Wtl Pl.ffl. ~ "<fim QJI, Q:!<1 ~ ~
~ ~ (Staurated) '11 ~ 1
~ .!i<i~ ~ ~ ~ 911~0-:iJ-·s~ <fiJ19i1PfG11~1b,f.i~ Dffi¥~ ~ ~ ~
...-f-f .Mr'il "f'f
~ ~ ~9!1CW ~I ~ ~~ft; ~-'6mlffi ~ ~<ll'.JP'iCJiS ~ ~
(Insulated Metallic Screen) ~ ~ <!I ~~ "l'!l 'I'm~.~~ ~'5 (Dotted) ~ ~
~~I <.!! ~ ~ JI~~<:BI "1T'I ~ f.rnTiS ~fill~ ~ ~ (Beard Hunter
Sheathe_d Pilot System} t ·
C.T C.T •
C.T C.T
~ )O.~ : f.rnTt ~fi'!Qfi; ~~

<!I ~ ~ ~ ~. ~1-J. 911~ ~ <!I ~ ~ ~--em '4:"l;pic'Els
"159fe'll
~ ~ ~ llfWl5 <!I~~ fi '1fl:fJ ~ ~ <!i ~~ 11.ITC<f', <.!l"C<l' f<rnrt·~ fit~~
<llJT<I<'[ <!"Oi'! I
. <!l ~ ~-~ <ffi"'llPIU11">11StM~ ~~ ~ fu=ra '1f<rr ~ ~ "IT ~ fit~. Pl.ffl.
<!I<!~ ~-'Gm!'il ~ • ~ mmu
~ ~ 1. ll5t"! ~ ~ fiwr ~ (False)
'5f91Trn'U ~-.,1,
m~~ ~ ~ \5fl~~ <!1~ ~~ -.ru~ ~ ~ ~
~ Fi.ffl.-~ '11~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <!l<!~ >!~~ fu<orn lll:fJ ~ "11'il<p"1fG~ ~
~ ~ fu"C"1 or<>ftcW ~I
)o.a- ~ 15115J'Smct (ffiit ~ ll~) ~ c~ldi'l!~ ~ ~ ~ (Translay system
of protection for internal (in between the relay set) fault of feeder) :
• ~ ~ <.!l~ <tf'll~J&iBI ~: <.!l ~ ~ ~ P!di>C'1f~ ~ 91911 <!I~~
C>!C<r>61Bl ~ ~ C~IMC\51~ ~~{ft ~~ '5RPlr.rr ~ ~ ~ "<fim ~ 1 fu"1 ~~~
<!Im ~91 <iJ-6°!~~~~ ~~IS~~~ C:!l~~~I
~ apqt ~ 'l'lWW'! otm~ <t>it3w'G'il ~# ™
'11, ll5t"! ~ ~ orfuf~ <t>ltilC4'~ ~
~ ~91ror'M ~
'1T I . .
(<f') ~ ~ ~ ~ Ca:jlt'i14"1Ci111~ ~ 0 ~ : <.!l ~ tlPi.SIO!J'il ~ ~ <.!l<f~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PtOO~C<l' 9'll't ~ ~ ~ ~. <!1 €f ~ ~\Sl<Jl'il C$l'f ~ <.!l~~ ~'f
~~~,~~~.-efil"~41C:~t-0{1~~~<m<!i~~~i~~~
fJ
v ~~~<fitiSl~, ~-fml~~I·
Contents
. ~.:~o.~
<.!! ~ ~ IS~IHICWl:i ~ ~9! ffizyr ~ t:r-~°1l ·~ ~ ~ t l!l"O"rn ~ IS~'""f.5~
(1 L l la) <.!!<!~<!I~~~~~ ~\Sm~ C::ffe<f'~IR ~~~ 12; 12a i.!l<f~ 13, 13a ~
~ ~-<.!!~.<.!!~~~I~ IS~~~~ i.!1~ ~ ~. ~ ~- i.!I~. ·.!l~ f<f~
~I~~~ 911~ <ft~~~~~ q.~ ~ ~ 'lt, <Im~ m
~ ~ ~ ~ "11 ~ ~·$IB "!Ol~J~ct ~ ~"' t~llf ~<ft~ 1 ~ ><!'U~
~) ~ Grn® ~ "li~~l"IW~ ~ ~~~ ~1i 1 <r:C"! ~ ~ m ~ ~«<l' "fid91
~ <.!;<!~ ~1 1!il~C<f' ~ ~ I
(qj) '@-c<ll'\9f W~ ~ C.flldi<t>~ ~ ~ ~~ ~: <!! <>-~f!;-r& ~ C>f.!:< fi~ ts~~
rn ~ IS~IQ<f'ltQ'G ~ m'1
fucoi ~ ~ \!!<!~ l!l~ 2l1~~l~ '5~~~ 11 <!i<l~ 11 a
~ISJCQ?l ~ ~ ~R~ -!l~ ~~-l!l~ WI ,vifJ ~-~ C·'iC<'SlkH :~ 11~~ <r.m ~Wf' I ;~ ~
CJ"\C<fl'61R! IS~~~ (12, 12a) 9il~'1U ISmB! ".!1°m (13, 13a) <!!~ ~ ~~~ '<.'Wll, ~
<!!~ ~~9f::l ~ l!l~ ~ ~9!:~ ~ I
R--=~ctfl1=:----....,..--3-p~~.:>.<:.:::i.d_c_r_____=-=fC12~=-
y ~-1::::::ff::::;:-t------· .......... -----t-:::~'l:::::::I-
-F-
B--t=::f41;-!H------· ··········-----+-+~'\::~
f5iir : ·~o. C\ ~ "1-.f%Ct! ~ ~ ~ ~1'64-fi{

'11'61M+ ~ ~ 11 <fl<!'- l la~~·~~~ '<3 C"'IC4>1SJM -e~'- 12 i.!l<f'- 12a
~ "latC'SIC,';;@I "5ITf<ll ~Im<!! ~ f<f~ ~ <fCC'f ~~~.~<fl~~'-
Contents
,_ ::;~~~~-::~1li;:u~: ~~~;~st,i!t~~-~~:;z;r1~tn:
fils-sl~C<J ~~I ~ ~ ~, cisjt~ ~ <!l<ri.~:-~~ffi' ~ ·~i{f~
~-<!! ~ ~ ~~9r:f ~. 1lT ~ ~ <11l~Jf<IRl 1 <!I ~~ fW-1 ~ c:l!l1tu<1>.:..ic"i'!l l3i"iJ
C<l'<l"lllllll ~ 91~ ~~~I
e. ~(Advantages) : . ·
·) I -!1 ~ ~ '<l>"!, ~ll'G41"1c<1?1 ~ ~ ~ 9flt."l'f; ~ G'f!C'l'f I
-<_I~ .lil"l<P'!l~IC'll'll ~~~<Tm
~I~~ <!'JI~ ~151~ C<l'W1l ~~Oft I
)o.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '615!11"11\5 .zjtl;if>'t-l' (Overload protection of
transmission lines by definite distance relay) :
.,.~ ~ ~ ~ Jaf"ifil"R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~<!!Cf'~ -cmrn ~
~~"1111 <.!lNC\ll~C~~~l l.!l~~fu"l~~I <!I~
~ ~~err~ ~~ ~ M ..!l<l'' cm:~ ~~ ( z = 9J.··<1f.Pfm1'5 ~ CDn1 ~'11 T)
W'! ~ 1519froW ~ 1 c~fq;f.~'G F"'.-UL'l! fircc'm ~ ~ <!l"G' ~9J.cf ~ ~~ ~ G'I
~C\5i1 '1,<1f.1~1Kl\? ~ Crol ~ W'i f<fca'l 151~ ~I
Pow: ron S•b·:rz}S•:ron
. ~Z1 .• ,. Z:i .,,. Za-
~ ~o.lr: ~~~~\Gl"!f.;"M~~lt'fi<J"M
~ )o.lr-1!1 1!1<1$ ~<rrnct 9ff-S1lBl ~ Ol~WTI ~. <mi!i ~ ~ ~ 9ff-S$ ~
~I A. B <.ll<l''Z C ~ kL<4 <.ll"!<il;);t<l Qrt; <fim ~ c<r, ..:;.hll 'l!~ Z1. Zi <.ll<l'' Z2 ~ <fi'll I <!I
~ ~~ B ~rcrrn ffi'1 i519fm!'l1 ~ '519!WW ~, \!)~ ~ ~rn ~t~"ii'fCf<li
1519f'Tr~ 9ff'Sm ~ I
}o. 'l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \Sl'Sl'llt'll\5 c~ (Overload protection of

transmission line by· the time distance relay) :
~ ~ (Delayed) IS\5BR>TUW ·~ ~~ ~i11 ~. WI ~ 9ff~ ~ ~ ~
'!'~ ~. ~ <!lfU Pic)[;~c '¢ll~c>11c.W ~
~ cqfi<t ~ Corn I lJl"Co'! ~~~~ I 1.6 ........ ~:~~ ... _ .. .
t;98m ~ ~ (Time distance) ~ ~ 1.4
~ ~ ~ ~· \5li~D'llC'1U ~ I l.0 ~~--i----'---..+'----.11"'---.,+<.--l

iffil", Jlliifil"f'i ~ ~ ~ ~ -~ I O.S t----t-~,..__,___..._
~ ~ fucG'f ~ ~rr-:rn ~~ ~9R ~ 0.6
~ l!l<f' ~ ~ lla9! ~ "IJl'51!:>1i>U <fim 0.4 F
~ 0. 75 ~ I 9f1-sm Qil><R ~ ~ lla"?f o. o ..____._._
2
_,____,__..__---1'71--'----'
Sub-StaUon Sub-Statton Sub-Statton
~~~0.25~1~9fl1Sm~ :~tl~~ A .8 · C
~~Jf~~~.~~~~ wP 10. g : Uv.Bj 11(/.a 'ewlfi"'tiLv

~ ~ ~9P(l9Rt ~~I
~. B l!l<f' C ~ F ~~"$!~~~I~~ B ~ ~ 0.5 ~ <!lq~ A
~ ~ 1.05 ~ <!l<f~ 9ff'G~ ~ ~ 1.53 ~ 15191TCW ~I ~ fitq:i&lb~ .
~~~~~~-cm~~~~ ~r~ ~ ~ 1llt<l 1 ~" ~ fiWr ~
. ~ 914'1{lJPC~ 9f1'em ~ ~ ~ ~~ <Rt<t I . ,, .. · :. .
Contents
• -! ,
~-~O
) I "1Jl'ill'll"1~"1llt°Gcp"'iCli'il'1!FU~fueRT~~l!l~c<Ai' [~: ')oj

m: ~ )o.~ "1~a'S<u I
~I ~~~~~i'. ,
m=~~~-~~~~~'J'f.rn°R~"ll!t~~~~
~~~ ~ ~ ~~t"! <PU Cl1~1 f.t-ca; ;;(~'! c~ ~ ~ ~~ ~9J.cf ~ 151~~ ~
. C~~<ffif~ I
" I ~ ~ "lllill'll"'I fi.atSICU ~IC°G'll"!<M 18fiU CCfil1 ~ ~ ~ ~1

m: ~ <.!l<f~ '1J@C11'1 ~ C~~"fvi ~ C~ ~~~!UTT~~~ I
81 ~~~-~~~1
m : ~ ~ ~<>fITTW~ ~' ~911~~ ~ ~~ <oor-i9fITT ~ I ~~~ -~ ~ c<fP't ~
~. tm<'f ~ l§fl!jif\!.IN? o:9froii; ~. ~~~~~IS~~~ <fCOi I
<2"1 "lmfMtif~~.~~~"C<'lt<f.tcfi7
m: 9fffiW!l"! ~ ~ ~rn ~~~toil -wrr- 18~ ~~ ~ l!l<r~ ffi..:;1..J' 911'5~ ~
<!( ~"1M 91118~ ~ I
~ 1 f\ll1f>i'1lffl411"1 ~ -e~ c~lc'G<ll"l<M ~"Cift ft ft°r

m: fib~IC1lM411~ ~-ISmR C~IC°G<P"fri'I ~~~~~~I
(~) ~-~ ~ <:JTC'fT"i ~ I
(~)~~I
(1!>) Mc Coil >ti1ltC'1f&~ ~ ~ 9i>.ii\t I
(8) ~ ~~ >tl1l1C"if&~ ~ C~~ ~ I ~t>ra ~~ lft"iSf-~- ~ ~
~~~!
C\ I ~ ffi'I ftr
~ : ]l"llM~IC1l1l ~91 ~ C<rfi<rBJ ~R~ ~ l;T"f:"l fu:<or ~Cf~~ I~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~i!il<P"r-1 ~91-IS\SBI ~~~I
b'I ~~~~-~~~7
m:~~~~,~
c~)~~~<rt~-cWmP;~~'.
(~)~~~I
~ I ~C'S'l 1Wf ftr
m : ~ ~ ~ ~MC\S"I <!! ffiml<fltT.l"i ~9Rf ~ ~ ~ ~ <.!i<r~ ~~>t ~'l.~a'S<u1
Contents
)I ~~ "4itt ~ ~<t~C11'11 ~~7

m:~:>o.C?~I
~I ~~4J"P-0'1H1~~1 {~:·o~]
m:~)o.Q'1~~1
~I ~\fal91~"fif~~~~~~~~~i' [~<fiffirc;rr : '0 ~ J
~:~:>o.Q"i~~I
s1 ~~ffiif~~~mrac~~~<Rr [~:'o.::i}
~:~:>~.~.,~~I
~I ~f'l<o\SIC<sht~~~~*'RI
m:~:>o.:>~1
~I ~~~ldi4'"1~~~~"1Maje1'B1~~7
m:~:>o.:>~1
<\I ~~C~ICG4'~~W~I
m:~)o.~aRJ!
1T I Rf~~ P\v'&c"l'll ~'If'~ jjliill"l'l!l'!l!~W ~ ~?
m:~)o."~'
l\' I ~qlC'llfil§l"I ~ "emt1f ~ ~ ~ ~ I
m :·~ :>o.'-'-i.!l~ RcS"?I ~I
)o 1~ ~1c'G<11'"ir-H1~~~ ~'<3ml1l~ QF-1~~~?
m:~)o.8~1
)) I ~~~~~~<!l<f~~~~~i'
m: ~ :>o.8 5B<rr I
HI ~ ~9f -e~ ~ ffiif ~ ~ <tJf\Sill!'ll~~ ~ ~i'

m:~)o.~~I
)~ I lITT(~ Mv'&C!l'll ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I
m: ~ )o.Q-i.!l~ ~ ~·1
:>t ~~~~~~mtlt1c'G<11-R~~<R1 [~: 'o<i, '01:r, 'o~J

~:~)o.:>~1
~ I ~tflt'llfi!{ll"I ..,"1%"6 151'1Gl'l!C4'\Th1 C~ILG<t>"I-{ ~.~<ff I f4t<t1Jf'irro : 'o~}
m :.~ >o.8 o:i~aT.u I
"I -~~~~~~~~~'RI [<mstFt~: '01:r}
~: ~ :>o.) 'if'-aT.u I
Contents
8 I ~ ~~hfiftltlit¥tfit+t~ fitilt"ll\S ~~~<ff I Ml"41~: 'o~]

~·~)o~~I··· .·. , · . ~ >":•c'. •.....•. ,; '" ,··:·;;c· . ·. •; .·· .
• ~-.i.~...._., • '·' , .•I , , , , " . , , ,
<ti ~~-Cftfif"5ICH@J~~~~~~<RI ' {414'1~-: 'oa]

m :~ ~o.Q a'B<iJ I
~I ~~ ~ fi1"51Cilil 'dfONJ~'t ~~ "1!llt&cis-tif ~~<A.I [<li<t>iPfc<rr: 'oct]
m: ~ ~o.Q '1'~al"lt"Rt ~~ ~~ ~~~<R: I
m:~~o.8~1
)o I ~ ~ILllci>"l°'ti'm futttt~ ~ ~ '6mtif ~~'RI
m:~~o.8~1
:>~I ~-~~\51'51'&~'1 ~~~~~~I
m:~)o.Q~I.
)-<_ I ~ ~ fitC'r ~ iGl*lfil-tif ~ '<3'8l'll,'11\\i ~'G"'"I-'!
. ~~'fl I
~:~~o.<t~I
Contents
~'~~-~~~
(Principle of static protection of busbar}
)).o ~ (Introduction) :
• <.!1~~~~~~911"Tl"lJ't:i[fl~:
) I ~lfR Pl.$ '3 ~ py.fi; ~~ ~~ ~
~1~.~~~.~
'!l 1 ~
(Comparator}
8 I ~~ (Level detector)
Q' I ~~ (Amplifiers}
I':? 1 ~~(Timer circuit}

~ I ~~ ~ (Setting device)
1r 1 ~ ~ {Filter circuit)
~ 1 ~~ ~ {Starting Relay)
)o 1fiSc<si<P"f.1101 ~ (Direction unit)
)) 1~9J.t ~(Output stage) I
)). ) ~~~~(Definition static relay) :

~ fu'1 ~ ~ ~ fil"f (Solid state· relay} \!!~ <!!<:$ C<l'l_Jf\1.:i; ~'1, <ffii ~~p,r;r
{Response) ~C'1<tJif.iqs/lm~/ ~91ITTJ"M ~ lIT~ ~~9ffu ~ I ~l~ ~ttr!T ~ ~~;r-
~~ \5/~"l<f ~'lC<IS "l1 I -
~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~-..r~~l<i<tJif.f;qs/lffi~~~. ~ ~
~ ~9Rf 9ffu91_~ ~I
TRANSDUCER OR
INSTRUMENT
TRANSF'ffiMER
SECONDA.'UES
D.C.SUPPLIES
REC11FIERS REIAY- AMPUFIER OU'Il'UT TRIP

MEASUI<ING DEVICE DEVICE CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT
CONSIST OF
COMPARATOR
LEVEL DETECTOR
FlLTERS'YOLTAGE
STABIL.IZER
@'ii[)).):~~ff~
~ <.!l~ ~ ~ ,~ ~~t"rn ~ ~ ~,~I ·PlfU f"'flU'if ~,Y ~<I<ft
JiJt"lfiSG"'llUl'il ~~ ~ C'!lft¥~ ~ ~ C'ilftll'!lllil I
/ Contents
~ft'l'Hl!C~Hl ~9.(U ~~ ~ ffl ~~I ~. (Comparators}. ~ Nic.&4&~

(Level detebtorsi-:~<,~ ~ ~ (Filter-IogiC circuit}·~· ~~ ~ • 1
'Ol"ll<t>IW>i><:b ~~~<it·~ (Threshold value) ~ ~ ~9i&.~ ~ ~ ~-I ~
~©(.,[(;~ ~~ ~~0 (W.'il'il ~~~~~I .
~ i5!~ ~· ~~ ~~RtU{l ~~ '3:i~'iJ9jU' mM~ <r.rl;~ .Q<jj{1'51t~\S ~ I
~~ mf<ra '))~~ ~ ~ fu<i "l~ ~; ~~-

()) PK5M 'OIJl<l1!C{lfG~ mfXr f<lflrrg ~ (Single Actuating Quantity Relay}
(-<.) ~ •:'IJl?~·:;if.k WI f<rl'<iZ ffic.,., (Double Actuating Quantity Relay)
PrclJfi'! 15lll~l(rn$e. ~ ~ Rtci\:
P.EGnFIER
/\.vlRCT RECT:F!ER A.VlPLIF!.Ri'

SELECTOR EAO<ITKER
rn:mn
~)~.~:~i5UlflCflfG~m~~~~
Cl! ~ .~ ~'l''J mf¥t I!!~ ~. ~- '$~ ~. ~ ~ .!l<l'~ ~~ ~ f<rc fu5M '>:;:Jt<i1irnl'G~ illfi<t f<ifi<W fuC'f ~ 1
~ '!llJlCfikcfltt'. ~ ~ Rtci\: Q.I ~ ~ ~ ~~11 ~ mfi'r ~'Wf., ~- ~ ~;
f:b~IC~f-1rn!G'f fu:¢f o.!l<l'~ ~ fu<i ~-!.Jlf.\<.<f; \Sl<i'1 ~Jl~C?JfG~ mfXi m'i fuC'i ~ !
Rectifier-I
Input
I
Input
2
CONNECTION FILTER
~ ~~.'-': ~ ~l~t{1fG~ mfi"t AA'!~~~
)).~~~~(Advantages of static relay} :
e ~(Advantages) :
• ) 1 <f.lf 'Pff'8~ ~ (Low power consumption) 1
-<_ I ~ "fli9,f{ f.p:f-mct ~ <rm I

._, I ~~ "1_'frnmrl i5l~-..f ~ <11 I
8 I ~~c1,;if.!~ ~ ~ ~ (There is no effect of gra\'ity) :
~I ~~f<rc'~~~~~I
~I .,~FPJ.~~~I
q I ~ .Qq~ ~ C<#fiJ (Superior characteristic and Accuracy) !
1T 1 .Ul"iN:i\SJil'i-1 (Transducer} fu'Wf ~ ~ 1 .
)).'-' ~ ~ ·~ ~ C~t,'fi4S't-l (Busbar Pr~tection by Static Relay} :
~<t'l~Nl'!.1~~~~~~9ff6~fuO'f~~~l~
·())~'6~~~1
(~)~~~I
Contents
(~)'~ ~"li&Jl'!t'Gf.rnF>l l.!l. ~- o:rm~ ~I ' -~· ·.'

(8) ~ f\sl'Sl<t>+tf~ ~I
(a) ~ FG<JS1<J1f41N1~ mai,
~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ C~l<:'Gqs•M, ~~- ~ ~ ~ C:e!ltG41'M IS ~'Pf C~ll'G4>•M
.<IJT9f<t>~~I •
~~~~~1t'G<t>"l°""l~9tc~1@4"til):
/Busbar
.·w, f c
.
-------------················-···-······ Isolator
I F Breaker
B
..!/Feeder
__.....,_________...._____________________ ~o
~------~-------11----------~E
_______.,______.-.. ---+--------.--~F
::: L '" K
X·--····· ......... :
~ )).8: ~~~~ ~ltti<iS"t-l (~91 ~lt'G4-t-l)
~ <il>i<tll'll'!l ~91 c~ C"T<m'it ~ 1 ~91 c~ ~ c211cG4'"M ~$! ~
~ '!l'lfil4><11> ~ ~ <m' I~ ">iml ~~Wt~~~ C~ "if! Cl'rn,
~ 0'fCi1! ~91 C~ ~~I
~ A ~ ~ c~ ~~l<f I.!!<!~ B ~ 15l~Bl\$> ~91 C:!:lll'Iiqs·r~ ~l<f I <.!l B 1:51~""®
~ ~ ~ct <ml I I.!! ~ <!Jf<l>i5!t91 C~R ~~'f\5 ~ C~ 'fR'<! ~ QfWlS I
C2tlC'Ii<t>•~ ~~:el~~~~ Cl115m ~. lJ1 ~ c;J!~ ~ lfl~ CD<!'·~
~ I <.!l ~ l'ITT~ ~ CD<I' <m' QfITTi, ~- ~ G@ ~ ~ 50 C~ 100 ~ Clic<PC~'!l
'If1;1:fl" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 <.!l~ ~ c~rcli<t>·~ ~ ~- c~r&1W"Ge1e;q 20
ms CQfci'lnl ~ ~ >tl<JS'ilet'i<t>~IC'l ~ ~ ~ ~91 <.i¥fllU<t>'M
titt91~ ~ om "if! 1 ~ "if! ~ CUfclRill91 c~ ~ <rni <.!l<t~ iWI~ ~ ~ ·"ifta.t 100 Cllfct<lll'll'!l ~91 C2tlc'&<t>•fei'I B ·1:51~-c"t .c<I ~ ~91Tlffi ~: ~ W1t' :· ; :, ;
Contents
3$~N~~~~
im
~ "ffif-e czj'iif ~~ ~
1m
~ ~'8 czj'iif ~ "IJT'if ~ _
1m
i5flltqT ~ tiaM~ ~
l.!l~ ~ ~ f.rlfrn'f ~ ~ ~ ~ Tia91 ~I -£i ~ ~~"C<iT Pr.m·~ '61~"1!f?l
~~'9JY9fm1
l.!l~ i.Q<.;f!l<:V<t'lti5 ~~Pf~ '5 ~. ~. 4;-0t'!lf°iif\srn'G Pf.$, ~'9JY ~'$:~Ji~ I
• '*'""11tif61'1 (Comparator) :
l.!lm i.Q~ <!l<f.l'U ~CC14&Pi<t> ~ 1lT ~ Cft ~~ ~ ~f?l ;re~ "f''ht ~ 1 ~ ..11m
~ ~ ~ I ~!C'll'G'!'l ~ ~ 1519flC'llfU~ ~. Fliful'f ~ I
~.ff~~~~; 1:1~-
()) ~fb~..;, ¥'11CW'!1 I .
(.()~~I
.Q~IS ~ ~9J? <!lq~ ~ ~ ~ 9iv.9 I
)).8 lllUlaif?l~~'\5 Cl'i'""ll@;'SI (Amplltute Comparator) : e<r ~ ~ <it ~c.slfil<li ~ mfi'rn
~ipllJf ~ (Magnitute) ~ <RT~™~~ <fi""1lC'!1'G'!1 ~ 1 ~ <!lq~ ~
C.£!1<:S~"i'1 Cl1'5m "5!Jtllf~ ~ 2l'~ ~ I
151J1ljf~ CF9lmW9 ~~~~I~~-
()) ~~ ~ (Integrating Comparator)
(.() ~'i>GJiiicGf.rn1:;i ~(Instantaneous Comparator)
(~) ~~~(Sampling Comparator) 1
(8) >il'!l'fCC'lffl~ ~ ~911
(~) 151"C~ ~ ~9! '1
)Jl'!'l'fC.,f&~ ~ ~~ C'!1ffiti.,ml'!1 ~~ ;qs<»i!C'il'Gil ~ I
INPtrrS
AMPLITIJDE
COMPARATOR
rAMPLITUDE
COMPARATO
INPUTS
OUTPUf OUTPlIT
~- )).<l"
l.!l ~ ¥"9ilCW'!1 ~ 151Jl<t>[C~f&~ mM ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~. ~ C'!1f5"F~i5 ~9J:U ~~;Jl-C~
11 '5 h ~ ~ ~ICWC'!'l?l
~9!&=Ii-lz ................... ())
· I1
<ft ~1:!& =I ................. (~)
.. 2 .
)'1~ Ji~<t>'!'lC'I .
{ ~I1>I~~.
~ 1 < Iz
1
~~1:{&~}~~.,,......,..,;.~
~ ~ ~~ ~ LW"l t':l~t'(l."l '!'1'-~"' "<<Ill'<'='~ I
.
Contents
~ 1i =12~~~9J?1-Ul tri~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <{fJ·-,. ,;··· ', r

~·R >i~<l>'ilC'I
~ I1 >h ~ ~ "11\Sl1'9J? :>-<.!!~ C5t'U ~
~Ii < h ~ ~ ~9J? :>-<.!!~ ffi'U ~
~ 11 =h~~~'9J?"f1J~I
c<aflqhH'A ~ ~~ '¢'°'11CW'A ~ ismt$r) :
<.!lf&~<ufcirJf<ft~~~~~l~~~~Wf~I
~~ >i~C'il"lNrn!ai ~ ~<ft ~ P!.f&. <ft f91.JU. ~ 'llll!Wl 01'6m mi I 'ISl<M 151Jl<t>J!C~f&~
mM~<£i~~nll
POLARISED
KELAY
Io
OPERATE BRIDGE RESTRAIN BRIDGE

·~-:>~.~=~~~
~f\Sflj ~~ ~ <.!l<!ifU ~{l~ ~ Ci'lfi1<PIM'il ~R~ ~ I 4>""1Jldi.lC'!l'!l ~~ C9ll'1Hll~>Si\S
fucai ~z~ ~ ' ~ ~rc;;:R} 'fn~ ~~ <-~~" ~ <fl ~ W~ fuc<i-s J!Z'{".g; '<.~
9fITT 1
................... ..
~
.
y. . RELAY
RESTRAINS
..
i r
Wiif :>:>.C\: ~Io= 0 ~I.~1l~~~~~
~9frolff;~ ~Io= 0 ~ ~ fuRi;l1'3;f.1~ ~ NiR;\RIB·~ f5"ci1l ~~I
RELAY
RESTRAINS
·····1·· ·.···· ··_··· ···.··

. ' .-
/. " Contents
/ I
/
. lo>lr·
KELAY . vuu:: - lo>lr
nrVl
~
- - - - - - - Io> Ir
OPERA1ES . . RE=~S
~~).2D:~~~~
{d) fml ~9J:l1 ~ '<3W\5 ~~I

. ~Io= I, ~~~9fi'"'f!J I .
~~ ~ 4'1Ci:ic'th:i 911~ Io - Ir l.!l~ ~ ~ ~ (Threshold Value) ~ <ml ~
<l""911Ci&Ci'BI ~9fi' 911\Sm 1l'ffi l.!l<f~ ~~~~I
~ """'itci1'6'11 (Phase Compar~tor) : ell~~~~ ~fi'I ~ <n<l"~ ~ ~~
~9ii' 9ftem ~ ~ ~ <F"lmMl <1Co1 1
iffif, ~ ~9J:l1 mfif, Si La1 IS S2 La2
~Ns4'15IC<l ~91roP'lerrn ~ ~-
- a1 < e < a2
l.!l~ S1 mfif$, S2 mfXt c~ e C4'T(;'1 omR~ ~ <ffei' a1 = az = 90 ~ ~ ~ l.!lm ~
~~ 1 llN a1 = 0 ~ l.!l<f~ az = 1801%f3:t ~ ~ l.!l~ ~ ~ <fCo'! 1
~ <ll""i!Ci:i'G~ ~ ~; ~~-
(:>) C4'i'$:iiPlC'5'i>i ~"!
(~)~c~~9!1
:>:>.<?'~~(Level Detector) :
~ ~ ~ ~ .Q~ ~~...Rl"f ~ 1 ~ ~ c;;ira~mll~~ ~9%. ~
~ C~Cf ~ ~ I l.!lJU ~9J:l1 ~ ~ <ft ~ ~91't <It ~ ~ ~ ell, ~9fi' CS[C"l'fi5
~ C~ ~ I ~ l.!lfU ~ v$~ ~ ~ ~91~ ~'l°U ~ ~ f.'lcfu <F-CT\ ~ I
LEVEL AMPLIFIER OUTPUT

DETECTOR 0 - -
I
J -t>- ~
t
TRIP
'
•
1;?'.f}i~~l)
t
·~ )).)o: ~ fib''n<ti~C'ilil N\51ll1$T
~ ~9J:l1 ~ (I) ~ (L) ~ ~. ~ ~ ~9J:l1 (0) ~ ~
• -e ~9fi' ~
-
~~lf:llC~~ 1fftmll tiiFf~ Pl'l'Fl1G'f 9frn I

~~~(I)~'~(L) ~1i~~. ~~9fij~Of~CfJ~I
I:
Contents
~ ~ ~ ~G&ci>G~'!1 lletfl m
f9r<.!laj9J ]tilfu!>rht ~ ~ ffl;c;{;qs'Gc?l?l ~ ~ ~ 1
e Level detector by PNP transistor :
PNP
emitter
Q 1~BI-~~--.---~~--'
~)).)):~~
PNP ]i"!fui"3i'l ~~-\!!?! 'Si'lJ ~ f;c'GOO?l V1 c;q; ~ ~ ~I $:Filu1c'll?l ~··F@ c;<l'J1
~~I ¥i'l'!( ~ ~ ~ ~ (~~) ~ ~ <mlPf ~ ~ i <NO! C<rJi
~(Vb)~ (L) ffi C~, ~ lil'>lfS!>'Gi'l i5I<! ~I<.!!~ <uWtfu.B m~. <t-1CC'l<t>'G?l '3
~~ ~ ~ ~ le ~ ~ ~ '3 <f.Wi'19l"Vfl~ <!'C?f I ~ ll~ ~ ~ ~ C\5lr~ Ve
~~m~.~~Ic~~~:
)).~ ~1~t'IPl1~1W~ Ci?:ll~~ (Modem system of protection by static relay) :
~ i!Slliffe<:s ~M<ti'GM'f' "lll*t'&?l (~ ~) ~ ~ 01~ ~I .!j ~ ~ ~
~~I ,
~~ cum ~ C<lfi't "11C'if (25 V) Ci~ 911<3~ 9fl{;"ffi'!1 -~ c<lfi<! ~ I <!l~1<1i .£! ~if!
~ ~ ~ ~. Pt 'f''1~1'&'t?l ~ ~ , ~R ~rrn ~ l!l~ ~~ ~ ~ , ~\!ig'?ffi
]Jf"'1~~~ '8 Cil~q>lrnlS ~ ~ I
.----.
l 2
~'51\"I
~~~
.tm!lff ~I
f5iil )).)~:ff~(~~)
<.!!~. =
~cum <fu. Pf.) ,~ ~~,, ~. ~.
I =~~.~.C~l!l.Pf,
2 = (j'J91 ~ ]l"l~?l"li?l
3 = cl':rn<J>mt?l, c~1c6'j;Gt t?l~~ <.!IG~ ~~ ~
o = ~ ~ iSFU ~9!U ra. Pi.~
m c'llm<r·1~1?l "l~"l<m"' ?-~ ~ C'f<im W'l1 =
. R
CONSTANr
D.C. VOLTAGE
. ~ )).)" : «ll'lf.fliilil '6 ~" ~ ..

~ \511~ C1t11t&4>•R" ~~~~~~er~~ l!l~ 01{$m W'!l :
) I ~ ~ '6 ~ <f'1I (Increased reliability and reduced price) I
rr
Contents
~I ~9rn ~~fl PtCJtQl'll ~ :{<f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lllli I

':l I~'@$~~RM Pim, MfU'~ ~ ~ ~ 4:•P~Ql4> ~ ~ lllll 1
8 I C.~l<:'G<f.i"f.1 ~ ~ 4>Ft\S'GBI i!l<f~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ t
<t1 tiRf-emm~~,~~~~<rrn1
~ I R;~ICil'iPtWi C~ ~~~-~(Fibre optic cables)~~ <rm 1
C\ 1 ~ ~ ~ G'f1'tr-rn ~fti! c;si1<fJ1~~ k ~RM -ews ~ {Ultrahigh speed
directional wave relay)~~~~~ (5 s) ~~ 1
'tr I m r.~I~ ~ (HVDC) Jil<tr.:;\;:a!&rn C~~ l!l<f~ ~~~~qr~~ 1
e l:Cil<t<dll:JJI~ '8 ~ ~ ~: .
1fl~""R <f'"i ('5il"\-Ui'{ ~ ~fuif
(~~) (~~
~I~~ l.3w lOmw 20mw
~l~~<f>T!~ 30w lOw lOOw
~ I '1N3Vf?! C~ 8-32 1000 Qoo
81~ 5A IA IA
<ti~ lOm Sec 20 sec 50 sec
~l~.fl'5R No effect
Bearing affected No effect
C\1~9fmr<M above 106 . No limit No limit
'tr!~( Easter Difficult Difficult
~~. C\ l'fJIJ!Ul<t*I mnR ~IC'G<IS'"l'i{ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Busbar protection by saturable
reactor protection system) :
~ f.ifl:rf;~ fu;nfil ~~GFf\5 ~ j91 ~TI I f<;>~ ~ f~'Z finmw.<f.;i Plfuf.'b7 'f.J!~
";'f"Z"fNf~ ~ ~ ~91 ~ "'i1 1 <.!l \5i<f~ <rw~-::; f~nnwillti ~~ ~ 1 ~~ f-n.m<r.~
71T"ll''!l'r~ .Ll1"w?i~1rni1 ~ ~ ~~r~ ~ Q/Wfi 1 ~ rnM cJ01c<1S;s1rn ~w~"Z ~C<l'> ;r; 1 .!:;
~'&?:~ ~ ~9iITTffl"'Z ~ ~Jr! 9f<1';j ~ ~ ~ I Roo ITT~ >!Jll,?C!-l<li:ll:ll ~ <IP'l'l!Cil~ l!~ ~ ~91"{ ~~I ~ ~
KBIJIWC'IHI ~~ ~'91 ~ i.Ji91 "'(3 9fT'8~ ~ u '11 I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~· ~. ~
<IP1<11Cilil ~91\5 >iJlkCil<l"I ~ ,'(3 <lSfi91~ 1511¥1~!~"6 ~ ~ 9fm I CllJ1'11PfGC'!FSI
\511'>%il1511Nl06 ..ql: ~2il~ ~ ~ ~ ~· ~ ~~~ :>fllltCiW1 rnmlW~'ll )1fltTClf qt~~~ U I
>tJIQC~M"l rnm!~C?HPITltTOI ~ ~ ~~2ftl't l.~ 9rn ~ .lJ"t ~ \!'! ~ fmmfl ~
WCT!!~~~~~~"'fm! .•
Contents
:/:;;~.~·~;::··'
) I ~ fikit ~i' . [<tlif'!Pfc<rr: 'o<l, 'ob-]
: \5llCllf?l<l'.14 ~ ~~CTP<R (ASA)-<.!l~ ~~ "~ ~ ...-C~ ~~<fl 'l5l"!J ·~
l
-
~~ ~9flilfi (moving Element) e."rc.01f(;<!i <rT \5l"lJ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~9RT (Response) ~"'"r:l ~
~~~~!
~ l ~~ 4'""'11C4tl~ ~ <wri' 1
~. ~~ <P»lit4Cl;;i ~? [~: 'o~J
~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ lllC~lfl:f"l' C41)f~<t> ~rn ~~ ~ (Magnitute} ~ ~ ~ ™
151JT~ftifu~ ~ ~ i ~ 1.!FR ~RM c:q~ cq-sm ~~ ~ .2f~'1
~!Ji
I
l
~I ~~~~mR~ffiif~<mli'
~ : ckUlffl~mfilt~~~~?
- : ~ ~<t ~ ~ ~'fCV ~ ~rf'<r e.trc<t>, ~- ~ rnryi, 1%~1C?:f.irn!C't ftro1 <.!l~'Z
~:~ m., ~"'~ :z~·'.'1 ~<>;,rnfti~ ~r ~~ ~ ~;
~ I <fl""'llc®~ ~i'
- = <.!ltu <.!llR <.!l'llfU '$:C"!'1\Ufrl<!i ~ ~., <i1 ~'<f> ~ ~ "m~ ~ ~, <.!lm
~~~~I <ll"'11tlllli'1 ~~';:ii~~~ f.l'lffifct <rnf I
~ I 'P"'tlt'G;st Cf5'i5 ~ ~ ~ ~i'
-=~.21~~~;1.jQfl-
' ()) ~~ 4""'!1<Jr&~ I
(~) ~ 4>""'11C'!l'6i'1 I
1.!1$-.S ~ ~, <.!)q~ ~~ ~ 9fm! I
C\ I Cl1ii <fl""llC~~ ~i'
~ : cl1Ci'l'R~ ~ ~~ 'i'lffem ~ <ff<f~ ~ ~~ ~"% 9fl>em lira ~~ ~
4"'11ti'1Ui'1 ~ I
lrl~~<tll'i'
~: ~~ ~~ l!l<lifU <Jl1~¥R10'[ ~I~ ff;t41i'1 ~~ ~~' ~
~ C~'l <1>91 ~I l.!lfii ~~~~<fl~ ITT91t:f <r1 ~ <rnf ~ c<i, ~,u C3/V'IFS
mr-! C~ ~ I '1l<~1" l!lfi; ~ CJJfU~ ~ ~ ifn:~ ~'if'~ ~ f.l'cfu ~ ~~ I
~ I >1Jll?C'iM'1 ~ <lJt7
~ : ~~~ ~ ~ ~~ rnm1~Ci'1 ~~ ~ (Drop) ~I f.r-:g ITT~ ~
~. ~- <f~~ 8-H 'l<>f, H!i'~IC•rn ~ ~ (Coercive Force) .a<i~ ~t»-ilC"l'i: ~M ~~
~ ~ ~ (~~ l:llt:'GRBH~ <r1 ~ 9IW'TI ~~ ~) ~fil <:<m
Pifi<rg .HBJJl~ul?I ~ ~ ~~ ~~Qrf'Sf ~ <:~r~ :;;91 ~'fl 1 I.!! ~ ~ firnn~
"1Jl~Ci'1"1'1 ~~I
Contents
) I ~ ~ <R ~cf>fl~,<Jt~? ·...

m: ~ ))." ~~ 5B<IJ' I
~I -~~~"'1~?
m:~)).)~I
" ' ~~~~'t"l't~~?
m: ~~ )).) ffITJ I
8 I ~ ffiira N \SIS112l P•l>l~ ~ ~'C"Bl ~ l'it'G I

m:~)).)~I
~l~~~-~~~I
W:~)).)~I
..i, 1 ~~ c~ fJlcJlic~ ~ ~ <ut9!<1> ~ ~zyn ~<lit?
m: ~ )).~-<!\~ ~ '51~"1 ff'gqj I
C\ l ~C'l45C°ijl-~'1Ciift"P '6 l:Cwt<t><Jil-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I

W: ~ ~).~ :5i<lJ I
b' I C'ilfiifltil11 ~~ 4-tltif&'ll N \Slfl~!:ll$f~ <lcf.n ~ I
W: ~ )).8 .5'Z<IJ I
i\11 ~%Sf~~ <F"'llC'ilU<.1 ~ ~ <!cf.tt TI I
ff~:~ )).8 a'Z<IJ I
)ol ~~)jjf.l((.G'Sl~~I
W: ~~ )).Q- aZIJYjJC'llU'll ~ $ ~ .,

~: ~Eli0 )).) ~J I )).8 ~I
'-'I l!l~~~~ 'tl-tll*6C1l'i1~~.21'tlf.r~~ I
~:~)).8~1
81 ~~~"f~~fGc{;it11'll~~TII
m.:~)).~a'B<u1
Contents
~--=•::e:m.
)~.o ~(Introduction) :
* ~ O!Slt~cat'il ~(Causes of Over voltages} :'
9fT'6lffil ~ .Iil"lfii•M ~ '8\SRl c~'1c#Gc1$t'!l cisrnct f.mii91 :
. ) I 'Ol'SNi~'t ~ (Internal Causes} :
(<!>) ~~~(Switching surges) (~). ~ cii~:fit~'!l (Insulation failure)
(~) ~~ ~ (Arching ground) ('ii) C'!!CGllC""I (Resonance) 1
~ I ~11'6J'&al'1 ~ct (&:x:temal causes) :
(<!>) ~9f!\? (Lighting) I <!I~~~~. 1!Q/T:
:>1 ~~ ~I ~'1iSl~C'll~~I
)~.)~(Surge):
9fT'6lffil ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w-u ~'$/~lf<l'I' ~ ~ '$f qr ~ ~
(Voltage surge) qt .Iil<i~cwU ~ <l"!l ~ 1
JIH~rn'G qt~~~ ~ ~ ~ (~- lflil.1 ~ ><t"'5 ~~~). <!!~ ~ m
~ ~.C1Blr;#i;c1sg1~~1 · -
* :
~ ~ ~ ~ 9fT€m~r Pic>&c11'!! ~ ~~. ~- IS~~ • .Iil"lll''ll1ll'!l, C\Sf"llcW'!l,
~~ '11l'9N> IS~ c~1cruc'5l ~f\b1:> ~ 1"1 '<3~ ~ ~ ~Cf ;:i~• m ~. ~
~~ ~~. ~ <.ll'~M©'ll, .'I_~' C'llCiSllC"l·>t I ~~~><! IS~ c~!CfVCS?'ll ~ ~
c<1M '11 -wf'(3 <!!~ ~~~ ~ ~er ~ ~~ f.r-l'B m ~. ~ ~
~l'll~'llC1l"IC'I' qt~~. 9fl'8~ ~ ~~~~~~.~I
<fi11~ -~Cf .Iil"lfil•R ~ C1:I -s\ST'!l c~1c:#Uc>!>i'll ~ ~. ~ wt ~~'1cf 1 11'<fr! ~ ~~
~ ~ ~. ~~ ~ ~ ·~iSl ~ ~I ~- "f~<iifcf ~~ ~ ~~
m91Tt"rncm~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ci·~ ~ 1
~ ~ ~~: ~ ~':_ ~ 'l'f'I'
~~"m c~1r;#i;csrn 1Sms ~ ~ ~ 1y-'\5f'lli
~ ~ ~~91::! ~em (Voltage build up) <!l<i~ x ~ ~ ;:i;rn ~ ~ 1 <!!~
~ ~ C1:1, ~':_-<!!~ ~Cf ~~"rn -snrs Pla91 ~ (Steep fr~nted) ~; ~~':_><!
~ <ll Pla91T'!l ~ IS!'ITTi ~ .!:fl5 ~ ~ I ~cm91 1 ~ 5 ~l~M!C>tC'l'S I
E
Em ······-··
Em .•.... ---~·····••••• .. ···•••••

2 ..: .::
------wave Front
- - - t2 (µs)
-nrne
6 15ill~~.):~~~~~
..
Contents
fRill ~- c:s1c~Ci!'!I ~ ~ t1 <!l~ ~ ~ (Decay time) h 1 l!I~ ·m ~ C't<ll ~. -.;n4

···~P!<l'J!ltii'll~~I ,
~~~. ~'<l'flt· 5~ 1!1WICJIC<fll1S'll ~ \!l1l ~ 'll'AA C~ 1 J!l~CiiFIC'iW<S ~ ~

. <!i'il ~ ~ ~~ C~ ~ .'.!l~ 50 ~l~Ci4•1C>JC<:>& I
)~.~~~ CilcistMwt (Resonance in transmission line) :
~CC'14'Q<t>J1'1 ~ ~ RrnJ!<:>cU·'l ~'Cj.., 'l'SJl"j~ RrnJl<RGt"l'll ;r.:!1i{ ~. ~'""! .!I ~
Dic)]clJi!I C~MtlC'i"I <!?'fl ~ I '~ ~ ~ ~C\:>"1 ~ C'ilf%i~Jlt:•rn ~ ~ <.!l<l~
;ci£~:'11 91T'6~~ ~ ~ ~ <.!l<Ri I C'11C61lC'lt"i?: 4BlC't C<l'l)f.:.<fi ~ ~ C-::ilciiJCiS!'il ~ ~ 1
'fl~~ ]t'llfil•fi1 ~ <fiT!9l~ kl-litctit'Gc11~ m-., ~ ~ ~<fi 1 ~ ;:rr~~ filstrn~c~
C'ilC.o71C"l'1 ~ ~ (Rarely) Jf~,~ m r<.lr<:> ! ~<fi C6JillC'i1UC~l'il ~~9f::[ ~ '6~ "llfi'! ~
~ (Distroted), ~"i "'i~'I ~ ~ ~ ~tl.i~'l1 ~l'ilC:\llf.i<f'C>!'il ~'t CiwstlCi'l"i ~~~ ~ <.!l~~
-!.;~:~IG~ ~ 0Ri1l{3 I!!~ I
)~.-.,~~(Switching effect) :
~~ \51~ ~ 911-Slffif ~ '5'5f'il ~ ~~9f::[ ~'<3~ ~~~~'WT I~
~I!! ~~~~~9r:lm~ 1 ~~ ~<l"~ eot'{3m'Wrt:
) I ~ C'ltti'ft ~ (Case of open line) : C'illbM~"I ~ ~~ ~<>f1~"iV@ ~ ~~
'8CU>eii ~q lli~ '<3~ ~~ '\S~<>i!j" ~I~~ <Q~ ,,.ii-SM~"!~"©~~ ~Qi ~~"C<T!"f ~
~ ~. '5~ ~ ~ ~~~ -crn~~i'l ~ ~ 1 l!l '8~'5 ~ C"l<l™ c~ 91"'!1 ~ l!l'il
"1.~t"'l1 9if;:<.£JiMill~'f~ c~1c<i;c,Si'il
~.!l'll'.!l~m"IE~. ~C<l ~~~$1~2../2 El <.!l ~'5Rl" ~~~~~~
~ i ~ Wf; I!!~~~ W"Cll"i1 ~ <.!l~"f '~~~-I
~I~ ::iftli ~(Case of a loaded line) : ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~'13 ~ '13~
C-::ili!UC6'B! ~ 1<,"1J I ~- ~<:$ ~ ~ ~~ (Suddenly) ~ ~ ·~. \!iC<f ~9f::[ Cl!'JCiflC'S!il ~Cf
~ Z,,i I
~"f."l.
i = ~ ~rn ~e."'ll'f'i<fi ~ ~
Zn=~~~.C~'Jl
Zn=~.~.L4~~C~~
~ I <miW 'Wf~ (Current Chopping) : <1~ 151~~1'-!:M ~ (,il!"1~'!1:\ll,~"'!1 "ITT>IC"lUl~fSI~ ~)
c!lsmt ~ ~ ~ ~ C3ffei;~ ~ ~. ~ l!lm'!l ~ •lfu;·~ 1%-l5llrntri1~ful~ c!l'il ~Cf
~m ~ ~ ~ ~re~ ~ "8J ~ 1 <.!l ~ ~ WI~ <lCO'f l!l<i~ <.!l'il ~er
~ ~ ~ ]:<if%n.1'!41 c~1c"flc1St'il ~ ~ 1 l!l ~ Df9!~ cilf6!>t;11"1 ~~ <.!l'il ~ ~
~ <1rn I
)~.8 ~"jC'I~ 1J!im ~ ~ ~ ~ (Causes of insulation failure and its effect) :
911'8mi!I PtvUC~'il '51flfCf>Tt"&f ~'11:CC1•f'1' 'll'cml. ~Cf ~ ~ ~t ~\Sm (Grounding of
conductor) t ~ '4:-=l'lt"1"fi1 ~~Cf~ <!l<l~ "15!t'<fu 'R~~ ~~llrn ~ -s"~ c~IC~C'S!~
~"'IRJ~ I\!!~ fml ~ ~:
Contents
~ · {-E,E/Zn) (-E,E/ZnJ--~
x '
-=- 2E
Zn
~ : :>~.~ ~•PJ:Ci'l"l'"i ~ii
l:fm m<I', <!l<'f.!U ~ ~ 1 E. QW X ~ "511~ -~I ~~1~ ~~-..Fl ~ ~Cf ~
l!l<f~ ~~ 'l~~t~ ef~ W'\11 ~~~ '8~ ~ ~ ~-~ ~ E ~ ~ XQ
l!l<f~ XP ~ l!l<f~ ~<P""'ICi1rnc-0~i1 'IR m CJ~ - ZE

...Ill
l!l<f~ + ;
LII1
I l!l ~m ~ x ~ Fiu! ~~
. 2E
~ ~ l!l<'!~ <.!!~ 91f?r.qrq ~~ Zn ~ 1
:>~.<t ~'-~(Arcing Earth) : \.
~ ~-~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ <l1 ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~11 ~I 'll'C"'l ~ <.!!~

~~ ~ J'f~~ W'I q;:rr ~ ~. c<r-icrn wrR<li c-!'<11 f'1~ ~ I ~ ,a ~ "'i!~"l ~ ~
~ ~ ~ I <.!1$'8 ~ ~ ~ }j~l".!li'llCic<PICwP'I) ~ >2l<:Tra ~
<m"f?i c:'GP-l<t>fil~Pic<t>"R ~~~<rt csr:~ 1Z u~1~f.r.®cr<I'mC'1"'51
9h'f<i01C\!; ~ W~ ~ ~ ~V.~Gi 9iR<:k~<ii: <:'~ ~f; ~ ~211 ti_~;;;, «.~. ~I-ii:~<::
~F<ll:ITT! 1Z ~ I <Ti R:li'l ~ ~ ~ I
1
tI1- I2
I2t :CJ: tI1
W\if :>~.~: ~-~~~" ~

~ ~'!~ ~ ~ ~.f ~ "!~~ ~I iil"'I~ ~~ ~'SCO'frn ;:rn:q ~~~
f\sf{Uf<l@dhs <!>JI~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ <lllf<i1Pi'G1!"1~M\!J Dtl%f~ ~ ~~ ~
~~nl ~ ~ l!l<i'~ ~~ ~ ~I ~ c-f~ C5~ tfN' ~ ~ ~ 1l"fif \':lit~ <fiill ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ Ji~~ ~· ~ ~ ~ 11~1Plcc;si1 ~ 3 c~ 4 ~Cf cqfit
C~)~ <F"R ~ c> 1i j l!l <l>"'9R ~· ~~ '1_~ ~ ~~ ~~-.Q~? ~ I
~91C~iGr;<P~~~~~~~~~"<Pei'll!l~~~mUI.
Contents
)~.~ Pl'GBPM '+Ult'li( ~ '<i ~cttflr' (Construction and function of peterson coil) :
~ ~ (Vexy long) l!l~ ~ C'Sl&6C6t~ ~ ~~ '1511Qf°_~ ~ ~ Wifil ~ ~ M~1'1C'I'
~ @~<l591'rn~m!T~~~ ~ ~ ~tmnm l!l1t ~~~~I l!l
~ 4C{l'1f&C<fl~ ~ ~ (Peterson coil), qt ~ ~ ~ (Arc suppression
coil), ~ ~ ~ H~IC11~1bil~ (Ground fault neutralizer)~~ I
1
lz I2t I I fl1 I
Witt )~.8 : f9r'Gl'iP1i1 ~

IQ~ ~M ct;f9r~ ~ 1 c:Wr~:~~ ~ ~ ~ Rrnl<!icGc"i?i ~ ~ ~ ~ 1
~ <1'it ~ l!l'q~ ~ c~1c<iic1S1~ ~ ~ ~fO'fe<lS ~Qf' ~ iSRJ ~ <ml"!~

~ ~ I IQ~~~~~~~~~ I l!l~·~~ ~"filt-~9ffri" Rcffi9fl5 ~ I IQ <ml'i
~ ~ ~ "lR:'..fg ~ c-rn l!)q~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~9( ~~ ~ <!'@
'11 I
IQ~~~Ii.h.~~~~h~~(Neutralised)~.~~Ii
+h+li.=0
*~~~'-~~(Advantages of Neutral Earthing) :
~~~~9(:
~I ~~~'fi!i)~\!l~I
~I ~~~~~f.rnt~~~I
~ I '1i'tr-rn ~ ~ ~ I
8 I ~ ~l~:>Jl~Jf<lfi'i'E ~ ~ 9f115m ~ I
G'I ~9!1~~C\'<3~~~~~<Trnl
~I \5!TQf° ~ ~ ~~ ~~ 9f1'<3m ~ I
<\ I <::lll"i<IJICoi"f c~1C.Uc1SH1 ~~ ~ ~ I
lT I ~911cW@l \!Slf~ Rm~~~ I ·
~I ~~~~~917m~~~111
~o I~ 9fl~ PtciGOI~ ~~I
*~~~'.<Rtit~~:
) I ~~~qt ~C>JS4'fG~ ~~I
~I ~{IJl<t>CG'Jf ~~I
~ I C~C$!IC'i'Jf ~~ I
81~~~1
Contents
)~. C\ ~ ~ 1.!11 ~ (Explain lightning and its effect)·: .-

C<f~ ~ 0106'- 11901 ~Cf~ C<J, ~c'14m4 Ni>lblm'!l cmt't ~ ~ ~ ~ 1
~ 1.!f<I'~ 151'ft"..f''!l ~~ ~ o.!l'<I'~ ~ ll"C~ '5l'<l<l'l o.!I~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~>1bliS'fC4
~~qf~~'<l"'lf~I
~ C-"t'lv:it ~ $f (~ ~ + Ve ~ __: Ve) ~ ~ '-51~ ~ '.51M'9fTC"RI ~ m'irn
~ ~ C<l'fX! 11/tt<lS ~ ~~ 'J'f~~ -~ I <met, o.!I ~ ~91W'rn ~ ~"14fa4 "lfui ~~'>1
~I 91<:&iiPrnM ~ 5 1"4>C'11CSl'G/ C"f. ~- ~ 10 RslCilC~IPG/ C"f. ~- 781, ~ ~ ~'1
~ ~ ~~ ~ 18
~ I ~ o.!l'<I'~ ~ ~ <l>Cffil ~cm lfCC'f om~ ~ I ~ ~
:i°i9f ~ mf <!I'<!'~ ~ ~91 ~ DTiS'f ~ ~ I o.!I 9ITf.rn ~91, .!l~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I m'irn
Dt'iS'f ~ qt ~~ ~ 9fITT I \51 H~~ ~ 9ITf.rn ~~ ~ '@9rn I ~ 1'~ ~
151l'£~IR4 ~ 40.000 ~ ~ ~ ~ o.!I<!~ 2l°f5 ~ 100 ~~ ~ ~ ~I "fG
~~ ~ "'!.~ ~ t.!l~ c~ '111 t.!l~. -m:~ ~ c~. ~ '5f7;~ ~ FrnV'l<f m <rm 1
~~ ~ ~ '>111:®~ IS~~~ <!I<!~ 15llGllCl51~ >il"1CJiG"'fi'{ I i.Q~IS ~
~t, ~. ~ ~ ~. ~ ~ ~9ft'1T, ~<!Im~ .QC!~~ :lf!Cfi'S ~~ ~
~m~1 , ·
* ~ f\lPtbl"il ~~:
) I ~~ ~ ~ ~ o.!lq$ m"f ~ Of<it C~'S l!iffl' ~~ ,~ ,~
~WI
.( I <!I<!' <!I~~ C~ ~ o.!l<l'fiJ ~ ~ 911~ 0.0005 C~\:<l> 0.5 ~I
~ 1 ONt c~ C<J, C'1r;~ ~ ~ c~ 87% ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c~ 13%
~~ ~ ~~9!fu ~I
8 I ~ ~ C"<ll C51~ C<!, ~ ~ ~ 100 ~}f.;~ ~ ~~9ifo ~ I
Q' I ~d~:>Jb!C\Sf~ <t>lc~c'G~ ~ 10 KA c~'r<t>. 80 KA'9i<f& ~ I
* ~ ~ ~ C11$'.-o.!lif ~(values of a lightning stroke) :
) t ~ = 2 xl8B Volts, 200 MV (Peak) -11~~ 1S'5BITT:l5 ~ ~ c9fM, U11S~, c'Gf¢J<t>fil~f.1w•M' ~ <.!l<i~
~-~~~~~~~~,~~~m~1
<rQff-
()~~~~I
(~) ~'1\Sl~C~W ~~~<ft ~C"14'dll;?f;J1ffl<t> ~I
{<1S)~~~: <!I~~~~~~~
~Qff ]l"lfil"M' ~ ~~ ~ ~ I ~~~ DTefr ~"PJ:c<'lUrn~ ~~
~ c~ ml:!WI ~ ~ ~ '-51~ t.!lf'U ~ 12om ~ 18
~ m"f IS~~<Iffi I~~~ ~~I~- (<Ii) A
~.(~)B~I
A-~ : ~ ~.(.<?' : A-~
~ ~ ~. ~- ~"14>{Q4> 'Ut·crnrn, ctlf¢145fil\;f.1C4•t'1 l!W'V, ~ ~ ~. ~ ffi cit
.· ~ Cl'W ~91'fO'!t ~<mt ~ ~ ~ t.!l~ ~Cf ~ ~ ~ ~~t"ffif "ll"C~
lcoi<1>dJ1;?f;11ff;<fl $ (Electrostatic Stress) t.!lif <meet f.fffi~ ~ ~ ~ 1 <!I~ ~ IS ~
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C9fe'\'5 ~ I <roi' <.!JOO! ~~ <ftU '!511C~Hl~iS!l5 ~ ~ I ~
Contents
. ~ 01~ \S R~~ ~ <mt lit~· 5 ~- 10 ~- "'lt'Gilfi'tmiil <u<flfM l1i6' ~ Jt

~llW'l~et\S ~ 'Jll!:fJDJ ~ ~C'14Ila<fl ~ lliU, l!lfUl A ~ ~ ~ I
~><flt ~'l ~ A-~~ 'J-T!(.. . ~ I ClflliJ-
:zt~. ~~~~~~1·
. ~. ~~ R~~ DfiSf ~ ~'6lffil w-u fft ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~
~~I
A-~~~~~~~~. fq l!I ~~~~~~~'ill I
~ ~ 'iji1r\!ll>l""'ffl ~~ ~Jt~>Gt'll l.!l<f~ ~Qf-smm ~ <mf-1!1~ ~$Pf c~ ~ '911.(,m
~I
B-$:
f6<l!- ~~-~ : B-~

B ~ ~~~ ~ QISMt ~ "51<1CiSTC9?l ~ ~ 011 <RI~ <!I ~ ~ "R~ ~\S~ ~
~~ ~~ ~~. 'lllfuJl ~~I <!I~~· \S ·~· ~~ l!l<f~ '<it'
0l~ ~ ~ ~(i I fbll!l'i<Jl{iJ ON'~',~·~·~~ ~\Slim ON ·~·-<!I~ "lt'Gi1f"im'4 CR
~I~ ~ '<!>'-<!:~ ~~ ·~· <.!l<f~ ·~·~<.!11'1 'll~ ~"f ~ ~ ~ 9fRl I l!l 9flfroi
~· \S ·~·-<!I~ '1!-c~ lFt"t \S\SBI m.~G ~ ~- ~ f.l'g~ m ~ 1·$ ~~ ·~· ~ ~'<31Trn
~~ c<lf'it ~ ~ i®'l <l>l?l. I ~ ~~~ ·~· ~-f.w C<fSTQ1t ~ ~ 'lt <ml' ~
~~~\$Wm, l!I~ B-~ '1TC1I ~ I
<.!l ~ ffi~ ~ <.!lffi J-T~~ ~ ~ ~ ei<1C'1C~;;t ~ ~ Of! I <.!lfi> ~-~
(Radndomly) J-T~~ ~ ~ <.!l<f~ ~\S A-~ ~-mi ~~I 10 KA~ 90 KA
~ ~ ~ "'frof l!l<f~ <.!lfi> l!l~ ;il~CJl•IC>tC4''5 ( 1 x l 0-5 ~) '>t1rn m
~ ~ I <!I ~
~~ ~ ~ ~Ns©°ilS (Induced) ~\S <fC"T 1
~ ~ <!! ~ WfJ C<fSTQ1t ~ *'G<r>•fil C"im ~ ~ 'lt I ~ 91fu<tl~C'1l ~9fl'5 ~
~- ~""161~« ~ ~ \S~ ~ ~ 1 <.!lfi> '@~91f~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 <ro'I <!I m m
~ ~ ~ ~'@.lt ~ ~ "!lt~ \S ~'1J'J:C'1'G?l~~ ~9fel'f?f ~ ~ I C\Sfilll?lfG!(. 0>~
~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~m~~~ . m
C~ ~-<!!~ :ilf%f.hotll ~ m ~I m
C6i"llC1'1$!(. ~ ~ <Pl~l<t>t~ B ~ -~
~ ~-<!!~ .:ztf%~«t ~ ~ 9(rof I <!I~ ~l<ii'!l ~ 1?'U ~!(. 150IC'!1>Gli!, ~
15ll-o1'!1°&1'!1, ~ l!ilJl<f6BMi'l1 ~ ~ <fiUl ~~ .:ztf%f.ho«I ~ 'R't ~ 1·
Contents
('I) t-il!6~Ci11 ~ • : '<3~ J.il'lfil"1~ ~ ~ ~ -~

~dJ'l'c;'Gl,ijlJU45jlfll l:iiNilS>!\5 ~ ~ ~"ll!ii°iuiB ~" ~ ~~91RJ ~I
~~~~M"1~~4;: .
()) ~~ f3R (Earthing ScreenT 1
(~) '<3~~ '5mK1 (Overhead Ground Wire)~
(~) ~'- \5lllC'il>lil'il "IT~ 1Sf~;q~:11U111 (Lightning Arrester or Surge Diverter) I
(8) ~ \SlJl<l'S!i'l<lli'l (Surge Absorber) •
)~.~ ~ ~ l!Sllt<IC"RI ~ (Explanation of Electrostatic Induction) :
POSRTIVEiY
~CHARGED CWUD
~WER LEAKAGE TO EARfH
fSi4 )~. C\ : ~C'l<tl'Gl,ijJ lffl<t> ~eil<f>~

~ "51~ ~ ~~ ~"f 91~ ~ ~98f ~ ~ W<fif ~CC'f<PdiliGJllU~ ~
~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ci1C~ ~ 'i5t<.'9ffu ~I i!l Ci1C~ ~ ~~~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ mY 18·
~I ~ ~ 9f1V'l'il <.!l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~'l>pWW\'l ~cm-r ~ m ~ ~ ~I ~~ ~ ~9f@i'l 11~ffi11Ti1 ~ ~ ~ ~
~ jf~~c-f .!JOT~~ m ~qt~~~~~ ~'<I~ Ci1C~ DT~ ~
~I~ l.!l.~ ~ Ci1C~ ~~ 4:"1"W'IUC'il'il ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "'iTI l.!l'il
9®~ I!! Ci1C~.~~m~~~~~'5~18~1 ui '5~Wf
1Jl:~ ~ "f!<rn1 ~ ~ <!J<f~ ~~ lR~ ~ ~'5~ ~~I ~ ~~
4:'1SJ:C'1•R ~~~ <mf i!l<f~ ~~ 16/JIC'il:i'Gi'il '5 ~ i!ilJl'l\StiMl'il ~ <mf l!l'il ~ ~
~~t"f ~ <l5m ~ I 4:C'1<?dit>G11!'5~ ~ ~ <.!!"\'li91 ~ ~~~ ~ Rl:ffii l.!l~
~'1\Sf~w~ ~~~~-a ~ 1 ~R ~ ~~-<.!!~ ~ ~~ .~ s~">f:l ~ 1
<.!!'il 'IT:~~ ~CC'f<Pdili&Jlf&<P' ~

. ~I
i
...,:1
Contents
Contents
)) I ~t~~-4't~r {<i/if>Jfii/Cifl : 'o~]

m: ~ )~.Q "ii'~~ I.
>~1~~~4'tr
<tt, ~~<Wrr /<4J<f'!Frc~J: 'o<t/
.m : ~~ct ~ ~~~ w~ <rrJ. m~ om c~ 'litl:fJ 'l)j1Pil<t>-:i1c<1 ~ ~
f<rnl~~'i ltG'l<t>Ul<t> NPibtciS'f~ <llffict ~ ~ ~M5fl4 ~~ "<l"ta'f 1
)~ 1 ;'Ul'IPl-fif ~ '6'SBf C'!SIC~C'l!BI <mtct ~7
m:~)~.)~I
)8 I \Ql't~-fif ~ ·~;•::W\:IC\!llC~OO ~ ~1
m: ~ )~.) "l~a'B<TI I
)<t I ~t ~ "4't1 [<t7;p7fiiK<rf: '08]
m:~H.~"il~~I
~~,~~~~7 {;q/;pJfiif0rr: 'oB]
m:~)~.Q"il~~I
)C\ I~ C'5IC~C'St'il ISl\5J'SiJct ~"Cift ~I '
m = ~ct <l'iR!~ f.r.rni91 :
("<!') C~C'S!IC'i?f
(~)~~~~
(~)~~$e_~
('ii) ~ii>JPi •R ~
(~) ~~ Git'<!
• (b) ~ ~"'lC\!1>1<-<i~~~ <n -.::;~~-~I
)lr I IUl'i~Cll'G ~ ~ ~ ~1
m: ~ 9fT~!ml" ~ $e_ ~ ~<r ~ ~ ~ ~ <llffict 15111~1f<1<> ~ 151~lfii~--:i,c;q
~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ c--:i1c.:&iStc~~, ~ <ftG1 1
)~I~~~ 500 kV/2.5.20"ffmr~<fim~, ~~"l'f~7

m: 'SUI~~~ 500 kV
~~t1=2.5µs
~~b=20µs
~o I Wf-~~~~~~~~7
m:
~-~ ~ ~ ~ \511~ "<l'C?I ~~Git~~ ~<Ml"! W-1 I
~)1~~~~~~~~~7
m:
~~R ~-~~~~~Git~~~~ Git~~~~ <fro I
~~'~"~~~<fim~7
m: ~~R ~-~~~~Git~~~~~ Git'<!~~~ <fro I.
~~I~ $<fi\5 ~ 'e ~~7
-=~~~~~w.T~l"l!~
("<1')~~~~1
{~) lii\Sl~~~ ~~ ~<fl ~dJl>'GJ!ffl<t> ~ I
~8 I A-~ ~"CP!l ~~7
m:
~"'~~ct~ A-c$<1> ~~· ~ I ~
~~.~~~~~~!
_
"' / / Contents
~. ~ R·~ D!iSf ~ ~'{HT!~~ Wt~ ~ ~- ~~'C<lS ~ ~·

~m1
~It I ~<ff~~~ ~~~~91lllcftr
ffi : ~~ ~tf <{l<t'(Pi~~ ~91:
(:>)~t,~
'<l~ ~J!l~:-01~ <ff~ \5l~,:,1*1JI~ I
(.()
(~) ~~ ~Ji~>Ut~ <ff~ 151~~!®1~ I
(8) ~ \5fJ1'liSii::<lli:: I .
~~I ~t. ~-I.Qi~~~ ?:q'iJ~"' ~~~ \S"lnl ~?
ffi : ~ Zf9':~~ ~ ~~t. ~ l!J<R ~t. 151JIW:>GI~ -s ~ 15ill<l'Si<i1<11~ ~
<ru1 \QQ ~~Q :ll~ ~~V'f 1? ~ lJrn I
.!; I ?:q'iJf\6"'~~~~? {~:)o}
~:~~~.:>O!~~I
~I ~~<ff~ "6ltfGC6i~ emf~~~ I 1~: 'oB, 'o~, 'olr, 'o~J
m:~~~-~~I
"I ~C'8l~Cl!ll'l'Pf~~~~~I
m:~H.:>«~~JI
81 ~~'6~~~<fiUf~~I f~:'o:rj
m:~~~ :>°'~~I .
~I ~t.~~f<.Q~~cft~l!l•R~~~~~? [~:"o!r]
m: ~:>~.~.,.~~I
~I ~~~~9f:l'6$~~~lf['{3t f<mefiilt<rt : 'o/rJ
m:~H.)~I
~ I pjT;1<5p'fii ~-<.Qi ~ ~ <r>f1f2t'flfir ~ ~ I [~:'o'6}
ffi:~:.i~.~~I
lr I Jil'ffil"~~~t.~"fr I!!~~~ ·7W'f~~~7 {~:'ob}
m : -5i•Jt!.~:.>f ::i~.Q ~t. ~ I
~I ~~t.~'i~~~I [~:·o~J
ffi: '57"~ :>~.~;:;~~I
)Ol~'-~~~~I [~:'ob}
ffi:~.H.:>'l~~I
))l~~l.!lil~~~~<RI [~:·o~J
ffi: ~ ).(.>& '1~~ I
)~I B-~~~'5t~I [~:'08/
m:~H.lr~l
)~I Cill\SM~"l~~~~~~~l
ffi:~H-"(~)~i
i . )81 ~~~~~t.~$~1
~:~).(.~("4)~1 .
I
Contents
:! .
. "
·~~·
. . :- "' . ~ . .
.
~-~'6R-•~. ~~~Cif'll1 [~:')oj
m:~)~.b-•R~I
"~" $~~ "f.r $~, ~1l~, ~ Cif'll I [~NT: 'ob-]
m:~)~.b"'if~~I
~I ~l~'<3~il~l~r:et'il~ct1JCi'ft~~I f<'/l<f':fiK<TT: 'o<f'. 'o~J
~:~~~.::>~!
81 ~~~~-~~~ct"l.!l<R~~f\tif"Jp41l~'RI {~[: 'o&J
m:~~~-~~I
~I '<3\!Sl'll~ Jit'l'~ ~ ~Gl'SICStc.\i6t ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
'<3\!Sl'll~IS~"PP'l~~Wlfit'flt~, ~I [~: 'o&]
m:~)~.~'if~~I
~ 1 'El'51<s1cs1&&ar~~'t'ft~<R 1 {~:'oa-J
~: ~ ~~.o 'f~.!lTJ:Cil~ l:il~'lf'Cfl'SI ~ ~<R- Ul1f ~ ~ ~ <R' I
.m:~H.8~1·
lri ~~~Ul1f~~fll
m:~~~.'\~JI
l'l>I "~"$~~·~~1!~ ~Cif'lll
m:~H.lr~I
.. "- .
r
:
Contents
. <1it9ft'5 ~ ~
i (System of protection against lightning)
'
)~.) ~ 151Jl,'ll'1tl,'iH1 ~ ~ i!l~ "1ffi61"1•m1 ~ (Protective function and· principle

of operation of a lightning arrester) :
* ~ l:IUl,'ll'1°Gl'll (Lightning arrester) : ~~ "5lJIC'!l>\)l11 <f1 ~ l5l~~M11 ~ l.!l~ ~
'tJtt:Ci'flfG\5 ~. <i1 'l'ft-5~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C~ct cruf I '8~
~ ~ '¢ll<l'IC•rn RtD c~ ~ QfK<fi I ~ l!l~ ~ ·~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~~ ~ 9frot I~~~~~ ~'&ct~~ I l!l ~ C~lc*GCIS!i1 ~ ~
~ '8~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 011TI ~ <£l~ ;;q ~~. ~. ~ ~ ~
~ ~ cq "@~ ~ ~ ~ <llm ~. ~ ~t~ ~t.'5lllti1>'G!i1 (Lightning
arrester) ~ ~ I
~'- 1S1J1C~:it1c11~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ <lil9ff'5 ~ ~ ~ ~ C"i'8m 1 l!l~ ™
~t.ISIJIC{:1>'Gl~C<tS ~II[~~ 11!1~~~~~151JIWUl'.l ~ ~ ~ ~ -
'((~fzij;~ ~ ~R~ ~ ~ l.!l<ft ~ ~ ·~ \!ltm ~~~~I ..
'8~ ~ ~ c9fl<'I <n uwmm ~ ~ ~ <rnrrn ~~"i1 %! tl'R"1 '<l~, ~~ ~91T'5

~~ ~ ~~ l.!l ~1TC'<l'Z ~crufl ~~~~ct~~~~
~flftll ~ ~ '@~ l.!lUl ~ l!l~t ~ ~~ "ffi~ ~11.. ~ ~~ ~ ~ \51TI:9f DC.,~ I
~ ~ ~ <n ~<Jt-m! ~ ~ Cl'f'Sm ui. f<ri~<n Cll~ ]l"itJ>'il:llM <rr ~ ~m
~ ~ ;i~~'l"f ~ ~. ~ ~Jfw ~9R (Installating) <!1 <f3! 9fl~ ~--c<:> ~ ~
~ ~t '¢lllti1>U!i1 ~<f <llm ~ l
*91Rlbltt'11'll ~ :
~; fui1! ~ iST~ofiile'!li1 ~ ~fioi oNICi!T ~I 1!1$ ~ 'i'IJ191 '8 'fa'!-~~ >t(C{JIC'l
~ • I ~ ~91 l!I~ 'i'IJ191 ~ l!l~ f.i~ct ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ Colc*GU!i
~ ~ ~ ~ 9frnf ~ 1 ~~ ™ *
ColMCiSti1 ~ ~ ~'1'>J:C.,•f.:I Ql<l>ISIG"'l m
~~~"~I
~-~ c11~>Gi1c+t11 ~ l!l"l"I ~. Cll" c~1c'TI~1 GI~~ c~ ~ c~f$i>{;JJ"l ~ lftll
~~91a'i-!iJl'Ol-s ~ 1 l!l"i1~ ~~JTWP'! <r>i:rn<G1R:f>G<t-~ c~~~ 1
, .
Pol~-~>
. .:
:
Spark ! :·
Gap1~:
... ...'
: :
.=~
r
Ughtnlng
: :
~-1
Non LI.near
resistor
------~Current
Arrester
c::·,·n .• .,... )~.) : ~ '6111Ul><il11 fSJl ~~.~ : ~~ 4'JIC1\<PUIMPb4 ~
Contents
*~(Action): ,c:;:·
:>I ~~ ~~ GIJ!C'!lJGt'!l ~ ~ GIQfr~ I!!·~ l!l~~ ~.qy.~~

C~<1 ~~ "11 I
~ I '<3ol<J7.'~l~et ~ ~981 \511~1Gllf\;,Clb ~ ~!if Ql<t>i5IG'i ~ '<3 ~ <!1'!1 ~ <!>~ 1
<!lti!i C"!l-c'!lN.1A"iJ1'Jf ~ ~ ~ ~1roc~ ro'! 1frn 1 ..!)~ ~ ~ ~~ f.@1~
GIJIC'!l${;f'!l ~ ~ RO'f 1frn I .
~ 1 ~~ ~ 'i1Jl<>f .~~er·~ ~c~ Q)ITT• '<3 ~~ ~ ~ ~c~ QJ"fC<!S, '!i~ ~
Mf.rnm ~ "fU ~ l!l'!l 'Urn ~!11~'! ~ .!l<IZ -::.f~ffie, ~ ~ C~'f ~
<lit'!l I~ "[~1-t,~ m Cmo1 l!l o/1-~ C?.fG,;{;1:·'1 'f.;~ ~ ~ C'!lf$r:iGJi'Jf mi '<3 'i1J19lT<l>
il'{-<flii\Sf<t>fi;~ ~ I
* ~ ISIJIC<sl~lrJBI O?lC4ll6t~fll61 ~~Cf qy ~ 1 ~rr~ ~J:~'!lA"ilC'!l'!l QT ~ ~ <!l ~Cf1'~'1
~ ~. ~ m ~ m ~"TT :
:> 1 ~ 911'<3~ fiftc~M:c~ 151Jlt'!l..V:cM f°b~'!l ~ ~~~~"IT mi;
~ I ~ ~ C1Ji'1 ~z '3l'JIC'!l:;i)l'!l<.<S ~ '11 ~;
~ I NPiblC'Sl'!l ~ 151JIC'!l:ii{;lc'!l'!l Gll~l1511Nic~ C'!lPil[~lJa'l c~IMCiSi'!l met ~ czj'it qy ~ ~ '11
~;
8 I ~ ~ ~ 9!'!l ~ ~ '41~!f<:qs ~ ~ 91TC'!l;

q. 1 ~ ~ G1ift'!l;i;{;1'!1-l!I ~ ~6~ '1-.rn l!l'!l lfR ~ 151JJc'!l${;1rn'!l QJ<t>l.51~"1 QfazQJ ~
"it <lit'!l;
~I ~~~~1'JTC<fll .
e ~ 151Jllil~f<sl f.t<frR ~1JRn (Selec~ivn and location of lightning arrester) :
·.!l<f'ffi ~z G1Jll?l;i;{;1?1 Pi<f1wB1 ~ ~ ~ ~ QN1 ~~. 0~~ ~ :
:> 1· ~ ~ ~ QFet-~~ 9ft6m'!l flffC{JM ~ ~lfrn'f ~mi I
~I ~~ ~i51Jl"11G11~P'P1 l!l<IZ :;;..'Ji1ffl~>t ~ "T!t!W!~9ftti!i'!l ~. '<3~9!, ~
~. ~~~.01~~1
~I c~ f\Sol~C>t?I (~~ GIJIC'!l:iG1'!1) ~ ~~Qf ~mi I
8 I ~z 151JIC'!l:ii{;lc'!l'!l ~ ~ ~z 'G ~~ C"f'Ofl ~ I
q. I ~~ 15lJ!C?l${;1c'!l'!l ~ ~ ~ c~l~CiST'!l ~~mi I
~ I ~ f>ICG'l<t>"M (WR<f) 1 .
e ~ ISIJIC<sl~llil<sl ~ (Types of lightning Arrester) : ~ ~ ~~ \51JIC'!l${;1'!1
~I ~ ~~ctffer ~ ~ ~'G ~ c!l~ ~fJ ~ ~ t GIQfr~ ~~ ~ OO-
c11fG!>clJl"1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~Qf ~ ~~ c~ct ~ 1 frrnl ~ ~~ ~J1c11${;tc?J11 ~
01-sm~:
:> I ~ 'i1J191 GIJIC'!l:ii{;l'!l
~ I ~ ~9! 15lJIC'!l:ii{;l'i1
~ I ~'i1J19! l!l!JIC11${;1'!l
8 i <.!l~~ m91~'.15JJIC?l${;f'i1
<t I ~ ~9! ~~ GIJIC?l:ii{;l'il <l't ~ ~91 GIJIC'!l${;1'!1 . ·
~ I c-rnrn 'i1J19! >O!JIC?l;i;{;l11
~I ~ ~ ::5iJIC'!l:ii{;l'!l
lr I ~cciqsdj1G11~1' m91 ::S:JIC?l${;1'!1
~ j ~ ~ m<>f 15lJllil.~l<sl J ...
Contents
)(l>o "J.~b~\11~~~
)~.~~ ldlJICiiJGlii, ~ IS~l'lt~lil ~ ~. ldlJl<lttF4<11CH ~ ~- (Dlffefenc~ .between
)I ~ ~JIUPUi'l <IT 'Jim- . ~ l!l<li

. ) I 151Jl<liS!i'l<lli'l <IT ~ ~ l!l~
~ '~lt;CJ<j>ft;ll:) ~. lit 9ft>el!'RT -~ ~c~~~.~~l!l~
~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ C2ffi9 ~cm m~-~ ~ -e~ m
<ml I ~~~I
~ I
'!> I
8 I
.,
l!liU "J1ri
~'ITTS ~ C~cf <ro1 I
\!l"C\5 .,.,_
~
i.!lffl ~ Cll:licfGiSIC<l>
•
Coic*GCISli'l
~- lit ~~ct 9 fN.nrrn ~ ~ <ITl:fl

~~
~ "ll"tl':ITD! ~
~ C'!l~P'ilJl"I ~
'!> I
8 I
front}
~l
~~<IT C"~ct <mi 1
i.!ll\5 ~ .!!<!~ ~". "lf1;l:fj cm~ "ftfmsr

~ (ll:lfc!Bi51C''l' ~ ~ ~ 1.!PR ~ l!l"?l
om l!jq~ <i~~ m Cll:llCFBC'S!i'l ~ ~QI~ Ci'lfutiGJl"I G'flfm ~PlC'1"1Ciii'l
i.!liU~<Jl™iGJl'>i~~~l ~~ct~~I
a- I i.!lffl ~ . m
Cll:llcfGiS!C<lS ~ a- l i.!lffl ~~ m Cll:llCFB'S!C<lS f.nmcrn
"fM ~ C"tlif ~ I ~l:fj ~ cm
<ml I
1r I >!lffl 1lolM41 l!l<!~ ~ C\l:)ICVUC'S! ir 1 i.!ll\5 >J~~ <1><1C1S.,P1lurn foul<t>tG'>l

~~~~~~~'ill fu>trnMi'l ~~ ~9!TC\5 ~ 1
(I> l i.!l{ ~~~<IT~ ~~(lli{lhN3 "<l"<'fJ ~ I
~ 91Hlbli1"tlil ~ (The coustruction and

principle of operation of the following lightning arresters) :
) l ms ~91 (Rod gap) ~ l ~ ~91 (Hom gap)
'!> 1 1!1~9f~ ~91 (Expulsion type) 8 I ~ ~ (Oxide film}
a- l ~ ~91 (Thyrite type} l
· ) I 1IW 'SfJM 151JIC'iliGl'il (Rod gap Arrester) : l!lffl ""~ ~ ~ 151~\l:)li'lbli'l l l!lffl 1ffl 15
c>Jf.{;fil'GICi'li'l ~ct~~~ l!l<I"~ fb<1ll"jlllfil "'1~~ ~rqs I
Ttansfonner
Bushing
Transformer
Tank
Contents
l!I~ ~ ~ "'!~ ~ <.!)q~ ~ ~ ~ 'iTN '!~~ ¢~ I ~:ip1°6'!1 l!l<f~ '1Jtt9fJ ~ ~

(P) w~ '1Jl91 ~ l!l'li ~~ffi cm ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ \:ll<t~c\§~ ~•i>J:t•i'fk1111 QlSTl'it
~ ~ '11 ~I 'ifJT91'01NJl!I~151)1\SiSll)i; ~ ~.·~ ~ 1Si5ffl C15l&6"5t'il ~ 80
~'i'f~'fi1ll~.~~~~I
~ ~ 'ifJT9ffU ~~~~ ~ llfTl'lS I ~ Dll9fJ ~ ~ ~ '@9fJ ~ ~.
~ 'i'fn9lm ~ .~ ~'<3lffil' ~'I ~ ~ ~ W'f ~ I <.!! ~'I >tl~iS!f.l_, ~ ml
· ~ ~·nR" ~ ~ ;:rn@ll~IMc<1> ~ ~ ~ Wifil ~ 1
e ~(Advantages) :
~I '/~~;
~ I m~ ~"fl~ IS 151)1\S\Sll..V 'fi1lt llffi;

I!) I ~tfR \Sl)IC'lliGltWll ~ ~91 C~ ~~~~I
~ I ~ ~ ~ISlffil' ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ R:.16'!1 ~ ~ ~. l!l~ f.F&ciG:i!f&
~~~;
~I ~~~~~9f~~~<!T~IAN900t;
I!) I <rt°B, ~. ~~ ~ ~<!l'f l!I "51Jll~:>tilC'lli'l 9fl'll~i'l~Jl'JfCrncCflS \:ll!IC9:>tilC'll9 9119~'ll:i!Jl~<A> ~~I
~ I ~ '1Jl91151JIC'lliGHr (Horn gap Arrester) : ~ ~ ~'- \51JfC9>6J'll '<3~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 'iffl91 ~~ 151Jlc'll)G1'll~ ~ ~ '@~ c~m. i5llil' '1flOllS ~~-=- 'f~ ,
~. ~ ~ ~'fui fit~ •!Hf~~~~~~~~ m
~ l!I 151Jlc'll>Gm
~ ~ ~ l!J~ ~ ~ 'ifJT9f ~~ '\51J1C$l}i;J'll I l!l<flti; 9ffu<IT~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l!l<R
~r!JlT; ~~ 4Jftl4'<:'&1C\511 ~ "fl~~'11 QfW!i I ~ ~!.l~ ~ ~ ~. ~l!.lt;"ll 151Jlt'll)i;l'll ~
~ ~ I '5lJIC'll:>tilC9~ ~ Cffo M~ l!I~ "Tm ~ ~ l!I~ ~ ™ QT, ~ ~ ~
~~ ~ m QJITT>, '@~ ~ C~ Qi~~~ C~ ~I~~~ l!I~ ~
~ ~. <lt~ 'lt!frn'f ~ c~ICPGCISr'll ~'I ~ '11 ~~·qr~~ ~ R;1.;~ 'ill 900t
<IT~~ 'll 9frol 1 ~ ~ 'ifJT9f ~ 151JIC'll:>til@t 'f~"Cl!Tff ~ ~ :
Choke coil
To Apparatus ..,.~1--1000'---.
To Be Protected RlLJ-;~-s
~ i Hom
. Gq:>
Jc
Earth -=--
~ ~~.8 : ~ 'ifJT91~~151JIC'lliGFi1
151JTC'll~ ~IS ~ ~ ~ ~~ ui<r~ ~ ~~ ui<flft; ~~ ~ (Choking coil) "lt'l'fWll
~. ~~~ ~ ~~ 00~151'f~ <flirt~~~ I
l!I~ Ulfei:>tiJl"l R ~ <fi!C943C<t> (Follow current) f.r.r.iCf ~ ~ ~ ~ mc1!f I
<:Df<l> ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 fNim fils'tC{IMC\!I 151$1~1\l!!'li rn:im<t>t'U"I ~ ~ m
]l"lf6tC!l4' @>trnMc~ ~ f?HUl<t'C&·>t ~"f!<T ~ I ~. <Dt<lS ~ '!llc:'G<t>lt15 ~~ ~
~l"lf6tC{l4J ~ ~ Cl'!§ 'ill I
~ ~ ~91 ~-<t>.,\Sl4'fG~ ~ ~ I ~¢. ~ 'ft~ Gl?IC~CiS! '1Jtt9fJ ~~ .~ 'JfW
~ 9f1C'll '111 ~ ~ \S~ ~ ~ om, ~ ~'6$ ~ lr~ ~ <!llWiC<f'
~) ~ ~ ~ ~Qf~ li'm1 ~~ ~~ Frrnt ~ ~ •!r~t Qi m
~ <fT\Wfe'lS ~ ~ ~ 'JfW <mf, ~ ~~ ~91m ~~~~~~I <.!)
~ ~ ~ ?'f1iT Otc.~ ~ ~ ~ ~'ill~ ~ ~ -~91'll-~91f.f ,.~~ w.i
Contents
1lll! I <!I i5ll<fi f.f<fl9itC1. 3 ~ 5 ~~~I \5lJICi1:>{:jli1C<t> ~ ~ ~~· ~ ~ ~9f'l ~

. '©f'D'5 I
• ~(Advantages) :
:i I ~ 151T9fill-~91'R Fr.frf~ ~ (Arc is self clearing), ~ ~ if~~~ ~'G~ ~ ~
~ ~ ftm9rn rfJrn "rU ~m ~Cf~ Oft I . .
~ I ~ Ci1~>'GJl7f ~ ¢ft.?.'VC<t> HTI:i!Cf ~ ~~ f.Hl~!illi{l ~ ;
e ~~{Disadvantages) :
:> I . ~ ~ ~ ?i'T<l ~ITP'.'>Rl m;l:I) ~ (~, ~ ~~-$<~, C9!1<1'!)!14>¥ ~) rn19f ·
'1_cf ~'G1lli! <!l;l\fot f~;;i5,.s) ~. <11 <f.r-1) % I
~ i ~2lifu .!l<l~ ~1.4?1 "w.fi "ri ~e~ "lt!1•1I ~ ~ ~ v$~ (Setting) ~ ~
'BJ. 'roi '5!Jlt9:;4;!t?:i1 "li~l'hl'IJl·>j ~~~I
~ 1 ..!l?: '5!9ff@"R 11~ c<lf'r1 (2ITTl 3~),~151T~ c~1cB<1>fi;~ f>tcii'.k)!i1~iS9R<ll~om1
~I l!l~'°ftO'r'R~9f l!llJIC'iliVBI (Expulsion type Arrester): l.!l ~ ~~ \51Jl<J!>i31?1C ~
jj.l'TI 'C~ ~· ~ -5tl~~~ <l'm ~ <!l<l~ Jfflffil~ 33 ~~~<Al~ I
~ : ~ ,<:jq;ftj <.!1~9ff01'"M m"i
\51JIC?l>i31~i1 ~rnl'Sr'fl~ Gl~"f C"f~ ~I <!IC\3 1!1<!$ ~ rn19f
A A'~ i5ITTI <.!I~~~~~'<!~~.~·~ rn191 ~~I <!I~
m rnTC91 ~ ~CPl<l>dil~ ~I ~91m '$:C<i'l'dil..SfG ~ ftm9rn '1Wl •!f<f~ ·~ ~C<i<t>@ISfG '5ffe~
~ ~ ~ I .<!l <.!lq;ftj ~ ;rrt'1Jl'll ~ ~'!l(.'!I ~ I
~ c~IMC'Si <!I rn19f ~ ..!l<l>!'U-.S ~ ~ "11 I ~ ~ ~ C'4\IC"ll~lc<l~ ~ ~
~ 9fmj' "1t I ~~-..!!~ '<l>lm'f ~ ~ ~ <!I rn19!m f"O'!l'!l ~ ~~-<!I~ 'llll:ffCll <!l~ ~~ ;rrlQ[
~~~ ~ ~ <.!l<r~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ "iRr<1~'!1~~Dt<'f~1
~<0 <!I 15!JIC?t>i31i1 ~ ~. ~ ~ f~~i.'ll ~ rnTr.91 Q1 ~ ~ ~. ~ \5fe~ ~
~ 9f.'fiq ~ ~ ~ ~I ..!! ~fi?f m
~ R'>~ ~ ~INHITTI ~ l!l'll ~ <!l<l>f'G
~ ~91 ~ ~ I <!I w\J ~91 ~ ~ f.i~ ~{lllffi <.!!JU
~~~~ *
f.Rr'>ft'GI ~I~ \5llCW11~fut~ ~<.!!~Wt~~,~
*'6 Rcflf~ ~ I * f.RT~C8! <!I
".flJC\3 ~ f.Rr91q ~ ''ffC'il ~ ~ ~ (isfu ~ "TT I l!l ~ \51JIC'll>'G!'ll ~ ~ ~

·~T'lfl<l'ml ~ W'1"ll~'1~ ~I f<is;g l!l~ ~ ~ ~~ ~.~Cf ~ ~ ~
. ~91Ql'[~ "l1I I
Horn Gap
ProtcetGap
Tube
#
Earth -:::: -
('Ii) .. ("')
f&i[ )~.~ : ~911'1-t-l ~91 '61JIC~iGh1
Contents
e · · ~-il'I'{~ (Advantages) :
~I l!l@'t-f ~~om; . . ..
~, ~~·~1<f'll'f'l4 ll5ti'tt ~ ~ -nlft ~ ~ ~ ~9f ei~1C11ie1c~ii.:w"'~'~" . ,, ...• ~
lllil . . .. . . . •; .. =·~·;f-,,,:2:;<,
"' ~~~9fit'Rt~I
) I <!I@~~~ 9fTm<f:.\5R: <!1'1$ ~~I ~Cf, ~C-.bJ'l>"lBI ~ flR! ~'~
~~f\!5"l1C~~~~I ·. . .• . , ;t : ·
~I <!l@~~~~mnct<!l-c<liC~~~~~~~·~~I '·.
~I <!I~~~~ filt1~IC''BI <!C"1 <!lt°U i11fir ~9lffe5 ~ ~ ~9Wn~<rn I •
8 I ~~ "'11Ci1$f;l'it {Oxide film·arrester):
~ : ~ ~ C<Pfil'l>JIC.,~ ~ IQ~ C'i, ~9f®!T ~ ~ ~ 91f~ ~ ~~9f
~<l>J:WGI ~~ ~ 1· .<!! ~ ~~ ~ <ru! ~ ~ 15lJlc~>&!~ ~ <ru! I ~ "ll~b!<J!ll~
(Pb02} <!I ~ <!1<1$ C<Pfil<PJl'i I ~ ~911!1J!rn <!I~ ISlTI:~ <:m~ ~ '<R fii. fii IQ 25 '<3~ I
~ ~ ~9f'11lii!t ~ c9Rll ~ 150 ~ c>i.,Pim"l ui '\51'1Vl, ~~~cm~~ 60d
Mr/mm~.
~
l
'
1
I
~
~~ c~~~ ~Jlcll>f:Jll c~~

~)~.lb : ~ ~ l:i{JIUl:i&l'll ..
~:~~<!I ~ \5Ul~=>&1~ F2!~ 'ifJ!91 wmi, 'ifJ!91 ~CC1"l>d:il15, C"ll~PJM'I 'ifJ!91, '~ ~
~~.I 2.4 fir. fl!. ~ C'1\S "ll~\51$i~i5 <!l~ ~~ ~-~ ~- ~
~~ (Letharze) 15lf"l~~ ·m~ ~ QJ! 1 <!I ~~ c~ (Plalite) <li'fl llll 1 ~ c~ · ·
~ 6 ~.fir: <IWJ <!l<f~ 5 ~.fii. ~b516lf<lf't& <!l<fi <!1'1$ ~ ~ .<f>m ~ I \blt:"l'ilC:<P 6\'il~lfC'il. ~. {.;,.. .
~~~I IQ~ l!l<lS ·IQ<;$~~~~ IQ<fi fcisCC'll~I~ ~I IQ '3.tt41 ~~.l~'~';f'
~~"J'ftt'<t IQ<f~~~~~JI~~~I 1£1~ <!l~~ 18KV(~iJ~(.. r·
'~ 25 KV (~ill ~) 9llfis ~ ~ .QJ! I C-olC~cet'il ~ ~ ~A ...
-~ ~ 'QJ! I <!I ~ b!Jl~>&h1 -~ C<Plm '&RJ 300 ~- ~ ~ ~ ·111~ff'ijfi
. _.,. ___,,"' ,.
' - . ;:~ ..
Contents
;·
)l'PS ~~~
-~Iii! : ~ ~ -.u·~"'ll\!liS!Pl\!J ~ct-~ )jlil!tf\brn<& ~ ~ "1§, ~ -~- 'R~
~ ~~~ ~~ frft1l ~ ~ ~ l!jq~ <!!~ ~ ~ '~ ~ '611'{?1~1Nl ~
'Rt 1'111 ~~)'{~·~I~ ~'<rn'rn C~ ~~~ UTI~ ~ ~ <!!~~ ~ cmr
~. ~ <!!'!l l.il~SGJl'I ~I l!l cc:i~>iiJl"I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. lfl ~ 'ilm9rn
1llilJ <fttft~~ ~ l.!l<R ~ ~ ~ lTrn I l!l ~JIC?liGl@?l ~ 'ffe"~ l!l~ '1l, ·<!it<!> ~
ff~""11~~~91"~"!l1~'1l~~~~cq~~~~l!l'l'~
'ITT!<f~, ~ ~ ~~ .!lffl f<rc"l<l 1S91Vrt~ I
~I ~~iil~'G ~ GUICils°Gr:A (Thyrite type Arrester) : ~ ~91 ""1"T ~.:-io ~91 ~JIC?lSGiil
l!l~ "i{i{-Mf.rnra c?1!$.:if31cil?l ~~ '@wm91"ll' ~ ~ ~ 1 <!l'!l ~ ~~V'ffi ~ -s
~~~~~I
Spark Gaps
I and
Grading
· Resistors
Set of
Non-Linear
R$istors·
~ )·~. C\ : ~ ~9t 151JIC'l'F~lil

~ : l!l1U '1fT; ~~t"rn ~ • I l!l~ ~ ~ ~91 '8 ~~ Of-1-~ ~ ~
~ ~~--! I l!l ';fo1-~ ~ITT~ ~Qj<ft )jJ!dilPf'i l!l"il' ~ I Of-1-~ C?lfuSGl?l ~
~ ~9f l!l~ ~ ~ 'i~~ ~ l!l'l't ~ l!j~ ~ ~ C"llilPJM"I qs•u;U~'ll@ ~ I
~ ~9f~~ ~ 'it~ ~ I ~ ~91 ~ c-@it ~ WU ~ ~1.'14'dilC15?l ~
• I ~ ~91 l!l'!l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~t ~ ~91 i.!l"il' ~1'¥1\5llf°¥1.\!i 'it~
~ I ~9f~~ ~ l!l~ Q!ITTS, ~ 1l~IM"1' C~!cJ&CiSHl 'im1 l!lffl" ~'i<>J:C"IU'!l ~ <filiSf <1>C"'1 I
"i{i{-~ C'!l~:tf;Cil?l ~llR ~'f ~ ~ ~ ~~ 'im1 l.!lffl" ~ C"1filt C'!lf$>iiJl"I ~I
N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f.;i{ C'!l~>tiJ1"1 01~ 1 ~ <liQfllr, l!l~ ~ ~ ~ <Pl@W11
~ ~ ~ ~. ~ l!l~ C?l~:tf;JIC"lil 1ftif ~ ~ l!l'ft ~~(Vice-versa)~ I
•ctrfir : ~ ccstctlCiS!11 ~- l!l~ ~"f~~ G<P\SI~~ "It ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
°Q Oft I Fq ~ C15lc'UC6iil ~ ~ ~9f~~ C!!j<P\Sl~'i ~. ~ ~ ~ "i{i{-~
&!~OJI~_~ ~ W'r 1ftll 1 ~ ~ <ll!C'!lCoUil. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Of-1-filf.Rmt ~ ~ l!SIQillJllil C'!ll!f ~ I ..Q~ ~ ~ ~ \!ll~li!ilfq; ~-WT ~
_9fml I
~ ~ ~ 9Rf l.il 'A~ C'!lfet>iiJl"1 ~ ~ lm!f ~ ~ 'e ~ ~ ~tft- ~I
Contents
e ~~l~\((Adv~tages): · :. • .::.. :.~·~.-;, ,, . ' .. : ,·' : ~ ,..:·.'. =;:- ~~

. ) 1 l!lft .~ fumi ~ ~-~.Cv'erfdrecuve protecuon. agru:tlsi ~W:gesfr
~1,.l!l~.~~151~~.~-:-'15l~'-~<!l"~'<3.<fllr~;.: . .
" i l!l~~~~~(l!l~)t . . '
e ~(Disadvantages) : ,. . ·'. . . .
) 1 I!! ~ 1511ltJ1iG111 ~ ~ '<3~ ~ _<..l!lla;•pl"! -~ 151tiRi ~ ~ -U "ift 1. 1!11
~ ~ CO'l5151l91 ~ 'U I
~I <!l ~ ISIJIWUltJI <W"l lft<l5 C~ "ll~iJ'1lM;"1il ~ ~ i
e ~(Uses):
:> I Ja!'11<!''l1lll'l1 <!l<f::. ~ C~f<t;
~ i ~fr! ~91 15\JICi:P'G'l'.I 911-Siffif tmiiJoi 220 KV ~ <!l<r::. <!!~We~~ -U;
'!> I 01~ ~91151JIU!>'GIC'i1 911'8~ ~ 66 KV~~~~ i
)".8 ~"1C~¥ft'51 (Condenser) :

v.tW::. . !PR ~::. 15191mr'R c~ ~~"'m ~~ -ems ~ ~ rgitf<lfi'f'i ~ fcfifro $
(Stress) ~
C<fM ~ 1 ~ lCG1'1'1$1SGJlf&4> Cfl"IC15'11Hl <tT ~ Cfl"'IW'IR:l ~- ~ .Qq~ ~ ~ ~
<f'CTi ~ <!l<r::. ~ "){~~ l!Jf~ '{3 ~~. ~- Jll"1ll>11~111 -e~~t<r> ~ fils<ttilM ~
(High Frequency Oscillation)-~~ C~ Wlfil '!Im~ I~ 'CflJT911f>iG~'51 "!~~ ~
~
,,.,.,., i Lll\'E I TRANSFORME~· 1
~ IS!IH, 'CflJT~ fulf!IDt'Jf <!l~ ~Xe= 1/2 I
nfc ~11~. !Ytrnf.'111 ~ ffiml<t>tG0'1'i1 ~ ~ c-r
Wi"'i1~ 1fu>tcS1f.'I ~ ffiml<flt&'11 <l'Cll, f!i>tcS1f.'I _L_
~ ffrnJl<r>ct;71~1 ~ ~ ~ ;;r<rrnc~
~'<f * @C<t>ICSIM
"<f'Jl~ ~ ~m ~ ~
f<fili[g m ~~. C"iC:<.)? <!l ~
<f'C'l1 <!l<f(!. ~ Wat )".b" : ~~~ 'PICIS"llii
•
~ ~ 'JI"~ ~TI<; ~ I w-u ~ ~ ~ ..!!<!~ ~ 91t'8"lITT! filsifOSIMWi (50

~/ ~) l!l~ ~ BHlJl~Jl?f ~ ~ ~"l~'i'G'SI qr '<3C9fi'! ~~~Cf <ml I lW'I ~
"l'if9J ~ Cfl"IW"11Cil~ ll'ltl M l5lfN 1!TII ·, l!IW'G 4>"1Ci5'ffl'51 C'iT ~. ~ fils<e;CflM$M® ~
c~ ]J">lil''il>llil~'lS Wll'l ~ 1, <P"'itiS"IJ'ff~ ~~ '8rns -~ ~ (Strepness) ~~'Cl'!~
O'i1J .Q<f::_ \!!~ fVfnr ~ l!l~ W-U ~ rnm
(Reflect)~ om, C"lt1fCf (Absorption)~
9iIBf "Ii I ~ <!l<fif'U ~ <P"'ICl5·"11ml ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~"ffi! ~ 9l1tJl
l!lq~ ~ 151~"1 ~ <f'C'l1 C'11J I C~fi>'S ~ ~ ~ 4'"'1Ci5"11~'51 lC"l'l>Qll15J'f~~
~ cWI~ ~ ~ 1£lq~ ~ ~C'14fi:l<t ~ 151JlfJ:r&l~'1 C?l"lC'iliSt (acctyl Cellulose)~
~~'
' OH. LlNE
Contents
~· ~ l!l~ ~14'GJIC41'll ~. "'iJl'lll'1!C'1 l1lf'tS&Jl'I ~ ~"rif .4Rlc-i"MfG ~ ~ ~

~ ~ \51Jl<iiS!'ll•UC~HI ~ ~ ~ I ~~~~I
~ fiiw1u1fit f.Wil'j ~ Ni)jl>IC,'51 ~ ~ ~ ~MCIS"I ~·~I l!l ~ ~
~ C'llfCfs£iJIC'l'll 1l'fl ~· ~'8~ ~ 15l9ml ~ I ~ ~ @s<(Cilfi!C\b ~ ~ (j'ill <nl:fT
~ Rtml <PIC'llCoU'll 15l9f5li ~ ~l#Jl+t-l!l'll 'li~ ~ ~ ~ I
)..,,<t~~IStJIClet'll•ll'ii (Feranti Surge Abso),'ber):
'<3'$ ~ <n ~" -enrs ~ P!c>t;c1111 ~~'f aj ~ ~~ ~ -s~ ~ (Amplitude)
'f'll'"
i.!l~ ~91'll ~ ~ o:rt, '<3WS ~.~ \S9('ll'8 ~ ~ I ell NiiSl~C)j'll 'lilt!Wr '<3'$ ~
'8~ ~ ~ ~ ™ ~ llNill'l{ll'll <n ~ '5lJl<li$l'll<li'!l ~ I
Surge
Diverter
~ ::>~.::>o : ~ '"ffl!lf 151Jl<tll!til<tl11

~~ 1;1JJl<liS!~Ml'5I ~'11 ~ ~ l;IJJl<llS'hMl'll i l!lfU Qi~ ~ ~ ~ <n ~
~ l ~ iS~~ ~ Gl'illllfG'51 ~Wt~~ IP~~.~ 151Jl<l'S?Ml'll <n fmt~
(Dissipator) ~ ~ ~I i.!l~ ~ l!l~ i.!l~ c<ffif ~ ~l<PFG~ ~ ~ l!l~~ ~
~ Ff"'Cmt ~~ ~ ')\lt~ ~ 'f~~ ~I l!l ~ ~ m ~~Un"~
~ k'il~{l'SIC<l'>slC<I ~c:f 911!f<j'S QJtc<I' 1 ~ ~ ~
l!lqs1lJ ~ Gil l<l'SBI 41'!1 flftC<IS I
Metal Shield ,
Line I Inductance
~Electrical
_[,,,,,,, ;j::,,,, JS<luipment
Earth Potential
'T
I '
Contents
Contents
-
A
. -
,Y -9 -
co
-
<::J
-
-!>
-
er -
J:>
-
Ja
-0
A
Contents
)) I ~l:l()l"lefll1~ -$t ~ ~~~ ~? . . :.:·.. ·

~ : Cll' ~<ofl:vrn ~~ 'S~ ~ 'S~ -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ll~'l'UU11 qt ~
151Jl<16T11<1fi1 ~ I ~ \51Jf<l6Ti1<1l'il ~ '<3~ ~ qt~'. 'SC~N5ttf.415 ~ C!/Jr<IS ~ ~
~~i
)~ I ~ ~ GUl'16!11<1111 ~7
- : ~~ \51Jl<l\S!'!Ml'!l W'IT ~ ~ 1oot<'loi~t<ll'll 1• l.!lfU ~ ~ ~ ~.qr
~~I ~ ~~~ 1itU gj<il~lf6i1 00 ~~ QfITT> I ~ ~ ~. ~ \51Jl<ll5fi1<lli'l qy
~~ (Dissi.pator) ~~~·I
[~:)of
.hi:~ ~'O.'Oif~ar.u I
~ I ~ 4"!<0\S"PtltH ~ ~ ~ ., f"f14'rfifw: 'o~J
hi: ~ ~'0.8 if~ atiJ i
~I ~~~~GUIUIJlilC'll~~~'t~~? [~: '~· i
-:~~~-~~I
8 I AA:f
~~ \51JIC'11JlilC'1111 ~~I [~: 'olr]
-:~)~.).F:iT<:Ji
a- I ~ 151JIC11:i:'GIC1111 ~ ~ "imt>liMl'i1 ~ q.f.tt ~I [~: 'olr]
-: ~'¢.~~'
~I ~ l5(J!C11:>t1cu ~ ~ 9jijb\i'Ml11 ~~~I [~: 'olrf
~: ~ ~'¢.~ if~atiJ I
~I ~l5IJIC11:>tm1~~~~~1 [~:'o'<r]
~;~~..,.~~~~'
IT I ~ l5(JIC11:>t1m1 ~~~I [<fTif'Tfilr<r!: 'olrf
~: ~ ~'O.'O(S) if~~ I
~I ~~~15(Jl<t15!11<t1C~h'P'f>~~~<R I [~: 'olrf
- - : ~ ~'-':'O if~~ I
)o I ~ 1Sfl;<s1Wl11 ~ ~ 151Jl<t\Sf11<1111-~~ ~~ ~'t'IT ~ 1 {~: 'o<l, 'o\!I, 'o 'If
--=~~'-'.~~'
)) I ~ 15(JIU1Jlil'i1 ~~ M'Bl~\4' ~ ~p [~: 'o(l, o 'If
~:~~~-~-l!l"!l~~I
HI ~ '1JM ~ GUIC11J6lt'IHI ~~<RI [<114>/m: 'o>bf
~ : ~~ ~'.:> 1!111 ----- if~~~~ :cfe",ffffif ~ l
)~ '· ~ l:l()l<fillt111!l'i1~~1Sl'1sl'i1'GIU1'il ~ ~ ~ 1 f<l74'1m: 'o\!lf
ffi: ~~~-~if~~ I
)8 1 ~ "IJ!~(Horn gap)~ ~1c11iGcn ~ ~~ <uMn 'ff 1 [q/qs/m : 'o<lf .
ffi: ~ ~'!>.'!>(~)aTcu I .
Contents
~00 '. -~-~--~

)<t I ~ ISIJlt11iGI~ ~-~ f.timt-cwtt ~~?
· - : ~· )".~ "iltal<IJ I M'PJ~: 'wl
)~ I ~ ~ ~ ISIJ(qei1!qltH <151~~ iUMJt cR I
m:~)"·"al<u' {<t/<f'~: '08)
)C\ I ~ ISIJlt11iGlt1111 ~cttfil" ~I .
m:~ )".s(8)"iltal) al<iJ I
)~ I ~ ~9l ~ "'1Jlt11ifiltUI ~1-~"tWlt Cil"ot I
m : )-.:>." (~) al<iJ I
~o 1 ~~~~91 \SIJl~iGl<JB1 ~-~"Ci'tt~~r
m: )".'~ (") ~ I
) I ~ ~ "'IJl~ifilt11'11 ~ lit<3 I
m:~)~."(8)~1
~I ~·.~~91~~"'1....
JIC~11:1G,,.._IC11~11~~<rol~~~~"fll
{<t/<f'lfi~: '))/
m : ~ )-:>.'!l(8) "lt~ I
'-' t ~~\SIJl<t1Si11"lh1~1~ ~~ <fil~NHl~lff'G I {~: 'o<l, 'o~. ')o/
m:~)".'!l~I
81 ~~~9l~-~-11c-11iG.,....._1~~~~'11'6 I {~: 'o<l, 'o~, 'o'i, 'olr]
m : ~ )-:>.-:>(~)~I.
<t 1 ~ ~ ~ "'IJtc11iG1c1111 ~ ~9[:ff ~ 'lll91 ~ "'IJtc11iG1c1111 ~ ~ -ct11'1 ~
"fl I {~: 'o!r]
· m : ~ ~-:>.) '!3 )-:>.-.:>"!~~I
lb I ~ ISIJlti!iGl~11 ~~~$"fl I M'I'~: 'o!r]
m:~:>-:>.)~l
C\ I 1!1<\'$ ~ ~ \SIJl~iGIC1111 ~ ~.ft'1ffer ~CR I {<t/'I'~: 'o~J
m : ~ )~.-:>(8) "!~~I
b' I ~ 1!1<\'$ ~~91 "'IJl~SUIC114 ~ ~ •ctffel $CR I
[~:·~1
m : ~ :>-:>.-:>(s)"'~&-u 1 .
:~:·o~/
~I ~~~~"'IJltii:FUltU~'<i~~~I
m:
~ )"·"
(8) "ii~~ I
)o I ~ff ~91 ~ "'1Jlt11iGlt114 ~ iil'6 I
.m : ~ )".-:> (~) al<iJ I
)) I ~ 1!'1~91lil"l"1~91 "'1Jlt11ifilt1111 ~ 'G~'tffef~CR I
-~: ~ )-:>.-:> (")al<IJ I
Contents
--- .
~~
(Substation)
)8.) 9lt6$ ~ "'ltif%t'6 ~ "11<tv'G"ftittl ~ ~ 4i:ltfll\llt!ilfll51 (Function and importance

of a substation as a part of· the power supJJIY system) : ,
~MfA;"I~ : ~ ~ ~ iS~ <.!l~ ~'§!~ ~9Rt (The asembly of
apparatus) ll1 ~ ~ ~. ~- ~. <.!lPr ~ fWr, filsfC{JM, 91l'!3l!Bl ~ ~
91rn<i'6t:.1 ~ ~ ~ I <.!l ~ ~ >tl<ic>G•H <v."f I
~ ~ ~ ~ <.!lPr I ~~ ~ .,.rfu; lS~"fl>fil, ~ '!3 ~ ~ <.!lPr
~ ~ lT!t.fWr 7Jm ~ 1 ~ w ~~~ ~ 91Nnrrn ~. ll1 ''!Nm~~
~1~o·rn ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~~ ~ ~ ~ cri'U~ m~
~ '<3 ~ct ~ ~ 1~ C'll'till f*v~ 91Rl<i~c•rn "!ml <.!l~ ~ ~. ~ : ~. <!lPr
~ fWT, f!littflf+i, 91t5m ll5Jlfl Yfrn<i1:fo•rn ~ c-r4l C'i1l 1 1..'1 ~ C1l ~ ~~ ~
~ ~. lblt"i<!IC >tl<ic>G•fo1 <l<'ll ~ I
~~91 ~ ll11I C1l, "fl'Sm ~ iS'.~ c~1c"GciSfil ~Cf 11 ~ I <.!l . C\5IC~6tc<l> ~
~ c~ iSMJ ~91 "\5lt91 .Iil"1¥il1llil ~ ~ 132 ~ 'ff 230 ~ ~ ·~ ~ ! <.!l
"ffC'il'J "ll<lt>'U•tr-'l Jil"l<:Ji<!l~lil ~ <ffi ~ I ~<!! ~ ~ ~ ~ 11 ~. 0.4 ~. 'ff
0.230 ~ I ~ ~ C~lc"6'5!C<l' ~ c;,iU91 ~ Jal"l<:Jiil~1C\l'!l ~ ~ iS"'fQ1i~ ~
~Cf ~ ~I ~ ~ C'll'l:'l! <!!~ 91l'8~ ™31 91l-<3mul ~~ ~ ~I ~
ffF f+1 ~ ~~ ~ ~
~<al{l il'!3 7!W'<..:l'1 ~ <.!l<fZ 9fl'!3~ l)ijffi~ ~~:-!l<P1l<:! ~ ~ "11<H."'1.>-R ~
""
~ 9fffi <fie~ I
~l"lciG"lvBI «ltlU18!!ilfll51 : ~~ ~rnl\St~Hl-s! ~91 :
) 1 .'.Gl"l<:Jiil~I<!! J'l!<lt>&-1<:-111 ~ 9ll1S1ITT! ~ iS~'>fTI f.t!ic~:c>ijSi (11 ~)C"<fl G!»c~1ci{;.s1
(230 ~) ~-~ C2B!ct ~ ~ I
~ 1 ~~ >tl<ic>'U•im m~ ~~ <.!l~~ ~m~ ~ ~~ ~~ <ffi ~ 1
" 1 f3tc>'Uc~il 9fl~ ~ GaJlbilt•T<!I ~ 9fl'81ITT! ~ lt<!l•PM ~ ~ 1 <.!l ~
"ll"lc>'U"f-l "11~~ ~~~ct ~ ~-;R <!>m ~ <!l~~. Pt"ICibl"ll"1 <l'C(Si!IC<!lil ~
9ftelffil ~ ~ ~ ~ I
8 I ~ 9fl'8mil f>tt>GC~<!l @<J:C{JM ~ ~en:~~ l
~ 1 ~~~ J'll<ic>&·~ ~ <!lPr 9f1'!3m ft-Pr ?fTern ~~ ~ ~ ~ 9fjtf
~~I
\\, 1 ~ C'8l~iS!C ~ ~ iS"'fQ1i~ ~ 400/230 ~~1~oU "<!Ii~ ~ C>IC'11~lfu
NiPJ.iM\;"f"I l1Mtli'M"I ~ 1·
<\I ~'. ~ Wv'- >i<!l<l<!llC~<!l ~ ~&IR:QW'I "1l<iC>cl"f.l ~1'!!rni'{ I
b-1 ~~~c~IM\51C<l>~~..~~fC!U~~~~~~I
l'l> I ~l~C~l~'i, Ci'llC'b!C"GiS!, ~, ~ ~. ~l~Cilll"'f1l<Jl, ~. ~~ ~. 9ITTC"l"I
~.~.~.~~~~~*~~~~!
~~ ~~ ~ ~ "lffil, :>1l<1c>'U"f"! 91l'!31ITT! r>tc>oc~11 <.!l~ ~ ~~9!.cf ~~"I 1
>tl<1c>'U•1c"1i1 >tl'1'"1J&Tif4 \'t'11Gt"IC"I~ i~ ~ ~"~AA~ 1
Contents
Contents
• ~ ~ 61~bt\Sl'lt :>llq~"ftifa 'llOO l'l'iit : . ::
~ -i ....... ., .-1
) I I!! "1l<IOO"tC"l'!l "J.'D1~1 ... n1 '<3 ~ '-""'JJ'"'"t" ) I. I!! -'11<100•wrn "J.~DPl'Hl'll I!!"'~ ~ ~.... 1);;"1"
~~~~~~, ~~"CG'lt ~~~~I
~I ~I
81 ~ISW!l'~ct~~I 81 ~'{l~~ct~~I
1--~~~~~~~~~.,---~~~~~+--~~
'", il i \!Ill" JF~ct IS~~~~~ 1 (t I \!Ill" ~~ct IS~~~ ~t!J I

~-l!lff1)l!'1"11>['1Cll'l:)IC<l~~~~I ~I l!lff;~~Cf\5~~~~~1
'1 I l!lff; ';!!<1"111f"IC?'l:)IC-:ilC'l:)tc<f ~I )~ I ~~ 'll!"'l~il"l:"1~'1:)17.t--,..,--•~-1
~~I
)8.~ @ ~~ ~ ~ ~ f.l~iPllJ.4; (Factors to be considered in selecting the

. site of a substation) :
9ftlSlTR! PJCJ<JDl'!'l ~ ~~"1.c:f i..!l~ ~~"! ~ RtJe.. ~~ (Substation) I ~e.. ~91~
"11~""1Ji5!"i"lS f1ffibl'i"ll'!I "59fl:I. M~<l~'l:)ICm ~. ~
1J"l~WJJ'-~, 91~~~~~ I
~ I f.Rtt~ ~9\itt (It should be provide safe arrangement) : ~ 1S~ AA::!
~9fffe5 ~ Rm9Wf "'llif'll'f'l'l:)ICfITTI~ ~ ~ C-:ilMCet'!'l ~ct I
81 on'U~l!l~l!l (MVA)~!"l1l''!'llll'!lC4l~~m1
il 1 ~~(Type of consumer) I
~ 1 ~ ~~ (Geographical area available) I
C\ I ~ ~if"lt (Reliable arrangement) : ~ f.tive.. ~ ~ ift'lfil \S~

C~ FnJrn ~9!VRI ~~~I
\; I ~ ~ I!!"'~ MMIC"fll" ~ (It should be easily operated and maintained) I
~ 1 ~9fif ~ <fi1! ~ ~ (It should involve minimum c,apital cost) I
Contents
)8.8 ~ ~llllC~-IC"111 Cif~ 'UJtif (Layout pl.an of an indoor substation) :

. 11 KVLINE
I GOSWITCH -
.
iCABLEBOX
:UNDEGROUND
! CABLE
To
CONSUMERS
400V
O.C.B
~ : )8.) ~~ <>tl<tCSU"ftirn Cif-~

~9m:~ C"f-~ l.!l~ ~ 'f1~9! ~ ~ ~~V°'Bf J'!~'Q11~ ~ ~~I
)8.<t ~ <>11~1.)j;•IFif ~ ¥il"t1C'H1 ~.(List of different components of an indoo~
substation) :
) 1 ~ {Busbar}
~I ~{ l:i!Jh.i'l,,.:;i!'l (Lightning arrester}
'!l 1 ~AA~ {Isolator)
8 1. \5lnr<1 ~ ~ (Oil circuit breaker)
<1 i ~'l~cw'5 lil"l~i'lllH1 (I:1strument t.ransfonner)
) I Current transformer (C.T)
-<..1 Potential transforme:::- (P.1j
~ 1 9!1'81lm .ll~ (Power transfom1er)
q 1 ~~ <.!)<!~ ~~ ~i'l~r,)ii{; (metering and .indicating instrument)
b" 1 ~•PjpfG'!l (Insulator}
~ t AA1:t ~~ (Miscellaneous equipment)
(qs)~
(~)~~~~
('>!) ~ ~l~M41~ ~~~ ~
(~)~.Pi "lt~
(\;)~9!<1~
)o I ~ ~ (Pannel Board)
)) 1 ~ Cl5'lfi (Controll Desk)
)-<_ 1 ~9! (Workshop)
)'!ii~~~
)81 ~~~,·
Contents
)8.1& ~ Jf1"4t~"teili! ~ ~ ~ (Fiinctions of the components of an indoor ·

substation) : . ·
)· t ~ !Rusbar) : ~ ~ll6J.NMYI~ 'ff <iS~ ~ \5flfll!Sl4i'il ~. ll'T ~ ~
· ~ i<'~nstant voltage) ~ <rot 1 "114dG"ttii'ii ~'- <£!~ l!llt'SU~llfil~ 611~•!'>1~~
~il~~~R~Qftt4 I .
~ I ~~ 'lllJlt'11ltl'11 (Lightning arrester) : Jil<l<A>"IC"'!'!I ~ 'f'!l91iillMC4 >iliSfiSlf.M IS~
C\9lliUC6i1l ~ ~ ffi ~ "SMJ ~~ '¢iJ(C'fldiJl?l ~ ~ ~ I
._, I '51tl:CJ11~'11 (Isolator) : :>tMciG•tc<tt! ~ ~~- ~ ~ Jll"l"''!liill'!IC<l> c<'ll-~ ~
<tt.~~ C1'lli5 ~ ~ ~~~ ~ \5fl~CJ\IC'1U'!I ~~~I
3 I~ • ~-(Oil circuit breaker) : l.!lffl I.!!~ .l.!"l~ ~'- ~; 111 00 ~
~ l.!f<J~ 151~l'SIM~ ~ ~ ~ qf ~ 'll'ilt l1W I \!llQfr~ ~ ~ 91._cf ~ ~.
\5fl!f<ll "~IS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9ltt'il I ~ ~ <£!~ \!II~ 'nr~f.h;{J~IC<f
l>Wm™1
11" I loi~~o{; ;'Gl'1¥'11~1'11 (Instrument transformer) : ~~;i"G lal"l~'!liill'!I ~~ -~ ~ I
~:
~) ~ :Gl'lfliil'll (171". 1U) ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <t>1~4'C<15 Ci'lt-GmR \5fJIN'&lc~ ~

~91 ~ ~ ~ :Gl+!lJS'!liill'!I qf Pfd; ~~~I
(~) ">1<.'G~~ ;'Gl'1'1''11~1'11 (f9t. 1U) : ~ c~1c.:U;s;c'f' CO'ft-<:m(i'!I c~1>GfilU1;;: ~ ~91 ~ ~
91CU'1fillll"1 ]l'1'1''!1~1?l ~ ~ ~ I .
~ I 9lt<nmf \Dl'lfl~l'11 (Power transformer) : ~ ~ ~ 9fTIS°M! ]t"t~'!lllh'lffl
~m~ I \.!!'!I~~~~ c<'ll-:-CiS~~e, ~ ~ Q3J I
C\ I ~ ~ ~Ccp~~ ~~aiof; : ~,.;~ ~ ~ ~era ~ ~ ~ ~~
~'i~cwU, ~- 151Jtfit'&t?l, co1.Ufiro1?1, -s~. 1.!1.;lf@lfii'Gt'!I • ~~~ 1
Ir I ~1'C'IU'l1 : :>il<!c>U-tci! ~'i1'CaiG'!I 1lJG ~ ~ ~ ~ : .fl~~.
l!lfU <Pit!iltl?lC<l' ;m9fllf ~
~; ~. ~&ltlC?l?l Ri~'!I M ~ ~ ~ ~ I l"1'>J:&IU'il ~~~ C9ih1P1MC'1?l
oo m ™ 1 ~ ~ l'i'J!'•WC?l?l -.rr:~ f9R ~91. ~~ ~91 l!l<J~ c91"PU ~91
~'i"ffe'lU~ :>il<ic..U•fli'! ~~~I
~ I~~~ (Miscellaneous equipment) :
{'fi) ~: <:i'lllG~ff;~ ~ {~91 ~ ~. ~ Nff, <£1~9f!G'P'R ~ ~) I
(~) ~~ ~~; ~ ~ Clll~~ ~9MT (cUMC()llii ~IITTll) I
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)8. C\ <siliSlicst'll ~1"4tJ\i-lt"'l'il ~.)>O~o.8 ~ (The Layput }Jlan of an Outdoor

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Contents
!>S.'tr l!lltll'bbi111."11~ciG'1cifll ~ ~ ~ ~ "11t (The Different eomPmlellta'ofan

Outdoor Substation and Their i;:unctions) : ·" ·
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Slot in Floor for Cables
L LAYOUT, OF THE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

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~: (<P) MVAsn =106.'86 MVA (~) MVAsn =107.8 MVA.

Switchgear and Protection-2783 PDF

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Contents

co'G4f.1+.ilwi ~"'l"l~i1 91N~

"-.Ft~ e111'11i~ ~~ wf'~ ~ ~ ~ ~<Plfa~ ~ 1 ~I

-~ ~Ct~ I ~ 'i:Ci'l<Pm<Ml"I IS 9fflS~ CG<PO'!taot~~ lr~ ~ ~-~~C'1~ ~ ~~ I i

·i: :-~·::- ...~ -. _., • 1' ·i

-~-t~:;·;:\.~y?:-~'- 008~~ ·1'8!

~.) ~ ~ 'Jf~<!31 (Definition of electrical faults) : )-<_

-<..-.:> ~~ 911\Sm ~ ~~ ~ct (Cau!)es of faults in electrical pow~r system) : )~

i~i ~.:> 4l'>t4lf3Bt ~(Description o!' Pusbar) : · ••

!O ~.-.:> ~ ~ ~ ~?f"!T (Different Types ofBusbar'Arrangement):

1. ~.8. 'PIDM G<m fcITi<f2 iSf<l<'I ~ ~9l'rft :

8.-<_ ~ 911'<3~ ~ ~ ~ ~Cfjj"'~ (The <;::auses of Short Circuit -<_1Y :~;

'\.~ ~ ~ 91~51~"11?; -~ \Qq~ \!!~ <fillf~ctffe! : ~)

'\.~ ·$ l!l<f~ l!l~ ~~<Plfu IS fil<ft9f'f ~ : - ~~

'\.8 ~ ~ G<fllm ~ l!l<f~ ~~ot~ilt~ ~: ~8

'\.~ l!l~~G<fllm~~~-~~: )0)

'\.lb ~ -~~~{Circuit Breaker Mounting) : )O~

'\. '\ ~ ~.emu~ (Rating of Circui~ Breaker) : )o-<

'\.~ filf.m11>I~ ~ ~ (Miniature Circuit Breaker) : )Ob"

'\.)o 151iUl<.~fG~ ~~l~I~ <ft ~-Rl~liSll~ : )o~

'\.)) 151l~C~l(.'1Uml ~ IS ~.flcrrM (Construction and function of an isolator} : . ))o

~.!> \5l~l9C"1UC?!?I <!l~~Jil.,P.~~~IC9~ V-Ul5Wff >Zl~ ~ ~tfM~~: :>So

!>o.8 ~K?l?. '5i ~, :;;m<r (RWT c~ ~) ~ 'WiJ ~ m~JY c~1rfG·$1 ~ ~ : :>·~o

!>o.Q ~ ""~J~~cr (fiW'r ~ ~~) ~ c~rrrrn iSMJ ~ 91~~ : :>~:>

!>o.~ ~~~~]'~~IS~l~r.011'5~: :>~~

)o.'t T11~~ ~ ~ ~~f.p•fi'{~ 151~1?.~<"ll'S '~: :>~~

:>:>.~ ~ ~ ~i:!l (Advantages of static relay) : :>~lT

)).~ ~ ~ .~ ~ '~~fr! (Busbar Protection by Static Relay) : :>~lT

:>!>.8 ~~ ~lrnU?l (Amplitute Comparator} : )C\O

)8.) 9fNrnrn "'It~~<!!<!$~~ "tJSt~"'fif \!l<T( ~1.~1~.~"'"' : ~o~

~8.~ l!.l~ ~~ ~ ~l:il ~ f<i~~Pllf~ : ~o~

)8.8 ~ ~ cc;-~ W!'I (Layout plan of an indoor substation) : ~08

:>8.Q" ~~~~~~~ : ~oQ

:>B.I), ~ ::Fff<ll:j{;•ltirn AA-::l 151~V'rn ~ : ~o~

:>8. <\ 151li5'ik\!:)11'1 ::f!l<lr.~~ ~. :>~~o.8 ~ : ~Ob-

)8."tr 151li5Uf.11:)11'1 ::f!l"lr.~~ ~ ~~ l!l<!~ ~ ~: ~o~

' ' • ' I .- .: t_,,,,,,..-::: 't ~ :,-4 .• :,.-t f'• ~

),) :>J.~O"litillf (Switchgear): . . ·; - q, ... . . . . ... . • • . · • , • ;

~'- PJc:>iJCll~ ~ij_ ~ '\51~lift<IS ~ l!l<f~ ~ ~ ~ m '(C<f I~ ~~

~"'4'1"1.;}'11!1 (Sensitivity) : ~ ~ f.!~ ~ cm: ~ ~ct ~ ~ P!ciGC~'!I

, '(l~,\61.(Stability): ~ ~CG4'"M ~$ ~'6 ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1

. ~ ~"ltSJ~"l'{C(?I ~<!I~~~~ fJicSi:lD!it ~ ~ '6 ~~ ~ 'lllffif

).8 "J.~bl'=iillt1BI ~~~(List the Switchgear Equipment):

' \\,I ·"J.~l>f'lillCH mtl~ ~I {;q/45/m: 'oB]

~. :> ~ ffl ~ (Definition of electrical faults) : ,.

< .,.e,._ ........

) I ~~~"rPr•t-n•~l. f41~: 'otl, 'o'l, 'olr, ·~o, ·~~]

~I ~ ~ ~ ~. "<Jt "f'lltU? {'414'/firro: 'o~J

8 I Ptt'iifG"'11'1 ~ l!lll"'lf'it'iifG<ilSJfil ~-~~'lff I ~ [4i'PtAc<rt: 'o<t]

(") ~'J:C'l"M ~ ;. . M .... , • • ('ff) ~ Gll4Pit4 ~

) I ~~~-.1t~cJtcJtr. /41iJSTM7.<ll: 'o<t, 'o'f, 'ob", ')o, '))/

8t ~cilm+it'l -e "ll"i~cai~t'I ~-fRJ~<R 1 ~ £~: 'o<tl

)I -~~~~~.~1Jt'3Cil~I NI~: ')o]

~.8:) lffff "'1 ~ ~ <l<t._t"'fitt (Single Busb~r· Arrangement) :

(•) ~ C'SIC~6!C¥ m., "'®t>ldf'll'll 1lAi ~ 'R't 1l'rit i .,. .:·

\11~~1:>tl('( : . ' . ' '

.....___...___ __,..----__.~-\--MAIN BUSBAR

(q'i) Plc:>&vBI ~ 'ill~tl\61 (Flexibility) <.!l<t~ ~(Reliability) 9ft'8m lfm 1

8 .= ).ct$~~~~ qt'[ <.!l~ "1'4iNsw 'e11lil.'ll5l'Jt5 ~ ~

~WliS!•m~l ~'fl ~ !;f'ZV'f ~ ~ ~ ! f;1,.>G~"!il

~ c~ Wifil ~ ~ ~ ~9fa'ftm· DRl'-m"t ·~

(~) . ~ ~~ ~ "lt'ti-if'rn-M ~ <fi1lt <rm I

'¢.8. C\ C>i'l>"l"11'1~ ~ ~ <u<11.,i9Rt (Sectionalised Double Busbar System) :

'\.~ l!lG<fllm~-~~: )0)

~.!> \5l~l9C"1UC?!?I <!lJil.,P.~IC9~ V-Ul5Wff >Zl~ ~ ~tfM~~: :>So

!>o.~ ~~]'IS~l~r.011'5~: :>~~

)8.) 9fNrnrn "'It<!!<!$ "tJSt~"'fif \!l<T( ~1.~1~.~"'"' : ~o~

....._..._ ,..----.~-\--MAIN BUSBAR

~I "tlJ1PU•f~~"ift:IJ ~I {;q/<f>/Pfr.~: 'oq, ·~o]

~I ~ <qj<q(l<Jt<Jt ~<ml,~ I .r~:'oa]

8.'-' nPl"lf (Different types of Short Circuit Fault):

~ ~ ~ Cll ~"I'~.~ '5M"i'l ~

~I ~ mfira 9lrn ~ "fl'l ~ .!t ~I~ I 1>ff<l 100 ~

-..M= ...fffl!I ~ 10261.194 x 1000