521

Passage 1
Whether one is awake or asleep, the brain emits electrical waves. During wakefulness, the waves are
recorded at about ten small waves per second. With the onset of sleep, the waves become larger and slower.
The largest, slowest waves occur during the first three hours of sleep. Mental activity slows down but does not
stop. In fact, if awakened from slow-wave sleep, a person can often remember vague thoughts that occurred
5 during that period of sleep.
During sleep, intervals of small, fast waves also occur. These waves are similar to those experienced
while awake. The eyes move rapidly, and it appears to the observer that the sleeper is watching some events.
Sleepers who are awakened during this rapid-eye-movement sleep will often recall the details of dreams they
have been having. Sleep of this kind is called dreaming sleep or rapid-eye-movement sleep, also known as
10 REM sleep.
In period of eight hours, most sleepers experience from three to five instances of REM sleep. Each
instance lasts from five to thirty minutes with an interval of at least ninety minutes between each one. Later
instances of REM sleep are usually of longer duration than are instances earlier in the eight-hour period.
15 People who suffer sleep deprivation experience fatigue, irritability, and loss of concentration. Sleep is
essential because it regenerates the brain and the nervous system. Slow-wave sleep may be especially helpful
in restoring muscle control, whereas REM sleep may be more important for mental activity. It appears that both
kinds of sleep are necessary, and the recuperation of sleep of one kind will not compensate for a lack of the
other kind of sleep.

61.What is the topic of the passage? 63.How many times per night do most sleepers
(A) REM sleep experience REM sleep?
(B) Sleep deprivation (A) 8
(C) The two types of sleep (B) 3 to 5
(D) Sleep duration recommendation (C) 5 to 30
(E) The importance of enough sleep (D) 90
(E) 10
62.The word vague in line 4 means ….
(A) familiar
(B) indefinite
(C) unpleasant
(D) detailed
(E) explicit

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Passage 2
In their latest paper, published in the journal Nature Climate Change, Prof. Philip Munday and
colleagues report world-first evidence that high CO2 levels in sea water disrupts a key brain receptor in fish,
causing marked changes in their behavior and sensory ability. They began by studying how baby clown and
damsel fishes performed alongside their predators in CO2-enriched water. They found that, while the predators
5 were somewhat affected, the baby fish suffered much higher rates of attrition.
“Our early work showed that the sense of smell of baby fish was harmed by higher CO2 in the water,
meaning they found it harder to locate a reef to settle on or detect the warning smell of a predator fish. But we
suspected there was much more to it than the loss of ability to smell,” says Prof. Munday. The team then
examined whether fishes’ sense of hearing which is used to locate and home in on reefs at night, and avoid
10 them during the day was affected. “The answer is, yes it was. They were confused and no longer avoided reef
sounds during the day. Being attracted to reefs during daylight would make them easy meat for predators.”
Other work showed the fish also tended to lose their natural instinct to turn left or right which is an
important factor in schooling behavior which also makes them more vulnerable, as lone fish are easily eaten by
predators. Prof. Munday further explains, “All this led us to suspect it wasn’t simply damage to their individual
15 senses that was going on – but rather, that higher levels of carbon dioxide were affecting their whole central
nervous system.”

64.Paragraph 2 and 3 are related in that the first ….
(A) argues for causes; the latter deals with
conclusion
(B) describes loss of senses; the latter loss of
reactions
(C) deals with causes; the latter presents further
evidence
(D) theorizes the role of O2; the latter describes
the effects
(E) lists the results of the study; the latter
explains the results
65.Regarding the loss of the fish’ natural instinct to
turn left or right, the author assumes that ….
(A) they tend to settle on the reefs during the
day
(B) they show dangerous unusual behaviors
(C) they become easy prey for predators
(D) they tend to produce very weak offspring
(E) they may increase the CO2 levels in the sea
water
66.The author of the passage implies that high
CO2 levels in sea water ....
(A) has no effect on predator fish
(B) only affects the fish ability to smell
(C) makes fish attracted to reefs at night
(D) impairs the fish’ sensory abilities
(E) helps predators to catch their prey easily
67.Which lines of the passage strongly confirm that
the fish sensory ability has been damaged by
the high CO2 levels in the water?
(A) 4 – 5
(B) 7 – 8
(C) 8 – 10
(D) 10 – 11
(E) 12 – 14

Passage 3
Researchers of the Universitat Politècnica de València, the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC,
in Spanish), the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech (UPC) and the Universidad Rovira i
Virgili de Tarragona have developed a silicon photovoltaic cell capable of turning infrared radiation into
electricity. Nature Communications magazine has published this new development led by Francisco Meseguer
5 professor from the CSIC, at the joint lab UPV/CSIC.
The sun is an inexhaustible source of energy which well-exploited, could solve many of the energy
supply problems we have today. The photovoltaic cell, commonly known as solar cell, is a device capable of
turning solar light into electricity. However, there are many obstacles that prevent a massive use, such as a
relatively high cost (0.02 euros per watt generated) and the low efficiency of silicon based solar cells, around
10 17 per cent.

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The low efficiency is related to the material the solar cell is made of. Most solar cells are made of
silicon which is relatively cheap to produce. However these solar cells can generate electricity from the visible
part of the sun spectrum, but the infrared region is, unfortunately, useless.
The professor Francisco Meseguer, explains that, "after three years of work, our research team has
15 developed a new concept of silicon solar cells able to absorb infrared radiation from the sun and turning them
into electricity." Moisés Garín, a researcher from the CSIC and the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, adds
that, "what we have done is create photovoltaic cells on silicon micrometre scale sphere, where infrared light is
trapped until it is absorbed turning it into electricity."
This work is a new scientific achievement for the development of high-performance photovoltaic cells
20 in the future.

68.Paragraph 2 implies that …. 70.Which of the following statements obviously

(A) it is very difficult to fully exploit the
available energy from the sun due to its cost
and efficiency
(B) there are only two problems to be solved
before we can utilize the energy from the
sun to produce greater electricity
(C) there will never be enough electricity to
fulfill our need before we can maximize the
exploitation of solar energy
(D) it is impossible to maximize the absorption
of the sun’s energy for generating electricity
(E) there are still some challenges to optimize
the exploitation of the great supply of solar
energy to produce electricity
69.The sentence “The sun is an inexhaustible
source of energy which well-exploited, could
solve many of the energy supply problems we
have today.” in lines 6-7, can be restated as ….
(A) the sun has been greatly exploited to
answer many of recent energy supply
problems
(B) the maximum exploitation of the solar
energy that will never run out might be the
solution of energy shortage
(C) there are many energy supply problems that
can only be solved with the utilization of
unlimited energy from the sun
(D) the sun provides great amount of energy
that should be massively used to fulfill the
infinite need of energy supply
(E) today’s energy supply problems arise from
the full exploitation of the sun’s limitless
energy supply
shows the author’s bias?
(A) Nature Communications magazine has
published this new development led by
Francisco Meseguer professor from the
CSIC, at the joint lab UPV/CSIC.
(B) The photovoltaic cell, commonly known as
solar cell, is a device capable of turning
solar light into electricity.
(C) However, there are many obstacles that
prevent a massive use, such as a relatively
high cost.
(D) Most solar cells are made of silicon which is
relatively cheap to produce.
(E) After three years of work, our research team
has developed a new concept of silicon
solar cells able to absorb infrared radiation
from the sun and turning them into
electricity.
71.How does the author organize the ideas in the
passage?
(A) Introducing an invention and elaborating
the functions
(B) Describing the lack of energy source and
proposing a solution
(C) Mentioning a research result and explaining
the ideas more detail
(D) Stating a study finding and exploring the
implications
(E) Suggesting a solution and citing the experts’
arguments

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Passage 4
A nutritious, well-balanced diet – along with physical activity and refraining from smoking – is the
foundation of good health. Healthy eating includes consuming high-quality proteins, carbohydrates, heart-
healthy fats, vitamins, minerals, and water in the foods while minimizing processed foods, saturated fats and
alcohol. Eating in this manner helps people maintain their body’s everyday functions, promotes optimal body
5 weight and assists in disease prevention.
The nutrients in the foods we eat support the activities of day-to-day living, protect our cells from
environmental damage and repair any cellular damage that might occur. Protein rebuilds injured tissue and
promotes a healthy immune system. Both carbohydrates and fats fuel our body, while vitamins and minerals
function throughout our body in support of our body processes. Vitamin A, C, and E, for example, act as
10 antioxidants to protect our cells against toxins, and B vitamins help us extract energy from the foods we eat.
Calcium and phosphorus keep our bones strong, while sodium and potassium help to transmit nerve signals.
In addition to the quality of the foods we consume, the quantity matters when considering good eating
habits. Taking in the same number of calories as we burn ensures our weight remains steady over time.
Consuming more than we burn, on the other hand, results in weight gain as our body converts extra calories to
15 fat tissue. When we accumulate fat tissue, we increase our risk of developing one or more health problems,
including heart disease, hypertension, respiratory issues, diabetes, and cancer. A healthy meal plan without
excess calories helps us not only feel better but also prolong our life.
Obesity is not the only nutrition-related cause of disease onset and progression. Too much or too little
of certain nutrients can also contribute to health issues. For instance, a lack of calcium in our diet can
20 predispose us to developing osteoporosis, or weakening of our bones, while too much saturated fat can cause
cardiovascular disease, and too few fruits and vegetables in our nutrition plan is associated with an increased
incidence of cancer. In addition to consuming foods from a wide variety of sources to avoid these health
problems, a regular physical activity should also be given careful attention.

72.What is the author’s attitude toward the topic of 74.The passage can be best summarized as ….
the passage? (A) consuming balanced diet both in quality
(A) Critical and quantity can avoid health problems
(B) Scornful (B) consuming fresh foods in a large quantity
(C) Concerned helps us keep our healthy life
(D) Hostile (C) nutrition contained in foods determines the
(E) Condescending quality of food consumption
(D) good eating habits prolong our life
73.The paragraph following the passage will likely expectancy and enhance our lifestyle
talk about …. (E) a healthy lifestyle helps people have a better
(A) a variety of foods good for human’s body quality of life
(B) kinds of health problems due to lack of
nutrients 75.Based on the passage, someone will suffer from
(C) the quality and quantity of food hypertension if ….
consumption (A) he consumes not enough vitamin
(D) body exercises for good health (B) he consumes saturated fat in moderation
(E) nutritious foods as the foundation of (C) he consumes too few fruits and vegetables
excellent health (D) he consumes inadequate amount of calcium
(E) he consumes more than his body burns off

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