A PRACTICAL ACTIVITY REPORT SUBMITTED FOR ENGINEERING

DESIGN-II (UTA-014)

Submitted by:

RITWIK MEHTA (101804020)

BE SECOND YEAR – ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO :

Dr. Pravinder Kumar

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

TIET, PATIALA

July – December 2019

 Experiment No: 2

Objective:

1) To draw a schematic diagram of pulse width modulation (PWM) based

transmitter for gantries placed at different locations on the path to be
followed by Buggy robot using CAD tool (Eagle).
2) To design a printed circuit board layout of pulse width modulation (PWM)
based transmitter using CAD tool (EAGLE).

Software Used: Eagle Software

Components Used:

Sr. No Name of Components Value Specifications

1). Resistor 330Ω Carbon Resistor with 5%
Tolerance
2). Capacitor 10nF Electrolytic Capacitor
3). Capacitor 1uF Electrolytic Capacitor
4). DCJ0202 Power jack
5). 22-23-2031 PCB Header
6). ATTiny45-20P Microcontroller
7). SFH482 1.5V IR Emitter
8). IC 78L05Z +5V Positive Voltage Regulator

Theory:
1) Resistor

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of

electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to
provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor.
All other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC) circuit, the current
through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance, and directly
proportional to the voltage across it. This is the well-known Ohm's Law. In
alternating-current (AC) circuits, this rule also applies as long as the resistor
does not contain inductance or capacitance.

Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The most common type in

electronic devices and systems is the carbon-composition resistor. Fine
granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and hardened. The resistance
depends on the proportion of carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower
the resistance.

Another type of resistor is made from winding Nichrome or similar wire on

an insulating form. This component, called a wire wound resistor, is able to
handle higher currents than a carbon-composition resistor of the same
physical size. However, because the wire is wound into a coil, the component
acts as an inductors as well as exhibiting resistance. This does not affect
performance in DC circuits, but can have an adverse effect in AC circuits
because inductance renders the device sensitive to changes in frequency.

FIG 2.1

2) Capacitor
Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect to two metal plates separated
by a non-conducting substance, or dielectric. You can easily make a
capacitor from two pieces of aluminium foil and a piece of paper. It won't
be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its storage capacity, but it will
work.
In theory, the dielectric can be any non-conductive substance. However,
for practical applications, specific materials are used that best suit the
capacitor's function. Mica, ceramic, cellulose, porcelain, Mylar, Teflon and
even air are some of the non-conductive materials used. The dielectric
dictates what kind of capacitor it is and for what it is best suited.
Depending on the size and type of dielectric, some capacitors are better
for high frequency uses, while some are better for high voltage
applications. Capacitors can be manufactured to serve any purpose, from
the smallest plastic capacitor in your calculator, to an ultra-capacitor that
can power a commuter bus. NASA uses glass capacitors to help wake up
the space shuttle's circuitry and help deploy space probes. Here are some
of the various types of capacitors and how they are used.
 Air - Often used in radio tuning circuits
 Mylar - Most commonly used for timer circuits like clocks, alarms and
counters
 Glass - Good for high voltage applications
 Ceramic - Used for high frequency purposes like antennas, X-
ray and MRI machines
 Super capacitor - Powers electric and hybrid cars

FIG 2.2

3) DCJ0202
Compared to domestic AC power plugs and sockets, DC connectors have
many more standard types that are not interchangeable. The dimensions
and arrangement of DC connectors can be chosen to prevent accidental
interconnection of incompatible sources and loads. Types vary from small
coaxial connectors used to power portable electronic devices from AC
adapters, to connectors used for automotive accessories and for battery
packs in portable equipment.

FIG 2.3
4) 22-23-2031
Molex connector is the vernacular term for a two-piece pin and
socket interconnection. n such a connector, cylindrical spring-metal pins
fit into cylindrical spring-metal sockets. The pins and sockets are held in a
rectangular matrix in a nylon shell. The connector typically has 2 to 24
 contacts and is polarized or keyed to ensure correct orientation. Pins and
sockets can be arranged in any combination in a single housing, and each
housing can be either male or female. There are three typical pin sizes:
1.57 mm (0.062 in), 2.13 mm (0.084 in), and 2.36 mm (0.093 in). The 1.57
mm pin can carry 5 A of current, while the 2.36 mm can carry 8.5 A.
Because the pins have a large contact surface area and fit tightly, these
connectors are typically used for power.

FIG 2.4
5) ATTiny45-20P
The Atmel ATTINY45-20PU is a high performance and low power AVR 8-
bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of in-system programmable flash,
alongside 256 bytes of EEPROM and 256 bytes of SRAM. The device is
manufactured using Atmel's high-density non-volatile memory
technology. The on-chip ISP flash allows the program memory to be re-
programmed in-system through an SPI serial interface, by a conventional
non-volatile memory programmer or by an on-chip boot code running on
the AVR core.

 Universal serial interface with start condition detector

 Comes with debug WIRE on-chip debug system
 In-system programmable via SPI port
 Low power idle, ADC noise reduction and power-down modes
 Six programmable input and output lines
 External and internal interrupt sources
 Programmable brown-out detection circuit
 Internal calibrated oscillator
 On-chip analogue comparator
 8-bit high speed timer/counter with separate prescaler and two PWM
channels

Applications

Automation & Process Control, Automotive, Embedded Design &

Development
 FIG 2.5

6) IC 78L05Z

Voltage sources in a circuit may have fluctuations resulting in not

providing fixed voltage outputs. A voltage regulator IC maintains the
output voltage at a constant value. 7805 IC, a member of 78xx series of
fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations, is a
popular voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC). The xx in 78xx indicates
the output voltage it provides. 7805 IC provides +5 volts regulated power
supply with provisions to add a heat sink

FIG 2.6

7) SFH482

An infrared emitter, or IR emitter, is a source of light energy in the

infrared spectrum. It is a light emitting diode (LED) that is used in order
to transmit infrared signals from a remote control. A remote with
strong emitters can often be used without directly pointing at the
desired device.

FIG 2.7
 Schematic:

FIG 2.8

PCB Layout

FIG 2.9

Discussion: -
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) is a technique
of converting analog signals into rectangular waveforms. The width of the
waveform varies in proportion with the amplitude of the analog signal.
PWM solid-state AM transmitters are widely used today thanks to their efficiency,
redundancy and reliability. We learnt how to design a circuit in EAGLE software and
get its optimized PCB layout with minimum number of crossing wires.